Source:
https://www.spreaker.com/episode/455-starship-to-mars-expanding-galaxies-starliner-returns--62114754
Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this thrilling episode of Space Nuts, where they explore the latest in Space science and astronomy. From the return of the Starliner to groundbreaking missions to Mars, this episode is packed with fascinating insights and discoveries.
Episode Highlights:
- Starliner Success: The Boeing Starliner makes a flawless return to Earth, marking a significant achievement for Boeing's engineers and NASA. Discover the details of this textbook mission and the future prospects for the Starliner.
- SpaceX Mars Missions: SpaceX's Starship mega rocket is gearing up for missions to Mars in the next few years. Learn about Elon Musk's ambitious plan to build a self-sustaining city on Mars and the technological advancements making it possible.
- Galaxy Size Revelation: New research suggests our galaxies are much larger than previously thought. Find out how this discovery impacts our understanding of the Andromeda and Milky Way galaxies, and what it means for their impending merger.
- Stellar Disruption: A passing star may have caused significant disruptions in the outer solar system. Explore the implications of this event on trans-Neptunian objects and the potential existence of Planet Nine.00:00:00 - This is space nuts, where we talk astronomy and space science
00:01:15 - Professor Fred Watson says brush turkeys do serious damage to Australian gardens
00:03:31 - Boeing's Starliner spacecraft successfully returned to Earth last week
00:06:17 - SpaceX is developing a spacecraft called starship that will go to Mars
00:07:48 - Elon Musk tweets timelines for first space starship missions to Mars
00:14:15 - Professor Fred Watson says he has no problem with humans going to Mars
00:22:49 - Scientists say gas makes up 70 to 90% of normal matter in universe
00:25:30 - Scientists suggest disruption in solar system due to passing star billions of years ago
00:30:03 - Andrew Dunkley: Planet nine theory has been around since 2016
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Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
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00:00:00 --> 00:00:02 hello again thanks for joining us this
00:00:02 --> 00:00:04 is Space Nuts where we talk astronomy
00:00:04 --> 00:00:07 and space science my name is Andrew
00:00:07 --> 00:00:10 Dunley coming up we are going to look at
00:00:10 --> 00:00:12 Starliner yet again gee it's getting a
00:00:12 --> 00:00:16 gery in just about every episode of late
00:00:16 --> 00:00:17 but uh well there's been plenty to talk
00:00:17 --> 00:00:21 about let's face it uh also another
00:00:21 --> 00:00:24 spacecraft uh which is the product of
00:00:24 --> 00:00:26 Space X looks like it's going to be
00:00:26 --> 00:00:30 doing missions to Mars in the not too
00:00:30 --> 00:00:32 future what's that all about well it's
00:00:32 --> 00:00:34 uh one of those great dreams of a great
00:00:34 --> 00:00:38 man and we'll um see what he's got in
00:00:38 --> 00:00:40 mind uh there's also suggestions that
00:00:40 --> 00:00:43 our galaxies are bigger than we thought
00:00:43 --> 00:00:46 much much bigger why how what's it all
00:00:46 --> 00:00:49 mean and a passing star might have been
00:00:49 --> 00:00:52 causing a little bit of disruption out
00:00:52 --> 00:00:55 around that trans neptunian area we'll
00:00:55 --> 00:00:58 talk about all of that on this episode
00:00:58 --> 00:01:01 of Space Nuts 15 seconds guidance is
00:01:01 --> 00:01:06 internal 10 9 ignition sequence start
00:01:06 --> 00:01:12 Space Nuts 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1
00:01:12 --> 00:01:16 Space Nuts asut reported feels good and
00:01:16 --> 00:01:19 here to dis discomate all of that and to
00:01:19 --> 00:01:22 brush off brush turkeys is Professor
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 Fred Watson astronomer at large hello
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 Fred hello Andrew yes you've uh you've
00:01:26 --> 00:01:29 just touched on the on the nerve that's
00:01:29 --> 00:01:30 affecting us all at the moment in Brush
00:01:30 --> 00:01:34 turkey egg laying season they want to be
00:01:34 --> 00:01:36 everywhere so so you've got you've got
00:01:36 --> 00:01:38 them um SC scratching around your
00:01:38 --> 00:01:41 backyard literally literally yes they
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 they dig up everything to try and build
00:01:43 --> 00:01:46 a nest and it's uh you know there are
00:01:46 --> 00:01:47 protected species they're probably
00:01:47 --> 00:01:50 endangered actually uh there so we we're
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 very fond of brush turkeys but what they
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 do to your garden is pretty serious
00:01:54 --> 00:01:57 stuff so we just try and I've actually
00:01:57 --> 00:01:59 tried contacting their solicitor and
00:01:59 --> 00:02:00 things of that so just to see whether
00:02:00 --> 00:02:05 that has any effect but we'll see yes uh
00:02:05 --> 00:02:07 they're damn ugly though Fred I mean
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 they're endangered and they're protected
00:02:09 --> 00:02:12 and then Australian natives but they
00:02:12 --> 00:02:13 they look like a cross between a
00:02:13 --> 00:02:16 traditional turkey and a vulture yes
00:02:16 --> 00:02:18 yeah that's a that's actually a really
00:02:18 --> 00:02:21 good description they do um and you know
00:02:21 --> 00:02:23 they've got the the brain of an ant as
00:02:23 --> 00:02:25 well so they're they're not sort of you
00:02:25 --> 00:02:28 know they're not gifted in I mean when
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 you compare them with
00:02:30 --> 00:02:31 uh some of the other species that we
00:02:31 --> 00:02:33 have around here particularly the suoc
00:02:33 --> 00:02:34 crested cockus which have got the
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 intelligence of a of a a primate the
00:02:36 --> 00:02:38 intelligence of yeah they're very
00:02:39 --> 00:02:40 extraordinary
00:02:40 --> 00:02:43 creatures um we've sent a note to them
00:02:43 --> 00:02:45 as well about leaving their droppings on
00:02:45 --> 00:02:47 our outdoor furniture but that's uh
00:02:47 --> 00:02:51 still matter for legal
00:02:51 --> 00:02:53 fraternity well I'm I'd be surprised if
00:02:53 --> 00:02:56 they haven't destroyed your furniture
00:02:56 --> 00:02:57 they love chewing things they do like
00:02:57 --> 00:02:59 chewing things yeah but they they've
00:02:59 --> 00:03:03 been okay so far I think they
00:03:03 --> 00:03:06 yeah I love I love suoc crested
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 we've got squillions of them out at the
00:03:08 --> 00:03:11 golf course but uh they they're not
00:03:11 --> 00:03:12 loved when you're just in the middle of
00:03:12 --> 00:03:15 your downswing and one of them goes oh
00:03:15 --> 00:03:19 yeah they what if you're standing next
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 to one they'll nearly drive your
00:03:21 --> 00:03:24 eardrums out there oh yeah they're loud
00:03:24 --> 00:03:25 super
00:03:25 --> 00:03:27 loud okay
00:03:27 --> 00:03:31 anyway Wildlife issues a
00:03:31 --> 00:03:33 Let's uh let's talk about Starliner for
00:03:33 --> 00:03:37 a change uh some good news at last yeah
00:03:37 --> 00:03:40 um so Starliner uh the you know the the
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 spacecraft that we've been talking about
00:03:42 --> 00:03:44 solidly for the last what two and a half
00:03:44 --> 00:03:47 months three months actually yes uh has
00:03:47 --> 00:03:50 made a textbook return to Earth at the
00:03:50 --> 00:03:53 end of last week uh disconnected from
00:03:53 --> 00:03:56 the International Space Station all 27
00:03:56 --> 00:04:00 of its thrusters worked perfectly uh
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 because that was the big ticket item
00:04:02 --> 00:04:04 whether the thrusters were reliable or
00:04:04 --> 00:04:07 not and yeah backed away from the
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 spacecraft uh fired its Rockets to
00:04:09 --> 00:04:13 reenter and touch down completely safely
00:04:13 --> 00:04:16 exactly On Target in a huge Vindication
00:04:16 --> 00:04:18 uh as some of the media are reporting a
00:04:18 --> 00:04:20 huge Vindication for Boeing's
00:04:20 --> 00:04:22 Engineers um and I think there's been a
00:04:22 --> 00:04:23 lot of
00:04:23 --> 00:04:27 back back patting all around uh which is
00:04:27 --> 00:04:31 great um in including the two astronauts
00:04:31 --> 00:04:33 left behind on the space station
00:04:33 --> 00:04:35 Williams and I feel I feel terrible for
00:04:35 --> 00:04:38 them they they they they were full of
00:04:38 --> 00:04:40 congratulations to the to the Boeing
00:04:40 --> 00:04:42 Engineers who they've worked with very
00:04:42 --> 00:04:43 closely obviously for a long period of
00:04:43 --> 00:04:45 time not just while they've been in
00:04:45 --> 00:04:49 space um and you know they they they
00:04:49 --> 00:04:51 reconcile themselves to another however
00:04:51 --> 00:04:54 many months it is in space quite some
00:04:54 --> 00:04:57 time ago and so uh they had already made
00:04:57 --> 00:05:00 peace with the the whole issue
00:05:00 --> 00:05:01 uh and yeah they're full of
00:05:01 --> 00:05:04 congratulations as are NASA too you know
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 the we had reports of a bit of friction
00:05:06 --> 00:05:10 between Boeing and NASA uh about this um
00:05:10 --> 00:05:11 and certainly there was some robust
00:05:11 --> 00:05:13 discussion we believe in meetings but
00:05:13 --> 00:05:16 nothing like what might be blown out by
00:05:16 --> 00:05:19 the Tablo tabloid media um and so yeah I
00:05:19 --> 00:05:21 think I think there's congratulations
00:05:21 --> 00:05:25 all around yes it is good news and uh of
00:05:25 --> 00:05:28 course the two Starliner astronauts are
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 still on the ISS and will be there
00:05:30 --> 00:05:33 probably till early next year and by the
00:05:33 --> 00:05:35 time this podcast is released uh
00:05:35 --> 00:05:37 Starliner would have been on the ground
00:05:37 --> 00:05:39 for probably nearly a couple of weeks
00:05:39 --> 00:05:41 but it's worth mentioning that they
00:05:41 --> 00:05:45 brought it back safely all is well uh it
00:05:45 --> 00:05:46 just didn't have any passengers it was
00:05:46 --> 00:05:50 just uh auto autop piloted back to Earth
00:05:50 --> 00:05:53 which is extraordinary in itself the way
00:05:53 --> 00:05:54 they do that these days with all these
00:05:55 --> 00:05:57 different spacecraft they they um they
00:05:57 --> 00:05:59 don't need humans to make them go up and
00:05:59 --> 00:06:03 down but they do need humans to push the
00:06:03 --> 00:06:05 Magic Buttons that you know are just
00:06:05 --> 00:06:07 there for decoration I think but uh yeah
00:06:07 --> 00:06:10 no seriously though um it's good to have
00:06:10 --> 00:06:13 it back um there must be a collective
00:06:13 --> 00:06:15 sigh of
00:06:15 --> 00:06:19 relief okay um yes let's move on to
00:06:19 --> 00:06:24 another spacecraft and this one is the
00:06:24 --> 00:06:28 um brainchild of space x uh the Starship
00:06:28 --> 00:06:31 Mega rocket which they say in the next
00:06:31 --> 00:06:34 couple of years will be sending missions
00:06:34 --> 00:06:37 to Mars uh initially un
00:06:37 --> 00:06:40 unpersoned but ultimately leading to um
00:06:40 --> 00:06:43 um people going to Mars uh this is this
00:06:43 --> 00:06:47 is actually a um plan that might um you
00:06:47 --> 00:06:49 know we talked about before and people
00:06:49 --> 00:06:50 are saying it's a viip dream it'll never
00:06:50 --> 00:06:53 happen but they're certainly looking
00:06:53 --> 00:06:56 seriously at El long musk's uh plan of
00:06:56 --> 00:06:59 um putting a city on Mars he's still sh
00:07:00 --> 00:07:02 there yes so that's right that's the
00:07:02 --> 00:07:04 whole motivation for developing Starship
00:07:04 --> 00:07:07 Andrew and um it's quite remarkable is
00:07:07 --> 00:07:11 remarkable Hardware so it's two um two
00:07:11 --> 00:07:13 parts to it the first stage booster
00:07:13 --> 00:07:17 which is called the super heavy and then
00:07:17 --> 00:07:19 the upper stage which itself is 50 MERS
00:07:19 --> 00:07:23 tall and that's the the second stage uh
00:07:23 --> 00:07:25 known as Starship and and unlike most uh
00:07:26 --> 00:07:28 spacecraft and certainly the Falcon 9
00:07:28 --> 00:07:31 series that um Elon has developed which
00:07:31 --> 00:07:34 has a um a first stage and then a
00:07:34 --> 00:07:35 separate second stage and then the
00:07:35 --> 00:07:38 payload itself with Starship the payload
00:07:38 --> 00:07:41 is built into the second stage and so it
00:07:41 --> 00:07:45 is um really quite uh a different sort
00:07:45 --> 00:07:47 of architecture for the spacecraft from
00:07:47 --> 00:07:52 others so what we have uh is a tweet
00:07:52 --> 00:07:57 from I beg you pardon a space X sorry an
00:07:57 --> 00:07:59 x uh uh
00:07:59 --> 00:08:02 whatever it's called message uh formerly
00:08:02 --> 00:08:05 known as a tweet from Elon Musk on uh on
00:08:05 --> 00:08:08 Saturday um the last week as we are
00:08:08 --> 00:08:12 speaking um a post that's the word I
00:08:12 --> 00:08:16 want a post a post yeah and so what he's
00:08:16 --> 00:08:19 saying is what his Target timelines are
00:08:19 --> 00:08:23 for uh for the first space staff
00:08:23 --> 00:08:27 Starship missions to Mars and it is two
00:08:27 --> 00:08:30 years uh that is exactly as you've said
00:08:31 --> 00:08:33 uh uncrewed missions to start with with
00:08:33 --> 00:08:36 trials to land on Mars um and he's
00:08:36 --> 00:08:39 talking about that happening uh in two
00:08:39 --> 00:08:43 years um and then two years later and
00:08:43 --> 00:08:46 you know he's he's partly um limited by
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 the physics of getting to Mars which you
00:08:48 --> 00:08:52 can only do every 26 months that's when
00:08:52 --> 00:08:55 the two the orbits of the two Mo um
00:08:55 --> 00:08:56 planets bring them into the right kind
00:08:56 --> 00:08:59 of alignment so that when you when you
00:08:59 --> 00:09:01 get to the other end of the of the trip
00:09:01 --> 00:09:02 uh Mars is where you want it to be
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 rather than somewhere else in its orbit
00:09:04 --> 00:09:06 so that happens every 26 months so two
00:09:06 --> 00:09:09 years time uh an uncrewed mission to
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 miles or perhaps several and then uh in
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 four years time he's talking about
00:09:13 --> 00:09:17 sending people to Mars uh and his quote
00:09:18 --> 00:09:20 is flight rate will grow exponentially
00:09:20 --> 00:09:22 from there with the goal of building a
00:09:22 --> 00:09:26 self-sustaining City in about 20 years
00:09:26 --> 00:09:29 being multiplanetary will vastly inrease
00:09:29 --> 00:09:32 the probable lifespan of Consciousness
00:09:32 --> 00:09:34 as we will no longer have all our eggs
00:09:34 --> 00:09:37 literally and metaphorically actually
00:09:37 --> 00:09:38 says
00:09:38 --> 00:09:41 metabolically uh on one planet so got
00:09:41 --> 00:09:45 them both uh look it's um it's Elon Musk
00:09:45 --> 00:09:48 is finest in terms of uh big Vision
00:09:48 --> 00:09:51 stuff um I think the rest of the world
00:09:51 --> 00:09:54 is looking on and saying in your dreams
00:09:54 --> 00:09:56 because there's so many unknowns about
00:09:56 --> 00:09:59 getting humans to Mars it's something
00:09:59 --> 00:10:02 that we are simply faced with um you
00:10:02 --> 00:10:05 know real real difficulties that um
00:10:05 --> 00:10:07 brute force and ignorance is just not
00:10:07 --> 00:10:11 going to cut it uh so I think we'll see
00:10:11 --> 00:10:14 uh slippage perhaps from that but uh
00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 what's interesting to us as space
00:10:16 --> 00:10:17 Watchers of course is seeing that
00:10:17 --> 00:10:20 technology evolve uh just a a final
00:10:20 --> 00:10:23 footnote about this Andrew um the
00:10:23 --> 00:10:26 Starship has had four flights so far and
00:10:26 --> 00:10:29 the last one basically achieved all that
00:10:29 --> 00:10:31 was was hoped to achieve and the fifth
00:10:31 --> 00:10:34 one is being planned and I think the
00:10:34 --> 00:10:37 fifth one is the crucial one because
00:10:37 --> 00:10:42 they will uh return the spacecraft the
00:10:42 --> 00:10:45 Starship uh back to Earth on a on a
00:10:45 --> 00:10:47 softland rather than just losing it into
00:10:47 --> 00:10:49 the ocean which is what's happened
00:10:49 --> 00:10:52 before yeah look um people might be
00:10:52 --> 00:10:54 laughing behind his back and saying this
00:10:54 --> 00:10:57 is just a pipe dream but if you don't
00:10:57 --> 00:10:59 have people that dream big you probably
00:10:59 --> 00:11:03 don't achieve things at um at the high
00:11:03 --> 00:11:05 end of the spectrum I'm sure because you
00:11:05 --> 00:11:07 don't hear about it in the history books
00:11:07 --> 00:11:09 but I'm sure people laughed at the right
00:11:09 --> 00:11:11 brothers and everyone else who was
00:11:11 --> 00:11:14 attempting to fly back in those days
00:11:14 --> 00:11:15 yeah that's right they probably thought
00:11:15 --> 00:11:17 it was a huge Jack you'll never do it
00:11:17 --> 00:11:21 it's it's impossible yeah well now look
00:11:21 --> 00:11:24 this yeah and you know um I mean 10
00:11:24 --> 00:11:26 years well maybe yeah 10 years ago it
00:11:26 --> 00:11:29 was thought to be impossible to to reuse
00:11:29 --> 00:11:32 a a booster your first AG rocket and
00:11:32 --> 00:11:35 that is now totally routine uh it was
00:11:35 --> 00:11:37 2015 I think the first successful
00:11:37 --> 00:11:39 booster Landing uh and you've only got
00:11:39 --> 00:11:41 to look at the track record with Tesla
00:11:41 --> 00:11:44 vehicles as well um these this streaming
00:11:44 --> 00:11:47 big can achieve great things yeah not
00:11:47 --> 00:11:49 not withstanding the one Tesla vehicle
00:11:49 --> 00:11:52 that's floating out there in space
00:11:52 --> 00:11:53 somewhere yeah the one that was on its
00:11:53 --> 00:11:55 way to Mars but actually overshot and is
00:11:55 --> 00:11:59 now in the asterid Bel I think so that's
00:11:59 --> 00:12:04 a salutary lesson there yes yes um it's
00:12:04 --> 00:12:05 probably looking for a parking space
00:12:05 --> 00:12:08 station boom boom one with a charger on
00:12:08 --> 00:12:11 it one with a charger yes that could be
00:12:11 --> 00:12:16 uh that could be an issue um but look I
00:12:16 --> 00:12:19 I I think uh Elon Musk is a remarkable
00:12:19 --> 00:12:21 man I know he gets ridiculed and he gets
00:12:21 --> 00:12:24 he cops a lot of flak but he has done
00:12:24 --> 00:12:28 some incredible things uh in the Space
00:12:28 --> 00:12:30 Science World that um probably wouldn't
00:12:30 --> 00:12:34 have been in attempted this soon by many
00:12:34 --> 00:12:36 other people I know that he's not the
00:12:36 --> 00:12:39 only one but uh he's getting all the
00:12:39 --> 00:12:41 headlines and he certainly knows how to
00:12:41 --> 00:12:44 um to get the story out there and get
00:12:44 --> 00:12:46 get the interest of the
00:12:46 --> 00:12:47 public
00:12:47 --> 00:12:50 uh I I don't doubt that he will
00:12:50 --> 00:12:54 ultimately achieve this yeah I maybe
00:12:54 --> 00:12:57 maybe not this quickly but you know how
00:12:57 --> 00:13:00 quickly is he um Ed these
00:13:00 --> 00:13:03 Rockets but what what Andrew what what
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 if he did uh what if in four years time
00:13:05 --> 00:13:07 we're talking about people walking on
00:13:07 --> 00:13:11 Mars uh with a with a um with a you know
00:13:11 --> 00:13:14 a Starship parked in the background it's
00:13:14 --> 00:13:19 uh it's it's not impossible no it would
00:13:19 --> 00:13:21 remark it would probably be the
00:13:21 --> 00:13:22 achievement of the century because it
00:13:22 --> 00:13:26 would be 20 years ahead of when yes uh
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28 NASA plans to be there at least 10 years
00:13:28 --> 00:13:30 ahead yeah
00:13:30 --> 00:13:33 and it would be a private
00:13:33 --> 00:13:36 Venture that would be even more
00:13:36 --> 00:13:39 remarkable yeah yeah extra yeah I I wish
00:13:39 --> 00:13:42 him well and I hope I I hope we get to
00:13:42 --> 00:13:45 see it I think it would be fantastic and
00:13:45 --> 00:13:48 yes um I I wish him nothing but success
00:13:48 --> 00:13:51 I'm sure most people do uh and you got
00:13:52 --> 00:13:54 to also think about the brave people
00:13:54 --> 00:13:56 that will be doing this because it's not
00:13:56 --> 00:13:58 like you know crossing the Atlantic for
00:13:58 --> 00:13:59 the first time
00:13:59 --> 00:14:02 or uh Crossing bass straight for the
00:14:02 --> 00:14:04 first time or any of those kinds of
00:14:04 --> 00:14:07 Ventures that we heard about 100 years
00:14:07 --> 00:14:11 ago but um it's it's it's a giant leap a
00:14:11 --> 00:14:14 much giant a gianter leap than the moon
00:14:14 --> 00:14:17 and that was a huge jump so it's all
00:14:17 --> 00:14:18 it's all very
00:14:18 --> 00:14:22 exciting um maybe I can go go ahead
00:14:22 --> 00:14:25 Andrew so it will also reinvigorate
00:14:25 --> 00:14:29 interest in space science so it'll breed
00:14:29 --> 00:14:32 a whole new generation of scientists and
00:14:32 --> 00:14:35 and then it will just keep going I I
00:14:35 --> 00:14:38 think the I mean the point where I think
00:14:39 --> 00:14:44 um many space Watchers and astronomers
00:14:44 --> 00:14:47 and uh philosophers perhaps I can put it
00:14:47 --> 00:14:49 eth ethicists where they diverge from
00:14:49 --> 00:14:52 Elon is his sentence the flight rate
00:14:52 --> 00:14:53 will grow exponentially from there with
00:14:53 --> 00:14:55 the goal of building a self-sustaining
00:14:55 --> 00:14:59 City in about 20 years um that I think
00:14:59 --> 00:15:03 transgresses um what we the way we ought
00:15:03 --> 00:15:07 to think about the way we treat Mars um
00:15:07 --> 00:15:09 and it's it's part of elon's philosophy
00:15:09 --> 00:15:12 of uh believing the Earth is doomed and
00:15:12 --> 00:15:15 that we need to you know have a have a
00:15:15 --> 00:15:19 Lifeboat Mars is not our Lifeboat and um
00:15:19 --> 00:15:21 what we have to do is fix our planet you
00:15:21 --> 00:15:23 know uh and and if you want to have a
00:15:23 --> 00:15:26 Lifeboat build it you build a mega
00:15:26 --> 00:15:28 structure rather than going and trashing
00:15:28 --> 00:15:33 another the planet that's my all this no
00:15:33 --> 00:15:36 I I know you've um got issue with um
00:15:36 --> 00:15:39 with occupying other worlds uh but you
00:15:39 --> 00:15:42 know the time will come where um more
00:15:42 --> 00:15:44 powerful people will probably end up
00:15:44 --> 00:15:46 making those kind of the decisions it
00:15:46 --> 00:15:49 sounds like yeah elon's made his
00:15:49 --> 00:15:52 decision oh he has that's right and
00:15:52 --> 00:15:54 Mining on the moon yeah whether you like
00:15:54 --> 00:15:56 it or not that's probably going to
00:15:56 --> 00:15:58 happen too yeah and and that's I think a
00:15:58 --> 00:16:00 different issue I think you can argue
00:16:00 --> 00:16:02 for that from an ethical point of view
00:16:02 --> 00:16:05 I'm not sure about colonizing Mars
00:16:05 --> 00:16:08 though I I look have no problem with
00:16:08 --> 00:16:11 humans going to Mars um but but I the
00:16:11 --> 00:16:13 model I think we should adopt is a bit
00:16:13 --> 00:16:17 like Antarctica where its uh scientific
00:16:17 --> 00:16:20 and research purposes mainly rather than
00:16:20 --> 00:16:22 yeah but nobody nobody can wholly own it
00:16:23 --> 00:16:26 or occupy it yeah that's no fair point
00:16:27 --> 00:16:29 okay uh yes very interesting story and
00:16:29 --> 00:16:31 if you want to read up on that it's on
00:16:31 --> 00:16:32 the
00:16:32 --> 00:16:35 space.com website this is Space Nuts
00:16:35 --> 00:16:41 with Andrew Dunley and Professor Fred
00:16:41 --> 00:16:45 Watson here also Space Nuts now Fred we
00:16:45 --> 00:16:47 have talked quite a few times and
00:16:47 --> 00:16:50 received a lot of questions about the
00:16:50 --> 00:16:53 impending merger of the andrometer and
00:16:53 --> 00:16:54 Milky Way
00:16:54 --> 00:16:58 galaxies but now there's a story that
00:16:58 --> 00:17:01 suggests uh they are already touching
00:17:01 --> 00:17:01 each
00:17:01 --> 00:17:06 other due to this um due to this uh this
00:17:06 --> 00:17:08 discovery that the galaxies are bigger
00:17:08 --> 00:17:11 than we thought how
00:17:11 --> 00:17:14 so uh so um and this is a great story
00:17:14 --> 00:17:16 because it's got a very strong
00:17:16 --> 00:17:18 Australian connection scientists from
00:17:18 --> 00:17:20 swinburn University down there in
00:17:20 --> 00:17:24 Melbourne um and they it's interesting
00:17:24 --> 00:17:26 from a number of points of view one is
00:17:26 --> 00:17:29 that swinburn university has a deal with
00:17:29 --> 00:17:34 the kek observatory in Hawaii uh the two
00:17:34 --> 00:17:36 kek telescopes they're both 10 m
00:17:36 --> 00:17:39 telescopes are on Mona uh the tallest
00:17:39 --> 00:17:41 mountain it's not really a mountain it's
00:17:41 --> 00:17:44 a shield volcano uh but it's still one
00:17:44 --> 00:17:45 of the highest points on the planet
00:17:45 --> 00:17:47 Earth uh on the big island of Hawaii
00:17:47 --> 00:17:53 Mount AA so um the kek telescope uh is
00:17:53 --> 00:17:56 uh a 10 meter telescope that has very
00:17:57 --> 00:18:00 very fine sensitivity can penetrate deep
00:18:00 --> 00:18:02 into the into space not just looking at
00:18:02 --> 00:18:04 very distant objects but looking at
00:18:04 --> 00:18:07 fainter things in the you know in the
00:18:07 --> 00:18:09 nearfield things that are around our own
00:18:09 --> 00:18:13 Galaxy so other galaxies um in the what
00:18:13 --> 00:18:15 you might call the middle distance so
00:18:15 --> 00:18:18 what this team has done is they've used
00:18:18 --> 00:18:22 this sort of invested time on the one of
00:18:22 --> 00:18:25 the K the two kek telescopes um and
00:18:25 --> 00:18:29 looked at the the gap
00:18:29 --> 00:18:32 that surrounds galaxies and in
00:18:32 --> 00:18:35 particular um a Galaxy which rejoices in
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 the name of IRAs
00:18:37 --> 00:18:39 08339 plus
00:18:39 --> 00:18:42 6517 uh that's one of the galaxies that
00:18:42 --> 00:18:45 they've looked at and what they've done
00:18:45 --> 00:18:50 is uh checked for glowing gas around the
00:18:50 --> 00:18:53 Galaxy so um you know we we when we look
00:18:53 --> 00:18:55 at galaxies look at pictures of galaxies
00:18:55 --> 00:18:57 which many of us do all the time uh what
00:18:57 --> 00:19:00 we're looking at mostly is the stars and
00:19:00 --> 00:19:02 um often in glowing gas as well the pink
00:19:02 --> 00:19:04 blobs in the spiral arms of galaxies are
00:19:04 --> 00:19:08 pink clouds of glowing hydrogen uh the
00:19:08 --> 00:19:10 old joke is that hydrogen is just like
00:19:10 --> 00:19:12 people when it gets excited it glows
00:19:12 --> 00:19:15 pink uh but the mechanism is different
00:19:15 --> 00:19:17 uh so they've instead looked at glowing
00:19:17 --> 00:19:20 oxygen and looked at it at very very
00:19:20 --> 00:19:22 great distances from the centers of
00:19:23 --> 00:19:27 these galaxies and uh basically they
00:19:27 --> 00:19:31 find it goes much much further uh than
00:19:31 --> 00:19:35 uh than anybody had expected uh and this
00:19:35 --> 00:19:37 is a real achievement because this gas
00:19:37 --> 00:19:40 is 10 to 100 times fainter than
00:19:40 --> 00:19:44 the brighter parts of a galaxy so you
00:19:44 --> 00:19:47 know that's just penetrating really deep
00:19:47 --> 00:19:49 into the the fainter regions of the
00:19:49 --> 00:19:52 universe and so uh yeah so what what
00:19:52 --> 00:19:56 they discovered is that um that perhaps
00:19:56 --> 00:19:59 each each uh Galaxy has this shroud of
00:19:59 --> 00:20:03 gas that extends maybe a 100 light
00:20:03 --> 00:20:06 years into space now 100 light years
00:20:06 --> 00:20:08 is what we usually think of as the
00:20:08 --> 00:20:10 diameter of the disc of our galaxy so
00:20:11 --> 00:20:13 you know if you if you um basically
00:20:13 --> 00:20:17 double that uh in in size uh you've got
00:20:17 --> 00:20:19 the new version of what galaxies are
00:20:19 --> 00:20:23 like how big they are and they are
00:20:23 --> 00:20:26 colossal and and is it true that because
00:20:26 --> 00:20:30 of this they believe that Andromeda and
00:20:30 --> 00:20:32 our G Galaxy are already touching
00:20:32 --> 00:20:36 technically speaking Yeah the they they
00:20:36 --> 00:20:38 uh yes that's right I mean um this
00:20:38 --> 00:20:40 Andromeda galaxy is about two and a half
00:20:40 --> 00:20:43 million light years away from ours um if
00:20:43 --> 00:20:48 you've got uh 100 light years uh of
00:20:48 --> 00:20:51 of gas worth of gas in each of those
00:20:51 --> 00:20:54 galaxies they're not actually touching
00:20:54 --> 00:20:56 but they may well be
00:20:56 --> 00:20:58 interacting uh the you know at the
00:20:59 --> 00:21:01 extremities because gravity operates
00:21:01 --> 00:21:03 over great distances so they may be
00:21:03 --> 00:21:05 already tugging at one another if I can
00:21:05 --> 00:21:08 put it that way uh with these Halos of
00:21:08 --> 00:21:10 gas so yeah I think it's fair a fair
00:21:10 --> 00:21:12 point to say that collision with
00:21:12 --> 00:21:14 andromeda's already started hold on to
00:21:14 --> 00:21:17 your hearts everybody wow gosh and we
00:21:17 --> 00:21:19 were sitting here you know we were going
00:21:19 --> 00:21:21 to wait that couple of billion years
00:21:21 --> 00:21:24 yeah yeah we thought the diary but don't
00:21:24 --> 00:21:25 have to now it's
00:21:25 --> 00:21:29 happening now I I know these gas rounds
00:21:29 --> 00:21:31 have been previously discovered we're
00:21:31 --> 00:21:34 talking you know 70 odd years ago that
00:21:34 --> 00:21:36 they were discovered but it's only
00:21:36 --> 00:21:38 because of a new piece of equipment
00:21:38 --> 00:21:40 they've been able to really analyze them
00:21:40 --> 00:21:43 today is that accurate it's it's yes
00:21:43 --> 00:21:46 it's one of the uh um the the kek
00:21:46 --> 00:21:48 telescopes are equipped with very very
00:21:48 --> 00:21:51 fine auxiliary instrumentation and uh
00:21:51 --> 00:21:54 one of them uh is the instrument that's
00:21:54 --> 00:21:57 been used uh to do this uh it's um it's
00:21:57 --> 00:21:59 it's basically
00:21:59 --> 00:22:00 it's it's got what's called an image
00:22:00 --> 00:22:03 slicer on it and that does exactly what
00:22:03 --> 00:22:05 the name implies it takes an image
00:22:06 --> 00:22:08 slices it up but then for each slice you
00:22:08 --> 00:22:12 can get a separate Spectrum uh we in
00:22:12 --> 00:22:14 Australia have um similar Technologies
00:22:15 --> 00:22:17 on certainly the Ang Australian
00:22:17 --> 00:22:19 telescope but we don't use we don't
00:22:19 --> 00:22:21 slice the images we break them up into
00:22:21 --> 00:22:23 pixels by using fiberoptics so it's a
00:22:23 --> 00:22:25 different technique but it has the same
00:22:25 --> 00:22:27 basically the same outcome uh but the
00:22:27 --> 00:22:29 thing about the IM slicer is you can
00:22:29 --> 00:22:32 make them incredibly sensitive and
00:22:32 --> 00:22:33 that's why they've been able to get the
00:22:33 --> 00:22:37 spectrum of oxygen out to these great
00:22:37 --> 00:22:40 distances from from the from the Galaxy
00:22:40 --> 00:22:43 uh at those incredibly faint levels so
00:22:43 --> 00:22:45 yes it's all about the technology that
00:22:45 --> 00:22:48 is now available on these marvelous
00:22:48 --> 00:22:51 telescopes incredible so beyond the
00:22:51 --> 00:22:54 extremities of the Spiral arms of our
00:22:55 --> 00:22:57 galaxy and well other galaxies even
00:22:57 --> 00:23:00 without those sorts of um structures
00:23:00 --> 00:23:02 there's a gas Halo that stretches out
00:23:02 --> 00:23:05 that far again is that basically what
00:23:05 --> 00:23:08 that's correct yeah and and perhaps the
00:23:08 --> 00:23:11 most uh startling outcome of the
00:23:11 --> 00:23:14 research that uh these scientists have
00:23:14 --> 00:23:17 have done on this is that those gas
00:23:17 --> 00:23:19 Halos when you add them up for all
00:23:19 --> 00:23:22 galaxies they probably make up uh they
00:23:22 --> 00:23:24 believe between 70 and
00:23:24 --> 00:23:27 90% of the normal matter in the universe
00:23:27 --> 00:23:30 um you know now the normal matter is the
00:23:30 --> 00:23:32 stuff that's not dark matter or dark
00:23:32 --> 00:23:35 energy uh and we you know we we know
00:23:35 --> 00:23:38 that um uh we think of normal matter as
00:23:39 --> 00:23:42 being about 5% of the mass energy budget
00:23:42 --> 00:23:44 of the universe and we usually think of
00:23:44 --> 00:23:46 that as being in Stars uh stars are the
00:23:46 --> 00:23:48 glowing stuff the stuff you can see but
00:23:48 --> 00:23:50 actually what they're saying is that
00:23:50 --> 00:23:52 much more of it is in these Galaxy Hal
00:23:52 --> 00:23:55 looks 70 to 90 so does that does that
00:23:55 --> 00:23:57 change the ratio does that change the
00:23:57 --> 00:23:59 formula of what
00:23:59 --> 00:24:02 no no no it doesn't um what what it
00:24:02 --> 00:24:06 changes is the ratio within that 5%
00:24:06 --> 00:24:09 which is normal matter so what we're
00:24:09 --> 00:24:11 saying is that rather than you know half
00:24:11 --> 00:24:12 of it being stars and half of it being
00:24:12 --> 00:24:18 gas most of it is gas uh and um and
00:24:18 --> 00:24:21 that's a new aspect of this whole
00:24:21 --> 00:24:25 study okay wow that's intriguing and
00:24:25 --> 00:24:26 then they think this applies to just
00:24:26 --> 00:24:30 about every Galaxy yes that's right
00:24:30 --> 00:24:34 yeah that's incredible quite a
00:24:34 --> 00:24:37 discovery it is and um yeah you know all
00:24:37 --> 00:24:42 credit to uh uh the team um uh and just
00:24:42 --> 00:24:44 to give a give a shout out to the
00:24:44 --> 00:24:46 instrument as well the image slicer that
00:24:46 --> 00:24:48 we mentioned it's called the co kek
00:24:48 --> 00:24:52 Cosmic web imager uh and it's uh pretty
00:24:52 --> 00:24:55 dramatic stuff and it proves my theory
00:24:55 --> 00:24:58 Fred that the universe is built on baked
00:24:58 --> 00:25:01 bed means well that's naturally what um
00:25:01 --> 00:25:03 what we is what your mind goes to really
00:25:03 --> 00:25:08 isn't it yes does there that much gas
00:25:08 --> 00:25:12 yes um fascinating story and you can
00:25:12 --> 00:25:14 read uh more about that on the
00:25:14 --> 00:25:17 conversation website this is Space Nuts
00:25:17 --> 00:25:23 with Andrew Dunley and Professor Fred
00:25:23 --> 00:25:27 Watson and I feel fine Space Nuts Let's
00:25:27 --> 00:25:30 uh get into our final chat uh Fred this
00:25:30 --> 00:25:33 one is about uh disruption uh in the
00:25:33 --> 00:25:36 extremities of our solar system due to a
00:25:36 --> 00:25:41 passing star so what happened and
00:25:41 --> 00:25:45 when quite a long time ago um I figured
00:25:45 --> 00:25:50 it might be before you and I were born
00:25:50 --> 00:25:53 um uh it's so um it's a good question
00:25:53 --> 00:25:55 actually um I'm not sure that they can
00:25:55 --> 00:25:58 pin down when this happened uh but
00:25:58 --> 00:26:00 uh I should have another look at the
00:26:00 --> 00:26:02 paper because I've got the it's a paper
00:26:02 --> 00:26:06 in nature magazine uh which um goes into
00:26:06 --> 00:26:11 details of this very nicely uh and what
00:26:11 --> 00:26:14 what the uh what they are doing the
00:26:14 --> 00:26:17 scientists involved with this work who
00:26:17 --> 00:26:20 are principally in Europe if I remember
00:26:21 --> 00:26:23 um at uh the University of Leiden comes
00:26:23 --> 00:26:27 into my mind yes uh the Leiden
00:26:27 --> 00:26:30 University uh is where this research has
00:26:30 --> 00:26:33 been done uh so uh what have they done
00:26:33 --> 00:26:36 they've looked at the trans neptunian
00:26:36 --> 00:26:39 objects which we've talked about a lot
00:26:39 --> 00:26:41 because they are implicated in the idea
00:26:41 --> 00:26:44 of Planet N9 and I'll get to that in a
00:26:44 --> 00:26:48 minute but um there this group uh from
00:26:48 --> 00:26:51 Leiden University have done a huge
00:26:51 --> 00:26:55 number of computer simulations to see
00:26:55 --> 00:26:58 why these trans neptunian objects
00:26:58 --> 00:27:03 um have such highly inclined orbits uh
00:27:03 --> 00:27:05 when you think about the you know the
00:27:05 --> 00:27:07 the orbital plane of the solar system
00:27:07 --> 00:27:10 the one that the planets lie in there
00:27:10 --> 00:27:12 that's pretty flat I think Mercury is
00:27:12 --> 00:27:15 the one that sticks out most um but the
00:27:15 --> 00:27:17 trans neptunian objects are not like
00:27:18 --> 00:27:19 that and I should mention that the main
00:27:19 --> 00:27:22 belt asteroids mostly sit within the in
00:27:22 --> 00:27:24 the plane of the planets as well and
00:27:24 --> 00:27:25 that all comes about of course because
00:27:25 --> 00:27:28 of the way planets are formed from a
00:27:28 --> 00:27:29 ating disc of material the
00:27:29 --> 00:27:33 protoplanetary disc but um when you look
00:27:33 --> 00:27:35 really a long way out uh to the
00:27:35 --> 00:27:37 transneptunian objects objects further
00:27:37 --> 00:27:40 away than Neptune they're tipped over at
00:27:40 --> 00:27:43 all kinds of angles u in fact some are
00:27:43 --> 00:27:45 vertical almost and there's one or two
00:27:45 --> 00:27:47 that are so far angled that they're
00:27:47 --> 00:27:48 going the wrong way around they're
00:27:48 --> 00:27:50 actually going in the in the wrong
00:27:50 --> 00:27:53 direction um and so the scientists at
00:27:53 --> 00:27:56 Leiden have questioned what it is that
00:27:56 --> 00:27:59 has caused this and there simulations
00:27:59 --> 00:28:03 basically set tell them that a star of
00:28:03 --> 00:28:08 about 8 solar masses so 80% of the mass
00:28:08 --> 00:28:11 of our sun flew
00:28:11 --> 00:28:15 past at quite a close distance uh a
00:28:15 --> 00:28:18 distance of 110 astronomical units now
00:28:18 --> 00:28:20 we know that an astronomical unit is the
00:28:20 --> 00:28:22 distance between the Earth and the Sun
00:28:22 --> 00:28:25 150 million kilometers so it's 110 times
00:28:25 --> 00:28:29 that is about 16.5 billion kilometers um
00:28:29 --> 00:28:32 about nearly four times the distance
00:28:32 --> 00:28:35 between the Sun and Neptune so that
00:28:35 --> 00:28:39 passage of a star U and they suggest
00:28:39 --> 00:28:41 billions of years ago without pinning
00:28:41 --> 00:28:44 down exactly when it was uh what they
00:28:44 --> 00:28:46 find is that that tipped up uh many of
00:28:46 --> 00:28:49 these orbits and Disturbed them uh so
00:28:49 --> 00:28:52 that we've got all these inclined orbits
00:28:52 --> 00:28:54 but they also believe um that this
00:28:54 --> 00:28:56 explains some of the
00:28:56 --> 00:29:00 peculiar uh uh orbits of moons of the
00:29:00 --> 00:29:02 outer planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus and
00:29:02 --> 00:29:05 Neptune some of those moons go the wrong
00:29:05 --> 00:29:08 way around uh and they've always been
00:29:08 --> 00:29:09 it's always been suggested that they've
00:29:09 --> 00:29:11 been they captured asteroids basically
00:29:11 --> 00:29:14 captured trans neptunian objects that
00:29:14 --> 00:29:16 strayed into the inner solar system and
00:29:16 --> 00:29:19 got captured by these planets and so um
00:29:19 --> 00:29:22 what the laden scientists are saying is
00:29:22 --> 00:29:27 that uh it's maybe uh the same event
00:29:27 --> 00:29:30 when this star flew by the solar system
00:29:30 --> 00:29:32 not only Disturbed all these outer
00:29:32 --> 00:29:35 asteroids to put their orbits at high
00:29:35 --> 00:29:38 inclined angles but also flung some of
00:29:38 --> 00:29:40 them into the inner solar system where
00:29:40 --> 00:29:42 they were captured as moons so it's a
00:29:42 --> 00:29:45 very very neat story um it makes sense
00:29:45 --> 00:29:47 though when you think about it
00:29:47 --> 00:29:49 absolutely it makes perfect sense it's
00:29:49 --> 00:29:51 the exactly the kind of gravitational
00:29:51 --> 00:29:54 disturbance that you think might do that
00:29:54 --> 00:29:58 so uh bless you uh yes that's true going
00:29:58 --> 00:30:00 off there that that's with the good old
00:30:00 --> 00:30:05 hay fever I guess still yeah um now you
00:30:05 --> 00:30:07 I mentioned Planet 9 a minute ago that
00:30:07 --> 00:30:09 great theory that I think was we've been
00:30:09 --> 00:30:11 had that around since 2016 or
00:30:11 --> 00:30:13 thereabouts if I remember rightly and
00:30:13 --> 00:30:17 that saying that yes we've got uh very
00:30:17 --> 00:30:21 uh elongated orbits uh out in that um
00:30:21 --> 00:30:23 outer solar system region uh but some of
00:30:23 --> 00:30:25 them align in a way that's suspicious
00:30:25 --> 00:30:28 that there's another planet out there so
00:30:28 --> 00:30:30 the paper that we're talking about now
00:30:30 --> 00:30:32 um which in nature astronomy is called
00:30:32 --> 00:30:34 the trajectory of the Stellar flyby that
00:30:34 --> 00:30:36 shaped the outer solar system it's a
00:30:36 --> 00:30:41 very nice title um that paper is uh very
00:30:41 --> 00:30:44 briefly uh includes a mention of Planet
00:30:44 --> 00:30:47 9 and I'm going to read the paragraph
00:30:47 --> 00:30:50 that it's in it says eventually High
00:30:50 --> 00:30:53 inclination transneptunian objects could
00:30:53 --> 00:30:55 be crucial when deciding between
00:30:55 --> 00:30:58 different hypotheses
00:30:58 --> 00:31:00 retrograde trans neptunian objects
00:31:00 --> 00:31:02 themselves and that's ones that go
00:31:02 --> 00:31:04 backwards in their orbits provide a
00:31:04 --> 00:31:06 challenge for the planet instability
00:31:06 --> 00:31:09 model adding a distant planet in
00:31:09 --> 00:31:11 Brackets Planet 9 appeared to solve the
00:31:11 --> 00:31:14 problem this combined model can account
00:31:14 --> 00:31:17 for Retrograde trans neptunian objects
00:31:18 --> 00:31:21 um and with certain parameters uh but it
00:31:21 --> 00:31:23 says however distant highly inclined
00:31:24 --> 00:31:26 trans neptunian objects if they exist
00:31:27 --> 00:31:28 May provide a Challen chenge also for
00:31:29 --> 00:31:30 the planet 9 model so what they're
00:31:30 --> 00:31:32 saying is planet 9 actually helps in
00:31:32 --> 00:31:35 their Theory uh you know maybe it's a
00:31:35 --> 00:31:37 combination of both this passing star
00:31:37 --> 00:31:39 and a planet that we have not yet
00:31:39 --> 00:31:41 discovered in the debts in the solar
00:31:41 --> 00:31:44 system so to to put it in super
00:31:44 --> 00:31:47 scientific technical speak we had a
00:31:47 --> 00:31:50 solar system sized bull in a china
00:31:50 --> 00:31:54 shop uh yes I think that sums it up uh
00:31:54 --> 00:31:59 very uh B binly if I can
00:31:59 --> 00:32:01 useally the car jumped over the moon the
00:32:01 --> 00:32:03 bull yeah absolutely in the china shop
00:32:03 --> 00:32:06 yeah bull did the rest yeah oh it's a
00:32:06 --> 00:32:08 great it's a great story and if it holds
00:32:08 --> 00:32:10 true which it certainly you the
00:32:10 --> 00:32:13 mathematics Works um yeah could answer a
00:32:13 --> 00:32:17 lot of questions uh and and add a bit
00:32:17 --> 00:32:19 more touch more weight to the potential
00:32:19 --> 00:32:22 for a planet nine which I like I I want
00:32:22 --> 00:32:24 it to be there I
00:32:24 --> 00:32:28 do yes um if you'd like to follow up on
00:32:28 --> 00:32:30 that story it's it's a good read but
00:32:30 --> 00:32:32 it's super technical so my brain went
00:32:32 --> 00:32:35 snap uh nature.com has that
00:32:35 --> 00:32:38 story um that brings us to the end
00:32:38 --> 00:32:40 friend uh thank you so much for your
00:32:40 --> 00:32:44 presence yet again it's always
00:32:44 --> 00:32:46 enlightening better than end darkening
00:32:46 --> 00:32:48 isn't it which is what we talk about
00:32:48 --> 00:32:51 depending on where you are yeah yes no
00:32:51 --> 00:32:53 great stuff Andrew thanks for having me
00:32:54 --> 00:32:55 always a pleasure Fred Watson astronomer
00:32:55 --> 00:32:58 at large and thanks to H in the studio
00:32:58 --> 00:32:59 we got a question about here the other
00:32:59 --> 00:33:02 day I'll try and tackle that in a future
00:33:02 --> 00:33:05 episode uh and from me Andrew Dunley
00:33:05 --> 00:33:06 thanks for your company catch you on the
00:33:06 --> 00:33:09 very next episode of Space Nuts bye-bye
00:33:09 --> 00:33:11 Space Nuts you'll be listening to the
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