Space Nuts Episode 484: Unveiling Moon Mysteries, Fermi Paradox Insights, and Mars Terraforming Challenges - A Holiday Special Episode
Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson as they delve into the fascinating realms of lunar exploration, the enigmatic Fermi Paradox, and the challenges of terraforming Mars in this captivating episode of Space Nuts. Packed with scientific insights and thought-provoking discussions, this episode promises to ignite your curiosity about the cosmos.
Episode Highlights:
- Unsealing Apollo's Secrets: Discover the intriguing story behind the recently opened lunar sample from the Apollo 17 mission. Learn why scientists waited 50 years to examine this precious material and what it could reveal about landslides on the Moon and its geological mysteries.
- Fermi Paradox Explored: Dive into the Fermi Paradox with a listener's question about the formation of life and elements beyond iron. Explore the possibilities of why we haven't encountered extraterrestrial civilizations and the implications for our place in the universe.
- Terraforming Mars: Engage in a speculative discussion about the feasibility of reactivating Mars' core to sustain an atmosphere. Explore the challenges of creating a habitable environment on the Red Planet and the limitations posed by its size and magnetic field.
- Space News with Anna: Get the latest updates on SpaceX's upcoming Starship test flight and Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket debut. Learn about the exciting advancements in satellite deployment and the future of heavy-lift launch vehicles.
For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music Music, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.
For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.
If you'd like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/about
Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
00:00 - Andrew Dunkley welcomes Professor Fred Watson to Space Nuts
02:13 - Apollo astronauts brought back 2,196 samples from the moon in 1960s
09:41 - The Moon is once again drawing a lot of attention with ambitious plans
12:38 - If you want to become a patron of our podcast, you can do so online
13:59 - Question comes from Simon from Newcastle about the formation of elements and Fermi paradox
15:33 - The Fermi paradox is about where is everybody in the universe
22:16 - Without an active core Mars will not be able to sustain an atmosphere
28:26 - SpaceX is gearing up for their seventh Starship test flight on January 10
30:17 - Blue Origin preparing to launch their first New Glenn rocket on January 6th
32:38 - Space Nuts is a twice weekly podcast from Bitesz. com
✍️ Episode References
NASA
Apollo 17 mission
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17
Artemis mission
https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/
SpaceX Starship
https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/starship/
Blue Origin New Glenn
https://www.blueorigin.com/new-glenn/
James Webb Space Telescope
Enrico Fermi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermi
Galileo's experiment
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo%27s_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_experiment
Astronomy Daily
https://www.astronomydaily.io (https://www.bitesz.com
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts--2631155/support (https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts--2631155/support?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rss) .
Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/24933618?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:02 Space Nuts is taking a bit of a break at
00:00:02 --> 00:00:04 the moment uh Fred and I will be back uh
00:00:04 --> 00:00:06 in the not too distant future with fresh
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 episodes in the meantime enjoy some of
00:00:09 --> 00:00:11 uh the key episodes that we have
00:00:11 --> 00:00:14 presented over the years major events in
00:00:14 --> 00:00:17 astronomy and space science and we'll
00:00:17 --> 00:00:21 see you real soon Space Nuts hello again
00:00:21 --> 00:00:23 and thank you for joining us on Space
00:00:24 --> 00:00:26 Nuts where we talk all sorts of
00:00:26 --> 00:00:29 astronomy and space science news from
00:00:30 --> 00:00:31 space agencies and astronomers and
00:00:31 --> 00:00:34 scientists and physicists uh things that
00:00:34 --> 00:00:35 have been discovered things that have
00:00:35 --> 00:00:38 been achieved and we try to unravel some
00:00:38 --> 00:00:40 of the great Mysteries of the universe
00:00:40 --> 00:00:42 and we may have one of those solved
00:00:42 --> 00:00:45 today perhaps uh so whether you're at
00:00:45 --> 00:00:48 home or at work or sitting back in front
00:00:48 --> 00:00:50 of a lake fishing whatever you're doing
00:00:50 --> 00:00:53 thanks for joining us on this edition of
00:00:53 --> 00:00:56 Space Nuts 15 seconds guidance is
00:00:56 --> 00:01:00 internal 10 9
00:01:00 --> 00:01:05 sequence start Space Nuts 5 4 3 2 1 2 3
00:01:05 --> 00:01:09 4 5 5 4 3 2 1 space that's report it
00:01:09 --> 00:01:13 feels good it does indeed feel good to
00:01:13 --> 00:01:14 be here and thank you for your company
00:01:14 --> 00:01:16 as I said uh my name is Andrew Dunley I
00:01:16 --> 00:01:19 am your host and joining me as he always
00:01:19 --> 00:01:22 does without question without claiming
00:01:22 --> 00:01:25 any money without uh really thinking
00:01:25 --> 00:01:27 about it is Professor Fred Watson
00:01:27 --> 00:01:31 astronomer at large hello Fred Andre
00:01:31 --> 00:01:33 Australia's living fossil Australia's
00:01:33 --> 00:01:36 living fossil yes congratulations again
00:01:36 --> 00:01:39 on uh on your honorary doctorate and uh
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 I've told a few people and they pass on
00:01:41 --> 00:01:42 their congratulations oh that's lovely
00:01:42 --> 00:01:43 thank you very much good for you thank
00:01:43 --> 00:01:46 you and I I know I said it sort of off
00:01:46 --> 00:01:49 stage but uh Ling the goatey oh good
00:01:49 --> 00:01:50 good I'm glad to hear it Andrew if you
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 watch us on YouTube you'll you'll be
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 able to pick that up I think oh yeah it
00:01:54 --> 00:01:56 suits you that's very supporting my um
00:01:57 --> 00:01:58 my young my son who I saw on Monday at
00:01:59 --> 00:02:01 the graduation uh he told me it makes me
00:02:01 --> 00:02:04 look exactly like my brother who one of
00:02:04 --> 00:02:06 these for 50 years or something so well
00:02:06 --> 00:02:08 it it uh takes seconds of your age I
00:02:08 --> 00:02:11 must
00:02:11 --> 00:02:15 say all right uh but Fred Let's uh start
00:02:15 --> 00:02:18 off with this situation with Apollo
00:02:18 --> 00:02:20 samples and they brought back quite a
00:02:20 --> 00:02:23 lot of stuff and some of it um just sort
00:02:24 --> 00:02:27 of sat there for 50 years sealed and I I
00:02:27 --> 00:02:30 I assume forgotten or just uh I will
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 we'll get to that at some stage and it
00:02:32 --> 00:02:35 took them 50 years yeah it at first
00:02:35 --> 00:02:37 sight it does seem weird I agree with
00:02:37 --> 00:02:40 you but there is a very very good
00:02:40 --> 00:02:43 explanation and I think you know it it's
00:02:43 --> 00:02:46 a brilliant reasoning so um I can't
00:02:46 --> 00:02:47 remember the number I think it's about
00:02:47 --> 00:02:50 380 kilograms altogether of rock and
00:02:50 --> 00:02:53 soil that the Apollo Astronauts brought
00:02:53 --> 00:02:56 back with them in the 1960s and70s um I
00:02:56 --> 00:02:57 do know because I've got the number in
00:02:57 --> 00:02:59 front of me here that it was a total of
00:02:59 --> 00:03:04 20 96 samples oh wow yeah so it's you
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 know they had a fair number and um it
00:03:06 --> 00:03:09 wasn't that wasn't really the reason why
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 they've waited 50 years for for some of
00:03:11 --> 00:03:15 them um the real reason and it's really
00:03:15 --> 00:03:17 cunning stuff you know it's Forward
00:03:17 --> 00:03:20 Thinking of a of the first order uh the
00:03:20 --> 00:03:22 scientists who were interested in these
00:03:22 --> 00:03:26 moonrock samples 50 years ago knew that
00:03:26 --> 00:03:29 uh in 50 years time the technology to
00:03:29 --> 00:03:32 anal them would have would have advanced
00:03:32 --> 00:03:35 out of sight compared with what there
00:03:35 --> 00:03:38 was uh in the 1960s and70s
00:03:38 --> 00:03:42 thinking yeah so they so they reserved I
00:03:42 --> 00:03:45 think probably
00:03:45 --> 00:03:49 three okay um uh it's of which I think
00:03:50 --> 00:03:52 it's I think it's three there might be
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 more actually but one of them has now
00:03:54 --> 00:03:56 been opened and that's why you know
00:03:56 --> 00:03:59 that's why the news is Big um it was um
00:03:59 --> 00:04:03 at actually lorri lorri gra glaz of the
00:04:03 --> 00:04:05 director of she director of the
00:04:05 --> 00:04:07 planetary science division at NASA
00:04:08 --> 00:04:10 headquarters who who wrote in a
00:04:10 --> 00:04:12 statement that NASA knew that Science
00:04:12 --> 00:04:13 and Technology would evolve and allow
00:04:14 --> 00:04:16 scientists to study the material in new
00:04:16 --> 00:04:17 ways to address new questions in the
00:04:17 --> 00:04:19 future brilliant isn't it that's exactly
00:04:19 --> 00:04:22 what's happened um I'm not sure to what
00:04:22 --> 00:04:25 extent I I mean I I think things were
00:04:25 --> 00:04:27 pretty well advanced in the 1960s and70s
00:04:27 --> 00:04:30 that's when I was beginning my career as
00:04:30 --> 00:04:33 a working scientist but um but you know
00:04:33 --> 00:04:36 things have moved on just out of sight
00:04:36 --> 00:04:38 since then if it's anything like the way
00:04:38 --> 00:04:41 we do astrophysics um planetary science
00:04:41 --> 00:04:44 has has come on by Leaps and Bounds so
00:04:44 --> 00:04:51 um a tube of material uh 35 cm long 4 cm
00:04:51 --> 00:04:53 wide uh which was hammered into the
00:04:53 --> 00:04:56 ground actually on um on the Apollo 17
00:04:56 --> 00:04:59 Mission the last the last of the uh of
00:04:59 --> 00:05:02 the Apollo missions in December
00:05:02 --> 00:05:05 1972 jeene cernon and Harrison Schmidt
00:05:05 --> 00:05:07 were the the two astronauts who walked
00:05:07 --> 00:05:10 on the um wasn't Harrison Schmidt a
00:05:10 --> 00:05:13 geologist I think you're right yes I
00:05:13 --> 00:05:16 think you're right uh I think he kept
00:05:16 --> 00:05:18 getting into trouble because he got so
00:05:18 --> 00:05:20 excited he just running out of oxygen
00:05:20 --> 00:05:23 and they were saying hurry up hurry
00:05:23 --> 00:05:27 up yeah so um I think he that's right
00:05:27 --> 00:05:31 yes it it's a mistake to send a olist to
00:05:31 --> 00:05:33 them I would think so it's just going to
00:05:33 --> 00:05:36 be like a kid in a lolly shop um anyway
00:05:36 --> 00:05:38 they they kind of hammered the tube into
00:05:38 --> 00:05:42 the ground uh pulled out the tube with
00:05:42 --> 00:05:44 rocks in it and vacuum and basically
00:05:44 --> 00:05:46 sealed it on the moan and and that is
00:05:46 --> 00:05:50 the way it's been kept for 50 years so
00:05:50 --> 00:05:52 not not only does it have Rock in it
00:05:52 --> 00:05:55 Andrew but the the volatiles that might
00:05:55 --> 00:05:58 be you know um locked up in these Rock
00:05:58 --> 00:06:00 surfaces so sort of things that are
00:06:00 --> 00:06:04 gaseous like carbon dioxide um at normal
00:06:04 --> 00:06:06 temperature here on Earth and things um
00:06:06 --> 00:06:08 that are liquid like water normal
00:06:08 --> 00:06:12 temperature here on Earth so the the uh
00:06:12 --> 00:06:13 you know the existence of these gases
00:06:13 --> 00:06:16 kind of locked up within the rocks that
00:06:16 --> 00:06:18 um there wouldn't be much because of
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 course the the lunar surface is
00:06:20 --> 00:06:25 essentially a vacuum um but um the idea
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 is to and I don't think this has been
00:06:27 --> 00:06:31 done yet um the
00:06:31 --> 00:06:33 idea actually no the extraction has
00:06:33 --> 00:06:36 taken place sorry Andrew uh anyway the
00:06:36 --> 00:06:39 idea is to extract them um and the
00:06:39 --> 00:06:42 minute quantities that are there and
00:06:42 --> 00:06:46 analyze them with the technology that um
00:06:46 --> 00:06:48 it's really about the Precision rather
00:06:48 --> 00:06:50 than the you know the ability to do it
00:06:50 --> 00:06:52 this is spectrometry so you're looking
00:06:52 --> 00:06:55 at the absolute fine details of what's
00:06:55 --> 00:06:56 going on in these
00:06:56 --> 00:07:00 atoms um let me just check
00:07:00 --> 00:07:03 and I did look you you mentioned the
00:07:03 --> 00:07:04 weight of the material they brought back
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 which I think we talked about not so
00:07:06 --> 00:07:10 long ago 842 lb of stuff they brought
00:07:10 --> 00:07:14 back from the Moon which equates to 382
00:07:14 --> 00:07:17 kg so I was out by two kilograms oh
00:07:17 --> 00:07:20 close enough round down rounded down
00:07:20 --> 00:07:24 yeah yeah 382 I had a feeling it was 380
00:07:24 --> 00:07:27 thereabouts anyway um so
00:07:27 --> 00:07:32 the the process has started uh back in
00:07:32 --> 00:07:35 uh in fact last month February uh the
00:07:35 --> 00:07:39 23rd um as the uh the venerable physics
00:07:39 --> 00:07:42 f.org website tells us because that's
00:07:42 --> 00:07:44 that's one of the places where this
00:07:44 --> 00:07:47 story has been carried uh scientists
00:07:47 --> 00:07:49 began a weeks long process aimed at
00:07:49 --> 00:07:50 piercing the main tube and harvesting
00:07:50 --> 00:07:54 the gas contained inside and then um as
00:07:54 --> 00:07:55 over the coming weeks they'll take the
00:07:55 --> 00:07:58 rock out as well uh and they'll break it
00:07:59 --> 00:08:01 up so that it can be studied by several
00:08:01 --> 00:08:06 different different uh teams but what I
00:08:06 --> 00:08:09 really like uh about this sample is that
00:08:09 --> 00:08:12 it's not just any old sample Andrew um
00:08:12 --> 00:08:15 because where it came from is where
00:08:15 --> 00:08:16 there was a
00:08:16 --> 00:08:21 landslide um and uh Julian gross uh
00:08:21 --> 00:08:24 gross perhaps Deputy Apollo curator uh
00:08:24 --> 00:08:26 is quoted as saying now we don't have
00:08:26 --> 00:08:28 rain on the moon and so we don't quite
00:08:28 --> 00:08:31 understand how landslides happen on the
00:08:31 --> 00:08:35 moon uh so that's a good point um and so
00:08:35 --> 00:08:39 some of the research is you know um it's
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 aimed at trying to understand how these
00:08:41 --> 00:08:44 rocks enable Landslide landslides to
00:08:44 --> 00:08:50 take place what what causes them um yeah
00:08:50 --> 00:08:52 so yeah well Moon Quakes do exist as we
00:08:52 --> 00:08:55 know um I I guess that is a
00:08:55 --> 00:08:58 possibility um and so actually I was
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 wrong there I think there there
00:09:00 --> 00:09:02 there there are three Luna samples still
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 left after this one's been opened which
00:09:04 --> 00:09:06 by the way is known as
00:09:06 --> 00:09:09 73001 that's its name um and there are
00:09:09 --> 00:09:13 still three sealed lunar samples so you
00:09:13 --> 00:09:15 know the question is Andrew which I'm
00:09:15 --> 00:09:17 sure you and I would ask if if we were
00:09:17 --> 00:09:19 there when will they be opened is it
00:09:19 --> 00:09:22 going to be another 50 years um and
00:09:22 --> 00:09:24 we've got a a quote a nice quote from
00:09:24 --> 00:09:27 another senior curator Ryan Ziggler I
00:09:27 --> 00:09:28 doubt we'll wait another 50 years
00:09:28 --> 00:09:30 particularly once they get the Artimus
00:09:30 --> 00:09:32 samples back it might be nice to do a
00:09:32 --> 00:09:34 direct comparison in real time between
00:09:34 --> 00:09:36 whatever's coming back from timus and
00:09:36 --> 00:09:38 with one of these remaining unopened
00:09:38 --> 00:09:40 sealed
00:09:40 --> 00:09:44 cores now well the the the Moon is once
00:09:44 --> 00:09:46 again drawing a lot of attention with
00:09:46 --> 00:09:48 well the Chinese are pottering around up
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 there at the moment
00:09:50 --> 00:09:53 and the Americans want to send uh in the
00:09:53 --> 00:09:58 next few months a um an aramus rocket
00:09:58 --> 00:10:00 around the Moon nobody the one we talked
00:10:00 --> 00:10:01 about last week where you can put your
00:10:01 --> 00:10:05 name on a flash drive if you want to uh
00:10:05 --> 00:10:07 and that's with a view to going back
00:10:07 --> 00:10:09 there with a man's Mission or or a human
00:10:09 --> 00:10:11 Mission that's be politically correct
00:10:11 --> 00:10:14 and um and and uh they're talking about
00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 putting the first woman on the moon
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 they're talking about putting the first
00:10:18 --> 00:10:21 uh black person on the moon and you know
00:10:21 --> 00:10:23 this is all great I think it's all
00:10:23 --> 00:10:26 fantastic stuff and the Moon being our
00:10:26 --> 00:10:30 closest neighbor in terms of
00:10:30 --> 00:10:33 what's out there is um yeah we should be
00:10:33 --> 00:10:35 giving it much more attention there's so
00:10:35 --> 00:10:38 many possibilities and of course it will
00:10:38 --> 00:10:41 potentially be a great Launchpad for
00:10:41 --> 00:10:44 Missions beyond Earth and the moon going
00:10:44 --> 00:10:47 forward y so yeah learning everything
00:10:47 --> 00:10:49 about it right down to the geology not a
00:10:49 --> 00:10:50 bad
00:10:51 --> 00:10:53 idea not a bad yeah it's going to be I
00:10:53 --> 00:10:55 mean the next decade is going to see our
00:10:55 --> 00:10:56 knowledge of the Moon totally
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 revolutionized which is brilliant yeah
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 just wondering though this is a sort of
00:11:00 --> 00:11:03 one of my stupid brain questions would a
00:11:03 --> 00:11:06 landslide on the moon happen in slow
00:11:06 --> 00:11:09 motion compared to Earth uh yeah it
00:11:09 --> 00:11:11 would given that you know walking
00:11:11 --> 00:11:14 happens in slow motion it would it would
00:11:14 --> 00:11:18 uh yeah the the the um acceleration due
00:11:18 --> 00:11:19 to gravity is lower on the moon of
00:11:19 --> 00:11:22 course because they did that experiment
00:11:22 --> 00:11:23 I don't know which Mission it was where
00:11:23 --> 00:11:25 they dropped a was it was it a hammer
00:11:25 --> 00:11:27 and a feather it is yeah and there's a a
00:11:27 --> 00:11:29 movie they both fell at the same that's
00:11:29 --> 00:11:32 right which is Galileo's yeah so I
00:11:32 --> 00:11:36 wondered if a landslide would um yeah it
00:11:36 --> 00:11:38 would if you watch the clip of that of
00:11:38 --> 00:11:40 the hammer and the feather sorry the
00:11:40 --> 00:11:42 feather they kind of drift down they
00:11:42 --> 00:11:44 they don't they they don't drop like
00:11:44 --> 00:11:46 they would on Earth yeah that's right
00:11:46 --> 00:11:48 yeah interesting very interesting it's
00:11:48 --> 00:11:50 great stuff yeah more to learn from the
00:11:50 --> 00:11:52 Moon and lots of exciting things
00:11:52 --> 00:11:55 happening um on and around the moon in
00:11:55 --> 00:11:58 the not too distant future and that emus
00:11:58 --> 00:12:02 One mission is slated to launch sometime
00:12:02 --> 00:12:05 in the next few months uh so and as we
00:12:05 --> 00:12:07 mentioned last week if you want to get
00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 your name on the flash drive that
00:12:09 --> 00:12:10 they're going to put on the EMS one
00:12:10 --> 00:12:12 rocket so that you at least your name
00:12:12 --> 00:12:15 gets to do a lap of the Moon you can
00:12:15 --> 00:12:17 jump on the NASA website and and
00:12:17 --> 00:12:19 register I've got my boarding pass I'll
00:12:19 --> 00:12:21 send you boarding pass it's so
00:12:21 --> 00:12:25 cool you're listening to and watching
00:12:25 --> 00:12:27 Space Nuts with Andrew Dunley and Fred
00:12:27 --> 00:12:31 Watson
00:12:31 --> 00:12:34 and I feel fine Space Nuts thanks for
00:12:34 --> 00:12:35 joining us always good to have your
00:12:35 --> 00:12:38 company uh and uh hope you're well too
00:12:38 --> 00:12:40 uh by the way if you want to become a
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00:13:53 --> 00:13:57 things like this make patches for our
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00:13:59 --> 00:14:02 now we got some questions Fred and the
00:14:02 --> 00:14:07 first one comes from Simon hi team Simon
00:14:07 --> 00:14:09 from Newcastle thanks for the great
00:14:09 --> 00:14:13 podcast really enjoy it my question is
00:14:13 --> 00:14:17 around the formation of uh life the
00:14:17 --> 00:14:19 formation of elements and the thermy
00:14:19 --> 00:14:23 Paradox so my understanding is that in a
00:14:23 --> 00:14:25 normal star a star will only form
00:14:25 --> 00:14:30 elements up to iron and then after that
00:14:30 --> 00:14:34 uh we need other processes to form
00:14:34 --> 00:14:36 elements above iron in the um in the
00:14:37 --> 00:14:40 periodic table and that I believe not
00:14:40 --> 00:14:43 sure that that might be when the goes
00:14:43 --> 00:14:47 Supernova so then fir Paradox States you
00:14:47 --> 00:14:49 know where where is everyone I was
00:14:49 --> 00:14:51 thinking maybe an answer to that could
00:14:51 --> 00:14:54 be that uh that life itself might
00:14:54 --> 00:14:58 require elements that are higher up the
00:14:58 --> 00:15:00 periodic table than a
00:15:00 --> 00:15:04 normally produced in a standard star
00:15:04 --> 00:15:07 cycle and perhaps we actually need Super
00:15:07 --> 00:15:10 neighbors and that that in itself would
00:15:10 --> 00:15:13 then lead itself down to the conclusion
00:15:14 --> 00:15:16 that perhaps we are one of the first
00:15:16 --> 00:15:19 even though Earth's only 4 billion years
00:15:19 --> 00:15:22 old universe is 13 billion years old
00:15:22 --> 00:15:24 maybe we did actually need that period
00:15:24 --> 00:15:26 of time to get to this point anyway
00:15:26 --> 00:15:27 would just like to
00:15:27 --> 00:15:30 know if that actually adds up and makes
00:15:30 --> 00:15:33 sense thanks for your time thank you
00:15:33 --> 00:15:36 Simon very astute uh and a a really
00:15:36 --> 00:15:38 interesting question uh can you
00:15:38 --> 00:15:40 elaborate a bit um just to start with on
00:15:40 --> 00:15:43 the thermy Paradox he did refer to what
00:15:43 --> 00:15:47 it yes it's it's the but enrio fy's
00:15:47 --> 00:15:49 famous postulate from I think 1960 or
00:15:49 --> 00:15:52 thereabouts where is everybody yeah
00:15:52 --> 00:15:55 because the you know um it's really
00:15:55 --> 00:15:58 applying the capernum the the cernic
00:15:58 --> 00:15:59 principle
00:15:59 --> 00:16:02 uh to ARA's living organisms and the
00:16:02 --> 00:16:03 capernum principle is that there's
00:16:03 --> 00:16:06 nothing special about where we are in
00:16:06 --> 00:16:08 space and who we are um and it's named
00:16:08 --> 00:16:10 after cernus because he took the Earth
00:16:10 --> 00:16:12 from the center of the you know the
00:16:12 --> 00:16:14 solar system which people thought it was
00:16:14 --> 00:16:17 before and said no it's just just a
00:16:17 --> 00:16:19 planet um just a rock and it's a rock
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 Third Rock Third Rock From the Sun yeah
00:16:21 --> 00:16:24 that's right um in fact didn't we talk
00:16:24 --> 00:16:26 some time ago about how our part of the
00:16:26 --> 00:16:29 universe is actually really boring
00:16:29 --> 00:16:32 well that could be yeah that could be
00:16:32 --> 00:16:33 part of the you know the reason why
00:16:33 --> 00:16:35 we're here because boring is good when
00:16:35 --> 00:16:38 you're trying to evolve living organisms
00:16:38 --> 00:16:41 um but yeah so F's argument was if you
00:16:41 --> 00:16:43 know if there's nothing special about us
00:16:43 --> 00:16:46 uh and the universe is 13.8 billion
00:16:46 --> 00:16:48 years old well they didn't know that
00:16:48 --> 00:16:51 back then but that's the sort of still
00:16:51 --> 00:16:55 knew it was pretty old um why haven't
00:16:55 --> 00:16:58 species formed earlier than ours uh and
00:16:58 --> 00:17:00 why haven't they call the whole galaxy
00:17:00 --> 00:17:02 basically because even you know even if
00:17:02 --> 00:17:05 it takes uh 60 years to get from one
00:17:05 --> 00:17:06 star to another as it would in our case
00:17:06 --> 00:17:10 to get from here to Proxima centu uh
00:17:10 --> 00:17:12 over a long enough time span you could
00:17:12 --> 00:17:14 do that and you know even if it even if
00:17:14 --> 00:17:17 it was colonized by robots so-called Fon
00:17:17 --> 00:17:19 Nyon machines that could
00:17:19 --> 00:17:23 self-replicate uh we should have
00:17:23 --> 00:17:24 evidence that there is intelligent life
00:17:25 --> 00:17:26 elsewhere that's that's the Fairly
00:17:26 --> 00:17:29 Paradox and we haven't and we still have
00:17:29 --> 00:17:32 um you know 62 years later we still
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 haven't we're still looking for it on
00:17:34 --> 00:17:39 Earth yes that's right now um Simon's
00:17:39 --> 00:17:43 argument's a good one but uh the the
00:17:43 --> 00:17:48 issue though is that supern noi uh which
00:17:48 --> 00:17:50 he's absolutely right they're this
00:17:50 --> 00:17:52 source of many of the heavier elements
00:17:52 --> 00:17:54 than iron um that and things like
00:17:54 --> 00:17:56 neutron star merges and things of that
00:17:56 --> 00:17:59 sort which uh which creates some of the
00:17:59 --> 00:18:01 heaviest elements gold for example comes
00:18:01 --> 00:18:05 from them um they they they started
00:18:05 --> 00:18:07 happening with probably within the first
00:18:07 --> 00:18:09 100 million years of the universe's
00:18:09 --> 00:18:12 existence so for almost the whole age of
00:18:12 --> 00:18:15 the universe the you know what you might
00:18:15 --> 00:18:17 call the interstellar medium the space
00:18:17 --> 00:18:20 between Stars has been enriched with
00:18:20 --> 00:18:23 these heavier elements okay um and in
00:18:23 --> 00:18:26 fact that's how we we age we date stars
00:18:26 --> 00:18:29 in terms of how old they are it's by the
00:18:29 --> 00:18:30 number of
00:18:30 --> 00:18:32 chemical how much of the chemical
00:18:32 --> 00:18:36 elements is in their atmospheres um so a
00:18:36 --> 00:18:40 star like the sun its atmosphere is rich
00:18:40 --> 00:18:42 in all the you know I can't remember the
00:18:42 --> 00:18:45 number it's 60 or 70 different elements
00:18:45 --> 00:18:48 which are in the sun's atmosphere uh
00:18:48 --> 00:18:50 might might even be more than that um
00:18:50 --> 00:18:55 and uh it's uh essentially uh a highly
00:18:55 --> 00:18:57 enriched cloud of gas that the sun
00:18:57 --> 00:18:59 formed from
00:18:59 --> 00:19:01 but if you look at stars which are very
00:19:01 --> 00:19:04 very old and there are some they've only
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 got hydrogen and you know a little bit
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 of iron in their Spectrum not much at
00:19:08 --> 00:19:11 all but the bottom but the bottom line
00:19:11 --> 00:19:13 is that over right since the beginning
00:19:13 --> 00:19:17 the the enrichment of the raw materials
00:19:17 --> 00:19:20 of life has been taking place uh so it
00:19:20 --> 00:19:22 doesn't actually explain the FY Paradox
00:19:22 --> 00:19:23 in fact that's part of the fairing
00:19:23 --> 00:19:25 Paradox that we know this has been going
00:19:25 --> 00:19:28 on for a long time so you know with the
00:19:28 --> 00:19:30 ingredients of Life have been there for
00:19:30 --> 00:19:33 a long time um why aren't we seeing it
00:19:33 --> 00:19:37 and you've had my answer to this many
00:19:37 --> 00:19:39 times before that the the likelihood
00:19:39 --> 00:19:41 seems to be that that step we think
00:19:41 --> 00:19:44 microbial life might be might be common
00:19:44 --> 00:19:48 might be reasonably um something we we
00:19:48 --> 00:19:49 might even know that within the next
00:19:49 --> 00:19:53 decade Andrew I hope we do uh but um
00:19:53 --> 00:19:56 higher life forms even plants may not
00:19:56 --> 00:19:58 exist anywhere else except here on Earth
00:19:58 --> 00:20:00 or at least in our galaxy you know then
00:20:00 --> 00:20:02 given the number of galaxies in the
00:20:02 --> 00:20:07 universe um 200 billion it's um it's
00:20:07 --> 00:20:11 probably uh it seems likely that uh
00:20:11 --> 00:20:13 there might be something in other
00:20:13 --> 00:20:15 galaxies but the possibility is that we
00:20:15 --> 00:20:17 are it in our own Galaxy which is a
00:20:17 --> 00:20:19 phenomenal s yeah it's it's hard to
00:20:19 --> 00:20:22 comprehend given the size and scope of
00:20:22 --> 00:20:24 the universe and all the situations that
00:20:24 --> 00:20:27 exist that life couldn't exist somewhere
00:20:27 --> 00:20:30 else you just got to look how life grabs
00:20:30 --> 00:20:32 hole in the most hostile environments on
00:20:32 --> 00:20:34 Earth so it stands to reason that
00:20:35 --> 00:20:36 there's got to be some form of life
00:20:36 --> 00:20:39 beyond our planet possibly even in our
00:20:39 --> 00:20:44 solar system yeah uh but yeah as you say
00:20:44 --> 00:20:47 going from microbial to plant life is a
00:20:47 --> 00:20:51 giant leap and then going from microbial
00:20:51 --> 00:20:56 to intelligent life is a massive leap
00:20:56 --> 00:20:59 and I think
00:20:59 --> 00:21:01 it you could put it down to the fact
00:21:01 --> 00:21:05 that the formula has to be right the
00:21:05 --> 00:21:06 circumstances have to be right the
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 environment has to be right all the
00:21:08 --> 00:21:12 things that created us have to exist
00:21:12 --> 00:21:15 somewhere else in some capacity for
00:21:15 --> 00:21:19 intelligent life to spawn and you know
00:21:19 --> 00:21:22 again you probably would say given the
00:21:22 --> 00:21:23 size of the
00:21:23 --> 00:21:27 universe it's got to exist somewhere but
00:21:27 --> 00:21:29 no evidence of it
00:21:29 --> 00:21:31 and even if it does exist we may never
00:21:31 --> 00:21:33 know about it because of the distances
00:21:33 --> 00:21:36 yeah I mean you know a big step with
00:21:36 --> 00:21:38 this will come with the James web Space
00:21:38 --> 00:21:39 Telescope one of the things that they're
00:21:39 --> 00:21:42 going to be doing is uh analyzing to
00:21:42 --> 00:21:44 death the atmospheres of
00:21:44 --> 00:21:46 exoplanets um and yeah as soon as
00:21:46 --> 00:21:48 something you know cfc's or something
00:21:48 --> 00:21:50 like that turn up in one of those then
00:21:50 --> 00:21:51 you've suddenly changed the whole name
00:21:51 --> 00:21:54 of the game unless it's some life form
00:21:54 --> 00:21:57 that's been created in a completely
00:21:57 --> 00:21:59 different yeah yeah
00:21:59 --> 00:22:01 ccum I think astrobiologists are pretty
00:22:01 --> 00:22:03 open-minded about that they look at all
00:22:03 --> 00:22:05 kinds of different chemical
00:22:05 --> 00:22:07 possibilities for for creating life ones
00:22:07 --> 00:22:09 that don't involve water at all I mean
00:22:09 --> 00:22:13 all life on Earth is waterbased but yeah
00:22:13 --> 00:22:16 no great question uh great question
00:22:16 --> 00:22:19 thank you Simon Let's uh go to our next
00:22:19 --> 00:22:24 question and this comes from Liz Hello
00:22:24 --> 00:22:26 Lord duntley and Professor Watson this
00:22:26 --> 00:22:28 is Liz from Florida and I have a
00:22:28 --> 00:22:30 question about Mars now this may be a
00:22:30 --> 00:22:34 more of a Sci-Fi question but
00:22:34 --> 00:22:37 nonetheless we know that the core is
00:22:37 --> 00:22:40 dead on planet Mars and as we know
00:22:40 --> 00:22:43 without an active core there is a lack
00:22:43 --> 00:22:46 of magnetic field which will essentially
00:22:46 --> 00:22:49 not be able to sustain an atmosphere now
00:22:49 --> 00:22:51 we can terraform an atmosphere all we
00:22:51 --> 00:22:54 want but over time that will essentially
00:22:54 --> 00:22:57 seep out through the cracks and there
00:22:57 --> 00:22:59 will be no more atmosphere
00:22:59 --> 00:23:02 now is it possible to harvest the sun's
00:23:02 --> 00:23:05 energy as we know the planet gets
00:23:05 --> 00:23:08 radiated quite a bit is it possible to
00:23:08 --> 00:23:11 harvest that energy in let's say some
00:23:11 --> 00:23:13 kind of towers or something that can
00:23:13 --> 00:23:16 then send the shock down through the
00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 planet down to the core and recharge the
00:23:18 --> 00:23:23 core so kind of act as a planetary
00:23:23 --> 00:23:26 defibrillator thank you for your time
00:23:26 --> 00:23:27 wow I I like the question I like the
00:23:28 --> 00:23:30 concept very sci-fi in fact they did
00:23:30 --> 00:23:32 make a movie called The Core because the
00:23:32 --> 00:23:34 core of the Earth was slowing down and
00:23:34 --> 00:23:36 threatening life on Earth as we know it
00:23:36 --> 00:23:39 so they they sent a crew down on a
00:23:39 --> 00:23:43 special drill ship to get to the core
00:23:43 --> 00:23:45 and fired nuclear charges into it to
00:23:45 --> 00:23:48 reignite it so um yeah that's been done
00:23:48 --> 00:23:50 in sci-fi what what happened Andrew what
00:23:51 --> 00:23:53 was the outcome of that oh they fixed it
00:23:53 --> 00:23:56 oh they fixed it of course spoiler alert
00:23:56 --> 00:24:00 yeah yes spoiler alert
00:24:00 --> 00:24:04 um yeah the planetary defi defibrillator
00:24:05 --> 00:24:07 I love the idea um or Packa whacker as
00:24:08 --> 00:24:09 we call him in Australia I should
00:24:09 --> 00:24:12 probably now explain that um K Kerri
00:24:12 --> 00:24:15 Packer was a media magnate uh in
00:24:15 --> 00:24:17 Australia very powerful very rich man
00:24:17 --> 00:24:19 Australia's richest man for a long time
00:24:20 --> 00:24:22 didn't take care of himself healthwise
00:24:22 --> 00:24:24 very well and had a heart attack one day
00:24:24 --> 00:24:28 and the ambulance uh used a
00:24:28 --> 00:24:31 defibrillator to save his life and he
00:24:31 --> 00:24:33 found out that there just weren't many
00:24:33 --> 00:24:35 of those MH so he paid for every
00:24:35 --> 00:24:38 ambulance in New South Wales to have a
00:24:38 --> 00:24:40 defibrillator uh so that they could save
00:24:40 --> 00:24:43 people's lives like they saved him uh
00:24:43 --> 00:24:46 which was a great great thing yeah and
00:24:46 --> 00:24:48 uh we affectionately referred them to
00:24:48 --> 00:24:50 them as Packa whackers as we do in this
00:24:50 --> 00:24:52 country we give everything a nickname so
00:24:52 --> 00:24:54 Packa whackers are what
00:24:54 --> 00:24:58 a that's fantastic I think I knew about
00:24:58 --> 00:24:59 the principle but I didn't know that's
00:24:59 --> 00:25:05 what they were called very yeah uh well
00:25:05 --> 00:25:06 that's probably the most interesting
00:25:06 --> 00:25:10 part of the answer to this question
00:25:10 --> 00:25:14 oh um look it it is yeah terraforming
00:25:14 --> 00:25:19 Mars is it's it's not possible because
00:25:19 --> 00:25:21 it's not just the atmospheric sorry the
00:25:21 --> 00:25:23 lack of a magnetic field that stops you
00:25:23 --> 00:25:26 holding on to an atmosphere uh it's the
00:25:26 --> 00:25:29 fact that the planet's too small it's um
00:25:29 --> 00:25:32 once again it's uh it's it's connected
00:25:32 --> 00:25:35 with the just simply the gravitational
00:25:35 --> 00:25:38 pull uh that is needed to hold on to an
00:25:38 --> 00:25:40 atmosphere like ours which mes doesn't
00:25:40 --> 00:25:43 have um it
00:25:43 --> 00:25:45 clearly an early stage in its life did
00:25:45 --> 00:25:47 have an atmosphere because we see
00:25:47 --> 00:25:49 evidence of water and that sort of thing
00:25:49 --> 00:25:51 and it may well be that the magnetism
00:25:51 --> 00:25:53 then was high enough to certainly to
00:25:53 --> 00:25:57 stop it being eroded away by uh by the
00:25:57 --> 00:25:59 solar wind and things that sort but um
00:25:59 --> 00:26:03 but the it's it's always going to be
00:26:03 --> 00:26:06 uh you know it's always going to be a
00:26:06 --> 00:26:08 negative answer to a longlasting
00:26:08 --> 00:26:10 atmosphere like the Earth because it
00:26:10 --> 00:26:13 just drifts off it's not not heavy
00:26:13 --> 00:26:15 enough in fact we see it happening
00:26:15 --> 00:26:19 there's um it's the Marvin spacecraft uh
00:26:19 --> 00:26:20 um a NASA spacecraft that that can
00:26:20 --> 00:26:22 actually that actually watches atoms
00:26:22 --> 00:26:25 leaving Mars's atmosphere um there's
00:26:25 --> 00:26:27 several images that show different
00:26:27 --> 00:26:30 species of atoms drifting off including
00:26:30 --> 00:26:33 carbon the carbon dioxide and oxygen and
00:26:33 --> 00:26:36 hydrogen which makes Marvin
00:26:36 --> 00:26:39 paranoid think about that
00:26:39 --> 00:26:41 one yes I like
00:26:41 --> 00:26:45 that yeah um I wish I could think of
00:26:45 --> 00:26:49 things like that anyway never mind um so
00:26:49 --> 00:26:50 stirring up the
00:26:50 --> 00:26:53 core um if you could do it and I think
00:26:53 --> 00:26:56 the answer to that is there's no known
00:26:56 --> 00:26:57 physical method that would let you do
00:26:57 --> 00:26:58 that
00:26:58 --> 00:27:00 uh what you'd have to do is heat it up
00:27:00 --> 00:27:04 so that it became uh more liquid there
00:27:04 --> 00:27:06 may be a bit of liquidity there now but
00:27:06 --> 00:27:08 there's not enough to create a Dynamo to
00:27:08 --> 00:27:10 generate the magnetic field yes it's
00:27:10 --> 00:27:12 it's possibly done a piston engine thing
00:27:12 --> 00:27:13 and
00:27:13 --> 00:27:16 seized seed that's right yeah in which
00:27:16 --> 00:27:20 case unseizing it um needn't necessarily
00:27:20 --> 00:27:22 start it spinning again so you might
00:27:22 --> 00:27:24 still wind up with no magnetic field
00:27:24 --> 00:27:27 even if you you you nuked it to boil to
00:27:27 --> 00:27:30 boil it up a bit H so um my answer to
00:27:30 --> 00:27:32 all that is to create artificial
00:27:32 --> 00:27:34 environments in space which you can
00:27:34 --> 00:27:36 control and you know with mega
00:27:36 --> 00:27:38 engineering live in bubbles yeah that's
00:27:38 --> 00:27:41 right yeah there you are thanks Liz for
00:27:41 --> 00:27:42 the question
00:27:42 --> 00:27:44 that's thanks for the question probably
00:27:44 --> 00:27:50 Beyond capability to fire up the core um
00:27:50 --> 00:27:53 yeah but you never know one day in years
00:27:53 --> 00:27:54 to come we might be able to harness the
00:27:54 --> 00:27:57 energy of the Sun and do all sorts of
00:27:57 --> 00:27:59 weird and wonderful things
00:27:59 --> 00:28:02 who
00:28:02 --> 00:28:06 knows and I feel fine Space Nuts hello
00:28:07 --> 00:28:09 again space Nutters this is Anna from
00:28:09 --> 00:28:11 astronomy daily the podcast stopping by
00:28:11 --> 00:28:12 again with a couple of the important
00:28:12 --> 00:28:14 stories we've been following over the
00:28:14 --> 00:28:17 past week we'll dive into spacex's
00:28:17 --> 00:28:19 upcoming Starship test flight with its
00:28:19 --> 00:28:21 first ever payload deployment and blue
00:28:21 --> 00:28:24 origin's highly anticipated new Glenn
00:28:24 --> 00:28:25 rocket
00:28:25 --> 00:28:27 debut let's get rolling with today's
00:28:27 --> 00:28:29 news
00:28:29 --> 00:28:31 SpaceX is gearing up for an exciting
00:28:31 --> 00:28:34 Milestone with their seventh Starship
00:28:34 --> 00:28:36 test flight marking the first time the
00:28:36 --> 00:28:38 massive rocket will attempt to deploy a
00:28:38 --> 00:28:41 payload in Space the mission will carry
00:28:41 --> 00:28:44 10 starlink satellite simulators
00:28:44 --> 00:28:46 designed to match the size and weight of
00:28:46 --> 00:28:48 their next Generation V3
00:28:48 --> 00:28:50 satellites these dummy satellites will
00:28:50 --> 00:28:53 follow the same suborbital trajectory as
00:28:53 --> 00:28:55 Starship with their Journey ending in a
00:28:55 --> 00:28:58 planned splash down in the Indian Ocean
00:28:58 --> 00:29:00 this test is crucial for spacex's future
00:29:00 --> 00:29:03 plans as they're developing Starship to
00:29:03 --> 00:29:05 carry their Advanced V3 starlink
00:29:05 --> 00:29:07 satellites which promis to deliver
00:29:07 --> 00:29:10 impressive gigabit internet speeds to
00:29:10 --> 00:29:12 subscribers the upcoming test flight
00:29:12 --> 00:29:14 will showcase a significantly upgraded
00:29:14 --> 00:29:17 version of Starship the new generation
00:29:17 --> 00:29:19 vehicle features important improvements
00:29:19 --> 00:29:21 to boost reliability and performance
00:29:21 --> 00:29:24 including a redesigned propulsion system
00:29:24 --> 00:29:27 and a 25% increase in propellant volume
00:29:27 --> 00:29:29 enabling the rocket to undertake longer
00:29:29 --> 00:29:31 missions one of the most challenging
00:29:31 --> 00:29:33 aspects of this Mission will be the
00:29:33 --> 00:29:35 attempted recovery of starship's
00:29:35 --> 00:29:38 reusable booster using a landing pad
00:29:38 --> 00:29:40 this maneuver which had to be canceled
00:29:40 --> 00:29:41 during the previous test flight in
00:29:42 --> 00:29:44 November could result in Sonic booms
00:29:44 --> 00:29:46 around the landing Zone as the booster
00:29:46 --> 00:29:49 decelerates from supersonic speeds if
00:29:49 --> 00:29:51 automated health checks indicate any
00:29:51 --> 00:29:53 concerns with the super heavy booster or
00:29:53 --> 00:29:55 Tower the backup plan involves a
00:29:55 --> 00:29:57 controlled splash down in the Gulf of
00:29:57 --> 00:29:59 Mexico
00:29:59 --> 00:30:00 the test flight is currently scheduled
00:30:00 --> 00:30:02 for January 10th though weather
00:30:02 --> 00:30:04 conditions could affect the launch date
00:30:04 --> 00:30:07 with FAA clearance already secured this
00:30:07 --> 00:30:09 Mission represents a significant step
00:30:09 --> 00:30:12 forward in spacex's ambitious plans to
00:30:12 --> 00:30:14 revolutionize satellite deployment
00:30:14 --> 00:30:16 capabilities and Advance their starlink
00:30:16 --> 00:30:19 Network another exciting launch On the
00:30:19 --> 00:30:22 Horizon Blue origin is on the verge of a
00:30:22 --> 00:30:24 historic moment as they prepare to
00:30:24 --> 00:30:26 launch their first new Glenn rocket from
00:30:26 --> 00:30:28 Cape Canaveral space force station in
00:30:29 --> 00:30:31 Florida after years of development since
00:30:31 --> 00:30:33 Jeff Bezos first announced the project
00:30:33 --> 00:30:36 in 2016 the company is finally ready to
00:30:36 --> 00:30:37 demonstrate their entry into the heavy
00:30:37 --> 00:30:40 lift launch market the launch window
00:30:40 --> 00:30:42 opens as early as January 6th at 1:00
00:30:42 --> 00:30:45 a.m. eastern time with multiple backup
00:30:45 --> 00:30:48 opportunities through January 12th the
00:30:48 --> 00:30:50 Rockets first stage booster cleverly
00:30:50 --> 00:30:51 named so you're telling me there's a
00:30:51 --> 00:30:54 chance will attempt a landing at Sea on
00:30:54 --> 00:30:56 their drone ship Jaclyn named after
00:30:56 --> 00:30:58 bezos's Mother
00:30:58 --> 00:31:00 new Glenn represents a significant
00:31:00 --> 00:31:02 advancement in launch vehicle capability
00:31:02 --> 00:31:04 Standing impressively Tall with a
00:31:04 --> 00:31:07 massive 23-ft payload fairing it offers
00:31:07 --> 00:31:08 more than double the volume of typical
00:31:09 --> 00:31:12 15ft fairings used by other Rockets this
00:31:12 --> 00:31:13 extra space gives customers
00:31:13 --> 00:31:15 unprecedented flexibility in how they
00:31:15 --> 00:31:18 package their payloads the Rocket's
00:31:18 --> 00:31:20 performance specifications are equally
00:31:20 --> 00:31:23 impressive capable of delivering up to
00:31:23 --> 00:31:26 45 metric tons to low earth orbit and 13
00:31:26 --> 00:31:29 metric tons to geostationary orbit like
00:31:29 --> 00:31:32 spacex's rockets new Glenn is designed
00:31:32 --> 00:31:34 for reusability with each booster
00:31:34 --> 00:31:37 projected to complete up to 25 flights
00:31:37 --> 00:31:40 for this debut Mission designated ng1
00:31:40 --> 00:31:41 the rocket will carry the blue ring
00:31:42 --> 00:31:45 Pathfinder a 45 0000 pound payload
00:31:45 --> 00:31:47 simulator this test article will
00:31:47 --> 00:31:49 validate crucial systems including
00:31:49 --> 00:31:52 Communications arrays Power Systems and
00:31:52 --> 00:31:54 flight computers that will be used in
00:31:54 --> 00:31:57 future operational missions blue origin
00:31:57 --> 00:31:58 already has an impressive lineup of
00:31:58 --> 00:32:00 customers waiting to fly on new Glenn
00:32:01 --> 00:32:03 including NASA's Escapade Mars probes
00:32:03 --> 00:32:05 Amazon's Kyper internet satellites and
00:32:05 --> 00:32:06 various commercial and government
00:32:06 --> 00:32:09 payloads if successful this first flight
00:32:09 --> 00:32:11 could count toward blue origin
00:32:11 --> 00:32:13 certification requirements for National
00:32:13 --> 00:32:15 Security launches with the US space
00:32:15 --> 00:32:17 force and that's it from me for this
00:32:17 --> 00:32:20 episode of Space Nuts I'm Anna don't
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00:32:27 --> 00:32:28 the site with the latest discoveries
00:32:28 --> 00:32:31 Mission updates and Cosmic wonders until
00:32:31 --> 00:32:33 our next adventure through the cosmos
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