Gravitational Waves Discovery
[Nature](https://www.nature.com/)
SpaceX Launch Information
[SpaceX](https://www.spacex.com/)
Baby Planet Discovery
[NASA](https://www.nasa.gov/)
Perseverance Rover Findings
[NASA](https://www.nasa.gov/)
Primordial Black Hole Research
[UMass Amherst](https://www.umass.edu/)
Astronomy Daily
[Astronomy Daily](http://www.astronomydaily.io/)
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00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 Anna: Welcome to Astronomy Daily, the podcast
00:00:03 --> 00:00:05 that brings you the latest discoveries from
00:00:05 --> 00:00:08 across the cosmos. I'm Anna.
00:00:08 --> 00:00:10 Avery: And I'm Avery. We've got an
00:00:10 --> 00:00:13 absolutely incredible episode for you today.
00:00:13 --> 00:00:15 We're talking about black holes that are
00:00:15 --> 00:00:17 proving Einstein and hawking right.
00:00:18 --> 00:00:21 SpaceX's latest mission success. And for
00:00:21 --> 00:00:23 the first time ever, astronomers have
00:00:23 --> 00:00:26 actually caught a baby planet in the act
00:00:26 --> 00:00:27 of being born.
00:00:28 --> 00:00:30 Anna: Plus, we'll explore a mind bending
00:00:30 --> 00:00:33 prediction about exploding primordial
00:00:33 --> 00:00:36 black holes that could revolutionize
00:00:36 --> 00:00:38 physics. So grab your favorite
00:00:38 --> 00:00:41 beverage and let's dive into the wonders of
00:00:41 --> 00:00:42 the universe.
00:00:42 --> 00:00:45 Avery: Alright, Anna, let's start with what might be
00:00:45 --> 00:00:48 the most significant gravitational wave
00:00:48 --> 00:00:50 discovery since LIGO first detected
00:00:50 --> 00:00:53 these cosmic ripples. Scientists have now
00:00:53 --> 00:00:56 confirmed some of Einstein and Hawking's
00:00:56 --> 00:00:59 most important predictions about black holes.
00:00:59 --> 00:01:00 Tell us what happened.
00:01:01 --> 00:01:03 Anna: This is absolutely fascinating,
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 avery. Back in January
00:01:05 --> 00:01:08 2025, LIGO detected
00:01:08 --> 00:01:10 gravitational waves from two black holes
00:01:10 --> 00:01:13 colliding 1.3 billion light
00:01:13 --> 00:01:16 years away. But what makes this discovery
00:01:16 --> 00:01:18 special isn't just the detection
00:01:19 --> 00:01:21 itself. It's what the scientists were
00:01:21 --> 00:01:24 able to prove using the data.
00:01:24 --> 00:01:27 Avery: Right. They actually confirmed Hawking's area
00:01:27 --> 00:01:29 theorem, which states that a black hole
00:01:29 --> 00:01:32 surface area can never decre.
00:01:32 --> 00:01:34 That's pretty remarkable when you think about
00:01:34 --> 00:01:37 it. We're talking about testing theoretical
00:01:37 --> 00:01:40 physics on some of the most extreme objects
00:01:40 --> 00:01:41 in the universe.
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 Anna: Exactly. The numbers are
00:01:43 --> 00:01:46 staggering too. Before the collision,
00:01:46 --> 00:01:49 the combined surface area of both black
00:01:49 --> 00:01:52 holes was about 240
00:01:52 --> 00:01:55 square kilometers. After they merged,
00:01:55 --> 00:01:58 the final black hole had a surface area
00:01:58 --> 00:02:00 of 400 square kilometers.
00:02:01 --> 00:02:03 So even though these massive objects crashed
00:02:03 --> 00:02:06 together and merged, the total surface area
00:02:07 --> 00:02:10 actually increased, just as Hawking
00:02:10 --> 00:02:10 predicted.
00:02:10 --> 00:02:13 Avery: What I find incredible is that they also
00:02:13 --> 00:02:16 confirmed the merged black hole matches
00:02:16 --> 00:02:19 Einstein's Kerr metric. This provides
00:02:19 --> 00:02:21 the strongest evidence yet that these
00:02:21 --> 00:02:24 astrophysical black holes behave exactly
00:02:24 --> 00:02:26 as general relativity predicts. We're
00:02:26 --> 00:02:29 literally watching Einstein's equations play
00:02:29 --> 00:02:31 out on a cosmic scale.
00:02:31 --> 00:02:34 Anna: It's mind blowing to think that theories
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 developed nearly a century ago are being
00:02:36 --> 00:02:39 proven correct by observations of events
00:02:39 --> 00:02:42 that happened over a billion years ago.
00:02:42 --> 00:02:44 Science is truly amazing.
00:02:45 --> 00:02:48 Avery: Speaking of impressive achievements, let's
00:02:48 --> 00:02:50 talk about SpaceX's latest success.
00:02:50 --> 00:02:53 On September 11, 2025, they
00:02:53 --> 00:02:56 launched the Nusantara Lima satellite for
00:02:56 --> 00:02:59 Indonesian telecom company psn.
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 Anna, uh, this wasn't just an ordinary
00:03:02 --> 00:03:02 launch.
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 Anna: Not at all, Avery. This launch had
00:03:06 --> 00:03:09 some impressive milestones. First, they
00:03:09 --> 00:03:12 had to deal with three days of weather delays
00:03:12 --> 00:03:14 at Cape Canaveral, which shows how
00:03:14 --> 00:03:17 seriously SpaceX takes safety conditions.
00:03:17 --> 00:03:20 But when they finally launched the Falcon
00:03:20 --> 00:03:23 9 first stage made its 23rd
00:03:23 --> 00:03:26 successful landing on the drone ship. A
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 shortfall of gravitas 23
00:03:28 --> 00:03:29 flights for.
00:03:29 --> 00:03:32 Avery: A single rocket booster. I still get
00:03:32 --> 00:03:34 amazed by the reusability SpaceX has
00:03:34 --> 00:03:36 achieved. And, um, this Boeing built
00:03:36 --> 00:03:38 satellite is going to make a real difference
00:03:38 --> 00:03:40 for people in Indonesia, right?
00:03:41 --> 00:03:43 Anna: Absolutely. Indonesia has over
00:03:43 --> 00:03:46 17 islands, so
00:03:46 --> 00:03:49 providing reliable telecommunications across
00:03:49 --> 00:03:51 such a geographically challenging region
00:03:52 --> 00:03:55 is no small feat. The Nusantara
00:03:55 --> 00:03:57 Lima satellite will operate from
00:03:57 --> 00:04:00 geosynchronous orbit with a capacity of over
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 160 gigabits per second.
00:04:03 --> 00:04:05 That's enough bandwidth to connect millions
00:04:05 --> 00:04:07 of people across these REM island
00:04:07 --> 00:04:08 communities.
00:04:08 --> 00:04:10 Avery: And this was SpaceX's
00:04:10 --> 00:04:13 114th Falcon 9 mission
00:04:13 --> 00:04:16 of 2025. That's more than two
00:04:16 --> 00:04:18 launches per week on average. The pace
00:04:18 --> 00:04:21 of space activity these days is just
00:04:21 --> 00:04:21 incredible.
00:04:22 --> 00:04:25 Anna: Now, Avery, let's move to what might be
00:04:25 --> 00:04:28 my favorite story of the day. For the
00:04:28 --> 00:04:30 first time ever, astronomers have actually
00:04:31 --> 00:04:34 observed a baby planet carving out
00:04:34 --> 00:04:36 gaps in the dusty disk around its
00:04:36 --> 00:04:39 newborn star. This is like catching
00:04:39 --> 00:04:40 planet formation in the act.
00:04:41 --> 00:04:44 Avery: This is absolutely groundbreaking, Anna.
00:04:44 --> 00:04:47 Uh, the planet's called Wispit2b,
00:04:47 --> 00:04:49 and it's orbiting a star with the Wonderfully
00:04:49 --> 00:04:52 complex name Wispit 2
00:04:53 --> 00:04:55 TYC 5709
00:04:56 --> 00:04:58 354, located
00:04:58 --> 00:05:01 434 light years away. What
00:05:01 --> 00:05:03 makes this discovery so special?
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 Anna: Well, for decades, astronomers have theorized
00:05:06 --> 00:05:09 about how planets form by accreting, uh,
00:05:09 --> 00:05:12 material from these dusty disks around young
00:05:12 --> 00:05:15 stars and how they carve out gaps
00:05:15 --> 00:05:18 as they grow. But we've never actually seen
00:05:18 --> 00:05:20 it happening in real time. This baby
00:05:20 --> 00:05:23 planet is a gas giant about five times the
00:05:23 --> 00:05:26 mass of Jupiter, orbiting 54
00:05:26 --> 00:05:28 astronomical units from its star.
00:05:28 --> 00:05:31 Avery: The technology they use to spot this is
00:05:31 --> 00:05:34 incredible, too. They used the Mag
00:05:34 --> 00:05:36 AOX adaptive optics system on the
00:05:36 --> 00:05:39 Magellan telescope, and they actually
00:05:39 --> 00:05:41 detected H Alpha light from hot
00:05:41 --> 00:05:44 hydrogen gas falling onto the forming
00:05:44 --> 00:05:47 planet. That's like watching a cosmic
00:05:47 --> 00:05:48 construction site in action.
00:05:49 --> 00:05:51 Anna: What I love about this discovery is that it
00:05:51 --> 00:05:54 confirms decades of theoretical work.
00:05:55 --> 00:05:56 Scientists have been modeling planetary
00:05:56 --> 00:05:59 formation for so long, and now
00:05:59 --> 00:06:02 we're finally seeing direct evidence that our
00:06:02 --> 00:06:04 understanding is correct. And it's like
00:06:04 --> 00:06:07 watching a baby take its first steps. Except
00:06:07 --> 00:06:10 the baby is a gas giant five times bigger
00:06:10 --> 00:06:11 than Jupiter.
00:06:11 --> 00:06:14 Avery: And this opens up so many possibilities for
00:06:14 --> 00:06:16 studying planetary formation in other
00:06:16 --> 00:06:19 systems. We might be able to watch entire
00:06:19 --> 00:06:22 solar systems being born and understand
00:06:23 --> 00:06:25 how common different types of planetary
00:06:25 --> 00:06:26 architectures really are.
00:06:27 --> 00:06:30 Anna: And speaking of new discoveries, Avery, I
00:06:30 --> 00:06:31 think our listeners would love to hear about
00:06:31 --> 00:06:33 some of the other incredible breakthroughs
00:06:33 --> 00:06:35 happening in space exploration right now.
00:06:36 --> 00:06:38 We've Been focusing a lot on the distant
00:06:38 --> 00:06:40 universe, but there's actually been some
00:06:40 --> 00:06:43 fascinating developments much closer to home
00:06:43 --> 00:06:44 on Mars.
00:06:44 --> 00:06:47 Avery: Oh, absolutely, Anna. Uh, the Perseverance
00:06:47 --> 00:06:49 rover has been making some incredible
00:06:49 --> 00:06:52 discoveries lately. As we reported yesterday,
00:06:52 --> 00:06:54 just this past month, it found organic
00:06:54 --> 00:06:56 molecules in what appears to be an ancient
00:06:56 --> 00:06:59 river delta and Jeissero Crater. But what's
00:06:59 --> 00:07:02 really exciting is that these aren't just
00:07:02 --> 00:07:04 simple organic compounds. They're complex
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 molecules that could potentially be
00:07:06 --> 00:07:07 biosignatures.
00:07:08 --> 00:07:10 Anna: That's exactly right, Avery. And what makes
00:07:10 --> 00:07:13 this discovery even more compelling is the
00:07:13 --> 00:07:16 geological context. Perseverance has been
00:07:16 --> 00:07:18 analyzing rock samples from what scientists
00:07:18 --> 00:07:21 believe was once a vast lake system
00:07:21 --> 00:07:23 complete with flowing rivers and deltas,
00:07:23 --> 00:07:26 exactly the kind of environment where early
00:07:26 --> 00:07:28 life might have thrived billions of years
00:07:28 --> 00:07:28 ago.
00:07:29 --> 00:07:31 Avery: The technology behind these discoveries is
00:07:31 --> 00:07:33 just as fascinating as the findings
00:07:33 --> 00:07:36 themselves. Perseverance is using its
00:07:36 --> 00:07:38 supercam instrument to analyze rocks with
00:07:38 --> 00:07:41 laser spectroscopy, literally vaporizing
00:07:41 --> 00:07:44 tiny portions of Martian rocks and
00:07:44 --> 00:07:47 analyzing the resulting plasma. It's like
00:07:47 --> 00:07:49 having a complete chemistry lab rolling
00:07:49 --> 00:07:51 around on another planet.
00:07:51 --> 00:07:53 Anna: And here's where it gets really exciting for
00:07:53 --> 00:07:56 the future. Avery Perseverance has been
00:07:56 --> 00:07:58 carefully collecting and caching the most
00:07:58 --> 00:08:01 promising samples in sealed tubes that are
00:08:01 --> 00:08:03 designed to be retrieved by future missions.
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 The Mars Sample Return campaign, a
00:08:06 --> 00:08:09 collaboration between NASA and esa, aims to
00:08:09 --> 00:08:11 bring these samples back to Earth, where they
00:08:11 --> 00:08:13 can be analyzed with instruments far more
00:08:13 --> 00:08:16 sophisticated than anything we can send to
00:08:16 --> 00:08:16 Mars.
00:08:17 --> 00:08:20 Avery: The timeline for Mars Sample return is
00:08:20 --> 00:08:22 ambitious, but achievable. We are looking at
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 potential sample retrieval in the
00:08:24 --> 00:08:27 early2030s, which means that within
00:08:27 --> 00:08:30 this decade, we could have actual pieces of
00:08:30 --> 00:08:33 Mars sitting in laboratories here on Earth.
00:08:33 --> 00:08:35 Imagine being able to study Martian rocks
00:08:35 --> 00:08:37 with electron microscopes, mass
00:08:37 --> 00:08:40 spectrometers, and other advanced instruments
00:08:40 --> 00:08:43 that would be impossible to miniaturize for a
00:08:43 --> 00:08:43 rover mission.
00:08:44 --> 00:08:46 Anna: What I find most compelling about all these
00:08:46 --> 00:08:49 discoveries from the baby planet we discussed
00:08:49 --> 00:08:52 earlier to these potential biosignatures on
00:08:52 --> 00:08:54 Mars, is how they're reshaping our
00:08:54 --> 00:08:57 understanding of how common life might be
00:08:57 --> 00:08:59 in the universe. We're learning that the
00:08:59 --> 00:09:02 basic building blocks and conditions for life
00:09:02 --> 00:09:05 appear to be surprisingly widespread, both
00:09:05 --> 00:09:07 in our solar system and beyond.
00:09:07 --> 00:09:09 Avery: And it's not just Mars that's showing
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 promise, Anna. Uh, we've got the Europa
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 Clipper mission launching soon to study
00:09:13 --> 00:09:16 Jupiter's moon Europa, which likely has a
00:09:16 --> 00:09:19 subsurface ocean with more water than all
00:09:19 --> 00:09:21 of Earth's oceans combined. Then there's the
00:09:21 --> 00:09:24 Dragonfly mission to Titan, Saturn's largest
00:09:24 --> 00:09:26 moon, where we'll have a nuclear powered
00:09:26 --> 00:09:29 helicopter searching for signs of prebiotic
00:09:29 --> 00:09:32 chemistry. The next two decades are going to
00:09:32 --> 00:09:35 be absolutely incredible for astrobiology.
00:09:35 --> 00:09:36 Anna: Amazing. How's astronomy and space
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 exploration keep expanding our perspective
00:09:39 --> 00:09:41 from searching for life in our cosmic
00:09:41 --> 00:09:44 backyard to probing the fundamental physics
00:09:44 --> 00:09:45 of the universe itself.
00:09:46 --> 00:09:49 Speaking of fundamental physics, Avery, let's
00:09:49 --> 00:09:51 shift gears to something that sounds like
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 pure science fiction, but could become
00:09:53 --> 00:09:56 reality very soon. Our final major
00:09:56 --> 00:09:59 story today takes us into some truly
00:09:59 --> 00:10:01 mind bending theoretical physics.
00:10:02 --> 00:10:04 Researchers at UMass Amherst M are
00:10:04 --> 00:10:07 predicting a 90% chance that we'll
00:10:07 --> 00:10:10 observe an exploding primordial black
00:10:10 --> 00:10:13 hole within the next decade. This
00:10:13 --> 00:10:15 sounds like science fiction, but it's very
00:10:15 --> 00:10:16 real science.
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 Avery: It really does sound like sci fi, Anna.
00:10:19 --> 00:10:21 These primordial black holes would have
00:10:21 --> 00:10:24 formed shortly after the Big Bang. And
00:10:24 --> 00:10:26 according to Hawkins theory, they could
00:10:26 --> 00:10:28 eventually explode through Hawking radiation.
00:10:29 --> 00:10:31 But the timeline was always thought to be
00:10:31 --> 00:10:34 incredibly long. Like once every
00:10:34 --> 00:10:35 hundred thousand years.
00:10:36 --> 00:10:38 Anna: Right. But this team has developed something
00:10:38 --> 00:10:40 called a dark QED toy model
00:10:41 --> 00:10:44 that suggests charged primordial black holes
00:10:44 --> 00:10:46 could explode much more frequently,
00:10:46 --> 00:10:49 potentially once every 10 years instead of
00:10:49 --> 00:10:52 once every hundred thousand years. That's a
00:10:52 --> 00:10:53 massive difference.
00:10:53 --> 00:10:56 Avery: The implications are staggering.
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 If we actually observed one of these
00:10:58 --> 00:11:01 explosions, it would revolutionize our
00:11:01 --> 00:11:03 understanding of physics. We'd essentially
00:11:03 --> 00:11:06 get a complete inventory of all subatomic
00:11:06 --> 00:11:09 particles, including potentially discovering
00:11:09 --> 00:11:11 new ones we didn't even know existed.
00:11:11 --> 00:11:13 Anna: It's like having a cosmic particle
00:11:13 --> 00:11:16 accelerator that operates at energies far
00:11:16 --> 00:11:19 beyond anything we can create on Earth. If
00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 their predictions are correct, the next
00:11:21 --> 00:11:23 decade could see some of the most important
00:11:23 --> 00:11:25 discoveries in the history of physics.
00:11:26 --> 00:11:28 Avery: Before we wrap up, Anna, uh, we've got time
00:11:28 --> 00:11:31 for a few quick bonus stories that caught our
00:11:31 --> 00:11:33 attention. First up, uh, something a bit
00:11:33 --> 00:11:36 different. Darth Vader's lightsaber from
00:11:36 --> 00:11:39 the Empire Strikes Back and Return of the
00:11:39 --> 00:11:41 Jedi just sold at auction for
00:11:41 --> 00:11:44 $3.6 million.
00:11:44 --> 00:11:47 Anna: That's an astronomical price for a movie
00:11:47 --> 00:11:50 prop. But I have to admit, Star wars
00:11:50 --> 00:11:52 has inspired countless people to pursue
00:11:52 --> 00:11:55 careers in science and space exploration. And
00:11:55 --> 00:11:57 speaking of space exploration, scientists are
00:11:57 --> 00:12:00 proposing that rectangular telescopes could
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 help us find Earth Earth 2.0 by providing
00:12:02 --> 00:12:05 better resolution for exoplanet detection.
00:12:05 --> 00:12:07 Avery: Rectangular telescopes. Who would have
00:12:07 --> 00:12:10 thought? And here's one more quick story
00:12:10 --> 00:12:13 that's pretty incredible. New research shows
00:12:13 --> 00:12:15 that solar flares can reach temperatures of
00:12:15 --> 00:12:18 108 million degrees, which
00:12:18 --> 00:12:20 is six times hotter than scientists
00:12:20 --> 00:12:23 previously thought. That's absolutely mind
00:12:23 --> 00:12:25 boggling when you think about the energies
00:12:25 --> 00:12:26 involved.
00:12:26 --> 00:12:29 Anna: Before we sign off, Avery, I want to take a
00:12:29 --> 00:12:31 moment to reflect on something that really
00:12:31 --> 00:12:34 strikes me about today's stor. We've
00:12:34 --> 00:12:36 covered discoveries Spanning from the very
00:12:36 --> 00:12:39 formation of the universe with primordial
00:12:39 --> 00:12:42 black holes to the birth of new worlds
00:12:42 --> 00:12:45 to the search for life itself. What
00:12:45 --> 00:12:47 amazes me is that all of these breakthroughs
00:12:47 --> 00:12:50 are happening simultaneously right
00:12:50 --> 00:12:53 now in what future historians might call the
00:12:53 --> 00:12:55 golden age of astronomy.
00:12:55 --> 00:12:58 Avery: You're absolutely right, Anna. Uh, and what's
00:12:58 --> 00:13:00 particularly exciting is how these
00:13:00 --> 00:13:03 discoveries are interconnected. The same
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 gravitational wave detectors that confirmed
00:13:05 --> 00:13:08 Einstein's predictions about black holes are
00:13:08 --> 00:13:10 the ones that might detect exploding
00:13:10 --> 00:13:12 primordial black holes. The same
00:13:12 --> 00:13:15 spectroscopic techniques we use to study
00:13:15 --> 00:13:17 exoplanets are helping us analyze potential
00:13:17 --> 00:13:20 biosignatures on Mars. The telescopes
00:13:20 --> 00:13:23 observing baby planets forming are also
00:13:23 --> 00:13:25 searching for signs of life in other solar
00:13:25 --> 00:13:26 systems.
00:13:26 --> 00:13:29 Anna: It really demonstrates how astronomy is
00:13:29 --> 00:13:31 becoming increasingly interdisciplinary.
00:13:32 --> 00:13:34 We're not just astronomers anymore. We're
00:13:34 --> 00:13:37 astrobiologists, particle physicists,
00:13:37 --> 00:13:40 geologists, and atmospheric scientists,
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 all working together to understand our place
00:13:43 --> 00:13:46 in the cosmos. And perhaps most
00:13:46 --> 00:13:49 importantly, we're sharing these discoveries
00:13:49 --> 00:13:52 with everyone, inspiring the next generation
00:13:52 --> 00:13:54 of scientists who will make even more
00:13:54 --> 00:13:57 incredible discoveries in the decades to
00:13:57 --> 00:13:59 come. What an incredible journey through the
00:13:59 --> 00:14:02 cosmos we've had today, Avery. From
00:14:02 --> 00:14:04 confirming Einstein and Hawking's predictions
00:14:04 --> 00:14:07 with gravitational waves, to watching
00:14:07 --> 00:14:10 planets being born, to the possibility of
00:14:10 --> 00:14:13 observing exploding black holes in the next
00:14:13 --> 00:14:14 decade, it really.
00:14:14 --> 00:14:17 Avery: Shows how dynamic and exciting astronomy
00:14:17 --> 00:14:20 is right now. Anna. We're living in a golden
00:14:20 --> 00:14:22 age of discovery, with new technologies
00:14:22 --> 00:14:25 allowing us to observe phenomena that were
00:14:25 --> 00:14:27 purely theoretical just a few years ago.
00:14:28 --> 00:14:31 Anna: Thank you for joining us on Astronomy Daily.
00:14:31 --> 00:14:33 Keep looking up, keep asking questions,
00:14:34 --> 00:14:36 and remember, the universe is full of
00:14:36 --> 00:14:39 wonders waiting to be discovered. And
00:14:39 --> 00:14:40 remember to visit our
00:14:40 --> 00:14:43 website@astronomydaily.IO
00:14:43 --> 00:14:46 to check out these stories in more detail and
00:14:46 --> 00:14:48 catch up on the latest news with our
00:14:48 --> 00:14:51 continually updating Space News feed.
00:14:51 --> 00:14:54 Avery: Until next time, this is Avery and Anna
00:14:54 --> 00:14:56 signing off. Clear skies, everyone.