Space Nuts #463
Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this intriguing episode of Space Nuts, where they delve into the latest cosmic discoveries and Space industry updates. From the origins of meteorites to the mysteries of brown dwarfs, and the environmental impact of SpaceX's prolific launches, this episode is packed with fascinating insights and stellar discussions.
Episode Highlights:
- Meteorite Origins Uncovered: Discover how scientists have traced the origins of 70% of known meteorites to just three significant events in recent history. Explore the detective work that led to these revelations and what it tells us about our solar system.
- Brown Dwarfs Mystery Solved: Delve into the 30-year mystery of a brown dwarf that turned out to be two. Learn how this discovery reshapes our understanding of these celestial objects and their place in the universe.
- SpaceX's Environmental Impact : Unpack the good news and the challenges facing SpaceX, from their record-breaking launch schedule to the environmental concerns raised by satellite re-entry and rocket emissions.
For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website (https://www.spacenutspodcast.com) . Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube, Instagram, Tumblr and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.
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Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/23674336?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:02 hi there thanks for joining us this is
00:00:02 --> 00:00:05 Space Nuts yet again my name is Andrew
00:00:05 --> 00:00:07 Dunley your host it's uh so good to have
00:00:07 --> 00:00:09 your company coming up on this episode
00:00:09 --> 00:00:12 we've got a lot to get through as I tend
00:00:12 --> 00:00:15 to say uh some clever work reveals where
00:00:15 --> 00:00:17 most meteorites come
00:00:17 --> 00:00:21 from uh some uh space scientists have
00:00:21 --> 00:00:23 doubled down on a brown dwarf mystery
00:00:24 --> 00:00:25 what does that mean Snow White Snow
00:00:25 --> 00:00:27 White might know the answer and some
00:00:27 --> 00:00:30 good news and some bad news for SpaceX
00:00:30 --> 00:00:33 that's all coming up on this episode of
00:00:33 --> 00:00:36 Space Nuts 15 seconds guidance is
00:00:36 --> 00:00:41 internal 10 9 ignition sequence start
00:00:41 --> 00:00:46 Space Nuts 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4
00:00:46 --> 00:00:50 5 Space Nuts as the nuts reported feels
00:00:50 --> 00:00:54 good joining me again is Professor Fred
00:00:54 --> 00:00:57 Waton astronomer at large hello Fred hi
00:00:57 --> 00:01:01 Andrew how how are you going I'm going
00:01:01 --> 00:01:03 that way yeah I'm good I'm good at the
00:01:03 --> 00:01:08 moment all is well how are you I'm going
00:01:08 --> 00:01:09 that way
00:01:09 --> 00:01:11 too good thing we're both going in the
00:01:11 --> 00:01:13 same direction yes it is yes you don't
00:01:13 --> 00:01:15 want to be going backwards at this stage
00:01:15 --> 00:01:17 in our lives it's um no that's
00:01:17 --> 00:01:19 absolutely right very true unless you
00:01:19 --> 00:01:22 could wind back time and get younger and
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 yet take back all that knowledge you've
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 got and you know make the same mistakes
00:01:26 --> 00:01:29 over again no I don't want to do that
00:01:29 --> 00:01:31 enough of making
00:01:31 --> 00:01:33 mistakes you just make different
00:01:33 --> 00:01:36 mistakes I reckon I think you do yeah
00:01:36 --> 00:01:38 yeah usually the kind of mistakes you
00:01:38 --> 00:01:40 make is where did I put my glasses I
00:01:40 --> 00:01:42 can't remember oh yeah yeah I've done
00:01:42 --> 00:01:44 that I can't find mine
00:01:44 --> 00:01:47 now um I give you a
00:01:47 --> 00:01:50 clue let me just adjust my glasses and
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 what was the answer
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 um Judy and I have often talked about
00:01:54 --> 00:01:55 this and looked back at some of the
00:01:55 --> 00:01:58 mistakes we've made mainly Financial
00:01:58 --> 00:02:01 over the years and we've both said look
00:02:01 --> 00:02:03 if we didn't make those
00:02:03 --> 00:02:05 mistakes other things wouldn't have
00:02:05 --> 00:02:09 happened that have defined Our Lives um
00:02:09 --> 00:02:12 so you know you can't sort of dismiss
00:02:12 --> 00:02:15 the mistakes because they made other
00:02:15 --> 00:02:17 good things happen you got to think of
00:02:17 --> 00:02:20 it that way so that's the only way I can
00:02:20 --> 00:02:24 reconcile my past history with any kind
00:02:24 --> 00:02:25 of
00:02:25 --> 00:02:27 satisfaction but some of the mistakes
00:02:27 --> 00:02:29 have resulted in some brilliant things
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 yes well you know to ER is human and
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 that's you know that's that's the
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 definition of a human being we make
00:02:36 --> 00:02:39 mistakes and hopefully learn from them
00:02:39 --> 00:02:41 uh we we've we got to learn something
00:02:41 --> 00:02:45 now Fred from some very clever work
00:02:45 --> 00:02:47 that's been done and they they reckon
00:02:48 --> 00:02:51 they have nailed down uh around 70% of
00:02:51 --> 00:02:54 the meteorites that we know of coming
00:02:54 --> 00:02:57 from three basic events in recent
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 history so uh that that's pretty
00:03:00 --> 00:03:01 exciting and and I think they
00:03:01 --> 00:03:03 extrapolated some more information out
00:03:03 --> 00:03:06 they can nearly account for 90% of all
00:03:07 --> 00:03:11 meteorites this is quite an amazing
00:03:11 --> 00:03:15 story it it is um and it it starts off
00:03:15 --> 00:03:19 uh with a kind of analysis of uh of of
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 meteoroids because they they're not all
00:03:21 --> 00:03:25 the same no um and you know the um
00:03:25 --> 00:03:27 astronomers or planetary scientists I
00:03:27 --> 00:03:29 guess classify them in different ways
00:03:29 --> 00:03:30 which is all about their composition the
00:03:30 --> 00:03:34 Stony meteorites and metallic meteorites
00:03:34 --> 00:03:37 they're the two sort of basic ones um
00:03:37 --> 00:03:40 but uh within those definitions uh there
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 are there are different um you know
00:03:42 --> 00:03:45 different levels of of how Stony they
00:03:45 --> 00:03:47 are or how not and I should just say at
00:03:47 --> 00:03:49 the outset that the metallic ones are
00:03:49 --> 00:03:52 actually quite rare uh so that the most
00:03:52 --> 00:03:55 common meteorites that we found are
00:03:55 --> 00:03:58 something called uh well ordinary
00:03:58 --> 00:04:02 condres condres c h o n d r i t s looks
00:04:02 --> 00:04:05 like chres but it's condres usually um
00:04:05 --> 00:04:09 and they are what make up most of the uh
00:04:09 --> 00:04:12 it's tens of thousands of meteorites
00:04:12 --> 00:04:14 that are in collections around the world
00:04:14 --> 00:04:15 I can't remember the exact number but
00:04:15 --> 00:04:17 it's a lot uh which have you know
00:04:17 --> 00:04:20 they've been collected by meteorites
00:04:20 --> 00:04:22 hunters and of course they're free gifts
00:04:22 --> 00:04:23 from the universe so they're always
00:04:23 --> 00:04:25 valuable to have because they tell us
00:04:25 --> 00:04:28 about uh the makeup of things uh anyway
00:04:28 --> 00:04:30 the most common are these condres which
00:04:30 --> 00:04:33 are sort of carbonaceous they're Stony
00:04:33 --> 00:04:39 objects but um the the the conundrum is
00:04:39 --> 00:04:42 that the when you look at the asteroids
00:04:42 --> 00:04:45 and they sit in the asteroid belt
00:04:45 --> 00:04:47 principally uh and we believe that they
00:04:47 --> 00:04:50 are the main source of meteorites there
00:04:50 --> 00:04:51 are one or two meteorites actually it's
00:04:51 --> 00:04:54 several hundred but a few that come that
00:04:54 --> 00:04:56 are known to come from the moon or Mars
00:04:56 --> 00:04:59 or in fact the asteroid Vestor uh which
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 is um actually quite a large member of
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 the asteroid belt the fourth one to be
00:05:04 --> 00:05:07 discovered I think um I think 6% of all
00:05:07 --> 00:05:09 meteorites come from either the Moon
00:05:09 --> 00:05:14 Mars or Vesta uh however um as I said
00:05:14 --> 00:05:16 most of them are just condres but here's
00:05:16 --> 00:05:20 the thing uh the asteroid population the
00:05:20 --> 00:05:24 condres are actually quite rare they
00:05:24 --> 00:05:27 they don't dominate the the asteroid
00:05:27 --> 00:05:30 population and so there is a there is a
00:05:30 --> 00:05:33 there uh why should all ours be common a
00:05:33 --> 00:05:36 garden condres whereas condres are
00:05:36 --> 00:05:37 relatively rare when you look at the
00:05:37 --> 00:05:41 asteroid belt in general okay and so
00:05:41 --> 00:05:43 what this team it's actually I think
00:05:43 --> 00:05:46 three different teams um of uh of
00:05:46 --> 00:05:48 scientists whove produced I think there
00:05:48 --> 00:05:51 are three papers involved here uh and
00:05:51 --> 00:05:53 what they've done is uh they've
00:05:53 --> 00:05:56 basically looked at the motion of the
00:05:56 --> 00:05:59 asteroids in the asteroid belt and you
00:05:59 --> 00:06:00 know one of the wonderful things that
00:06:00 --> 00:06:02 you and I talk about a lot is how
00:06:02 --> 00:06:05 predicted predictable gravity is uh the
00:06:05 --> 00:06:07 fact that we can we can actually get a
00:06:07 --> 00:06:09 really good idea of the Motions of
00:06:09 --> 00:06:11 objects through space tens of thousands
00:06:11 --> 00:06:13 or even millions of years in the past
00:06:14 --> 00:06:16 and the future because the gravitate
00:06:16 --> 00:06:18 gravitation is such a well understood
00:06:19 --> 00:06:21 phenomenon at least at the level of
00:06:21 --> 00:06:23 objects in the solar system and so what
00:06:23 --> 00:06:24 they've done is they've studied the
00:06:24 --> 00:06:28 asteroid belt uh and looked for events
00:06:28 --> 00:06:31 in the past that would have brought
00:06:31 --> 00:06:34 asteroids together that would have been
00:06:34 --> 00:06:37 collisions and they've essentially found
00:06:37 --> 00:06:40 some and there are collisions between
00:06:40 --> 00:06:44 condite asteroids uh so you know so it's
00:06:44 --> 00:06:47 making sense here that you've got uh a
00:06:47 --> 00:06:49 relatively rare population within the
00:06:49 --> 00:06:52 asteroid belt but they are the ones that
00:06:52 --> 00:06:54 have collided and they identify I think
00:06:54 --> 00:06:59 three collisions uh over uh the last
00:06:59 --> 00:07:00 actually
00:07:00 --> 00:07:02 um they they go back quite a long way
00:07:02 --> 00:07:04 there's there's one uh the most distant
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 one in the past a collision which I
00:07:06 --> 00:07:08 think we've talked about already
00:07:08 --> 00:07:09 actually I think we talked about it in a
00:07:09 --> 00:07:12 different context a few weeks ago it's
00:07:12 --> 00:07:17 about 466 million years ago and um we
00:07:17 --> 00:07:19 think that would have that was a
00:07:19 --> 00:07:21 collision that absolutely showered the
00:07:21 --> 00:07:22 Earth with
00:07:22 --> 00:07:25 meteorites uh and may even have formed a
00:07:25 --> 00:07:26 ring round the Earth and I think that's
00:07:26 --> 00:07:29 what we talked about um because there's
00:07:29 --> 00:07:32 a there a massic know there's an ice age
00:07:32 --> 00:07:34 uh not long after that and the thinking
00:07:34 --> 00:07:37 is that the the Ring of the of asteroids
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 around the earth might have shaded the
00:07:39 --> 00:07:42 sun uh the planet a little bit to to
00:07:42 --> 00:07:45 reduce the temperature um so that's
00:07:45 --> 00:07:47 that's the furthest one but there are
00:07:47 --> 00:07:49 other collisions that have been
00:07:49 --> 00:07:52 identified which are more recently than
00:07:52 --> 00:07:55 that and I might read a paragraph if I
00:07:55 --> 00:07:57 may from uh a very nice piece on this
00:07:58 --> 00:07:59 from sky and Telescope one of the the
00:07:59 --> 00:08:01 greatest astronomy magazines in the
00:08:01 --> 00:08:03 world I was addicted to Sky telescope
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 when I was a Youngster um and and what
00:08:06 --> 00:08:10 it says is two collisions involving H
00:08:10 --> 00:08:12 condres these are two different sorts of
00:08:12 --> 00:08:15 condres H and Al condres but they're all
00:08:15 --> 00:08:17 sort of common and garden meteorites two
00:08:17 --> 00:08:20 collisions involving H condres occurred
00:08:20 --> 00:08:22 so recently that the researchers could
00:08:22 --> 00:08:23 trace their orbits well enough to date
00:08:24 --> 00:08:25 the family's origin this is the family
00:08:25 --> 00:08:27 of asteroids that resulted from that
00:08:27 --> 00:08:30 Collision the older Collision occurred
00:08:30 --> 00:08:32 7.6 million years ago and yielded the
00:08:32 --> 00:08:35 family of objects with orbits similar
00:08:35 --> 00:08:38 to8 coronis now 58 coronis is an
00:08:38 --> 00:08:41 asteroid you remember that asteroids
00:08:41 --> 00:08:44 have a number uh which is the number in
00:08:44 --> 00:08:46 in the order of Discovery uh and coronis
00:08:46 --> 00:08:49 is the name given by the discoverer so
00:08:49 --> 00:08:53 158 coronis uh they seem to have come
00:08:53 --> 00:08:56 from a collision coronis and its similar
00:08:56 --> 00:08:59 family a collision 7.6 million years ago
00:08:59 --> 00:09:01 reading back again from the sky and
00:09:01 --> 00:09:03 Telescope article a younger family dates
00:09:03 --> 00:09:06 back to an event 5.8 million years ago
00:09:06 --> 00:09:09 in which coronis underwent another major
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 Collision splitting off the smaller
00:09:11 --> 00:09:15 asteroid 832 Karen and its family and so
00:09:15 --> 00:09:18 you know this is lovely detective work
00:09:18 --> 00:09:23 uh that um that gives you um a picture
00:09:24 --> 00:09:26 of the Dynamics of the asteroid belt
00:09:26 --> 00:09:28 that we just didn't have before and
00:09:28 --> 00:09:31 gives us a really good understanding uh
00:09:31 --> 00:09:33 that um that some of this you know some
00:09:33 --> 00:09:36 of this um uh Dey that we receive from
00:09:36 --> 00:09:38 space really comes from a very small
00:09:38 --> 00:09:40 number of collisions in the asteroid
00:09:40 --> 00:09:43 belt yeah it's fascinating yeah I and
00:09:43 --> 00:09:45 I'm guessing after reading through the
00:09:45 --> 00:09:48 article this this still has to be
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 peer-reviewed the paper is out there to
00:09:50 --> 00:09:53 be analyzed and chopped up and debated
00:09:53 --> 00:09:57 and uh you know others will probably
00:09:57 --> 00:10:00 study the the claims and we hang on a
00:10:00 --> 00:10:03 minute but uh they they seem pretty
00:10:03 --> 00:10:06 confident yeah they do I think these are
00:10:06 --> 00:10:08 pretty yeah and there are two nature
00:10:08 --> 00:10:11 papers involved that's obviously one of
00:10:11 --> 00:10:13 the leading scientific journals in the
00:10:13 --> 00:10:16 world um there's a lot of detail to this
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 it's a story with many twists and ins
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 and outs and what I've what I've told
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 you is you know kind of the bottom line
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 but it is worth a read it's and it's
00:10:24 --> 00:10:26 very nicely put for astronomy
00:10:26 --> 00:10:29 enthusiasts in perhaps one of the
00:10:29 --> 00:10:32 principal magazines for astronomy as
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 Enthusiast sky and Telescope yeah I'm
00:10:34 --> 00:10:37 just amazed that you can look at a
00:10:37 --> 00:10:39 situation and go okay how did that
00:10:39 --> 00:10:42 happen and then sort of work backwards
00:10:42 --> 00:10:45 to a source billions of years ago it
00:10:45 --> 00:10:46 just fascinates me I think it's very
00:10:46 --> 00:10:49 clever as you said very clever detective
00:10:49 --> 00:10:51 work yeah and that's in sky and
00:10:52 --> 00:10:54 Telescope uh magazine if you want to
00:10:54 --> 00:10:56 read up while we're talking about uh
00:10:57 --> 00:10:59 meteorites Fred I I read an article the
00:10:59 --> 00:11:03 other day uh which I think uh the BBC
00:11:03 --> 00:11:06 science website ran about Earth getting
00:11:06 --> 00:11:09 bombarded by microm meteorites uh which
00:11:09 --> 00:11:13 are tiny pieces of of uh
00:11:13 --> 00:11:16 asteroid and they reckon between 20 and
00:11:16 --> 00:11:19 60 million kilograms falls on Earth
00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 every year in micr
00:11:21 --> 00:11:24 meteorites and if you were to St I don't
00:11:24 --> 00:11:25 know who worked this out but if you were
00:11:25 --> 00:11:28 to stand in the same spot for almost 13
00:11:28 --> 00:11:31 years is uh you would get a microm
00:11:31 --> 00:11:35 meteorite caught in your hair there you
00:11:35 --> 00:11:38 are there's there's a
00:11:38 --> 00:11:42 um a factoid if you if you like but um
00:11:42 --> 00:11:43 that's of course the feeling that you
00:11:43 --> 00:11:46 have hair that is well that's right if
00:11:46 --> 00:11:47 you don't it would probably bounce off
00:11:47 --> 00:11:50 and land in someone else's hair maybe
00:11:50 --> 00:11:53 the case yeah um that's an interesting
00:11:53 --> 00:11:58 article and it uh it kind of um Sparks
00:11:58 --> 00:12:02 memories for me uh of uh well when I was
00:12:02 --> 00:12:05 in Edinburgh decades ago uh there are
00:12:05 --> 00:12:07 things called brownly particles did that
00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 crop up in the in the article do you
00:12:09 --> 00:12:13 remember I can't see the word there um I
00:12:13 --> 00:12:14 can see a couple of other interesting
00:12:14 --> 00:12:18 little tidbits like uh there's one in
00:12:18 --> 00:12:21 4 chance of being hit by a micro
00:12:21 --> 00:12:22 meteori if you stand in the same spot
00:12:22 --> 00:12:25 for 24
00:12:25 --> 00:12:28 hours you probably you wouldn't know it
00:12:29 --> 00:12:31 no well if you stood in the same spot
00:12:31 --> 00:12:33 for 24 hours I think you you probably
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 need therapy anyway after that you're
00:12:35 --> 00:12:37 probably in line for Taylor Swift
00:12:37 --> 00:12:39 tickets that's probably where'd be oh
00:12:39 --> 00:12:41 that could be it that could be it yes
00:12:41 --> 00:12:44 that could be right that great stuff
00:12:44 --> 00:12:46 that's an interesting factoid we should
00:12:46 --> 00:12:48 put that in uh Fred's
00:12:48 --> 00:12:51 flippant fled Fred's flippant factoids
00:12:51 --> 00:12:52 which we started doing on our Tik Tok if
00:12:52 --> 00:12:54 you want to look at us look us up on Tik
00:12:54 --> 00:12:56 Tok when we do little previews of the
00:12:56 --> 00:13:00 shows uh so yes um that's an interesting
00:13:00 --> 00:13:03 story as is this one Fred uh they've
00:13:03 --> 00:13:06 been studying a brown dwarf for the last
00:13:06 --> 00:13:09 30 years but there's something about it
00:13:09 --> 00:13:11 that was off so they've taken a closer
00:13:11 --> 00:13:14 look and wham bam thank you ma'am it's
00:13:14 --> 00:13:17 not one but two brown dwarfs they've
00:13:17 --> 00:13:20 only got five more to
00:13:21 --> 00:13:24 find yeah there's actually a it's a good
00:13:24 --> 00:13:25 question what the population of brown
00:13:25 --> 00:13:27 dwarf known brown dwarf Styles is it's
00:13:27 --> 00:13:32 it's very high um it's uh subject that
00:13:32 --> 00:13:34 we haven't really talked about much
00:13:34 --> 00:13:39 Andrew uh and it and it it's um probably
00:13:39 --> 00:13:40 not a very good thing that we haven't
00:13:40 --> 00:13:41 talked about it much because certainly
00:13:42 --> 00:13:44 one of my former colleagues at the uh
00:13:44 --> 00:13:46 Australian astronomical Observatory
00:13:46 --> 00:13:48 Professor Chris tiny tiny of the
00:13:48 --> 00:13:50 University of New South Wales he uh
00:13:50 --> 00:13:52 began his career as a as one of the
00:13:52 --> 00:13:54 world's leading experts on brow dwarf
00:13:54 --> 00:13:57 stars uh he's now moved on to exoplanets
00:13:57 --> 00:13:59 which I guess are the next step down
00:13:59 --> 00:14:02 this down the series because Brown
00:14:02 --> 00:14:05 dwarfs in a way they sit in size between
00:14:05 --> 00:14:07 the giant planets of the solar system
00:14:07 --> 00:14:11 for example or any other solar system uh
00:14:11 --> 00:14:14 and and stars themselves uh they're
00:14:14 --> 00:14:18 defined as having a mass a lower Mass
00:14:18 --> 00:14:21 limit of 13 times the mass of Jupiter
00:14:21 --> 00:14:24 and um that means that if Jupiter had
00:14:24 --> 00:14:26 grown to be 13 times its present size it
00:14:26 --> 00:14:29 would have not been a planet it would
00:14:29 --> 00:14:32 have been a brown dwarf uh and the
00:14:32 --> 00:14:34 difference is that brown dwarfs have
00:14:34 --> 00:14:37 low-level nuclear processes going on in
00:14:37 --> 00:14:39 their interior something called uterum
00:14:39 --> 00:14:42 Burning uh which gives them enough of a
00:14:42 --> 00:14:44 temperature that they're visible in the
00:14:44 --> 00:14:47 infrared the r than red waveband so
00:14:47 --> 00:14:49 that's how Brown dwarfs are found using
00:14:49 --> 00:14:54 infrared telescopes um uh and um uh back
00:14:54 --> 00:14:57 in the day it would be in the 1980s and
00:14:57 --> 00:15:00 '90s when Brown first started to be
00:15:00 --> 00:15:03 being discovered uh this new population
00:15:03 --> 00:15:05 of stars that didn't quite make it
00:15:05 --> 00:15:06 because they're not big enough I think
00:15:06 --> 00:15:09 they need to be about 90 times 100 times
00:15:09 --> 00:15:11 the mass of Jupiter in order for you
00:15:11 --> 00:15:14 know um what we call hydrogen Fusion to
00:15:15 --> 00:15:16 take place the normal processes that
00:15:16 --> 00:15:19 make Styles shine anyway uh that's the
00:15:19 --> 00:15:22 background uh so this is uh brown dwarf
00:15:22 --> 00:15:26 which is called glea 229b glea was an
00:15:26 --> 00:15:28 astronomer who made a catalog of these
00:15:28 --> 00:15:31 things um and in fact the discovery
00:15:31 --> 00:15:33 exactly as you said 30 years ago nearly
00:15:33 --> 00:15:34 discovered in
00:15:34 --> 00:15:38 1995 uh and is one that um that has
00:15:38 --> 00:15:40 puzzled astronomers because they
00:15:41 --> 00:15:44 couldn't really work out uh why it was
00:15:44 --> 00:15:49 so massive uh and so dim it should if it
00:15:49 --> 00:15:51 was the mass that we thought it was it
00:15:51 --> 00:15:53 should be a lot brighter I went I went
00:15:53 --> 00:15:55 to school with a couple of kids that fit
00:15:55 --> 00:15:59 that description
00:15:59 --> 00:16:03 um massive but Di yeah okay you didn't
00:16:03 --> 00:16:05 argue with them you didn't argue with
00:16:05 --> 00:16:08 them ever right yeah yeah I can well
00:16:08 --> 00:16:10 imagine I don't just um we probably
00:16:10 --> 00:16:11 shouldn't name
00:16:12 --> 00:16:14 them that might get us into all kinds of
00:16:14 --> 00:16:16 I would never mention Paul's
00:16:16 --> 00:16:18 [Music]
00:16:18 --> 00:16:22 name all right let's move on um the uh
00:16:22 --> 00:16:24 the brown dwarf Glazer
00:16:24 --> 00:16:27 229b uh should be more should be
00:16:27 --> 00:16:29 brighter than it is given its Mass uh
00:16:29 --> 00:16:33 until now and now we have had a paper
00:16:33 --> 00:16:36 that's been lead authored by actually a
00:16:36 --> 00:16:40 graduate student uh which is um you know
00:16:40 --> 00:16:43 it's nice to see these uh post
00:16:43 --> 00:16:45 postgraduate students doing their
00:16:45 --> 00:16:48 graduate students doing their um
00:16:48 --> 00:16:50 basically Cutting Edge research and this
00:16:50 --> 00:16:53 gentleman Jerry Clan who is at the
00:16:53 --> 00:16:57 California Institute of Technology and
00:16:57 --> 00:17:00 Jerry can be either so I should
00:17:00 --> 00:17:04 just uh qualify that by seeing saying
00:17:04 --> 00:17:07 this person Jerry Quan uh is a graduate
00:17:07 --> 00:17:09 student at Caltech the California
00:17:09 --> 00:17:10 Institute of Technology one of the
00:17:10 --> 00:17:12 leading organizations in the world for
00:17:12 --> 00:17:14 this kind of work and lots of other
00:17:14 --> 00:17:17 fields of studying too anyway he uh he
00:17:17 --> 00:17:21 or she they have written a paper uh in
00:17:21 --> 00:17:24 nature uh which explains what the issue
00:17:24 --> 00:17:28 is and it's that glea 229b isn't one but
00:17:28 --> 00:17:31 is actually two Brown nors uh 38 and 34
00:17:31 --> 00:17:34 times the rest of Jupiter uh and they
00:17:34 --> 00:17:37 have a 12-day orbit around each other uh
00:17:37 --> 00:17:40 and um something close to our heart here
00:17:40 --> 00:17:44 in Australia they were observed by um
00:17:44 --> 00:17:46 using instruments at the very large
00:17:46 --> 00:17:49 telescope in Chile run by the European
00:17:49 --> 00:17:50 Southern Observatory which we in
00:17:50 --> 00:17:52 Australia have a strategic partnership
00:17:52 --> 00:17:55 with now so the fact that this star is
00:17:55 --> 00:17:57 actually not a single star it's a binary
00:17:57 --> 00:17:59 which is what we call two Styles obing
00:17:59 --> 00:18:02 around one another um is a great
00:18:02 --> 00:18:05 Discoverer it great discovery and pushes
00:18:05 --> 00:18:07 forward our understanding of brown
00:18:07 --> 00:18:09 dwarfs in fact it clearly solves a
00:18:09 --> 00:18:11 problem uh if this thing was more
00:18:11 --> 00:18:14 massive than it should be uh for the
00:18:14 --> 00:18:17 amount of radiation that it gives out um
00:18:17 --> 00:18:21 so yes uh really uh really very nice um
00:18:21 --> 00:18:24 a a very nice study there's a nice quote
00:18:24 --> 00:18:28 from uh one of the people who actually
00:18:28 --> 00:18:31 discovered glea 229b back in
00:18:31 --> 00:18:34 1995 uh Rebecca Oppenheimer who says
00:18:34 --> 00:18:36 these two worlds whipping around each
00:18:36 --> 00:18:38 other are actually smaller in radius
00:18:38 --> 00:18:40 than Jupiter they look quite strange in
00:18:40 --> 00:18:42 our night sky if we had something like
00:18:42 --> 00:18:43 them in our own solar system they would
00:18:44 --> 00:18:47 indeed yeah wow no that's a great
00:18:47 --> 00:18:49 discovery and it sorts out a a problem
00:18:49 --> 00:18:51 about um this this thing they've been
00:18:51 --> 00:18:53 looking at for 30 years not being bright
00:18:53 --> 00:18:55 enough and uh yeah they they' they've
00:18:55 --> 00:18:59 figured it out and um Jerry is a
00:19:00 --> 00:19:04 bloke so um and and uh look forgive me
00:19:04 --> 00:19:07 Fred but uh I think the the chines
00:19:07 --> 00:19:12 pronounce their exes as sh so it's Shan
00:19:12 --> 00:19:16 I would suggest his surname Jerry
00:19:16 --> 00:19:22 Shuan from Caltech yep um yes originally
00:19:22 --> 00:19:25 from China and uh and ultimately into
00:19:25 --> 00:19:30 Canada yeah yeah very very
00:19:30 --> 00:19:33 um good pickup by him about the uh the
00:19:33 --> 00:19:34 brown dwarf
00:19:34 --> 00:19:38 situation um how how how close is the
00:19:38 --> 00:19:39 nearest one to us have we ever figured
00:19:39 --> 00:19:42 that out oh yes we probably do know that
00:19:42 --> 00:19:44 and it's probably not that far um but I
00:19:44 --> 00:19:47 don't know the answer to it uh uh I'm
00:19:47 --> 00:19:49 sure while we're talking about the next
00:19:49 --> 00:19:52 story you can Google closest Brown you
00:19:52 --> 00:19:54 know you know I
00:19:54 --> 00:19:57 will and I'm glad you do because uh like
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 as we've just discovered it's uh it's
00:19:59 --> 00:20:03 very nice that you you can fill in these
00:20:03 --> 00:20:05 gaps the nearest Brown dwarfs are
00:20:05 --> 00:20:09 located in the Lumen 16 system uh which
00:20:09 --> 00:20:13 is about 6 and a half light years away
00:20:13 --> 00:20:14 yeah I thought there would be quite
00:20:14 --> 00:20:18 close um I mean it it's because uh we
00:20:18 --> 00:20:20 have a relatively nearby population of
00:20:20 --> 00:20:22 brown door so they're probably very
00:20:22 --> 00:20:26 common uh in in the Galaxy uh it's
00:20:26 --> 00:20:27 because they're not at Great distances
00:20:27 --> 00:20:29 that we know about at all because they
00:20:29 --> 00:20:32 are so dim um they're they're kind of
00:20:32 --> 00:20:34 brown that's why they got their name
00:20:34 --> 00:20:37 yeah yeah not not weak enough to be
00:20:37 --> 00:20:38 planets not strong enough to be Stars
00:20:39 --> 00:20:40 they're just somewhere in
00:20:40 --> 00:20:43 between um wondering about their
00:20:43 --> 00:20:46 identities probably they probably all
00:20:46 --> 00:20:49 kind very confused very confused spatial
00:20:49 --> 00:20:51 objects yeah if you want to read all
00:20:51 --> 00:20:54 about that it's in the cosmos magazine
00:20:54 --> 00:20:57 website this is Space Nuts with Andrew
00:20:57 --> 00:21:02 Dunley and Professor for
00:21:02 --> 00:21:05 and I feel fine Space Nuts okay Fred
00:21:05 --> 00:21:07 we've got a couple of stories involving
00:21:08 --> 00:21:09 SpaceX we've been talking about them a
00:21:09 --> 00:21:13 lot lately and uh in this case there's
00:21:13 --> 00:21:17 some good news and some not so good news
00:21:17 --> 00:21:18 let's start off with the good news about
00:21:19 --> 00:21:23 space x uh making so many inroads in uh
00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 rocket
00:21:25 --> 00:21:27 technology it is it's really quite
00:21:27 --> 00:21:32 amazing uh what SpaceX has achieved um
00:21:32 --> 00:21:35 so uh last week as we stand at the
00:21:35 --> 00:21:39 moment uh in late October uh SpaceX
00:21:39 --> 00:21:42 carried out its 99th operational Flight
00:21:42 --> 00:21:46 of the year um and that was uh starlink
00:21:46 --> 00:21:49 another starlink launch um so 20
00:21:49 --> 00:21:52 starlink satellites uh launched from
00:21:52 --> 00:21:55 Kate canaval uh and basically a
00:21:55 --> 00:21:58 successful Mission the booster had
00:21:58 --> 00:22:02 already flown 16 times beforehand um and
00:22:02 --> 00:22:06 made after the 17th flight made a a good
00:22:06 --> 00:22:09 recovery on the Drone ship which is
00:22:09 --> 00:22:11 called just read the instructions yeah I
00:22:11 --> 00:22:14 love that it's great isn't
00:22:14 --> 00:22:19 it um so you know it's it's really quite
00:22:19 --> 00:22:22 remarkable so the the Space Coast as
00:22:22 --> 00:22:26 it's called uh where Canaveral is
00:22:26 --> 00:22:34 um 71 so far far this year uh because uh
00:22:34 --> 00:22:37 um SpaceX also launches from other
00:22:37 --> 00:22:41 places as well um so so 71 from the
00:22:41 --> 00:22:46 space coast uh of which all but five of
00:22:46 --> 00:22:49 them have been flown by Space X it's
00:22:49 --> 00:22:50 quite an extraordinary track record in
00:22:50 --> 00:22:53 fact one of them was one we saw uh when
00:22:53 --> 00:22:59 we were uh in Florida back in May um the
00:22:59 --> 00:23:02 others the other five were flown by the
00:23:02 --> 00:23:04 United launch Alliance um but you know
00:23:04 --> 00:23:08 that statistic in itself tells you how
00:23:08 --> 00:23:11 much of a game Cher being able to
00:23:11 --> 00:23:13 recover your booster rocket is and that
00:23:13 --> 00:23:16 because that's what give SpaceX The Edge
00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 on this that they can pull the booster
00:23:18 --> 00:23:22 rocket back and launch it again yes um
00:23:22 --> 00:23:25 so uh and of course there have been
00:23:25 --> 00:23:28 other um you know other other uh
00:23:28 --> 00:23:31 missions the breakdown is uh of the 99
00:23:31 --> 00:23:35 launches is 91 Falcon and five Falcon
00:23:35 --> 00:23:38 heavy missions uh and I don't think that
00:23:38 --> 00:23:42 includes the maybe it does the starlink
00:23:42 --> 00:23:45 sorry Starship uh launches I can't
00:23:45 --> 00:23:48 remember how that fits into the uh into
00:23:48 --> 00:23:51 the statistics the styc launches which
00:23:51 --> 00:23:53 of course uh culminated in that
00:23:53 --> 00:23:56 extraordinary uh event a couple of weeks
00:23:56 --> 00:23:59 ago when um when the Starling sorry
00:23:59 --> 00:24:01 Starship boost to the Falcon super heavy
00:24:01 --> 00:24:04 was grabbed by the Chopsticks oh yeah
00:24:04 --> 00:24:07 down there at bukach chica in Texas so
00:24:07 --> 00:24:09 yes that's the good news a lot of
00:24:09 --> 00:24:12 activity yeah they they reckon Fred that
00:24:12 --> 00:24:17 um they could reach around 144 launches
00:24:17 --> 00:24:19 by the end of this calendar year which
00:24:19 --> 00:24:23 would be an alltime record uh that would
00:24:23 --> 00:24:24 yeah an amazing achievement I think they
00:24:24 --> 00:24:26 they're launching on average once every
00:24:26 --> 00:24:30 couple of weeks
00:24:30 --> 00:24:34 uh more like yes it's more than that
00:24:34 --> 00:24:36 it's more than that twice it's yeah
00:24:36 --> 00:24:38 three times twice a week basically three
00:24:38 --> 00:24:39 times a week
00:24:39 --> 00:24:43 yeah uh it's a lot um yeah it's kind of
00:24:43 --> 00:24:45 almost every day which is sort of what
00:24:45 --> 00:24:47 you know what we it's not quite that but
00:24:47 --> 00:24:50 it's it's what we expected uh would
00:24:50 --> 00:24:52 happen with all this of course most of
00:24:52 --> 00:24:54 those launches were for styling
00:24:54 --> 00:24:59 satellites
00:24:59 --> 00:25:02 here also Space Nuts there there in
00:25:02 --> 00:25:04 though lies a problem and this is where
00:25:05 --> 00:25:07 we get onto the not so good news for
00:25:07 --> 00:25:09 SpaceX because people have been
00:25:09 --> 00:25:11 analyzing their activity and and it's
00:25:11 --> 00:25:14 not just them there a lot of uh
00:25:14 --> 00:25:17 organizations that use similar
00:25:17 --> 00:25:20 technology and the concerns have been
00:25:20 --> 00:25:24 raised about pollution in our
00:25:24 --> 00:25:28 atmosphere that's right uh and and it
00:25:28 --> 00:25:30 this is is something that's been growing
00:25:30 --> 00:25:33 in I guess attention over the past well
00:25:33 --> 00:25:37 few months past perhaps the past year is
00:25:37 --> 00:25:39 what happens when a spacecraft re-enters
00:25:39 --> 00:25:40 the
00:25:40 --> 00:25:43 atmosphere uh so it burns up
00:25:43 --> 00:25:47 um if uh if it you know unless bits of
00:25:47 --> 00:25:48 it actually get down to the Earth which
00:25:48 --> 00:25:50 we do know happens from time to time
00:25:50 --> 00:25:52 we've talked about that as well yeah but
00:25:52 --> 00:25:54 the fact the spacecraft burns up if
00:25:54 --> 00:25:57 you've got a like a starlink satellite
00:25:57 --> 00:26:00 which weighs a quarter of a ton um about
00:26:00 --> 00:26:03 3 m by 1 meter they basically are
00:26:03 --> 00:26:06 completely burned up in the atmosphere
00:26:06 --> 00:26:08 uh and that means there's a quarter of a
00:26:08 --> 00:26:11 ton of stuff gone into the atmosphere
00:26:11 --> 00:26:14 and the stuff is mostly aluminium oxide
00:26:14 --> 00:26:16 because they they mostly made of
00:26:16 --> 00:26:19 aluminium uh they burn up and generate
00:26:19 --> 00:26:23 aluminium oxide and that is well it's um
00:26:23 --> 00:26:25 it's one of these gases that contributes
00:26:25 --> 00:26:28 to the hole in the ozone layer uh and so
00:26:28 --> 00:26:32 it is not uh that gentle on the
00:26:32 --> 00:26:34 atmosphere um there's an
00:26:34 --> 00:26:38 estimate which is that at the moment
00:26:38 --> 00:26:42 about half a ton of burned up satellite
00:26:42 --> 00:26:46 trash as it's called uh you know by um
00:26:46 --> 00:26:48 by some of the authors who written about
00:26:48 --> 00:26:50 this and I'm looking at the space.com
00:26:50 --> 00:26:54 website at the moment uh satellite trash
00:26:54 --> 00:26:58 half a ton comes in per day and that's
00:26:58 --> 00:27:01 because uh you've got you know a a lot
00:27:01 --> 00:27:04 of uh starlink satellites burning up
00:27:04 --> 00:27:05 they're they're they're a quarter of a
00:27:05 --> 00:27:09 ton but you've also got the um upper
00:27:09 --> 00:27:13 stage of the starlink launch Vehicles so
00:27:13 --> 00:27:15 it's the top part of a falcon heavy the
00:27:15 --> 00:27:18 bit that does not get returned to Earth
00:27:18 --> 00:27:20 it's the cheaper bit um I think it
00:27:21 --> 00:27:22 weighs about four tons when all the
00:27:22 --> 00:27:25 fuel's out of it uh and so that's
00:27:25 --> 00:27:27 they're coming down as well so if
00:27:27 --> 00:27:29 starlink launch 20 at a time which is
00:27:29 --> 00:27:32 about the standard number at the moment
00:27:32 --> 00:27:35 uh then that every 20 satellites you get
00:27:35 --> 00:27:37 another four tons of debery which is the
00:27:37 --> 00:27:40 aluminium oxide that comes from the
00:27:40 --> 00:27:44 upper stage of your rocket um but that's
00:27:44 --> 00:27:47 a it's a concern uh it's starting to
00:27:47 --> 00:27:51 worry uh people as I said particular
00:27:51 --> 00:27:54 particularly is in regards to its effect
00:27:54 --> 00:27:58 on the ozone lay now um
00:27:58 --> 00:28:00 you we you and I have talked before
00:28:00 --> 00:28:02 about the lifetime of stying satellites
00:28:02 --> 00:28:05 they are about five years and you will
00:28:05 --> 00:28:07 recall probably that the first tranch of
00:28:07 --> 00:28:10 Starling satellites was launched in May
00:28:10 --> 00:28:12 2019 uh that's five years ago more than
00:28:12 --> 00:28:14 five years ago so they are starting to
00:28:14 --> 00:28:16 come back uh and um and this is going to
00:28:16 --> 00:28:20 constantly rotate over time um they
00:28:20 --> 00:28:22 going to be launch launching more than
00:28:22 --> 00:28:25 they getting back that have pass their
00:28:25 --> 00:28:27 used by date so they come back and burn
00:28:27 --> 00:28:29 up they put them bunch more up there
00:28:29 --> 00:28:31 they ultimately want to put like what a
00:28:31 --> 00:28:33 100 of these things in
00:28:33 --> 00:28:35 orbit it could be 100 when you add
00:28:35 --> 00:28:37 in all the different constellations at
00:28:37 --> 00:28:41 the moment starlinks 12 right aiming
00:28:41 --> 00:28:45 at but with uh possible extension of
00:28:45 --> 00:28:49 another 30 spacecraft in phase two I
00:28:49 --> 00:28:50 don't think it's called that anymore but
00:28:50 --> 00:28:53 it was called that uh but then on top of
00:28:53 --> 00:28:54 that you've got one web which has
00:28:54 --> 00:28:56 something like 600 spacecraft in orbit
00:28:56 --> 00:29:00 you've got ker which is another uh
00:29:00 --> 00:29:02 another of these constellations KFAN
00:29:02 --> 00:29:03 which is the
00:29:03 --> 00:29:07 Chinese answer to starlink that's 14 or
00:29:07 --> 00:29:09 15 satellites and when you add all
00:29:09 --> 00:29:11 these up it could be that by the end of
00:29:11 --> 00:29:14 the decade we have 100 satellites in
00:29:14 --> 00:29:16 orbit which would actually impact on the
00:29:16 --> 00:29:18 night sky very significantly well that's
00:29:18 --> 00:29:20 that's the problem one problem for
00:29:20 --> 00:29:23 observational astronomers is the is the
00:29:23 --> 00:29:26 pollution that creates for observations
00:29:26 --> 00:29:28 but all of these things are going to
00:29:28 --> 00:29:30 come back down they're designed to come
00:29:30 --> 00:29:32 back down and and burn up on re-entry
00:29:32 --> 00:29:35 and we're putting all that U aluminium
00:29:35 --> 00:29:38 oxide into the atmosphere and I I read
00:29:38 --> 00:29:41 the word but it's um it's escaped me but
00:29:41 --> 00:29:43 it basically means that you know with
00:29:43 --> 00:29:45 the effect this could have on the uh
00:29:45 --> 00:29:48 ozone layer it would um affect the here
00:29:48 --> 00:29:52 it is the albo uh the ability for our
00:29:52 --> 00:29:54 planet to reflect
00:29:54 --> 00:29:57 sunlight so this is this is yet another
00:29:57 --> 00:30:00 potential greenhouse effect
00:30:00 --> 00:30:04 problem uh that yes that's right indeed
00:30:04 --> 00:30:08 that's right um uh it it's clearly um
00:30:08 --> 00:30:11 shaping up to be uh an environmental
00:30:11 --> 00:30:13 problem that is a direct result of the
00:30:13 --> 00:30:16 space age uh and there's not many of
00:30:16 --> 00:30:18 those that you can point to um you know
00:30:18 --> 00:30:20 a lot of people think it's the exhaust
00:30:20 --> 00:30:23 gases from from the
00:30:23 --> 00:30:27 Rockets uh which in a particular way it
00:30:27 --> 00:30:30 is because solid rocket fuel is very bad
00:30:30 --> 00:30:34 for ozone depletion and apparently um
00:30:34 --> 00:30:35 the solid rockets that are used for some
00:30:35 --> 00:30:39 of the launchers um uh United United
00:30:39 --> 00:30:42 launch alliances Atlas 5 uses strap on
00:30:42 --> 00:30:45 solid rocket boosters uh China's Long
00:30:45 --> 00:30:48 March 11 has solid rocket fuel boosters
00:30:48 --> 00:30:50 and actually the new Ariana 6 the
00:30:50 --> 00:30:53 European one also has these strapon
00:30:53 --> 00:30:55 boosters and they uh give out chemicals
00:30:55 --> 00:30:58 that are pretty horrible um there's
00:30:58 --> 00:31:01 chlorine in there and alumina all sorts
00:31:01 --> 00:31:05 of stuff uh and the worst of it is that
00:31:05 --> 00:31:07 they are putting these exhaust plumes
00:31:07 --> 00:31:11 into the uh Stratosphere just basically
00:31:11 --> 00:31:14 where the ozone is so it's it's a really
00:31:14 --> 00:31:16 bad effect on ozone depletion more so
00:31:16 --> 00:31:18 actually than the burning up of
00:31:18 --> 00:31:21 re-entering satellites so this is all
00:31:21 --> 00:31:23 looking like a pretty gloomy story for
00:31:23 --> 00:31:26 space that we're putting all this stuff
00:31:26 --> 00:31:28 into the atmosphere that we could
00:31:28 --> 00:31:31 probably do without well unless somebody
00:31:31 --> 00:31:34 in Authority acts quickly and says okay
00:31:34 --> 00:31:36 you can't do that anymore we know what
00:31:36 --> 00:31:38 could happen we don't want that to
00:31:38 --> 00:31:39 happen you're going to have to find
00:31:39 --> 00:31:43 another way um it sounds like a simple
00:31:43 --> 00:31:45 answer I'm sure it's
00:31:45 --> 00:31:48 not no it's not I mean you you're kind
00:31:48 --> 00:31:49 of reduced to something like the space
00:31:49 --> 00:31:52 elevator which is probably a nonstarter
00:31:52 --> 00:31:55 anyway yeah so yeah yeah interesting
00:31:55 --> 00:31:59 really interesting uh analysis that
00:31:59 --> 00:32:01 indeed um it's not good to finish on a
00:32:01 --> 00:32:03 down I like that but uh for all their
00:32:03 --> 00:32:06 achievements there there is there is a
00:32:06 --> 00:32:07 price to pay and it sounds like our
00:32:07 --> 00:32:10 atmosphere is paying that price and
00:32:10 --> 00:32:12 we'll do for some time to come unless
00:32:12 --> 00:32:13 something can be done about it and
00:32:13 --> 00:32:16 there's a an alternative on the horizon
00:32:16 --> 00:32:18 but uh it doesn't appear to be the case
00:32:18 --> 00:32:20 if you want to read that story as Fred
00:32:20 --> 00:32:23 said it's uh in on the space.com website
00:32:24 --> 00:32:27 and that story about the SpaceX launches
00:32:27 --> 00:32:32 is at Fizz phys f.org uh and don't
00:32:32 --> 00:32:34 forget if you would like to um contact
00:32:35 --> 00:32:37 us or visit our website you can do that
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00:32:47 --> 00:32:50 somebody a nice space related gifty poo
00:32:50 --> 00:32:54 we we've got them at our shop and if you
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00:32:56 --> 00:32:58 Nuts don't forget to um click on the
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00:33:01 --> 00:33:03 we not telling you to we would never
00:33:03 --> 00:33:05 tell you to do that but it's an option
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00:33:08 --> 00:33:12 to the um several hundred members of
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00:33:17 --> 00:33:19 who support Space Nuts we really do
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00:33:28 --> 00:33:29 that's all on our website Space Nuts
00:33:29 --> 00:33:32 podcast.com Fred we're all done thank
00:33:32 --> 00:33:34 you so much sir nice to talk to you
00:33:34 --> 00:33:38 again than you I will speak again soon
00:33:38 --> 00:33:40 I'm sure we will could be a few minutes
00:33:40 --> 00:33:42 could be a few days you know you never
00:33:42 --> 00:33:44 know Professor Fred Watson astronomer at
00:33:44 --> 00:33:49 large and thanks to you in the studio
00:33:49 --> 00:33:51 for I'll get back to you on that and for
00:33:51 --> 00:33:53 me Andrew Dunley thanks for your company
00:33:53 --> 00:33:55 we'll catch you again on the next
00:33:55 --> 00:33:58 episode of Space Nuts bye
00:33:58 --> 00:34:01 bye you'll be listening to the Space
00:34:01 --> 00:34:02 Nuts
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