Space Nuts #464
Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in an engaging episode of Space Nuts as they explore significant developments in the world of astronomy and Space exploration. From Fred Watson Watson's career transition to groundbreaking lunar missions, this episode is packed with stellar discussions and intriguing insights.
Episode Highlights:
- The Future of Fred Watson : Discover the next chapter in Fred Watson Watson's illustrious career as he transitions from his role as Australia's Astronomer at Large to a new position in academia. Learn how this change could amplify his influence in advocating for Australian astronomy.
- Artemis 3 Landing Sites Announced: NASA has unveiled potential landing sites for the Artemis 3 mission, marking humanity's return to the Moon since 1972. Explore the challenges and scientific potential of these lunar south pole sites.
- New Insights from Ryugu : Delve into the latest findings from the asteroid Ryugu, which may hold clues to the origins of life on Earth. Uncover how these samples could reshape our understanding of planetary formation and life's emergence.
- Titan's Mysteries Unveiled : Recent studies suggest that Saturn's moon Titan could rewrite planetary science. Learn about the unique features of Titan's surface and what they reveal about its geological history and potential for life.
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Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
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Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/23806939?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:02 hi there thanks for joining us on
00:00:02 --> 00:00:05 another episode of Space Nuts my name is
00:00:05 --> 00:00:07 Andrew Dunley your host and uh great to
00:00:07 --> 00:00:10 have your company as I tend to say well
00:00:10 --> 00:00:11 you know if I ever say it's not great to
00:00:11 --> 00:00:13 have your company you know we're done
00:00:13 --> 00:00:16 for U now who was that voice in the
00:00:17 --> 00:00:18 background uh now we got a lot to talk
00:00:19 --> 00:00:21 about today and one of those things is
00:00:21 --> 00:00:24 the future of Fred yes Fred's future
00:00:24 --> 00:00:27 it's about to change is he leaving us oo
00:00:27 --> 00:00:30 tell you in a minute uh emus Landing
00:00:30 --> 00:00:32 sites have been announced there are I
00:00:32 --> 00:00:34 think about nine of them we're going to
00:00:34 --> 00:00:36 look at some new data from the asteroid
00:00:36 --> 00:00:39 ryugu which could shed more light on how
00:00:40 --> 00:00:43 life ended up here and a study of Titan
00:00:43 --> 00:00:46 Moon uh Saturn's moon Titan uh they're
00:00:46 --> 00:00:49 saying it might rewrite planetary
00:00:49 --> 00:00:51 science that's a biggie all coming up on
00:00:51 --> 00:00:55 the next episode of Space Nuts right now
00:00:55 --> 00:01:00 15 seconds guidance is internal 10 99
00:01:00 --> 00:01:05 ignition sequence start Space Nuts 5 4 3
00:01:05 --> 00:01:09 2 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1 Space Nuts asut
00:01:09 --> 00:01:12 reported feels good and here he is to
00:01:12 --> 00:01:15 tell all Professor Fred Watson hello
00:01:15 --> 00:01:17 Fred how are you doing Andrew good to
00:01:17 --> 00:01:21 see you again good to see you too um my
00:01:21 --> 00:01:23 question should be how are you doing
00:01:23 --> 00:01:26 because today's a big day for you it is
00:01:27 --> 00:01:30 yes it's a it's a a a day of uh of some
00:01:30 --> 00:01:33 note in my life um but the story starts
00:01:33 --> 00:01:38 actually on the 16th of July
00:01:38 --> 00:01:41 1973 uh when I became a staff astronomer
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 at the Royal grich Observatory in the
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 United Kingdom because that is when I
00:01:45 --> 00:01:48 joined the British Public
00:01:48 --> 00:01:52 Service um uh and effectively I've been
00:01:52 --> 00:01:53 there ever since except it switched to
00:01:53 --> 00:01:56 the Australian Public Service in
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 2010 so I've been a public servant
00:01:58 --> 00:02:03 Andrew for 51 years and oh my uh and it
00:02:03 --> 00:02:05 comes to an end
00:02:05 --> 00:02:10 today so what's happened so so my role
00:02:10 --> 00:02:12 as the nation's astronomer the
00:02:12 --> 00:02:13 Australian government's astronomer at
00:02:13 --> 00:02:16 large uh which I've had since um 2018 so
00:02:16 --> 00:02:18 it's six years that I've been in that
00:02:18 --> 00:02:21 job uh it's coming to an end uh so I am
00:02:21 --> 00:02:23 going to leave the public service I'm
00:02:23 --> 00:02:27 not leaving astronomy uh I'm moving to a
00:02:27 --> 00:02:30 new role uh in one of the universities
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 uh here in Sydney which I'm extremely
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 excited about but it means that I'll be
00:02:35 --> 00:02:36 able to well certainly be able to carry
00:02:36 --> 00:02:39 on with Space Nuts nothing will change
00:02:39 --> 00:02:41 there but it also does mean that from
00:02:41 --> 00:02:44 outside the the government um when
00:02:44 --> 00:02:46 you're working not in the government but
00:02:46 --> 00:02:49 you're working outside you might be able
00:02:49 --> 00:02:51 to have more influence Believe It or Not
00:02:51 --> 00:02:54 uh in terms of advocating for the way we
00:02:54 --> 00:02:56 hope Australian astronomy will go
00:02:56 --> 00:02:58 getting the message out that astronom is
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 a good thing and that people like it and
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 want it to be supported all of that's
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 easier to do outside the government than
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 inside so in that regard it's a good
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 thing um I'm sad about it of course uh
00:03:09 --> 00:03:14 31st of October 2024 is as as notable as
00:03:14 --> 00:03:16 the 16th of July
00:03:16 --> 00:03:20 1973 so uh yeah so it's uh you know what
00:03:20 --> 00:03:23 what I'm I guess I'm sad about is the
00:03:23 --> 00:03:25 the colleagues that I've uh I've worked
00:03:25 --> 00:03:27 with over the last six and a half years
00:03:27 --> 00:03:29 six years and four months uh fabulous
00:03:29 --> 00:03:33 bunch of people U public servants are um
00:03:33 --> 00:03:36 they're a breed on their own I guess
00:03:36 --> 00:03:40 they um they they they essentially you
00:03:40 --> 00:03:41 know provide all the information that a
00:03:41 --> 00:03:43 government needs to to make up its mind
00:03:44 --> 00:03:46 on its policies and they are very very
00:03:46 --> 00:03:48 professional about it and they're nice
00:03:48 --> 00:03:49 people I've had made some great
00:03:49 --> 00:03:51 friendships uh with people down in
00:03:51 --> 00:03:54 cambar which is where uh I've been based
00:03:54 --> 00:03:57 although I live in Sydney so it's all
00:03:57 --> 00:03:59 been done over the Internet um but yeah
00:03:59 --> 00:04:01 so we we had a little party yesterday
00:04:01 --> 00:04:03 down I was down there yesterday drove
00:04:03 --> 00:04:04 back yesterday afternoon we had a bit of
00:04:05 --> 00:04:08 a celebration some cake and uh and nice
00:04:08 --> 00:04:10 coffee and things like that and um they
00:04:10 --> 00:04:12 they bit me on the way there's another
00:04:12 --> 00:04:15 one today actually uh last day in fact
00:04:15 --> 00:04:16 immediately after this uh podcast
00:04:16 --> 00:04:18 recording I'll be joining my colleagues
00:04:18 --> 00:04:21 online just to say uh a virtual farewell
00:04:21 --> 00:04:23 to the ones who are scattered over the
00:04:23 --> 00:04:24 country there are people in West
00:04:24 --> 00:04:26 Australia South Australia all over the
00:04:26 --> 00:04:30 place wow gee it's um it's it's the end
00:04:30 --> 00:04:32 of an era Fred and um I say
00:04:32 --> 00:04:34 congratulations first of all for all of
00:04:34 --> 00:04:37 those decades in astronomy and and
00:04:37 --> 00:04:38 surviving that long in the public
00:04:38 --> 00:04:40 service that's a feat in
00:04:40 --> 00:04:43 itself um but uh I suppose the good news
00:04:43 --> 00:04:47 is that um you are not retiring we want
00:04:47 --> 00:04:49 to make that a very solid point this is
00:04:49 --> 00:04:51 not the end of your astronomy career
00:04:51 --> 00:04:53 because if it was you'd go from being an
00:04:53 --> 00:04:55 astronomer at large to a large
00:04:55 --> 00:04:56 astronomer well yes that's probably
00:04:57 --> 00:05:00 right so would yeah um I I
00:05:00 --> 00:05:03 actually should um should just highlight
00:05:03 --> 00:05:05 one of the one of the jokes that one of
00:05:05 --> 00:05:07 my colleagues made quite some years ago
00:05:07 --> 00:05:08 uh when I was the new astronomer at
00:05:08 --> 00:05:11 large because I um I sent them a
00:05:11 --> 00:05:13 photograph I skipped out for lunch down
00:05:13 --> 00:05:16 on the beach one day uh here in nor the
00:05:16 --> 00:05:17 northern beaches and came back and
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 talked to them online and sent I said
00:05:19 --> 00:05:21 this is where I had lunch and um this
00:05:22 --> 00:05:23 gentleman his name is Ben scandrett
00:05:24 --> 00:05:26 really nice guy he said oh you're the
00:05:26 --> 00:05:29 you're the astronomer alap Plage uh
00:05:29 --> 00:05:31 turned it into the French version
00:05:31 --> 00:05:32 astronomer on the
00:05:32 --> 00:05:35 beach which I quite liked oh that's very
00:05:35 --> 00:05:37 funny yeah um and and just to prove the
00:05:37 --> 00:05:39 point that's not a door behind Fred if
00:05:39 --> 00:05:42 you're watching our video stream that's
00:05:42 --> 00:05:45 actually a a very well-disguised Malibu
00:05:45 --> 00:05:49 surfboard it is a Woodin most people
00:05:49 --> 00:05:52 don't notice that oh that's why I'm in
00:05:53 --> 00:05:54 journalism yes got to pick up on these
00:05:55 --> 00:05:56 things well we wish you well Fred and
00:05:57 --> 00:05:58 there there'll be more to announce down
00:05:58 --> 00:06:01 the track when things start to shift but
00:06:01 --> 00:06:05 uh yeah it's been a wonderful wonderful
00:06:05 --> 00:06:07 uh Public Service career and you should
00:06:07 --> 00:06:09 be very very proud and I'm glad I was
00:06:09 --> 00:06:12 able to um be a part of that for for a
00:06:12 --> 00:06:15 few years as well nice to nice to hear
00:06:15 --> 00:06:17 Andrew and um thank you very much for
00:06:17 --> 00:06:18 that and yeah I mean you and I are going
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 to go on forever probably so that's all
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 right yeah yeah we're planning on a
00:06:22 --> 00:06:25 couple of billion years cuz we we just
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 so much want to see that collision
00:06:27 --> 00:06:30 between Andromeda and the Milky Way
00:06:30 --> 00:06:32 galaxy so we're hanging we're hanging on
00:06:32 --> 00:06:33 for
00:06:33 --> 00:06:37 that um some other exciting news is uh
00:06:37 --> 00:06:39 and this sort of Falls at the same time
00:06:40 --> 00:06:43 as China has um launched a mission to
00:06:43 --> 00:06:45 test Moon bricks for their future base
00:06:45 --> 00:06:48 up there the the the the race back to
00:06:48 --> 00:06:49 the Moon is really ramping up and the
00:06:49 --> 00:06:52 Chinese are I think have um fired a
00:06:52 --> 00:06:56 pretty heavy uh volley uh that NASA
00:06:56 --> 00:06:58 needs to respond to well they I don't
00:06:58 --> 00:06:59 know if this is their response but
00:06:59 --> 00:07:01 certainly made a major announcement
00:07:01 --> 00:07:04 they've looked at Key Landing sites for
00:07:04 --> 00:07:05 artamus
00:07:05 --> 00:07:08 3 indeed they have yes so this is not
00:07:08 --> 00:07:10 really a response to anything it's it's
00:07:10 --> 00:07:13 just part of the process that they that
00:07:13 --> 00:07:15 the mission planners go through when
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 when you are planning something as big
00:07:17 --> 00:07:20 as emus 3 uh which um people will
00:07:20 --> 00:07:23 remember is the um the first landing of
00:07:23 --> 00:07:26 humans on the moon since
00:07:26 --> 00:07:30 1972 uh and uh will have four NASA
00:07:30 --> 00:07:32 astronauts walking around the South
00:07:32 --> 00:07:35 polar region of the Moon and that's what
00:07:35 --> 00:07:37 makes this challenging Andrew because um
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 you know all the Apollo Landings were in
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 the mid latitude region of the Moon
00:07:41 --> 00:07:44 where a landscape is relatively flat uh
00:07:45 --> 00:07:46 there were mountains there there were a
00:07:46 --> 00:07:47 few sort of Highland Peaks that they
00:07:47 --> 00:07:50 landed on but um the South Pole region
00:07:50 --> 00:07:52 of the moon is quite different it's uh
00:07:52 --> 00:07:55 very very Pock marked with craters a lot
00:07:55 --> 00:07:58 of mountains a lot of um you know
00:07:58 --> 00:07:59 evidence of past geologic iCal history
00:08:00 --> 00:08:01 and of course that's one of the reasons
00:08:01 --> 00:08:02 why they're going there to to to be able
00:08:02 --> 00:08:05 to sample the the geology of the the
00:08:05 --> 00:08:08 moon's South Pole so the landing zones
00:08:08 --> 00:08:11 that have been uh identified uh what
00:08:11 --> 00:08:13 they've done is they've uh they've
00:08:13 --> 00:08:17 sorted them out uh taking into account
00:08:17 --> 00:08:19 factors and I'm quoting NASA here
00:08:19 --> 00:08:21 factors in the selection process
00:08:21 --> 00:08:25 included science potential launch window
00:08:25 --> 00:08:27 availability terrain suitability you
00:08:27 --> 00:08:30 don't want to land on a Mountaintop
00:08:30 --> 00:08:31 communication capabilities with Earth
00:08:31 --> 00:08:33 and lighting condition so all of those
00:08:33 --> 00:08:36 things have to go in the mix um what was
00:08:36 --> 00:08:38 sorry what was that last one lighting
00:08:38 --> 00:08:41 conditions yes that's right because um
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 you don't want to be working completely
00:08:43 --> 00:08:45 in the dark and you could be if you're
00:08:45 --> 00:08:48 at the moon's South Pole um worked out
00:08:48 --> 00:08:51 worked out okay for Pink
00:08:51 --> 00:08:54 Floyd it did yeah but they you know they
00:08:54 --> 00:08:57 were in a different Universe I think
00:08:57 --> 00:08:59 so probably still are
00:09:00 --> 00:09:02 yeah so um actually I might just
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 continue the quote from uh from NASA
00:09:04 --> 00:09:06 because it's it's a nice way of doing
00:09:06 --> 00:09:08 this Additionally the team assessed the
00:09:08 --> 00:09:11 combined trajectory capabilities of
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 NASA's SLS the Spain launch system
00:09:13 --> 00:09:16 rocket uh the Arion spacecraft that's
00:09:16 --> 00:09:18 the the crew module the equivalent of
00:09:18 --> 00:09:22 the Apollo uh you know the Apollo um uh
00:09:22 --> 00:09:26 crew capsule uh and the Starship hls
00:09:26 --> 00:09:28 which hls is human land Landing system
00:09:28 --> 00:09:30 and of course star
00:09:30 --> 00:09:32 is the machine that we've seen recently
00:09:32 --> 00:09:35 having test flights uh powered uh into
00:09:35 --> 00:09:39 orbit in fact by the by the Falcon super
00:09:39 --> 00:09:41 heavy booster which made that
00:09:41 --> 00:09:44 spectacular Landing last month oh this
00:09:44 --> 00:09:47 month being grabbed by the um the
00:09:47 --> 00:09:50 Chopsticks uh so all that's got to come
00:09:50 --> 00:09:52 together to ensure safe and accessible
00:09:52 --> 00:09:55 Landing sites the emus 3 geology team
00:09:55 --> 00:09:58 I'm still reading uh evaluated The
00:09:58 --> 00:09:59 Landing regions for their scientific
00:09:59 --> 00:10:02 promise sites within each of the nine
00:10:02 --> 00:10:04 identified regions have the potential to
00:10:05 --> 00:10:07 provide key new insights into our
00:10:07 --> 00:10:09 understanding of rocky planets lunar
00:10:09 --> 00:10:11 resources and the history of our solar
00:10:11 --> 00:10:13 system so it's really big picture stuff
00:10:13 --> 00:10:16 and uh all of that um feeds into the
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 decision as to where you put the next
00:10:18 --> 00:10:23 land ex site on the moon yeah and um I'm
00:10:23 --> 00:10:25 guessing there's strategic value in
00:10:25 --> 00:10:28 being on the North or South pole is it
00:10:28 --> 00:10:30 IO therefore you can get water therefore
00:10:30 --> 00:10:32 you can make rocket
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 fuel I think that's it in a nutshell
00:10:34 --> 00:10:37 Andrew um the the South Pole is a place
00:10:38 --> 00:10:40 where we know there is water ice from
00:10:40 --> 00:10:42 orbital measurements and actually uh an
00:10:42 --> 00:10:45 Indian spacecraft that was was it an
00:10:45 --> 00:10:47 Indian one yeah I think so the one they
00:10:47 --> 00:10:50 lost contact with yeah they crashed into
00:10:50 --> 00:10:52 the surface and you could see water the
00:10:52 --> 00:10:54 signature of water in the in the plume
00:10:55 --> 00:10:58 uh that resulted from that um so yes uh
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 it that's what sets the South Pole apart
00:11:00 --> 00:11:02 from the North Pole it's it's actually
00:11:02 --> 00:11:04 much rockier uh much more much more
00:11:04 --> 00:11:07 cratered uh and the craters are deep
00:11:07 --> 00:11:08 enough that we think there is what you
00:11:09 --> 00:11:11 might call primordial water water that
00:11:11 --> 00:11:14 was dumped there by comets you know it's
00:11:14 --> 00:11:17 the water that was originally in the gas
00:11:17 --> 00:11:19 cloud that formed the solar system so
00:11:19 --> 00:11:22 quite a uh you know quite a legacy um
00:11:22 --> 00:11:24 just would you like to get hold of some
00:11:24 --> 00:11:25 of that and melt it down and have a
00:11:25 --> 00:11:28 drink well we I think we did a
00:11:28 --> 00:11:30 discussion about that we about whether
00:11:30 --> 00:11:33 it will be drinkable uh I'd be I'd be up
00:11:33 --> 00:11:35 for it yeah I'd be G for a bit of moon
00:11:35 --> 00:11:38 water um you never know what it might do
00:11:38 --> 00:11:41 to your insides but uh hopefully I grow
00:11:41 --> 00:11:43 some some antennas or something like
00:11:43 --> 00:11:46 that maybe or or you'll turn into cheese
00:11:46 --> 00:11:47 who
00:11:47 --> 00:11:50 knows already cheese you
00:11:50 --> 00:11:52 know very chees you mentioned India and
00:11:52 --> 00:11:55 that just sort of prompted a a memory uh
00:11:55 --> 00:11:57 a thought in my mind uh Hugh in the
00:11:57 --> 00:11:59 studio uh messaged me the other day to
00:11:59 --> 00:12:03 say we've picked up um some um strong
00:12:03 --> 00:12:07 audience indicators from from India so
00:12:07 --> 00:12:10 hello to all our um Indian listeners um
00:12:10 --> 00:12:13 believe it or not I will be in India in
00:12:13 --> 00:12:14 about a
00:12:14 --> 00:12:17 month uh so I'll um you know look look
00:12:17 --> 00:12:19 out for me I'll be I'll be wearing this
00:12:19 --> 00:12:22 shirt he's only got one shirt folks it's
00:12:22 --> 00:12:26 the only shirt I've got so um yes I'll
00:12:26 --> 00:12:28 um I'll be visiting several places
00:12:28 --> 00:12:30 throughout India uh while I'm over there
00:12:30 --> 00:12:33 so uh that'll be lovely but uh if you're
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 in India um salutations thanks for
00:12:36 --> 00:12:40 watching and sorry about the
00:12:40 --> 00:12:42 cricket yeah they got they got hammered
00:12:42 --> 00:12:46 by New Zealand oh that's right yeah
00:12:46 --> 00:12:47 unheard of unheard of and then they've
00:12:47 --> 00:12:50 got they got to follow that up with a
00:12:50 --> 00:12:51 tour of
00:12:51 --> 00:12:55 Australia so um yeah but we haven't won
00:12:55 --> 00:12:57 we haven't won the trophy from them in
00:12:57 --> 00:12:59 quite a long time so this will be key
00:12:59 --> 00:13:01 series for both sides so looking forward
00:13:01 --> 00:13:03 to that my favorite sport to watch on TV
00:13:03 --> 00:13:09 is clicket yeah I I get that yes uh so
00:13:09 --> 00:13:11 Artemis 3 Landing SES but we still don't
00:13:11 --> 00:13:16 know when do we uh late 2026 is is my
00:13:16 --> 00:13:19 guess I think for for that crude Landing
00:13:19 --> 00:13:22 uh late next year for timus 2 which will
00:13:22 --> 00:13:26 be uh um you know um a a crude flight
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28 but won't land on the moon it'll go
00:13:28 --> 00:13:30 around the it'll do an Apollo
00:13:30 --> 00:13:34 8 hello oh there it is bye yeah bye
00:13:34 --> 00:13:37 except Christmas Christmas day it was it
00:13:37 --> 00:13:41 was I remember it well yeah
00:13:41 --> 00:13:45 1968 yeah yep gosh it's so long ago so
00:13:45 --> 00:13:48 long ago yeah uh okay uh if you would
00:13:48 --> 00:13:50 like to look into that uh little uh
00:13:50 --> 00:13:53 story about the Artemus uh 2 adamus 3
00:13:53 --> 00:13:56 Landing sites it's uh on well it's on
00:13:56 --> 00:13:59 all sorts of stories but um you can get
00:13:59 --> 00:14:04 at space connecton
00:14:04 --> 00:14:10 online.com.pk and Professor Fred
00:14:10 --> 00:14:14 Watson and I feel fine Space Nuts now
00:14:14 --> 00:14:16 Fred uh we're going to revisit the
00:14:16 --> 00:14:19 asteroid ryugu which we've spoken about
00:14:19 --> 00:14:22 a couple of times but it's in the news
00:14:22 --> 00:14:23 again because they've been able to do a
00:14:23 --> 00:14:26 bit more study on the on the stuff that
00:14:26 --> 00:14:27 was brought back I think it was a
00:14:27 --> 00:14:29 Japanese mission was
00:14:29 --> 00:14:32 that's righted and and they have found
00:14:32 --> 00:14:35 out some interesting things and it all
00:14:35 --> 00:14:38 sort of leads to um piecing together the
00:14:38 --> 00:14:40 puzzle of life on
00:14:40 --> 00:14:44 Earth uh indeed it does and um so it was
00:14:44 --> 00:14:47 jaxa the Japanese space agency uh whose
00:14:47 --> 00:14:50 husa 2 mission uh collected samples from
00:14:50 --> 00:14:54 ryugu and uh return them to Earth uh in
00:14:54 --> 00:14:56 2020 and in in fact we in Australia
00:14:56 --> 00:14:58 played a part in that the space agency
00:14:58 --> 00:15:00 had a uh a role in that because um I
00:15:00 --> 00:15:01 think I'm right in saying that they
00:15:02 --> 00:15:04 returned to Earth not far from bua in
00:15:04 --> 00:15:05 South
00:15:05 --> 00:15:08 Australia oh that's right no must have
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 been a different mission where I thought
00:15:10 --> 00:15:11 you we just made the sausage rolls for
00:15:11 --> 00:15:15 the party afterwards but it's okay yeah
00:15:15 --> 00:15:19 um yes that was a serious Rex I think
00:15:19 --> 00:15:20 that you're thinking which was an N
00:15:20 --> 00:15:22 submission and we did make the sausages
00:15:22 --> 00:15:25 yeah uh so uh but you know uh 2020
00:15:26 --> 00:15:27 that's four years ago it takes a long
00:15:27 --> 00:15:29 time to analyze these temples and get
00:15:29 --> 00:15:34 the the detail but um there is some
00:15:34 --> 00:15:37 really interesting news from uh one of
00:15:37 --> 00:15:39 the French universities actually where
00:15:39 --> 00:15:42 um some of the researchers are based uh
00:15:42 --> 00:15:45 along with um some researchers from the
00:15:45 --> 00:15:47 open University in the UK uh and it
00:15:47 --> 00:15:50 turns out that there are grains of
00:15:50 --> 00:15:54 something that is called H not hemp it's
00:15:54 --> 00:15:57 hemp you preempted me
00:15:57 --> 00:16:01 yeah yeah um and H is an acronym for
00:16:01 --> 00:16:04 hydrated ammonium magnesium and
00:16:04 --> 00:16:08 phosphorus rich and phosphorus yeah uh
00:16:08 --> 00:16:10 hydrated ammonium magnesium and
00:16:10 --> 00:16:15 phosphorus H mp uh and it turns out uh
00:16:15 --> 00:16:21 that that is a a a compound that is
00:16:21 --> 00:16:24 highly soluble in water and if you if
00:16:24 --> 00:16:27 you're trying to get nutrients into you
00:16:27 --> 00:16:30 know living organisms that are formed on
00:16:30 --> 00:16:32 a water base and all life on Earth is
00:16:32 --> 00:16:34 water-based that this is a really
00:16:34 --> 00:16:36 important way of doing it to have
00:16:36 --> 00:16:39 something that will easily dissolve uh
00:16:39 --> 00:16:43 and so the the suggestion is that we we
00:16:43 --> 00:16:47 know that um these asteroids like ryugu
00:16:47 --> 00:16:49 are remnants of the early material of
00:16:49 --> 00:16:52 the solar system they're you know the
00:16:52 --> 00:16:54 the sort of scraps of dust that were
00:16:54 --> 00:16:57 left over when the planets formed uh and
00:16:57 --> 00:16:59 it's the raw material of planet that we
00:16:59 --> 00:17:02 we looking at really uh but it means
00:17:02 --> 00:17:06 that um if they are rich in these uh
00:17:06 --> 00:17:07 hydrated ammonium magnesium and
00:17:08 --> 00:17:11 phosphorus uh and that's a soluble
00:17:11 --> 00:17:14 basically a soluble thing maybe in the
00:17:14 --> 00:17:16 very early Earth when it was being
00:17:16 --> 00:17:19 bombarded from all sides by uh
00:17:19 --> 00:17:22 asteroidal material like this maybe
00:17:22 --> 00:17:24 that's where these chemicals came from
00:17:24 --> 00:17:27 uh that um provided nutrients for any
00:17:27 --> 00:17:29 early life forms
00:17:29 --> 00:17:33 uh basically uh as scitec daily which
00:17:33 --> 00:17:35 has reported this as they say creating
00:17:35 --> 00:17:38 the right conditions for life to emerge
00:17:38 --> 00:17:40 um I might quote actually if I may uh
00:17:40 --> 00:17:43 from Dr Richard Greenwood who's at the
00:17:43 --> 00:17:47 open University in the UK uh Richard
00:17:47 --> 00:17:49 says our study reveals how the building
00:17:49 --> 00:17:51 blocks of life were likely transported
00:17:51 --> 00:17:53 from the outer solar system to Earth
00:17:53 --> 00:17:55 material return from primitive asteroids
00:17:55 --> 00:17:58 like ryugu is providing new insights
00:17:58 --> 00:18:01 into how our home planet was transformed
00:18:01 --> 00:18:04 from a Barren inhospitable world to a
00:18:04 --> 00:18:06 water-rich Oasis containing all the
00:18:07 --> 00:18:09 ingredients needed for life to emerge
00:18:09 --> 00:18:12 very nicely qu it's sort of um like I I
00:18:12 --> 00:18:15 always equate life to being always out
00:18:16 --> 00:18:18 there and potentially available if the
00:18:18 --> 00:18:21 conditions uh are right if the place is
00:18:21 --> 00:18:24 right if everything's right life will
00:18:24 --> 00:18:27 will find a way and I I I back that up
00:18:27 --> 00:18:30 with um with you know how weeds will
00:18:30 --> 00:18:32 grow just about anywhere they damn will
00:18:32 --> 00:18:35 like but it's true like I've seen weeds
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 growing in the weirdest places but they
00:18:37 --> 00:18:39 got a foothold because the conditions
00:18:39 --> 00:18:41 were right and they found somewhere to
00:18:41 --> 00:18:43 grow and and and I think you know you
00:18:43 --> 00:18:46 can take that little weed analogy and
00:18:46 --> 00:18:49 turn it into a planetary you know
00:18:49 --> 00:18:52 Evolution I I honestly believe that and
00:18:52 --> 00:18:55 I I think everything all the formulas
00:18:55 --> 00:18:58 that exist to create life exist across
00:18:58 --> 00:19:01 the universe is just a matter of finding
00:19:01 --> 00:19:03 somewhere to plant it and we just happen
00:19:03 --> 00:19:06 to be one of you know one of the or the
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 only place so far where we can confirm
00:19:08 --> 00:19:11 life exists it's not very bright but
00:19:11 --> 00:19:14 it's here we are here it's got lots of
00:19:14 --> 00:19:16 hempers sorry hemp not
00:19:16 --> 00:19:19 hemp yes um no I think you're probably
00:19:19 --> 00:19:21 right we it has to be said that we
00:19:21 --> 00:19:24 simply don't know uh whether that's the
00:19:24 --> 00:19:26 case or not but that's I think a very
00:19:26 --> 00:19:27 plausible assumption I think it's a
00:19:27 --> 00:19:30 reasonable thing to assume that um that
00:19:30 --> 00:19:32 if if the conditions are right life will
00:19:32 --> 00:19:35 start I'm just turning my fan on because
00:19:35 --> 00:19:38 I'm it's getting quite warm in my office
00:19:38 --> 00:19:40 today because um I think we're going to
00:19:40 --> 00:19:43 hit 30 something degrees today and it's
00:19:43 --> 00:19:45 starting to magnify through my
00:19:45 --> 00:19:49 window um yeah but ryugu was probably
00:19:49 --> 00:19:51 been a um
00:19:51 --> 00:19:54 Keystone um mission in in trying to
00:19:54 --> 00:19:59 solve these riddles of life and it
00:19:59 --> 00:20:02 it keeps as you say keeps coming up with
00:20:02 --> 00:20:04 new information the more they they study
00:20:04 --> 00:20:07 it um when you know when they first got
00:20:07 --> 00:20:08 the samples back they went oh it's dirt
00:20:08 --> 00:20:11 and a kitap rapper um so you know
00:20:11 --> 00:20:13 they've come a long way in four years I
00:20:13 --> 00:20:15 wonder if anybody's analyze the Kit Kat
00:20:15 --> 00:20:17 rapper that could be
00:20:17 --> 00:20:19 interesting yeah yeah well that you know
00:20:19 --> 00:20:21 that that that more weight the string
00:20:21 --> 00:20:23 theory I think maybe it would yes it
00:20:23 --> 00:20:25 certainly would yes is there more to
00:20:25 --> 00:20:30 learn from um ryugu sure this ongoing
00:20:30 --> 00:20:32 research you know we've learned a lot
00:20:32 --> 00:20:34 about it not just the uh what it's made
00:20:34 --> 00:20:37 of but we've learned a lot about that
00:20:37 --> 00:20:39 particular class of asteroids that R
00:20:39 --> 00:20:41 ryugu is a part of it's a it's a rubble
00:20:41 --> 00:20:44 pile um and um you know just the images
00:20:44 --> 00:20:47 that came back from it showing this
00:20:47 --> 00:20:48 object shaped like an oldfashioned
00:20:48 --> 00:20:51 spinning top that was sort of like two
00:20:51 --> 00:20:55 cones uh back to back um and that now we
00:20:55 --> 00:20:57 think is uh is the characteristic shape
00:20:57 --> 00:20:59 for Rubble
00:20:59 --> 00:21:01 asteroids so all that all that sort of
00:21:01 --> 00:21:03 thing comes from studies that have been
00:21:03 --> 00:21:05 made I think there's probably still more
00:21:05 --> 00:21:07 to come from the you know from the soil
00:21:07 --> 00:21:08 samples
00:21:08 --> 00:21:13 too it um also suggested that ryugu
00:21:13 --> 00:21:16 could be evidence of how Earth got its
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 water uh we've talked about this many
00:21:18 --> 00:21:20 times because there's all sorts of
00:21:20 --> 00:21:22 different theories about where the water
00:21:22 --> 00:21:23 came from it's possible all of them are
00:21:23 --> 00:21:26 correct but one of them was the fact
00:21:26 --> 00:21:28 that as as the planet came together all
00:21:28 --> 00:21:32 of that staff already had water in it
00:21:32 --> 00:21:34 which yes eventually leeched out and
00:21:34 --> 00:21:37 became the oceans and the ice caps and
00:21:37 --> 00:21:39 everything else I think you're right I
00:21:39 --> 00:21:42 think it is a mixture of of that plus
00:21:42 --> 00:21:44 you know comets coming in and dumping
00:21:44 --> 00:21:47 water uh into the uh into the Earth's
00:21:47 --> 00:21:50 environment to the planet yeah so so I
00:21:50 --> 00:21:53 think um and and I guess what supports
00:21:53 --> 00:21:58 that is uh we know that the isotopic
00:21:59 --> 00:22:02 ratios on Earth's water the ratio of
00:22:02 --> 00:22:04 normal water to heavy water don't quite
00:22:05 --> 00:22:08 match um most of the isotopic ratios in
00:22:08 --> 00:22:12 comets except in a few cases so there's
00:22:12 --> 00:22:14 there's obviously a mix at foot you know
00:22:14 --> 00:22:17 mixture of foot there as well um so I
00:22:17 --> 00:22:18 think you're right I think it's probably
00:22:18 --> 00:22:21 a combination interesting all right uh
00:22:21 --> 00:22:25 so uh yes Lots has been learned from
00:22:25 --> 00:22:27 asteroid Ryuga but there's probably more
00:22:27 --> 00:22:30 to come but uh it uh certainly seems
00:22:30 --> 00:22:32 that it's carrying evidence to show that
00:22:32 --> 00:22:36 we are here because of those kinds of um
00:22:36 --> 00:22:39 collisions in the deep dark past and if
00:22:39 --> 00:22:41 you'd like to read about it it's uh as
00:22:41 --> 00:22:45 Fred said on The scitech Daily
00:22:46 --> 00:22:52 website 3 2 1 Space Nuts and that story
00:22:52 --> 00:22:54 dovet tales beautifully into our final
00:22:54 --> 00:22:57 story which is also on sitec daily and
00:22:57 --> 00:23:00 this is some information they've
00:23:00 --> 00:23:04 uncovered about the moon Titan which is
00:23:04 --> 00:23:07 one of Saturn's largest moons and what
00:23:07 --> 00:23:09 they've found out and and this I'll I'll
00:23:09 --> 00:23:13 steal straight from the the headline uh
00:23:13 --> 00:23:15 could rewrite planetary science Fred
00:23:16 --> 00:23:20 that's a big call it is yes it's um but
00:23:20 --> 00:23:22 but it's really interesting results and
00:23:22 --> 00:23:25 you're right uh Titan is well it's the
00:23:25 --> 00:23:26 largest of Saturn's moons it's the
00:23:26 --> 00:23:28 second largest moon in the solar system
00:23:28 --> 00:23:32 after ganim uh um which is um Jupiter's
00:23:32 --> 00:23:35 biggest Moon so what's the story here
00:23:35 --> 00:23:37 and this comes from research carried out
00:23:37 --> 00:23:40 by uh scientists at the University of
00:23:40 --> 00:23:43 Hawaii at Mano um place I know
00:23:43 --> 00:23:46 reasonably well from uh when I used to
00:23:46 --> 00:23:49 have to observe on the uh Summit of
00:23:49 --> 00:23:53 Mount AA there back in the day um these
00:23:53 --> 00:23:56 these scientists have
00:23:56 --> 00:23:59 noted that compared with
00:23:59 --> 00:24:01 uh and indeed compared with moons like
00:24:01 --> 00:24:08 ganim uh they uh Titan has fewer
00:24:08 --> 00:24:13 craters than ganim by a long shot um and
00:24:13 --> 00:24:16 also that they are the ones that are
00:24:16 --> 00:24:19 there and they they can only identify 90
00:24:19 --> 00:24:22 of them and that's much less than ganim
00:24:22 --> 00:24:25 and most of the other moons with craters
00:24:25 --> 00:24:29 um it shows that um uh so sorry of the
00:24:29 --> 00:24:31 craters of the 90 craters that have been
00:24:31 --> 00:24:33 found on Titan it turns out that they
00:24:33 --> 00:24:36 are much shallower than what you would
00:24:36 --> 00:24:39 expect and what you uh what you find on
00:24:39 --> 00:24:42 other moons so you've got few craters
00:24:42 --> 00:24:44 and the ones that are there are shallow
00:24:44 --> 00:24:48 and so what these scientists have have
00:24:48 --> 00:24:51 done is put those two facts together uh
00:24:51 --> 00:24:53 one of the scientists is quoted as
00:24:53 --> 00:24:55 saying this was very surprising because
00:24:55 --> 00:24:57 based on other moons we expect to see
00:24:57 --> 00:24:59 many more impact creat on the surface
00:24:59 --> 00:25:01 and craters that are much deeper than
00:25:01 --> 00:25:04 what we observe on Titan we realized
00:25:04 --> 00:25:06 something unique to Titan must be making
00:25:07 --> 00:25:09 them become shallower and disappear
00:25:09 --> 00:25:11 relatively quickly and that's at the
00:25:11 --> 00:25:14 heart of uh what planetary scientists do
00:25:14 --> 00:25:17 when they look at a surface uh of the
00:25:17 --> 00:25:20 moon or or I a moon or Planet it's the
00:25:20 --> 00:25:22 number of crators that you can see that
00:25:22 --> 00:25:24 tell you how old the surface is uh the
00:25:24 --> 00:25:26 older the surface the more craters
00:25:26 --> 00:25:28 you've got so the sun sorry the Moon is
00:25:28 --> 00:25:31 um certainly a South polar region where
00:25:31 --> 00:25:33 it's heavily created that's a very old
00:25:33 --> 00:25:35 surface indeed it goes back to the the
00:25:35 --> 00:25:37 first billion years of the solar system
00:25:37 --> 00:25:39 and yet on Titan we're looking at
00:25:39 --> 00:25:41 something quite different now we know
00:25:41 --> 00:25:45 that ice worlds like Titan and by that I
00:25:45 --> 00:25:48 mean a world that is a rocky a rocky
00:25:48 --> 00:25:50 core an ocean overlaying it and Ice
00:25:50 --> 00:25:53 overlaying the ocean uh worlds like that
00:25:53 --> 00:25:55 do tend to have relatively recent
00:25:55 --> 00:25:57 surfaces because the surface is
00:25:57 --> 00:26:00 constantly being Modified by sometimes
00:26:01 --> 00:26:03 by plumes of ice that come up through
00:26:03 --> 00:26:06 cracks in the surface as we find on
00:26:06 --> 00:26:09 Enceladus and Europa um but also just
00:26:09 --> 00:26:12 because of the you know the fact that if
00:26:12 --> 00:26:14 you've got an icy surface uh it's
00:26:14 --> 00:26:17 subject to different geological
00:26:17 --> 00:26:19 processes from Ro what rock would be it
00:26:19 --> 00:26:21 doesn't preserve uh it doesn't preserve
00:26:21 --> 00:26:24 structures anywhere near as well but on
00:26:24 --> 00:26:27 Titan and ganim too has a nice surface
00:26:27 --> 00:26:29 we we believe that it's a ice world as
00:26:29 --> 00:26:32 well um yet it's got far more crators
00:26:32 --> 00:26:35 than Titan does so uh that's a really
00:26:35 --> 00:26:36 interesting judgment that's been made we
00:26:37 --> 00:26:38 realize something unique to Titan must
00:26:38 --> 00:26:40 be making them become shallower and
00:26:40 --> 00:26:42 disappear relatively quickly and so what
00:26:42 --> 00:26:44 they've done is they've done a lot of
00:26:44 --> 00:26:49 computer modeling and uh sort of
00:26:49 --> 00:26:52 suggested that maybe there is an
00:26:52 --> 00:26:55 insulating lay on the outside of of the
00:26:55 --> 00:26:58 ice and what they're pointing to is
00:26:58 --> 00:27:01 something called uh methane clathrate
00:27:02 --> 00:27:06 clathrate uh is basically methane uh
00:27:06 --> 00:27:08 it's so it's it's water ice but with
00:27:08 --> 00:27:12 methane gas trapped in it um which gives
00:27:12 --> 00:27:14 it a different formation uh and
00:27:14 --> 00:27:16 different properties so you know it's
00:27:16 --> 00:27:18 it's much more of an insulator than than
00:27:18 --> 00:27:21 the ice would be and so they they've
00:27:21 --> 00:27:23 modeled it and they find that the
00:27:23 --> 00:27:26 likelihood is that there is a layer of
00:27:26 --> 00:27:29 methane CL claat
00:27:29 --> 00:27:34 crust uh which is uh 5 to 10 kilm 3 to 6
00:27:34 --> 00:27:38 miles uh thick uh because that produces
00:27:38 --> 00:27:40 if you know the computer simulations
00:27:40 --> 00:27:43 that produces the crater depths that are
00:27:43 --> 00:27:46 actually most like the ones that we we
00:27:46 --> 00:27:48 find in
00:27:48 --> 00:27:52 reality and are they suggesting that the
00:27:52 --> 00:27:56 atmosphere of Titan is coming from deep
00:27:56 --> 00:27:59 inside with an insulating layer of water
00:27:59 --> 00:28:01 ice did I read that correctly or I got
00:28:01 --> 00:28:04 my eyes crossed um it I think they
00:28:04 --> 00:28:06 there's certainly a comment in the
00:28:06 --> 00:28:10 article that I've read but uh and and in
00:28:10 --> 00:28:11 fact I might quote from it this is from
00:28:11 --> 00:28:15 scitec daily they say uh estimating the
00:28:15 --> 00:28:17 thickness of the methane ice shell is
00:28:17 --> 00:28:19 important because it may explain the
00:28:19 --> 00:28:21 origin of Titan's methane Rich
00:28:21 --> 00:28:23 atmosphere and helps researchers
00:28:23 --> 00:28:26 understand Titan's carbon cycle uh it's
00:28:26 --> 00:28:29 liquid methane based ideological cycle
00:28:29 --> 00:28:31 and changing climate um you know it's
00:28:32 --> 00:28:34 it's a really interesting um really
00:28:34 --> 00:28:36 interesting uh world because we can
00:28:36 --> 00:28:39 study climate change uh you know from
00:28:39 --> 00:28:42 the outside uh another quote from the
00:28:42 --> 00:28:44 lead author in this paper Titan is a
00:28:44 --> 00:28:45 natural laboratory to study how
00:28:45 --> 00:28:47 Greenhouse how the greenhouse gas
00:28:47 --> 00:28:50 methane warms and Cycles through the
00:28:50 --> 00:28:52 atmosphere there you go yeah I I
00:28:52 --> 00:28:54 highlighted that exact quote uh and they
00:28:54 --> 00:28:57 even compare what's happening on Titan
00:28:57 --> 00:29:00 to what's happening in regard to the
00:29:00 --> 00:29:03 permafrost of Siberia so even on Earth
00:29:03 --> 00:29:05 we're we're witnessing these kinds of
00:29:05 --> 00:29:08 Cycles yes that's right um and and once
00:29:08 --> 00:29:10 again you know it
00:29:10 --> 00:29:14 um it points to uh I think it enhances
00:29:14 --> 00:29:17 the possibility that we might find Life
00:29:17 --> 00:29:19 in The Titan's liquid water ocean
00:29:19 --> 00:29:20 because the temperature is probably a
00:29:20 --> 00:29:22 bit higher than we thought it was
00:29:22 --> 00:29:24 because he's got this insulating layer
00:29:24 --> 00:29:28 on the outside so yeah exciting stuff oh
00:29:28 --> 00:29:30 yes uh that that would be a thrill to
00:29:30 --> 00:29:32 find life on on Titan of course they've
00:29:32 --> 00:29:36 got um some missions slated for uh
00:29:36 --> 00:29:40 studying uh Titan's um undersurface
00:29:40 --> 00:29:43 ocean and look for biomarkers and um
00:29:43 --> 00:29:45 learn more about it it's uh it's pretty
00:29:45 --> 00:29:47 exciting time of course we've we've got
00:29:47 --> 00:29:51 missions Europa Clippers on its way um
00:29:51 --> 00:29:52 yeah there there's so much to learn out
00:29:52 --> 00:29:56 there and you just never ever can say no
00:29:56 --> 00:29:58 there's no life anywhere else because
00:29:58 --> 00:30:00 there might be something there we hope
00:30:00 --> 00:30:02 we find
00:30:02 --> 00:30:05 it or at least indicators of it we found
00:30:05 --> 00:30:07 indicators of of potential life have we
00:30:07 --> 00:30:11 not I mean yeah which um but but that's
00:30:11 --> 00:30:13 the trouble you know what we call
00:30:13 --> 00:30:16 biomarkers these indicators they're not
00:30:16 --> 00:30:19 it's really hard to pin them down to be
00:30:19 --> 00:30:22 things that would can only occur because
00:30:22 --> 00:30:26 of life rather than um you know through
00:30:26 --> 00:30:30 um normal sort of chemistry rather than
00:30:30 --> 00:30:33 biochemistry indeed all right uh scitec
00:30:33 --> 00:30:35 daily again uh as we mentioned is where
00:30:35 --> 00:30:37 you can read up on that story of Titan
00:30:37 --> 00:30:40 uh although I I've noticed uh that the
00:30:40 --> 00:30:42 story's been popping up um on all sorts
00:30:42 --> 00:30:45 of news platforms because it's pretty
00:30:45 --> 00:30:48 exciting uh to um to to find out
00:30:48 --> 00:30:49 something that might be a bit different
00:30:49 --> 00:30:51 than what we first thought so you might
00:30:51 --> 00:30:53 want to check that out uh that brings us
00:30:53 --> 00:30:56 to the end of the show Fred thank you
00:30:56 --> 00:30:59 and um you know not only for today but
00:30:59 --> 00:31:01 for the last 500 million years that
00:31:01 --> 00:31:03 you've been doing your
00:31:03 --> 00:31:07 job must feel feels like feel
00:31:07 --> 00:31:10 like I only did 22 years in the public
00:31:10 --> 00:31:12 service and it felt like a lot longer
00:31:12 --> 00:31:14 but looking back it just happened so
00:31:14 --> 00:31:17 fast you know it's that's right I have
00:31:17 --> 00:31:20 to say Andrew you know I I've not been a
00:31:20 --> 00:31:21 real public servant because I've been an
00:31:21 --> 00:31:24 astronomer first and foremost but but
00:31:24 --> 00:31:25 I'm paid from the public purse that
00:31:25 --> 00:31:27 makes me a public servant it's mixing
00:31:27 --> 00:31:29 with with real professional public
00:31:29 --> 00:31:31 servants as I have done over the last
00:31:31 --> 00:31:33 six years that um teaches me a lot
00:31:33 --> 00:31:34 actually about how the public service
00:31:35 --> 00:31:36 works and what I should have been doing
00:31:36 --> 00:31:39 for the 45 years before that it
00:31:39 --> 00:31:40 generally works with an 8 hour coffee
00:31:40 --> 00:31:43 break when you get to work and then go
00:31:43 --> 00:31:47 from there uh I won't go there no you
00:31:47 --> 00:31:49 can tomorrow yes you can tomorrow yeah
00:31:49 --> 00:31:52 that's right all right thanks Fred we'll
00:31:52 --> 00:31:54 catch up soon seem it sounds great
00:31:54 --> 00:31:55 thanks
00:31:55 --> 00:31:58 hre Professor Fred Watson astronomer at
00:31:58 --> 00:32:00 large and thanks to Hugh in the studio
00:32:00 --> 00:32:02 for keeping it all together course uh if
00:32:02 --> 00:32:04 there is a problem uh Hugh's name is
00:32:04 --> 00:32:08 spelled HW and we just type hu w s n we
00:32:08 --> 00:32:11 have a problem figure that one out and
00:32:11 --> 00:32:13 for me Andrew Dunley thanks for your
00:32:13 --> 00:32:14 company don't forget to check out our
00:32:14 --> 00:32:15 website check out our social media
00:32:15 --> 00:32:19 platforms check out our shop um all via
00:32:19 --> 00:32:22 our website or Facebook or Instagram or
00:32:22 --> 00:32:23 whatever and we'll catch you on the very
00:32:23 --> 00:32:26 next episode of Space Nuts soon see you
00:32:26 --> 00:32:28 then bye-bye
00:32:28 --> 00:32:32 you'll be listening to the Space Nuts
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