- Revolutionising Lunar Exploration: Discover the groundbreaking research from a team of Chinese scientists who are developing innovative technology to produce water, oxygen, and fuel directly from lunar soil. This game-changing approach could significantly reduce the costs of transporting resources from Earth, making sustainable lunar habitats a reality. With the potential to utilise the Moon's own resources, this closed-loop system could transform our future in space.
- - The Hubble Bubble Theory: Delve into the intriguing new theory suggesting our Milky Way galaxy might be suspended within a vast cosmic void, dubbed the Hubble Bubble. This concept could provide solutions to the ongoing Hubble Tension, offering fresh insights into the universe's expansion and our cosmic neighbourhood.
- - A Cosmic Dance with Neptune: Learn about the newly discovered trans-neptunian object, 2020 VN40, which exhibits a unique orbital rhythm, completing one orbit for every ten of Neptune's. This fascinating discovery sheds light on the dynamics of distant solar system bodies and hints at the complexities of our solar system's evolution.
- - Catching the Southern Delta Aquariad Meteor Shower: Prepare for the upcoming Southern Delta Aquariad meteor shower peaking on July 29. We provide tips on how to maximise your viewing experience, including the best times and locations to spot these shooting stars as Earth passes through the debris trail of comet 96P/Machholz.
- For more cosmic updates, visit our website at astronomydaily.io. Join our community on social media by searching for #AstroDailyPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music, TikTok, and our new Instagram account! Don’t forget to subscribe to the podcast on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, iHeartRadio, or wherever you get your podcasts.
- Thank you for tuning in. This is Anna signing off. Until next time, keep looking up and stay curious about the wonders of our universe.
Lunar Resource Utilisation
[Chinese University of Hong Kong](https://www.cuhk.edu.hk)
Hubble Bubble Theory
[Royal Astronomical Society](https://ras.ac.uk)
Trans-Neptunian Object Discovery
[Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics](https://www.cfa.harvard.edu)
Southern Delta Aquariad Meteor Shower
[NASA](https://www.nasa.gov)
Astronomy Daily
[Astronomy Daily](http://www.astronomydaily.io/)
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00:00:00 --> 00:00:02 Anna: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, your daily dose
00:00:02 --> 00:00:05 of cosmic curiosities and stellar stories.
00:00:05 --> 00:00:07 I'm your host, Anna, and I'm thrilled to have
00:00:07 --> 00:00:09 you join us for another exciting journey
00:00:09 --> 00:00:12 through the universe. Today, we're diving
00:00:12 --> 00:00:15 into some fascinating breakthroughs. We'll
00:00:15 --> 00:00:17 explore how new technology might allow us to
00:00:17 --> 00:00:19 make water and fuel right on the moon,
00:00:19 --> 00:00:21 potentially changing the future of lunar
00:00:21 --> 00:00:24 exploration. We'll also ponder an intriguing
00:00:24 --> 00:00:27 theory that suggests our entire galaxy might
00:00:27 --> 00:00:29 be floating inside a massive cosmic void.
00:00:30 --> 00:00:33 A Hubble bubble, if you. Which could reshape
00:00:33 --> 00:00:34 our understanding of the universe's
00:00:34 --> 00:00:37 expansion. And for those who love to look up,
00:00:37 --> 00:00:39 we'll guide you on how to best catch an
00:00:39 --> 00:00:41 upcoming celestial spectacle. The Southern
00:00:41 --> 00:00:44 Delta Aquarian meteor shower. Plus, we've got
00:00:44 --> 00:00:46 a quirky tale about a newly discovered space
00:00:46 --> 00:00:48 rock doing a strange orbital dance with
00:00:48 --> 00:00:51 Neptune. So buckle up because there's a lot
00:00:51 --> 00:00:52 to unpack in today's episode.
00:00:54 --> 00:00:56 First up, let's talk about something that
00:00:56 --> 00:00:58 could truly revolutionise our future in
00:00:58 --> 00:01:01 space. Making essential resources
00:01:01 --> 00:01:04 directly on the moon. Imagine if
00:01:04 --> 00:01:06 astronauts didn't have to haul every drop of
00:01:06 --> 00:01:09 water or every breath of oxygen from Earth.
00:01:09 --> 00:01:11 Well, a team of researchers from China is
00:01:11 --> 00:01:13 working to make that a reality, developing a
00:01:13 --> 00:01:15 new technology that they say could produce
00:01:15 --> 00:01:18 water, oxygen and even fuel from lunar
00:01:18 --> 00:01:21 soil. This is a game changer because shipping
00:01:21 --> 00:01:23 just one litre of water to the moon currently
00:01:23 --> 00:01:26 costs a staggering 33 Australian
00:01:26 --> 00:01:27 dollars, which is roughly
00:01:27 --> 00:01:30 US$22. So
00:01:30 --> 00:01:32 finding ways to use the moon's own resources
00:01:32 --> 00:01:35 will be absolutely critical if humanity
00:01:35 --> 00:01:37 is going to return there and establish
00:01:37 --> 00:01:39 temporary or even long term habitats.
00:01:40 --> 00:01:41 The new approach uses what's called
00:01:41 --> 00:01:44 photothermal technology, detailed in a paper
00:01:44 --> 00:01:46 published in the journal Joule. Lunar soil
00:01:46 --> 00:01:49 isn't just inert dust. It actually holds
00:01:49 --> 00:01:51 stores of carbon dioxide and water, along
00:01:51 --> 00:01:52 with other minerals that could be incredibly
00:01:52 --> 00:01:55 useful for space mission crews. The real
00:01:55 --> 00:01:57 puzzle has always been how to extract these
00:01:57 --> 00:01:59 molecules efficiently on the moon's surface.
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 As co author Lu Wang from the Chinese
00:02:02 --> 00:02:04 University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, put it,
00:02:04 --> 00:02:07 they never fully imagined the magic that the
00:02:07 --> 00:02:10 lunar soil possessed. Wang's team had
00:02:10 --> 00:02:12 previously analysed lunar soil samples
00:02:12 --> 00:02:14 brought back by China's Chang's five
00:02:14 --> 00:02:17 spacecraft, discovering that moon dust indeed
00:02:17 --> 00:02:20 contains many useful compounds. Their latest
00:02:20 --> 00:02:22 research builds on this, showing it's
00:02:22 --> 00:02:24 possible to extract water from lunar soil.
00:02:24 --> 00:02:27 But it gets even more exciting. They can then
00:02:27 --> 00:02:29 use that extracted water and the carbon
00:02:29 --> 00:02:32 dioxide exhaled by astronauts
00:02:32 --> 00:02:35 to produce hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide.
00:02:35 --> 00:02:38 These products in turn can be used to create
00:02:38 --> 00:02:41 fuel and breathable oxygen. All
00:02:41 --> 00:02:43 that's needed to power this remarkable
00:02:43 --> 00:02:45 process is the photothermal technology,
00:02:46 --> 00:02:48 which efficiently converts sun sunlight into
00:02:48 --> 00:02:50 heat. The team was particularly
00:02:50 --> 00:02:53 surprised by the tangible success of this
00:02:53 --> 00:02:55 integrated method. They found that
00:02:55 --> 00:02:58 combining lunar water extraction with
00:02:58 --> 00:03:01 photothermal carbon dioxide catalysis could
00:03:01 --> 00:03:04 significantly enhance energy utilisation
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 and reduce the cost and complexity of
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 developing the necessary infrastructure on
00:03:08 --> 00:03:11 the Moon. It's a truly ingenious closed loop
00:03:11 --> 00:03:14 system. Now, while these lab experiments are
00:03:14 --> 00:03:16 a huge step forward, the researchers are also
00:03:16 --> 00:03:18 very realistic about the challenges ahead.
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 They remind us that the Moon's extreme
00:03:21 --> 00:03:24 environment poses unique hurdles for
00:03:24 --> 00:03:27 implementing this technology. We're talking
00:03:27 --> 00:03:29 about drastic temperature fluctuations, an
00:03:29 --> 00:03:32 ultra high vacuum, intense solar radiation
00:03:32 --> 00:03:35 and low gravity. All of these factors
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 complicate things considerably. Furthermore,
00:03:37 --> 00:03:40 lunar soil doesn't have a uniform composition
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 across the Moon's surface. Some areas will
00:03:42 --> 00:03:44 naturally be richer in resources than others.
00:03:45 --> 00:03:47 And even with this innovative system, the
00:03:47 --> 00:03:50 carbon dioxide exhaled by astronauts might
00:03:50 --> 00:03:52 not be enough to meet all the water, fuel and
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 oxygen needs for a larger base.
00:03:55 --> 00:03:57 Overcoming these technical hurdles, along
00:03:57 --> 00:03:59 with the significant development, deployment
00:03:59 --> 00:04:01 and operational costs, will be crucial to
00:04:01 --> 00:04:03 making sustainable lunar resource utilisation
00:04:03 --> 00:04:06 and space exploration a widespread reality.
00:04:06 --> 00:04:08 But but it's certainly a very promising start
00:04:10 --> 00:04:11 from the possibility of making our own
00:04:11 --> 00:04:12 resources on the Moon.
00:04:13 --> 00:04:15 Let's zoom out to a much grander scale.
00:04:15 --> 00:04:17 Remember how they were theorising that we
00:04:17 --> 00:04:20 might be living inside a black hole? Well, we
00:04:20 --> 00:04:22 have a new theory to ponder with an
00:04:22 --> 00:04:25 intriguing Are we here on Earth
00:04:25 --> 00:04:27 and our entire Milky Way galaxy actually
00:04:27 --> 00:04:30 trapped inside a giant cosmic void?
00:04:30 --> 00:04:32 This fascinating theory, based on echoes from
00:04:32 --> 00:04:35 the Big Bang, suggests exactly that.
00:04:35 --> 00:04:37 Researchers presenting at the Royal
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 Astronomical Society National Astronomy
00:04:39 --> 00:04:42 meeting unveiled fresh evidence that our
00:04:42 --> 00:04:44 galaxy is suspended within a region of space
00:04:45 --> 00:04:47 that is less dense than the cosmic average.
00:04:48 --> 00:04:51 This vast 2 billion light year expanse has
00:04:51 --> 00:04:53 been dubbed the Hubble Bubble and it's
00:04:53 --> 00:04:55 estimated to be about 20% less dense than the
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 average matter density across the universe.
00:04:58 --> 00:05:00 If this idea holds true, it it could provide
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 a much needed solution to a persistent
00:05:02 --> 00:05:05 mystery in cosmology known as the Hubble
00:05:05 --> 00:05:07 Tension. This tension arises from
00:05:07 --> 00:05:09 conflicting measurements of the universe's
00:05:09 --> 00:05:11 expansion rate, which also impacts our
00:05:11 --> 00:05:14 understanding of its true age. One
00:05:14 --> 00:05:16 method based on analysing the cosmic
00:05:16 --> 00:05:19 microwave backgroundessentially. Cosmic
00:05:19 --> 00:05:21 fossils from the universe's first light
00:05:21 --> 00:05:24 suggests an expansion rate of 67 kilometres
00:05:24 --> 00:05:27 per second per megaparsec. However,
00:05:27 --> 00:05:29 a second method which measures distances
00:05:29 --> 00:05:32 using Type Ia supernovas and variable stars
00:05:32 --> 00:05:35 indicates a higher expansion rate of
00:05:35 --> 00:05:37 73.2 kilometres per second per
00:05:37 --> 00:05:40 megaparsec. That's a noticeable discrepancy
00:05:40 --> 00:05:43 The Hubble bubble theory posits that if the
00:05:43 --> 00:05:45 Milky Way is indeed situated within such a
00:05:45 --> 00:05:48 less dense region, then the local expansion
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 inside this void would naturally appear
00:05:50 --> 00:05:53 faster than in the denser, more distant parts
00:05:53 --> 00:05:56 of the cosmos. Indranil Banik, the
00:05:56 --> 00:05:58 study's lead author, explained that a large
00:05:58 --> 00:06:01 local void would cause matter to be pulled by
00:06:01 --> 00:06:03 gravity towards its higher density exterior,
00:06:03 --> 00:06:06 making the void emptier over time. This
00:06:06 --> 00:06:08 effect would accelerate local expansion. For
00:06:08 --> 00:06:11 this theory to work, our galaxy would need to
00:06:11 --> 00:06:13 be located quite close to the centre of this
00:06:13 --> 00:06:15 low density Hubble bubble.
00:06:16 --> 00:06:19 Bannock and his team used data from baryon
00:06:19 --> 00:06:21 acoustic oscillations, the sounds of the Big
00:06:21 --> 00:06:24 Bang, to support previous research from the
00:06:24 --> 00:06:26 1990s that had already noted fewer
00:06:26 --> 00:06:28 galaxies in our local universe than expected.
00:06:29 --> 00:06:32 These ancient sound waves, frozen in place
00:06:32 --> 00:06:34 when the universe cooled, act like a standard
00:06:34 --> 00:06:37 ruler that allows astronomers to chart cosmic
00:06:37 --> 00:06:40 expansion history. What's truly striking
00:06:40 --> 00:06:43 is that their research found it's 100 times
00:06:43 --> 00:06:45 more likely that we live in a cosmic void
00:06:45 --> 00:06:47 than than in a region of average density.
00:06:48 --> 00:06:50 This suggests we might be in a very unique
00:06:50 --> 00:06:52 cosmic neighbourhood. The next steps for
00:06:52 --> 00:06:55 Banik and his team will involve comparing
00:06:55 --> 00:06:58 their void model to other cosmological
00:06:58 --> 00:07:00 models and exploring potential adjustments
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 to the standard model of cosmology.
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 It's, uh, a truly mind bending concept that
00:07:06 --> 00:07:09 could redefine our place in the universe
00:07:10 --> 00:07:12 from the vastness of the cosmos and potential
00:07:12 --> 00:07:13 cosmic voids.
00:07:14 --> 00:07:16 Let's bring our focus a little closer to
00:07:16 --> 00:07:18 home. Though still quite far out in our own
00:07:18 --> 00:07:21 solar system, astronomers have recently made
00:07:21 --> 00:07:23 an incredibly intriguing discovery. A
00:07:23 --> 00:07:25 peculiar space rock at the very edge of our
00:07:25 --> 00:07:28 solar system is locked in a fascinating
00:07:28 --> 00:07:31 rhythmic dance with Neptune. This Object,
00:07:31 --> 00:07:33 officially designated 2020 VN40,
00:07:34 --> 00:07:36 belongs to a group of distant solar system
00:07:36 --> 00:07:39 bodies known as Trans neptunian objects, or
00:07:39 --> 00:07:42 TNOs. What makes 2020
00:07:42 --> 00:07:45 VN40 so special is that it's the very first
00:07:45 --> 00:07:47 object ever found that orbits the sun exactly
00:07:47 --> 00:07:50 once for every 10 orbits Neptune completes.
00:07:51 --> 00:07:53 Considering that one Neptunian year stretches
00:07:53 --> 00:07:56 across a remarkable 164.8
00:07:56 --> 00:07:58 Earth years, this means 2020
00:07:58 --> 00:08:01 VN40 has an incredibly long year,
00:08:01 --> 00:08:04 lasting approximately 1
00:08:04 --> 00:08:07 Earth years, or nearly 20 Earth months.
00:08:08 --> 00:08:11 Researchers believe this slow ponderous
00:08:11 --> 00:08:13 orbital dance with Neptune might have begun
00:08:13 --> 00:08:15 when the ice giant's gravity temporarily
00:08:15 --> 00:08:18 snared it. This discovery is a significant
00:08:19 --> 00:08:21 step in understanding the dynamics of objects
00:08:21 --> 00:08:24 at the solar system's fringe. As
00:08:24 --> 00:08:25 Rosemary pike from the Centre for
00:08:25 --> 00:08:27 Astrophysics at Harvard and Smithsonian
00:08:27 --> 00:08:30 noted, it shows that Even very distant
00:08:30 --> 00:08:33 regions influenced by Neptune can contain
00:08:33 --> 00:08:36 objects. And it gives us new clues about how
00:08:36 --> 00:08:39 the solar system evolved. The unique
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 orbital rhythm of 2020 VN40
00:08:42 --> 00:08:44 was unearthed from data collected by the
00:08:44 --> 00:08:47 Large Inclination distant objects, or LIDO
00:08:47 --> 00:08:49 survey. This survey specifically hunts for
00:08:49 --> 00:08:51 TNOs with orbits that carry them far above
00:08:51 --> 00:08:53 and below the main orbital plane of Earth
00:08:53 --> 00:08:56 around the Sun. Exploring previously
00:08:56 --> 00:08:59 uncharted areas of our solar system, what
00:08:59 --> 00:09:02 truly sets 2020 VN4.0 apart is
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 its unusual perihelion alignment with
00:09:04 --> 00:09:07 Neptune. Most other bodies in rhythmic
00:09:07 --> 00:09:09 alignment with Neptune make their closest
00:09:09 --> 00:09:12 approaches to the sun when Neptune is at its
00:09:12 --> 00:09:14 farthest. But 2020 VN4.0
00:09:14 --> 00:09:17 defies this trend, reaching its perihelion
00:09:17 --> 00:09:20 when Neptune is also relatively close to the
00:09:20 --> 00:09:22 Sun. While this might sound like they're side
00:09:22 --> 00:09:24 by side, 2020
00:09:24 --> 00:09:27 VN4.0's highly tilted path means it's
00:09:27 --> 00:09:29 actually far below the solar system's plane
00:09:29 --> 00:09:32 during this alignment. This new motion,
00:09:32 --> 00:09:34 as Ruth Murray Clay from the University of
00:09:34 --> 00:09:37 California, Santa Cruz described it, is
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 like finding a hidden rhythm in a song we
00:09:39 --> 00:09:42 thought we knew. It suggests that objects
00:09:42 --> 00:09:44 with highly tilted orbits can adopt novel and
00:09:44 --> 00:09:47 unexpected types of, um, movement, revealing
00:09:47 --> 00:09:49 more complexity in our solar system than
00:09:49 --> 00:09:52 previously imagined. The hunt is now on for
00:09:52 --> 00:09:55 more bodies like 2020 VN4.0, with the
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 new Vera C. Rubin Observatory poised to play
00:09:57 --> 00:09:59 a crucial role in this exciting
00:09:59 --> 00:10:02 investigation. This discovery truly opens a
00:10:02 --> 00:10:03 new window into the solar system's past.
00:10:05 --> 00:10:07 And now for something you can enjoy right
00:10:07 --> 00:10:08 here on Earth, if you know where to look.
00:10:09 --> 00:10:12 The 2025 Southern Delta Aquariad meteor
00:10:12 --> 00:10:15 shower is upon us, with its peak expected on
00:10:15 --> 00:10:17 July 29. This annual shower is
00:10:17 --> 00:10:20 active from July 18 to August 12 as
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 our planet drifts through an ancient trail of
00:10:22 --> 00:10:25 debris. This debris is thought to have been
00:10:25 --> 00:10:27 shed by a 4 mile wide comet named
00:10:27 --> 00:10:30 96PMachholz. When these tiny
00:10:30 --> 00:10:32 particles hit Earth's atmosphere, the
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 friction makes them ignite, creating those
00:10:34 --> 00:10:36 beautiful streaks of light we call shooting
00:10:36 --> 00:10:39 stars. The shower is at its strongest in the
00:10:39 --> 00:10:42 week around its July 29 peak, when you
00:10:42 --> 00:10:44 might spot up to eight faint meteors per
00:10:44 --> 00:10:46 hour. These shooting stars will appear to
00:10:46 --> 00:10:49 emanate from a specific patch of sky known as
00:10:49 --> 00:10:51 a radiant within the constellation Aquarius,
00:10:52 --> 00:10:54 very close to the bright star Delta Aquarii,
00:10:54 --> 00:10:57 which gives the shower its name. For the
00:10:57 --> 00:10:59 best chance to spot a southern Delta
00:10:59 --> 00:11:01 Aquariad, aim for the early morning hours in
00:11:01 --> 00:11:04 the week surrounding July 29th. During
00:11:04 --> 00:11:06 this time, the radiant will be highest in the
00:11:06 --> 00:11:09 southern sky, and the waxing crescent Moon
00:11:09 --> 00:11:12 will be well below the horizon, ensuring a
00:11:12 --> 00:11:15 dark canvas for your meteor hunt. As its name
00:11:15 --> 00:11:17 suggests, this shower is most visible to
00:11:17 --> 00:11:19 stargazers in the southern hemisphere, where
00:11:19 --> 00:11:22 the radiant will be higher in the post sunset
00:11:22 --> 00:11:24 sky. However, don't despair if you're north
00:11:24 --> 00:11:27 of the equator, the shower will still be
00:11:27 --> 00:11:30 visible just at a slightly lower hourly rate.
00:11:31 --> 00:11:33 To maximise your chances, first locate the
00:11:33 --> 00:11:35 bright star Delta Aquarii in the
00:11:35 --> 00:11:37 constellation Aquarius above the southern
00:11:37 --> 00:11:40 horizon, or use a stargazing app to guide
00:11:40 --> 00:11:43 you. Then find a patch of sky about
00:11:43 --> 00:11:45 40 degrees away from this radiant in the
00:11:45 --> 00:11:48 direction directly above your head. As a
00:11:48 --> 00:11:50 handy guide, the width of your outstretched
00:11:50 --> 00:11:52 fist, from your thumb to the outside of your
00:11:52 --> 00:11:54 little finger, covers about 10 degrees in the
00:11:54 --> 00:11:57 night sky. Meteors seen further from
00:11:57 --> 00:12:00 the radiant wheel often have longer trails,
00:12:00 --> 00:12:03 making them easier to spot. You'll also have
00:12:03 --> 00:12:05 a much better chance if you head away from
00:12:05 --> 00:12:07 city lights and give your eyes about 30
00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 minutes to fully adapt to the darkness.
00:12:10 --> 00:12:13 After that, simply lie back, perhaps in a
00:12:13 --> 00:12:15 comfortable deck chair, and lose yourself in
00:12:15 --> 00:12:18 the night sky. Keep an eye out for bright
00:12:18 --> 00:12:19 meteors streaking across the sky from the
00:12:19 --> 00:12:22 north too. If you see one, you might have
00:12:22 --> 00:12:24 spotted a member of the Perseid meteor
00:12:24 --> 00:12:27 shower, which is also active since mid July.
00:12:27 --> 00:12:30 Happy stargazing? And that
00:12:30 --> 00:12:32 brings us to the end of another fascinating
00:12:32 --> 00:12:35 journey through the cosmos. Today we've
00:12:35 --> 00:12:37 explored the innovative possibilities of
00:12:37 --> 00:12:39 extracting water and fuel from lunar soil,
00:12:40 --> 00:12:42 pondered whether our Milky Way galaxy is
00:12:42 --> 00:12:45 truly nestled within a vast cosmic void,
00:12:45 --> 00:12:47 and discovered a new, intriguing dance
00:12:47 --> 00:12:49 partner for Neptune in the outer solar
00:12:49 --> 00:12:51 system. And of course, we learned how to
00:12:51 --> 00:12:53 catch a glimpse of the beautiful southern
00:12:53 --> 00:12:56 Delta Aquarid meteor shower. Thank you
00:12:56 --> 00:12:59 for joining me, Anna, on Astronomy Daily.
00:13:00 --> 00:13:02 Don't forget, you can dive deeper into all
00:13:02 --> 00:13:04 the latest space and astronomy news by
00:13:04 --> 00:13:06 visiting our website@astronomydaily.IO.
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00:13:23 --> 00:13:24 keep looking up.