00:00:00 --> 00:00:02 hi there thanks for joining us yet again
00:00:02 --> 00:00:05 on Space Nuts this is a Q&A episode
00:00:05 --> 00:00:07 where we uh answer your questions you
00:00:07 --> 00:00:10 ask the questions we as in the Royal Wii
00:00:10 --> 00:00:13 as in Fred answers them we we should do
00:00:13 --> 00:00:15 it the other way around one day we ask
00:00:15 --> 00:00:17 you the questions why don't you get a
00:00:17 --> 00:00:22 job to starter but anyway uh coming up
00:00:22 --> 00:00:25 on coming up on this we're going to
00:00:25 --> 00:00:27 answer questions about protecting the
00:00:27 --> 00:00:30 moon the sound of liquids on other
00:00:30 --> 00:00:32 worlds interesting uh Dark Matter
00:00:32 --> 00:00:35 movement oh shocker Dark Matter question
00:00:35 --> 00:00:37 and how atmospheres are formed that's
00:00:37 --> 00:00:40 all coming up on this episode of Space
00:00:40 --> 00:00:45 Nuts 15 seconds guidance is internal 10
00:00:45 --> 00:00:50 9 ignition sequence start Space Nuts 5 4
00:00:50 --> 00:00:55 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1 Space Nuts as
00:00:55 --> 00:00:58 reported feels good one man who's got a
00:00:58 --> 00:01:00 job is Professor friend what's an
00:01:00 --> 00:01:03 astronomer at large unlike me I don't I
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 don't work anymore I've chucked it all
00:01:05 --> 00:01:07 in this is not a job this is fun this is
00:01:07 --> 00:01:09 a hobby hi
00:01:09 --> 00:01:12 Fred uh yeah it's fun for me excuse me
00:01:12 --> 00:01:14 it's fun for me too um but you're right
00:01:14 --> 00:01:18 I do have a job and um yes there we go
00:01:18 --> 00:01:22 yes now we have got a lot to get through
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 so I think we'll just play straight into
00:01:24 --> 00:01:27 it and our first question comes from a a
00:01:27 --> 00:01:31 regular sender inera his name is miky
00:01:31 --> 00:01:33 hey FR and Andrew it's uh Mikey once
00:01:33 --> 00:01:38 again from way too hot Illinois um got a
00:01:38 --> 00:01:41 question for you guys uh I know we have
00:01:41 --> 00:01:44 like a planetary protection for incoming
00:01:44 --> 00:01:48 asteroids uh that threaten Earth but do
00:01:48 --> 00:01:53 we have the same thing for the moon like
00:01:53 --> 00:01:56 what if a ginormous asteroid were to hit
00:01:56 --> 00:02:00 the moon and blow it the Smither or
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 knock it off course or alter it in some
00:02:02 --> 00:02:03 huge way because the Moon is very
00:02:03 --> 00:02:08 important to the life on earth right so
00:02:08 --> 00:02:10 I guess first of all what would happen
00:02:10 --> 00:02:13 if something happened to the Moon uh
00:02:13 --> 00:02:14 would we still have a good chance of
00:02:14 --> 00:02:17 surviving and secondly is there a
00:02:17 --> 00:02:19 protection plan in place like there is
00:02:19 --> 00:02:21 for the Earth for the moon thanks guys
00:02:21 --> 00:02:24 love the podcast thanks Mary uh always
00:02:24 --> 00:02:26 asks interesting questions the answer is
00:02:26 --> 00:02:32 no and yes um well it is yeah yeah uh we
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 we've we've had questions about the loss
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 of the Moon before and what might happen
00:02:36 --> 00:02:40 to us and I do believe that we have
00:02:40 --> 00:02:43 discussed maybe once or twice that the
00:02:43 --> 00:02:45 protection of the planet includes the
00:02:45 --> 00:02:48 moon we realize that yeah we we can't
00:02:48 --> 00:02:49 just protect ourselves we' got to
00:02:49 --> 00:02:52 protect the moon otherwise you know if
00:02:52 --> 00:02:55 it gets obliterated we were in big
00:02:55 --> 00:02:58 trouble yeah okay so um but get
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 obliterated that would have to be a huge
00:03:00 --> 00:03:03 object that's that's the point um
00:03:03 --> 00:03:05 there's nothing there there's no
00:03:05 --> 00:03:07 scenario that we can envisage at the
00:03:07 --> 00:03:09 moment that would involve such a
00:03:09 --> 00:03:12 collision uh so we're talking about
00:03:12 --> 00:03:15 asteroids you know even even something
00:03:15 --> 00:03:19 uh measured in kilometers hitting the
00:03:19 --> 00:03:23 moon would be of concern to us because
00:03:23 --> 00:03:25 uh the moon's very close to the Earth
00:03:25 --> 00:03:27 and uh you know that's one of the things
00:03:27 --> 00:03:30 that we need to know about so U the
00:03:30 --> 00:03:33 bottom line is that our protection of of
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 Earth in terms of it's it's not actually
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 planetary protection is something
00:03:37 --> 00:03:39 slightly different that's a biological
00:03:39 --> 00:03:41 thing planetary defense is what we're
00:03:41 --> 00:03:43 talking about and defending the Earth um
00:03:43 --> 00:03:45 effectively means we defend the moon as
00:03:45 --> 00:03:49 well in the sense that if we are looking
00:03:49 --> 00:03:51 for hazardous objects and that's you
00:03:51 --> 00:03:53 know that's a wellestablished technology
00:03:53 --> 00:03:55 which we're doing uh we think we've
00:03:55 --> 00:03:57 discovered most of the objects uh that
00:03:57 --> 00:04:00 might threaten Earth and the Moon
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 uh which are more than a kilometer in
00:04:02 --> 00:04:05 size it's the objects of a few hundred
00:04:05 --> 00:04:08 meters that we're looking at now uh now
00:04:08 --> 00:04:10 the um detection of those is part and
00:04:10 --> 00:04:13 parcel of modern astronomy and we find
00:04:13 --> 00:04:14 them with
00:04:14 --> 00:04:18 regularity um if one was on a a
00:04:18 --> 00:04:21 collision course with the Earth then
00:04:21 --> 00:04:22 we'd do something about it and we've
00:04:22 --> 00:04:26 discussed that before many times Andrew
00:04:26 --> 00:04:29 if one of the theory of deflection which
00:04:29 --> 00:04:31 indeed a dark Mission that's right but
00:04:31 --> 00:04:35 if one of them was shown to impact the
00:04:35 --> 00:04:38 moon um we wouldn't do anything about it
00:04:38 --> 00:04:41 I think we would let it happen uh
00:04:41 --> 00:04:43 because it's just part of the natural
00:04:43 --> 00:04:46 cycle of events and unless there were
00:04:46 --> 00:04:49 there was a threat to humans on the moon
00:04:49 --> 00:04:51 uh you wouldn't do anything about it and
00:04:51 --> 00:04:53 in fact if you knew enough about such an
00:04:54 --> 00:04:56 object uh going to hit the moon you'd
00:04:56 --> 00:04:58 bring your humans back You' get them off
00:04:58 --> 00:05:00 the mo uh because that's a lot easier
00:05:00 --> 00:05:03 than trying to deflect an asteroid uh so
00:05:03 --> 00:05:08 so um it's the the you know the pl um
00:05:08 --> 00:05:10 lunar defense is basically wrapped up
00:05:10 --> 00:05:13 within planetary defense of the earth uh
00:05:13 --> 00:05:16 with the one exception that we we would
00:05:16 --> 00:05:20 not try and Def deflect an asteroid uh
00:05:20 --> 00:05:22 if one of any particular size was shown
00:05:22 --> 00:05:24 to be targeting the
00:05:24 --> 00:05:27 Moon it gets hit a lot anyway doesn't it
00:05:27 --> 00:05:28 by it does that's right yeah it's
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 getting and because there's no
00:05:31 --> 00:05:34 atmosphere uh on the moon uh you know
00:05:34 --> 00:05:36 they get clouted the moon gets clouted
00:05:36 --> 00:05:38 much more forcefully than the earth does
00:05:38 --> 00:05:42 by these incoming objects so yes uh it's
00:05:42 --> 00:05:44 uh it's a a work in progress It's
00:05:44 --> 00:05:48 happening all the time um and um
00:05:48 --> 00:05:49 sometimes there's interesting physics
00:05:50 --> 00:05:52 involved you know if you can see the
00:05:52 --> 00:05:55 flash of a of an impacting meteor or
00:05:55 --> 00:05:58 asteroid then you've got uh you've got
00:05:58 --> 00:06:02 um uh new new data to to look at and to
00:06:02 --> 00:06:03 work
00:06:03 --> 00:06:05 with if something was big enough to
00:06:05 --> 00:06:07 destroy the moon we probably wouldn't
00:06:07 --> 00:06:09 have a prayer of stopping It Anyway
00:06:09 --> 00:06:12 would we uh no we wouldn't and there
00:06:12 --> 00:06:15 isn't anything so it's okay
00:06:15 --> 00:06:18 no yeah well not within our solar system
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 but maybe you know maybe something yeah
00:06:20 --> 00:06:23 that's right extra solar might come
00:06:23 --> 00:06:24 through we've had a couple of those over
00:06:24 --> 00:06:25 the
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 years yeah the the thing is the bigger
00:06:27 --> 00:06:30 the object is the easier it is to detect
00:06:30 --> 00:06:33 and yeah uh you know there's just
00:06:33 --> 00:06:34 nothing on the horizon even of that kind
00:06:35 --> 00:06:36 at the
00:06:36 --> 00:06:38 moment although the Moon being made of
00:06:38 --> 00:06:43 cheese would absorb and impact quite
00:06:43 --> 00:06:46 easily uh unless it was a particularly
00:06:46 --> 00:06:49 hard cheddar that might you know yes
00:06:50 --> 00:06:54 Point yeah yes um all right I can think
00:06:54 --> 00:06:56 of a few cheese puns but let's move on
00:06:56 --> 00:06:58 thanks Mikey good to hear from you uh
00:06:58 --> 00:07:01 our next question comes from somebody
00:07:01 --> 00:07:04 else and I've actually managed to lose
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 it here we go don't know how that
00:07:06 --> 00:07:09 happened thank you Windows uh good day
00:07:09 --> 00:07:14 Fred and Andrew uh as a native minonin
00:07:14 --> 00:07:17 uh motan Minnesota all right Minnesota
00:07:17 --> 00:07:19 uh I quite enjoy taking holiday time
00:07:19 --> 00:07:22 along the north shore of Lake Superior I
00:07:22 --> 00:07:24 love the sound of the Waves washing onto
00:07:24 --> 00:07:26 the shore and that got me to thinking
00:07:26 --> 00:07:28 about lakes and rivers on Titan would
00:07:28 --> 00:07:31 they sound comparable to what we have on
00:07:31 --> 00:07:34 Earth or because it's not water would
00:07:34 --> 00:07:35 there be some kind of distinctive
00:07:35 --> 00:07:38 difference to the sound of the liquid
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 ethane methane interacting with its
00:07:40 --> 00:07:41 surroundings I realize this is probably
00:07:41 --> 00:07:44 out of Fred's area of expertise but
00:07:44 --> 00:07:46 that's part for the course here on Space
00:07:46 --> 00:07:49 Nuts thanks very much guyses uh from
00:07:49 --> 00:07:52 James Greenfield uh yeah James asks an
00:07:52 --> 00:07:54 interesting question because we've
00:07:54 --> 00:07:56 talked in the past about uh different
00:07:56 --> 00:07:59 types of suns and if life exists on
00:07:59 --> 00:08:01 world surrounding those Suns you know
00:08:01 --> 00:08:03 the trees might have different colored
00:08:03 --> 00:08:06 leaves and things like that but I I
00:08:06 --> 00:08:08 would imagine also that
00:08:08 --> 00:08:12 sounds uh on other planets and other
00:08:12 --> 00:08:15 moons would vary depending on the
00:08:15 --> 00:08:17 conditions would they
00:08:18 --> 00:08:23 not it's um it's yes they would and and
00:08:23 --> 00:08:25 it's there's two things at play here uh
00:08:25 --> 00:08:28 first of all there's the liquid uh which
00:08:28 --> 00:08:31 may be quite viscous we we don't really
00:08:31 --> 00:08:36 know uh well it's sort of oily uh it's
00:08:36 --> 00:08:38 hydrocarbon um we know what liquid
00:08:38 --> 00:08:40 hydrocarbons are like here on Earth but
00:08:40 --> 00:08:43 there might be you know compounds within
00:08:43 --> 00:08:45 it that make it a bit more viscous uh we
00:08:45 --> 00:08:48 think uh we we to covered a story not
00:08:48 --> 00:08:51 long ago that suggested that if you look
00:08:51 --> 00:08:53 at the shape of the lakes on Titan you
00:08:53 --> 00:08:56 can tell that there are waves there uh
00:08:56 --> 00:08:59 wind blown waves yeah that's right and
00:08:59 --> 00:09:03 um and uh but the likelihood is they're
00:09:03 --> 00:09:06 not very high uh because radar
00:09:06 --> 00:09:09 Reflections from Titan seas are very
00:09:09 --> 00:09:12 very smooth indeed and so um I mean I've
00:09:12 --> 00:09:13 read some papers that suggest that the
00:09:14 --> 00:09:17 waves are only millimeters High um which
00:09:17 --> 00:09:19 probably wouldn't make much
00:09:19 --> 00:09:21 noise uh the other thing the other thing
00:09:21 --> 00:09:23 though that is the atmosphere which is
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 at a different pressure uh from our
00:09:25 --> 00:09:30 atmosphere on uh on planet Earth uh 1.5
00:09:30 --> 00:09:32 bars uh is the atmospheric pressure
00:09:33 --> 00:09:38 there uh and uh so it's it basically is
00:09:38 --> 00:09:41 50% higher than our atmospheric pressure
00:09:41 --> 00:09:43 here so that's going to change the speed
00:09:43 --> 00:09:44 of sound it's going to change the way
00:09:44 --> 00:09:48 things sound um it's uh really hard to
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 imagine what the waves on Titan might
00:09:50 --> 00:09:52 sound like and I think James poses a
00:09:52 --> 00:09:53 really interesting
00:09:53 --> 00:09:56 question there'd probably be a way of
00:09:56 --> 00:09:58 working it out though if you really
00:09:58 --> 00:10:00 needed to know that and somebody will do
00:10:00 --> 00:10:04 a simulation if if if needed but
00:10:04 --> 00:10:07 theories Theory would help as
00:10:07 --> 00:10:10 well uh it would also change the pitch
00:10:10 --> 00:10:12 of your voice wouldn't it yeah yeah
00:10:12 --> 00:10:16 that's right probably yeah hello Andrew
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 joining you yeah well you'd probably be
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 going help and that would be the end of
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 that that' be the end of that that's
00:10:22 --> 00:10:22 right
00:10:22 --> 00:10:25 yeah but uh yeah everything would
00:10:25 --> 00:10:26 probably be
00:10:26 --> 00:10:29 different uh in one way or another so
00:10:29 --> 00:10:31 yeah yeah definitely James you would uh
00:10:31 --> 00:10:33 you would have a different sounding
00:10:33 --> 00:10:36 liquid scenario on somewhere like Titan
00:10:36 --> 00:10:39 and any other place with liquid
00:10:39 --> 00:10:41 surfaces uh good to get your question
00:10:41 --> 00:10:42 thank you James this is Space Nuts
00:10:42 --> 00:10:46 Andrew Dunley with Professor Fred
00:10:46 --> 00:10:49 Watson let's take a quick break from the
00:10:49 --> 00:10:51 show to tell you about our sponsor
00:10:51 --> 00:10:54 nordvpn and a virtual private network is
00:10:54 --> 00:10:56 something that a lot of people use these
00:10:56 --> 00:10:59 days to protect what they're doing on
00:10:59 --> 00:11:02 online from scammers and hackers and
00:11:02 --> 00:11:05 anybody else who wants to uh download
00:11:05 --> 00:11:08 your information and sell it on the dark
00:11:08 --> 00:11:11 web uh which has become all too common
00:11:11 --> 00:11:13 uh of course identity theft is another
00:11:13 --> 00:11:17 big reason that people get hacked uh and
00:11:17 --> 00:11:18 it just goes on and on and on so how do
00:11:18 --> 00:11:20 you protect yourself well the first line
00:11:20 --> 00:11:22 of defense is a virtual private Network
00:11:22 --> 00:11:25 and there is none better than our
00:11:25 --> 00:11:28 sponsor Nord VPN and as a Space Nuts
00:11:28 --> 00:11:31 listener there is an ex uh exclusive and
00:11:31 --> 00:11:34 special deal for you uh including a
00:11:34 --> 00:11:37 30-day money back guarantee and an extra
00:11:37 --> 00:11:40 4 months just for signing up that's 4
00:11:40 --> 00:11:42 months extra for a 2-year deal or you
00:11:42 --> 00:11:45 can go month by month so all you have to
00:11:45 --> 00:11:49 do is go to uh the URL that's been set
00:11:49 --> 00:11:54 up for you nordvpn.com SPAC nuts that'll
00:11:54 --> 00:11:56 bring you to an introduction page where
00:11:56 --> 00:11:58 you can click on a button that says get
00:11:58 --> 00:12:00 the deal and once you're in there you
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 can look at all the products that are
00:12:02 --> 00:12:04 available not just the virtual private
00:12:04 --> 00:12:08 network uh but uh the um uh the other
00:12:08 --> 00:12:09 products depending on what level you
00:12:09 --> 00:12:11 want to go now if you want to stick to
00:12:11 --> 00:12:13 the basic uh service that's fine you can
00:12:13 --> 00:12:17 get highspeed VPN and you can secure uh
00:12:17 --> 00:12:20 10 devices at once 10 so they've up the
00:12:20 --> 00:12:24 anti on that uh and you can um then
00:12:24 --> 00:12:27 increase what you uh consider to be
00:12:27 --> 00:12:29 useful to you under the different
00:12:29 --> 00:12:31 packages that are available I I've got
00:12:31 --> 00:12:35 everything my favorite of all is the
00:12:35 --> 00:12:38 crossplatform password manager this is a
00:12:38 --> 00:12:40 really great product and I've talked
00:12:40 --> 00:12:43 about it many times but uh yeah you can
00:12:43 --> 00:12:46 find out more uh at this URL
00:12:46 --> 00:12:49 nordvpn.com SPAC nuts check out their
00:12:49 --> 00:12:51 prices check out their packages check
00:12:51 --> 00:12:54 out what you need and uh go accordingly
00:12:54 --> 00:12:56 because the longer you sign up for the
00:12:56 --> 00:12:59 lower the price gets on a monthly basis
00:12:59 --> 00:13:02 but uh yeah very much worthwhile and an
00:13:02 --> 00:13:04 extra four months so a great deal for
00:13:04 --> 00:13:06 Space Nuts listeners
00:13:06 --> 00:13:08 nordvpn.com
00:13:08 --> 00:13:11 SPAC nuts have a look today and get the
00:13:11 --> 00:13:15 deal now back to the show okay we check
00:13:15 --> 00:13:19 all four systems and It Go space
00:13:19 --> 00:13:22 Nets uh to our next question an audio
00:13:22 --> 00:13:25 question this one Fred comes from
00:13:25 --> 00:13:30 Bill hi this bill San Francisco Bay area
00:13:30 --> 00:13:32 my question
00:13:32 --> 00:13:35 is could Dark Matter travel through
00:13:35 --> 00:13:39 space so dark matter appar apparently
00:13:39 --> 00:13:42 doesn't interact with other things over
00:13:42 --> 00:13:45 other than through gravity so could Dark
00:13:45 --> 00:13:47 Matter get thrown around or out of the
00:13:47 --> 00:13:51 Galaxy due to other gravitational events
00:13:51 --> 00:13:53 kind of like planets and other stuff
00:13:53 --> 00:13:57 does um that's my question love the show
00:13:57 --> 00:14:00 thanks thank you Bill uh Bill's from a
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 very watery part of the world as well uh
00:14:03 --> 00:14:05 San Francisco Bay it would have some
00:14:05 --> 00:14:09 sloy sounds around it indeed uh dark
00:14:09 --> 00:14:11 matter we we did talk about it recently
00:14:11 --> 00:14:13 in light of the fact that they
00:14:13 --> 00:14:16 discovered that it may well interact
00:14:16 --> 00:14:18 with itself but that's not what he's
00:14:18 --> 00:14:20 asking he's asking about Dark Matter
00:14:20 --> 00:14:23 movement Can it can it move around we we
00:14:23 --> 00:14:26 also I think discussed that it um it
00:14:26 --> 00:14:29 seems to concentrate around
00:14:29 --> 00:14:32 galaxies and uh you know in in places of
00:14:32 --> 00:14:35 um saturation I suppose of of other
00:14:35 --> 00:14:38 objects so yeah it's an interesting
00:14:38 --> 00:14:41 question that's right so uh uh Dark
00:14:41 --> 00:14:43 Matter basically is where normal matter
00:14:43 --> 00:14:45 is um and we think that's no accident we
00:14:46 --> 00:14:49 think that the Dark Matter Cosmic web
00:14:49 --> 00:14:51 provided uh basically gravitational
00:14:51 --> 00:14:53 centers for the for normal matter to
00:14:53 --> 00:14:56 collect and turn into stars and galaxies
00:14:56 --> 00:14:59 um but you've highlighted uh one of the
00:14:59 --> 00:15:02 crucial aspects of this that we did talk
00:15:02 --> 00:15:05 uh a couple of weeks ago I think it was
00:15:05 --> 00:15:08 about uh the idea that dark matter might
00:15:08 --> 00:15:11 interact with itself some evidence that
00:15:11 --> 00:15:13 seem to suggest that although I think
00:15:13 --> 00:15:17 the uh common view is still that it
00:15:17 --> 00:15:23 doesn't and oh um and the evidence for
00:15:23 --> 00:15:26 that comes from something that directly
00:15:26 --> 00:15:29 answers Bill's question
00:15:29 --> 00:15:32 dark matter move uh and the answer is
00:15:32 --> 00:15:35 yes um there is um and if I remember
00:15:35 --> 00:15:36 rightly I think it's called the Pandora
00:15:37 --> 00:15:39 cluster it's a cluster of
00:15:39 --> 00:15:42 galaxies which is actually two Galaxy
00:15:42 --> 00:15:43 clusters
00:15:44 --> 00:15:48 colliding um and what you can see there
00:15:48 --> 00:15:53 is the uh the the material of the
00:15:53 --> 00:15:55 the uh galaxies themselves the gas and
00:15:55 --> 00:15:59 dust that we can see sort of piles up in
00:15:59 --> 00:16:00 this
00:16:00 --> 00:16:04 Collision uh and so you've got a Galaxy
00:16:04 --> 00:16:06 cluster that's made up of two Galaxy
00:16:06 --> 00:16:11 clusters in the act of colliding but the
00:16:11 --> 00:16:14 dark matter which is around them and we
00:16:14 --> 00:16:17 can detect that by means of
00:16:17 --> 00:16:18 gravitational
00:16:18 --> 00:16:20 lensing uh the dark matter just carries
00:16:21 --> 00:16:24 on so what you've got is this galaxy
00:16:24 --> 00:16:26 cluster it's two galaxies that have
00:16:26 --> 00:16:29 collided and they've wound up together
00:16:29 --> 00:16:32 but then on either side of them on each
00:16:32 --> 00:16:35 side is a blob of dark matter the dark
00:16:35 --> 00:16:38 matter has passed through itself uh the
00:16:38 --> 00:16:40 two dark matter Halos of each of the two
00:16:40 --> 00:16:44 clusters has gone through itself and uh
00:16:44 --> 00:16:46 not interacted and that's why people
00:16:46 --> 00:16:48 think dark matter has not interact does
00:16:48 --> 00:16:49 not interact with itself but it does
00:16:50 --> 00:16:52 prove uh the answer to Bill's question
00:16:52 --> 00:16:55 that dark matter can move it can move
00:16:55 --> 00:16:58 okay uh we don't know a lot about it
00:16:58 --> 00:16:59 Bill and
00:16:59 --> 00:17:01 we we're trying to find out what we can
00:17:01 --> 00:17:04 there's there's studies into it but it's
00:17:04 --> 00:17:07 elusive because it's dark matter it's um
00:17:07 --> 00:17:10 it doesn't interact it's not of our
00:17:10 --> 00:17:12 realm technically speaking doesn't yeah
00:17:12 --> 00:17:14 that's a nice way to put it it is not of
00:17:14 --> 00:17:18 our realm that's right yeah yeah uh
00:17:18 --> 00:17:21 thank you Bill um great to hear from you
00:17:21 --> 00:17:23 too and our final question today comes
00:17:23 --> 00:17:26 from Brady hello from the great state of
00:17:26 --> 00:17:29 Florida I just I have a question Fred
00:17:29 --> 00:17:31 why does everyone who lives in Florida
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 call it the great state of Florida most
00:17:34 --> 00:17:36 of the questions we get say hey I'm from
00:17:37 --> 00:17:39 the great state of Florida are they just
00:17:39 --> 00:17:41 saying Florida abbreviated is it
00:17:41 --> 00:17:44 actually called the great state of
00:17:44 --> 00:17:47 Florida I'm being a bit Co here I think
00:17:47 --> 00:17:49 it's local Pride um I think it is too I
00:17:49 --> 00:17:52 think we get it from other states as
00:17:52 --> 00:17:53 well um
00:17:53 --> 00:17:56 everybody's you know happy about where
00:17:56 --> 00:17:59 they live which is great
00:17:59 --> 00:18:02 well I I I can I can get it I mean um
00:18:02 --> 00:18:05 they've got 50 states to to to sort of
00:18:06 --> 00:18:07 talk about we've only got you know half
00:18:07 --> 00:18:11 a dozen but um when it we we all we
00:18:11 --> 00:18:13 we're one country uh split into States
00:18:13 --> 00:18:16 but during the football season uh New
00:18:16 --> 00:18:17 South Wales and Queensland hate each
00:18:17 --> 00:18:20 other it's just a temporary thing yes
00:18:20 --> 00:18:22 other than that we're really good
00:18:22 --> 00:18:24 [Music]
00:18:24 --> 00:18:27 friends um so from the great state of
00:18:27 --> 00:18:30 Florida Brady asks I was wondering how
00:18:30 --> 00:18:32 atmospheres are formed how do they go
00:18:32 --> 00:18:34 from a ball of rock and lava to having
00:18:34 --> 00:18:38 an atmosphere good good question yet I
00:18:38 --> 00:18:40 have never pondered that and I'm glad
00:18:40 --> 00:18:44 you asked uh it is a good question so um
00:18:44 --> 00:18:46 you know if you've got a world at the
00:18:46 --> 00:18:49 temperature at which the volatile
00:18:49 --> 00:18:50 material the stuff that easily turns
00:18:50 --> 00:18:55 into gas uh is a gas uh then you're
00:18:55 --> 00:18:57 going to have a gas envelope around a
00:18:57 --> 00:19:00 planet uh it's a good it's it's a great
00:19:00 --> 00:19:04 question um uh and you know when you
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 when you think of the way planets are
00:19:06 --> 00:19:11 form they start off as dust and gas uh
00:19:11 --> 00:19:13 and so you've got this kind of bedding
00:19:13 --> 00:19:15 down process where the dust turns into
00:19:15 --> 00:19:17 planetesimals and they all bash into
00:19:17 --> 00:19:19 each other and that probably heats up
00:19:19 --> 00:19:23 everything so that the temperature gets
00:19:23 --> 00:19:25 uh exceeds where things like nitrogen
00:19:25 --> 00:19:28 and oxygen and carbon dioxide or gas uh
00:19:28 --> 00:19:32 then what you end up with is uh is a
00:19:32 --> 00:19:34 solid world because the the other things
00:19:34 --> 00:19:36 the silicat and things like that are
00:19:36 --> 00:19:38 temperatures that are solid um you know
00:19:39 --> 00:19:42 within the places like the goldilux zone
00:19:42 --> 00:19:44 and and so you've uh you end up with
00:19:44 --> 00:19:47 this natural uh
00:19:47 --> 00:19:51 natural uh scenario of a solid Rocky
00:19:51 --> 00:19:54 body with a gas envelope um and it it
00:19:54 --> 00:19:56 that's turned on its head when we get
00:19:56 --> 00:19:58 out to the to the giant planets because
00:19:58 --> 00:20:02 the rocky body there is very small uh
00:20:02 --> 00:20:04 and probably has quite a lot of water
00:20:04 --> 00:20:06 ice in it because you beyond the frost
00:20:06 --> 00:20:10 line um and the gas is the the main part
00:20:10 --> 00:20:15 of the uh of the the body so so the
00:20:15 --> 00:20:18 atmosphere of a gas giant is formed in a
00:20:18 --> 00:20:19 rather different way from the atmosphere
00:20:19 --> 00:20:22 of a rocky
00:20:22 --> 00:20:26 planet yeah I in fact yeah gas giants
00:20:26 --> 00:20:28 are are very different because you B
00:20:28 --> 00:20:31 basically looking at um well depending
00:20:31 --> 00:20:32 on the size but you're getting on
00:20:32 --> 00:20:34 towards star formation some some of
00:20:34 --> 00:20:36 those gas giants are actually failed
00:20:36 --> 00:20:38 Stars aren't they effectively yeah
00:20:38 --> 00:20:40 Jupiter's often described as a failed
00:20:40 --> 00:20:42 star it would have to be about 90 times
00:20:42 --> 00:20:44 bigger I think if I remember rightly to
00:20:44 --> 00:20:46 be a star uh if it was only 13 times
00:20:47 --> 00:20:48 bigger though it would be a brown dwarf
00:20:48 --> 00:20:50 star which is which is a different kind
00:20:51 --> 00:20:54 of category of star but yeah yep yeah so
00:20:54 --> 00:20:57 it's got a lot to do with proximity to
00:20:57 --> 00:21:00 the star goldilock
00:21:00 --> 00:21:04 Zone um all those things come into play
00:21:04 --> 00:21:06 although you get you get gas giants that
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 are close to their parent star too which
00:21:08 --> 00:21:11 is seemingly you know so far fairly
00:21:11 --> 00:21:13 normal in the discovery of exoplanets
00:21:13 --> 00:21:15 yeah and you get them a long way from
00:21:15 --> 00:21:17 planets as well sorry a long way from
00:21:17 --> 00:21:19 their stars like like the planets gas
00:21:19 --> 00:21:22 giants in the solar
00:21:22 --> 00:21:27 system okay so um it's just part of a
00:21:27 --> 00:21:29 process yes that's I think that's the
00:21:29 --> 00:21:32 way to put it that's um thank you Brady
00:21:32 --> 00:21:35 um you've kind of highlighted my
00:21:35 --> 00:21:37 thinking about uh these planets and
00:21:37 --> 00:21:40 their atmospheres and uh it is a process
00:21:40 --> 00:21:43 that's the way to put it all right good
00:21:43 --> 00:21:45 question Brady um look I don't think
00:21:45 --> 00:21:47 it'll happen but one day someone might
00:21:47 --> 00:21:49 send a question in where I go that's
00:21:49 --> 00:21:52 just not interesting and it's a bad
00:21:52 --> 00:21:54 question no it hasn't happened yet
00:21:54 --> 00:21:55 hasn't happened yet it's not going to
00:21:55 --> 00:21:57 happen Andre it's all right definitely
00:21:57 --> 00:22:00 not if you do have questions for us go
00:22:00 --> 00:22:01 to our website because that's where you
00:22:01 --> 00:22:04 send them through AMA is the little tab
00:22:04 --> 00:22:07 at the top and when you click on that uh
00:22:07 --> 00:22:09 it tells us you to go away but uh if you
00:22:09 --> 00:22:10 don't want to go away you can put your
00:22:10 --> 00:22:12 name your email address and your message
00:22:12 --> 00:22:14 into the system and send us a text
00:22:14 --> 00:22:15 question or you can press the start
00:22:15 --> 00:22:19 recording button and it will record your
00:22:19 --> 00:22:22 question uh using your voice and don't
00:22:22 --> 00:22:24 forget to tell us who you are and where
00:22:24 --> 00:22:26 you're from and if you're a follower of
00:22:26 --> 00:22:30 of Space Nuts on social media uh don't
00:22:30 --> 00:22:33 forget to like us follow us join us or
00:22:33 --> 00:22:35 hit the Subscribe button depending on
00:22:35 --> 00:22:38 the platform that you uh prefer we're
00:22:38 --> 00:22:41 all done Fred thank you very much again
00:22:41 --> 00:22:43 uh it's a pleasure um I'm always happy
00:22:43 --> 00:22:46 to be on Space Nots thank you Andrew oh
00:22:46 --> 00:22:48 I'm glad you are otherwise you probably
00:22:48 --> 00:22:51 would have left eight years ago
00:22:51 --> 00:22:54 yeah Professor Fred Watson astronomer at
00:22:54 --> 00:22:56 large and thanks to here in the studio
00:22:56 --> 00:23:00 who's uh busily making lunch I think
00:23:00 --> 00:23:01 yeah I can't see I can't see him he's
00:23:01 --> 00:23:04 not on the camera no no it's a brush
00:23:04 --> 00:23:06 turkey sandwich by the look of it good
00:23:06 --> 00:23:08 on you and from me Andrew Dunley thanks
00:23:08 --> 00:23:10 for your company as always catch you on
00:23:10 --> 00:23:13 the very next episode of Space Nuts
00:23:13 --> 00:23:16 bye-bye Space Nuts you'll be listening
00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 to the Space Nuts
00:23:18 --> 00:23:21 podcast available at Apple podcasts
00:23:21 --> 00:23:24 Spotify ihart radio or your favorite
00:23:24 --> 00:23:26 podcast player you can also stream on
00:23:26 --> 00:23:29 demand at bites.com
00:23:29 --> 00:23:30 this has been another quality podcast
00:23:31 --> 00:23:34 production from bits.com