Join hosts Anna and Avery for Saturday's cosmic roundup! NASA's Artemis 2 wet dress rehearsal faces weather delays, pushing the historic lunar mission to April 2026. Blue Origin announces a major strategic shift, pausing space tourism for two years to focus on their Blue Moon lunar lander program. We explore million-mile-per-hour cosmic winds racing through a "magnetic superhighway" in colliding galaxies, investigate a mysterious object sending unexplained signals across the galaxy, discover why Tatooine-style planets might be more common than expected, and celebrate a groundbreaking first - the detection of ethanolamine, a molecule critical to cell membranes, in interstellar space.
**Episode Keywords:** Artemis 2, NASA, Blue Origin, New Shepard, space tourism, lunar lander, cosmic winds, galaxy merger, IC 1623, mysterious signals, radio astronomy, circumbinary planets, binary stars, ethanolamine, astrobiology, interstellar molecules, space exploration, Kennedy Space Center
**Detailed Chapter Markers:**
- [00:00] Introduction & Episode Overview
- [02:15] NASA Artemis 2 Wet Dress Rehearsal Delay
- [06:45] Blue Origin Pauses Space Tourism for Lunar Ambitions
- [11:20] Million-MPH Cosmic Winds in Magnetic Superhighway
- [16:30] Mysterious Object Sending Unexplained Galactic Signals
- [21:15] Tatooine Planets More Common Than Expected
- [26:00] Life-Critical Molecule Detected in Interstellar Space
- [30:45] Episode Wrap-Up & Closing
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00:00:00 --> 00:00:02 Welcome to [music] Astronomy Daily, your
00:00:02 --> 00:00:04 source for the latest space and
00:00:04 --> 00:00:06 astronomy news. [music] I'm Anna.
00:00:06 --> 00:00:08 >> And I'm Avery. Thanks for joining us on
00:00:08 --> 00:00:12 this Saturday, January 31st, 2026.
00:00:12 --> 00:00:13 >> We've got [music] a fascinating lineup
00:00:13 --> 00:00:16 today covering everything from NASA's
00:00:16 --> 00:00:18 Aremis program updates to groundbreaking
00:00:18 --> 00:00:19 discoveries [music] in the search for
00:00:20 --> 00:00:22 life beyond Earth. Avery, what's on the
00:00:22 --> 00:00:23 agenda?
00:00:23 --> 00:00:25 >> Well, Anna, we're kicking things off
00:00:25 --> 00:00:26 with some news from NASA's [music]
00:00:26 --> 00:00:28 Aremis 2 mission. There's been a delay
00:00:28 --> 00:00:30 in critical testing due to some
00:00:30 --> 00:00:32 unexpected [music] weather challenges.
00:00:32 --> 00:00:34 Then we'll dive into Blue Origin's
00:00:34 --> 00:00:36 strategic shift as [music] they pause
00:00:36 --> 00:00:38 their space tourism program for at least
00:00:38 --> 00:00:40 2 years. After that, [music] we're
00:00:40 --> 00:00:42 looking up at some truly cosmic
00:00:42 --> 00:00:45 phenomena. Million mileph winds racing
00:00:45 --> 00:00:47 through [music] colliding galaxies and a
00:00:47 --> 00:00:50 mysterious object sending powerful
00:00:50 --> 00:00:51 signals across space that has [music]
00:00:51 --> 00:00:53 astronomers scratching their heads.
00:00:53 --> 00:00:55 We'll also explore some surprising
00:00:55 --> 00:00:58 findings about Tatooine style planets
00:00:58 --> 00:01:00 orbiting binary stars and wrap up with
00:01:00 --> 00:01:02 an exciting [music] discovery.
00:01:02 --> 00:01:04 Scientists have detected a molecule
00:01:04 --> 00:01:06 critical to life in interstellar [music]
00:01:06 --> 00:01:09 space for the very first time.
00:01:09 --> 00:01:11 >> Quite the journey today. Let's get
00:01:11 --> 00:01:12 started.
00:01:12 --> 00:01:13 >> Ready when you are.
00:01:13 --> 00:01:15 >> All right, Avery. Let's start with
00:01:15 --> 00:01:17 NASA's Aremis program. I understand old
00:01:18 --> 00:01:19 man Winter has thrown a wrench into
00:01:19 --> 00:01:21 their testing schedule.
00:01:21 --> 00:01:23 >> He certainly has, Anna. NASA has been
00:01:23 --> 00:01:25 forced to delay a critical fueling test
00:01:25 --> 00:01:28 for the Aremis 2 mission due to below
00:01:28 --> 00:01:29 freezing temperatures at Kennedy Space
00:01:30 --> 00:01:31 Center in Florida. The wet dress
00:01:32 --> 00:01:33 rehearsal was originally scheduled for
00:01:34 --> 00:01:37 January 27th, but those unexpected cold
00:01:37 --> 00:01:39 temperatures put it on ice, so to speak.
00:01:39 --> 00:01:42 >> I see what you did there. But seriously,
00:01:42 --> 00:01:44 what exactly is this wet dress
00:01:44 --> 00:01:47 rehearsal? And why is it so important?
00:01:47 --> 00:01:49 >> Great question. The wet dress rehearsal
00:01:49 --> 00:01:51 is essentially a full practice run of
00:01:51 --> 00:01:53 launch day procedures minus the actual
00:01:53 --> 00:01:56 launch. The team loads the massive space
00:01:56 --> 00:01:59 launch system rocket with over 700
00:01:59 --> 00:02:02 gallons of super cold liquid hydrogen
00:02:02 --> 00:02:04 and liquid oxygen propellants, runs
00:02:04 --> 00:02:06 through all the countdown procedures,
00:02:06 --> 00:02:08 and then drains everything back out.
00:02:08 --> 00:02:10 It's the ultimate dress rehearsal before
00:02:10 --> 00:02:13 the real show. So, they're basically
00:02:13 --> 00:02:15 making sure all the plumbing works and
00:02:15 --> 00:02:16 everyone knows their roles when the
00:02:16 --> 00:02:18 clock is ticking down. What happened
00:02:18 --> 00:02:20 with the weather that caused the delay?
00:02:20 --> 00:02:22 >> Well, Florida experienced some unusually
00:02:22 --> 00:02:24 cold conditions. We're talking about
00:02:24 --> 00:02:26 freezing temperatures that persisted for
00:02:26 --> 00:02:28 several days. The problem is that
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 loading these cryogenic propellants in
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 freezing conditions creates additional
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 safety risks and potential technical
00:02:34 --> 00:02:37 issues. NASA's priority is always safety
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 first, so they made the call to
00:02:39 --> 00:02:39 postpone.
00:02:39 --> 00:02:41 >> Smart move. When are they planning to
00:02:41 --> 00:02:42 try again?
00:02:42 --> 00:02:44 >> The space launch system is now set to
00:02:44 --> 00:02:47 roll out to launchpad 39B on February
00:02:47 --> 00:02:49 5th with the wet dress rehearsal
00:02:50 --> 00:02:52 rescheduled for February 8th. This means
00:02:52 --> 00:02:54 the Aremis 2 launch is now no earlier
00:02:54 --> 00:02:57 than April 2026, which is a shift from
00:02:57 --> 00:02:59 the previous March target.
00:02:59 --> 00:03:01 >> For our listeners who might not be
00:03:01 --> 00:03:03 following every detail of Artemis,
00:03:03 --> 00:03:05 remind us what makes Artemis 2 so
00:03:05 --> 00:03:06 significant.
00:03:06 --> 00:03:09 >> Hannah, Artemis 2 is absolutely
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 historic. This will be the first crude
00:03:11 --> 00:03:14 mission beyond low Earth orbit in over
00:03:14 --> 00:03:17 50 years, basically since the Apollo
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 program ended. Four astronauts will fly
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 around the moon, testing all the systems
00:03:21 --> 00:03:23 and procedures that will eventually
00:03:23 --> 00:03:25 support landing astronauts back on the
00:03:25 --> 00:03:28 lunar surface during Artemis 3.
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 >> It's wild to think we haven't sent
00:03:30 --> 00:03:33 humans beyond Earth orbit in 5 decades.
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 Who's on the crew? The crew includes
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 NASA astronauts Reed Weisman, Victor
00:03:37 --> 00:03:40 Glover, and Christina Ko along with
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 Canadian Space Agency astronaut Jeremy
00:03:42 --> 00:03:45 Hansen. Victor Glover will make history
00:03:45 --> 00:03:47 as the first person of color to travel
00:03:47 --> 00:03:50 beyond low Earth orbit. And Christina Ko
00:03:50 --> 00:03:52 will become the first woman to do so.
00:03:52 --> 00:03:55 >> That's incredible. Even with this delay,
00:03:55 --> 00:03:58 April 2026 is right around the corner.
00:03:58 --> 00:04:00 The wait is almost over.
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 >> Absolutely. And honestly, a few weeks
00:04:02 --> 00:04:05 delay to ensure everything is perfect is
00:04:05 --> 00:04:06 well worth it when you're pioneering the
00:04:06 --> 00:04:09 return of human deep space exploration.
00:04:09 --> 00:04:11 >> Speaking of human space flight, let's
00:04:11 --> 00:04:14 shift gears to Blue Origin. They're
00:04:14 --> 00:04:16 making some significant changes to their
00:04:16 --> 00:04:17 program, aren't they, Avery?
00:04:17 --> 00:04:20 >> They sure are, Anna. Blue Origin has
00:04:20 --> 00:04:21 announced they're hitting pause on their
00:04:21 --> 00:04:23 New Shepard space tourism flights for at
00:04:23 --> 00:04:26 least 2 years. This is a major strategic
00:04:26 --> 00:04:29 shift as they refocus their resources on
00:04:29 --> 00:04:30 NASA's Aremis program and the
00:04:30 --> 00:04:33 development of their lunar lander.
00:04:33 --> 00:04:36 >> 2 years is a substantial pause. What's
00:04:36 --> 00:04:37 driving this decision?
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 >> It all comes down to their Blue Moon
00:04:39 --> 00:04:42 lunar lander program. Blue Origin won a
00:04:42 --> 00:04:44 contract from NASA worth potentially up
00:04:44 --> 00:04:47 to $3.6 billion to develop a human
00:04:47 --> 00:04:49 landing system for the Aremis missions.
00:04:49 --> 00:04:50 They're planning an uncrrewed
00:04:50 --> 00:04:52 demonstration mission to the moon in
00:04:52 --> 00:04:55 2028. And that's requiring a massive
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 concentration of their engineering
00:04:57 --> 00:04:59 talent and resources.
00:04:59 --> 00:05:01 >> So they're essentially choosing moon
00:05:01 --> 00:05:03 landings over suborbital tourism
00:05:03 --> 00:05:05 flights. That seems like a pretty clear
00:05:05 --> 00:05:07 indication of where they see the bigger
00:05:07 --> 00:05:08 opportunity.
00:05:08 --> 00:05:10 >> Exactly. And it's worth noting that Blue
00:05:10 --> 00:05:12 Origin has already conducted eight
00:05:12 --> 00:05:14 successful New Shepard tourism flights
00:05:14 --> 00:05:18 since July 2021, carrying 43 people past
00:05:18 --> 00:05:20 the Carmen line, the internationally
00:05:20 --> 00:05:23 recognized boundary of space at 100 km
00:05:23 --> 00:05:25 altitude. So they've proven the concept
00:05:26 --> 00:05:27 and the technology.
00:05:27 --> 00:05:29 >> I remember the excitement around those
00:05:29 --> 00:05:31 early flights. What exactly will
00:05:31 --> 00:05:33 passengers experience on a New Shepard
00:05:33 --> 00:05:36 flight? It's a roughly 11-minute journey
00:05:36 --> 00:05:38 where passengers experience about 3
00:05:38 --> 00:05:39 minutes of weightlessness at the top of
00:05:39 --> 00:05:41 the ark. The capsule has massive
00:05:42 --> 00:05:44 windows, the largest ever flown in
00:05:44 --> 00:05:46 space, giving spectacular views of
00:05:46 --> 00:05:48 Earth's curvature and the blackness of
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 space. It's suborbital, meaning you go
00:05:50 --> 00:05:53 up and come right back down, but you
00:05:53 --> 00:05:55 definitely cross into space.
00:05:55 --> 00:05:57 >> And this pause is specifically for the
00:05:57 --> 00:05:59 tourism program. What about other New
00:05:59 --> 00:06:00 Shepard missions?
00:06:00 --> 00:06:03 >> Good distinction, Anna. New Shepard will
00:06:03 --> 00:06:05 continue flying cargo and research
00:06:05 --> 00:06:07 missions. Blue Origin has committed to
00:06:07 --> 00:06:08 conducting at least two cargo flights
00:06:08 --> 00:06:11 each year during this tourism pause.
00:06:11 --> 00:06:12 These missions carry scientific
00:06:12 --> 00:06:14 experiments and payloads for various
00:06:14 --> 00:06:16 customers, including NASA.
00:06:16 --> 00:06:19 >> What about their ticket sales? I imagine
00:06:19 --> 00:06:21 people have already paid for future
00:06:21 --> 00:06:21 flights.
00:06:22 --> 00:06:24 >> Yes, and Blue Origin says they'll be
00:06:24 --> 00:06:25 contacting customers who've already
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 purchased tickets to discuss their
00:06:27 --> 00:06:29 options. They haven't specified how many
00:06:29 --> 00:06:31 people are affected, but they've
00:06:31 --> 00:06:33 emphasized this is a temporary pause,
00:06:33 --> 00:06:35 not an end to the program.
00:06:35 --> 00:06:37 >> It's interesting timing, isn't it? Just
00:06:37 --> 00:06:39 as several companies are getting into
00:06:39 --> 00:06:41 the space tourism business, Blue Origin
00:06:41 --> 00:06:44 is stepping back, at least temporarily.
00:06:44 --> 00:06:46 >> It really shows you the scale of the
00:06:46 --> 00:06:48 lunar lander challenge. Building a
00:06:48 --> 00:06:50 spacecraft that can safely land humans
00:06:50 --> 00:06:52 on the moon and return them to lunar
00:06:52 --> 00:06:54 orbit is orders of magnitude more
00:06:54 --> 00:06:57 complex than a suborbital tourism op.
00:06:57 --> 00:06:59 Blue Origin is betting their future on
00:06:59 --> 00:07:01 being a key player in the new era of
00:07:01 --> 00:07:02 space exploration.
00:07:02 --> 00:07:04 >> And with that NASA contract potentially
00:07:04 --> 00:07:08 worth $3.6 billion, it's not hard to see
00:07:08 --> 00:07:10 why they're prioritizing it.
00:07:10 --> 00:07:12 >> Exactly. This is Blue Origin's moonshot,
00:07:12 --> 00:07:15 both literally and figuratively. If they
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 can deliver a successful lunar lander,
00:07:17 --> 00:07:19 it positions them as a major player in
00:07:19 --> 00:07:22 the new era of space exploration. From
00:07:22 --> 00:07:25 human space exploration to cosmic
00:07:25 --> 00:07:27 phenomena, let's talk about something
00:07:27 --> 00:07:29 happening on a scale that's almost
00:07:29 --> 00:07:32 impossible to comprehend. Avery, tell us
00:07:32 --> 00:07:35 about these million mileph winds racing
00:07:35 --> 00:07:36 through space.
00:07:36 --> 00:07:39 >> Anna, this is absolutely mindblowing.
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 Astronomers have discovered cosmic winds
00:07:41 --> 00:07:45 traveling at over 1.1 million mph.
00:07:45 --> 00:07:47 That's roughly 500 kilometers per
00:07:47 --> 00:07:49 second, racing through what they're
00:07:49 --> 00:07:51 calling a magnetic superighway between
00:07:51 --> 00:07:53 two colliding galaxies.
00:07:53 --> 00:07:57 >> A magnetic superhighway in space. That
00:07:57 --> 00:07:58 sounds like something out of science
00:07:58 --> 00:08:01 fiction. Where is this happening? This
00:08:01 --> 00:08:04 incredible phenomenon is occurring in a
00:08:04 --> 00:08:07 system called IC1623
00:08:07 --> 00:08:09 which is actually two galaxies in the
00:08:09 --> 00:08:12 process of merging together located
00:08:12 --> 00:08:14 about 275
00:08:14 --> 00:08:16 million light years from Earth in the
00:08:16 --> 00:08:19 constellation Cedus. These galaxies are
00:08:20 --> 00:08:23 in the late stages of a cosmic collision
00:08:23 --> 00:08:25 and it's creating some extraordinary
00:08:25 --> 00:08:26 physics.
00:08:26 --> 00:08:27 >> Walk us through what's actually
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 happening here. How do galaxies
00:08:29 --> 00:08:33 colliding create these super fast winds?
00:08:33 --> 00:08:35 >> When galaxies merge, their gravitational
00:08:35 --> 00:08:38 interactions trigger massive bursts of
00:08:38 --> 00:08:40 star formation. We're talking thousands
00:08:40 --> 00:08:43 of stars being born. These newborn stars
00:08:43 --> 00:08:46 live fast and die young, creating
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 powerful stellar winds and supernova
00:08:48 --> 00:08:50 explosions. All of this activity
00:08:50 --> 00:08:53 generates enormous amounts of energy
00:08:53 --> 00:08:55 that drives material outward at
00:08:55 --> 00:08:58 incredible speeds. and the magnetic
00:08:58 --> 00:09:01 superhighway. What role does that play?
00:09:01 --> 00:09:03 >> Here's where it gets really fascinating.
00:09:03 --> 00:09:05 The team from the University of
00:09:05 --> 00:09:07 Hershshire discovered that magnetic
00:09:07 --> 00:09:09 fields are actually channeling these
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 winds, creating what they call a
00:09:12 --> 00:09:13 superighway that connects the two
00:09:13 --> 00:09:16 galactic cores. Think of it like a
00:09:16 --> 00:09:18 cosmic interstate highway system, but
00:09:18 --> 00:09:21 instead of cars, you've got superheated
00:09:21 --> 00:09:23 gas screaming along at speeds that make
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 Earth's fastest spacecraft look like
00:09:25 --> 00:09:27 they're standing still.
00:09:27 --> 00:09:30 >> That's an amazing image. How did they
00:09:30 --> 00:09:32 detect something like this?
00:09:32 --> 00:09:35 >> They used the Arakama Large Millm Array,
00:09:35 --> 00:09:37 ALMA, in Chile, which is specifically
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 designed to observe cold gas and dust in
00:09:39 --> 00:09:41 the universe. What they found was
00:09:41 --> 00:09:44 unexpected. The magnetic field structure
00:09:44 --> 00:09:46 doesn't just randomly radiate outward
00:09:46 --> 00:09:49 like many galactic winds do. Instead,
00:09:49 --> 00:09:52 it's highly organized, creating this
00:09:52 --> 00:09:54 directed pathway between the galactic
00:09:54 --> 00:09:55 centers.
00:09:55 --> 00:09:58 >> Why is this discovery so significant?
00:09:58 --> 00:09:59 What does it tell us about galaxy
00:10:00 --> 00:10:01 evolution?
00:10:01 --> 00:10:03 >> This is crucial for understanding how
00:10:03 --> 00:10:06 galaxies grow and evolve. These powerful
00:10:06 --> 00:10:08 outflows, what astronomers call
00:10:08 --> 00:10:11 feedback, can actually regulate star
00:10:11 --> 00:10:13 formation by expelling the gas and dust
00:10:13 --> 00:10:16 that would otherwise collapse to form
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 new stars. It's like a pressure release
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 valve for galaxies. Too much star
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 formation can blow away the material
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 needed to make more stars, which can
00:10:24 --> 00:10:27 eventually slow down or even halt a
00:10:27 --> 00:10:28 galaxy's growth.
00:10:28 --> 00:10:31 >> So, galaxies regulate their own growth
00:10:31 --> 00:10:33 through these winds. That's a pretty
00:10:33 --> 00:10:36 elegant self-limiting system.
00:10:36 --> 00:10:40 >> It really is. And what makes IC1623
00:10:40 --> 00:10:42 particularly interesting is that we're
00:10:42 --> 00:10:44 seeing this process in action during a
00:10:44 --> 00:10:47 galaxy merger. When galaxies collide, we
00:10:47 --> 00:10:50 see the most extreme versions of these
00:10:50 --> 00:10:52 processes. The most intense star
00:10:52 --> 00:10:55 formation, the most powerful winds, the
00:10:55 --> 00:10:57 strongest magnetic fields. It's like
00:10:57 --> 00:10:59 watching galaxy evolution. and fast
00:10:59 --> 00:11:00 forward.
00:11:00 --> 00:11:04 >> What do we think the fate of IC1623
00:11:04 --> 00:11:04 will be?
00:11:04 --> 00:11:06 >> Eventually, these two galaxies will
00:11:06 --> 00:11:09 completely merge into a single larger
00:11:09 --> 00:11:11 galaxy. The current burst of star
00:11:11 --> 00:11:13 formation will eventually exhaust much
00:11:13 --> 00:11:15 of the available gas. And what we're
00:11:15 --> 00:11:18 looking at now, this spectacular phase
00:11:18 --> 00:11:20 of cosmic winds and magnetic highways
00:11:20 --> 00:11:23 will fade. But the combined galaxy will
00:11:23 --> 00:11:25 carry the imprint of this violent event
00:11:25 --> 00:11:28 in its structure and stellar populations
00:11:28 --> 00:11:30 for billions of years to come.
00:11:30 --> 00:11:31 >> It's humbling to think that we're
00:11:31 --> 00:11:33 witnessing something that takes millions
00:11:33 --> 00:11:36 of years to play out, just captured in a
00:11:36 --> 00:11:37 snapshot.
00:11:37 --> 00:11:40 >> Absolutely. And every time we point our
00:11:40 --> 00:11:42 telescopes at merging galaxies, we learn
00:11:42 --> 00:11:44 something new about the forces shaping
00:11:44 --> 00:11:47 the universe's largest structures.
00:11:47 --> 00:11:49 Speaking of pointing our telescopes at
00:11:49 --> 00:11:51 the universe and finding surprises,
00:11:51 --> 00:11:53 Avery, we need to talk about this
00:11:53 --> 00:11:55 mysterious object that's been sending
00:11:55 --> 00:11:57 powerful signals across the galaxy. The
00:11:57 --> 00:12:00 headline says it's unlike anything we
00:12:00 --> 00:12:01 have seen before.
00:12:01 --> 00:12:04 >> That's not just hype, Anna. Astronomers
00:12:04 --> 00:12:06 have discovered something truly
00:12:06 --> 00:12:08 puzzling. A cosmic object that's
00:12:08 --> 00:12:11 periodically sending out intense radio
00:12:11 --> 00:12:14 signals. And it doesn't fit into any
00:12:14 --> 00:12:16 category of known astronomical
00:12:16 --> 00:12:18 phenomena. It's one of those discoveries
00:12:18 --> 00:12:19 that makes you rethink what you thought
00:12:20 --> 00:12:20 you knew.
00:12:20 --> 00:12:23 >> Okay, you've got my attention. What
00:12:23 --> 00:12:25 exactly are we dealing with here?
00:12:25 --> 00:12:28 >> The object sends out extremely bright
00:12:28 --> 00:12:31 radio pulses that last about 30 to 300
00:12:31 --> 00:12:34 seconds. That's up to 5 minutes per
00:12:34 --> 00:12:36 pulse. And these pulses occur roughly
00:12:36 --> 00:12:39 every 2.9 hours with remarkable
00:12:39 --> 00:12:42 regularity. What makes this so unusual
00:12:42 --> 00:12:44 is the combination of that long period
00:12:44 --> 00:12:46 and the duration of the pulses
00:12:46 --> 00:12:47 themselves.
00:12:47 --> 00:12:49 >> When you say it doesn't fit known
00:12:49 --> 00:12:51 categories, what are the usual suspects
00:12:51 --> 00:12:53 for objects that send out regular
00:12:53 --> 00:12:55 signals like this?
00:12:55 --> 00:12:57 >> Great question. The two most common
00:12:57 --> 00:13:00 sources of periodic radio signals are
00:13:00 --> 00:13:03 pulsars and magnetars. Pulsars are
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 rapidly spinning neutron stars that
00:13:05 --> 00:13:07 sweep beams of radiation across space
00:13:07 --> 00:13:10 like a cosmic lighthouse. But they
00:13:10 --> 00:13:11 typically pulse on the order of
00:13:11 --> 00:13:15 milliseconds to seconds, not hours. And
00:13:15 --> 00:13:17 their individual pulses are brief,
00:13:17 --> 00:13:19 usually milliseconds, not minutes.
00:13:19 --> 00:13:22 >> So this object is pulsing way too slowly
00:13:22 --> 00:13:24 to be a normal pulsar.
00:13:24 --> 00:13:26 >> Exactly. And the pulses last far too
00:13:26 --> 00:13:29 long. Magnetars, which are neutron stars
00:13:29 --> 00:13:31 with incredibly powerful magnetic
00:13:31 --> 00:13:34 fields, can sometimes produce longer
00:13:34 --> 00:13:36 period signals than regular pulsars, but
00:13:36 --> 00:13:39 even they don't typically operate on a
00:13:39 --> 00:13:41 3-hour cycle with multi-minute pulse
00:13:41 --> 00:13:42 durations.
00:13:42 --> 00:13:44 >> Have astronomers proposed any theories
00:13:44 --> 00:13:45 about what this could be?
00:13:45 --> 00:13:47 >> There are a few possibilities being
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 investigated. One idea is that it could
00:13:49 --> 00:13:51 be a white dwarf in a binary system,
00:13:52 --> 00:13:53 which is two stars orbiting each other
00:13:53 --> 00:13:56 where one is a white dwarf remnant. The
00:13:56 --> 00:13:58 interaction between the two stars can
00:13:58 --> 00:14:00 potentially generate these periodic
00:14:00 --> 00:14:03 radio emissions. Another possibility is
00:14:03 --> 00:14:05 that we're seeing some kind of unusual
00:14:05 --> 00:14:08 magnetar or pulsar that operates
00:14:08 --> 00:14:09 differently than the ones we studied
00:14:09 --> 00:14:10 before.
00:14:10 --> 00:14:13 >> When was this object discovered and how?
00:14:13 --> 00:14:15 >> The discovery was made using radio
00:14:15 --> 00:14:17 telescope observations. And what's
00:14:17 --> 00:14:19 particularly intriguing is that the
00:14:19 --> 00:14:21 signals are powerful enough to be
00:14:21 --> 00:14:23 detected across vast distances. The
00:14:24 --> 00:14:25 exact distance to this object is still
00:14:26 --> 00:14:27 being determined, but the fact that we
00:14:28 --> 00:14:31 can detect such clear periodic signals
00:14:31 --> 00:14:33 suggests it's either relatively close in
00:14:33 --> 00:14:35 cosmic terms or it's putting out
00:14:35 --> 00:14:37 tremendous amounts of energy.
00:14:37 --> 00:14:39 >> This reminds me of those fast radio
00:14:39 --> 00:14:42 bursts we've heard about, brief, intense
00:14:42 --> 00:14:44 radio signals from across the universe.
00:14:44 --> 00:14:46 Is this related?
00:14:46 --> 00:14:48 >> That's a natural comparison, Anna. But
00:14:48 --> 00:14:51 fast radio bursts, FRBs, are different.
00:14:51 --> 00:14:53 They're much briefer. typically lasting
00:14:53 --> 00:14:56 milliseconds, though some do repeat.
00:14:56 --> 00:14:59 This object's behavior is more periodic
00:14:59 --> 00:15:01 and predictable with much longer pulse
00:15:01 --> 00:15:03 durations. It's almost like comparing a
00:15:03 --> 00:15:06 strobe light to a slowly rotating search
00:15:06 --> 00:15:07 light.
00:15:07 --> 00:15:09 >> What's the next step for studying this
00:15:09 --> 00:15:10 mysterious object?
00:15:10 --> 00:15:12 >> Astronomers will be conducting follow-up
00:15:12 --> 00:15:14 observations across multiple
00:15:14 --> 00:15:16 wavelengths, not just radio, but also
00:15:16 --> 00:15:19 optical, X-ray, and potentially others.
00:15:19 --> 00:15:21 They want to determine exactly where it
00:15:21 --> 00:15:24 is, measure its properties in detail,
00:15:24 --> 00:15:26 and hopefully identify what type of
00:15:26 --> 00:15:28 object it is. Sometimes you need
00:15:28 --> 00:15:30 multiple types of observations to build
00:15:30 --> 00:15:31 a complete picture.
00:15:31 --> 00:15:34 >> Do discoveries like this happen often
00:15:34 --> 00:15:35 where we find something that just
00:15:35 --> 00:15:38 doesn't fit our existing models.
00:15:38 --> 00:15:39 >> More often than you might think,
00:15:39 --> 00:15:42 actually, the universe keeps surprising
00:15:42 --> 00:15:44 us. Every major improvement in our
00:15:44 --> 00:15:46 observing technology reveals new
00:15:46 --> 00:15:48 phenomena we didn't predict.
00:15:48 --> 00:15:50 Radioastronomy in particular has a
00:15:50 --> 00:15:53 history of unexpected discoveries.
00:15:53 --> 00:15:55 Pulsars themselves were a complete
00:15:55 --> 00:15:57 surprise when they were first detected
00:15:57 --> 00:15:58 in 1967.
00:15:58 --> 00:16:00 >> Could this turn out to be a whole new
00:16:00 --> 00:16:03 class of astronomical objects?
00:16:03 --> 00:16:05 >> That's definitely possible. If follow-up
00:16:05 --> 00:16:08 observations confirmed that this truly
00:16:08 --> 00:16:11 doesn't fit into any existing category,
00:16:11 --> 00:16:13 it could indeed represent something new.
00:16:13 --> 00:16:15 Of course, it might also turn out to be
00:16:15 --> 00:16:17 an extreme example of a known type of
00:16:17 --> 00:16:20 object, just operating in a regime we
00:16:20 --> 00:16:22 haven't observed before. Either way,
00:16:22 --> 00:16:24 it's expanding our understanding of
00:16:24 --> 00:16:26 what's possible in the universe.
00:16:26 --> 00:16:27 >> I love that we're still finding things
00:16:27 --> 00:16:29 that make astronomers say we've never
00:16:30 --> 00:16:31 seen anything like this before.
00:16:31 --> 00:16:34 >> Me, too, Anna. It reminds us how much we
00:16:34 --> 00:16:36 still have to learn about the cosmos.
00:16:36 --> 00:16:38 Sticking with unexpected discoveries,
00:16:38 --> 00:16:40 let's talk about planets that orbit two
00:16:40 --> 00:16:44 suns. Tatooine style worlds. Avery, I
00:16:44 --> 00:16:45 understand these aren't as rare as
00:16:45 --> 00:16:47 scientists once thought. That's right,
00:16:47 --> 00:16:50 Anna. New research is challenging our
00:16:50 --> 00:16:53 assumptions about circumbinary planets.
00:16:53 --> 00:16:54 That's the technical term for planets
00:16:54 --> 00:16:57 that orbit both stars in a binary
00:16:57 --> 00:16:59 system. It turns out these Star Wars
00:16:59 --> 00:17:01 style worlds might be more common than
00:17:01 --> 00:17:03 we previously believed, especially
00:17:03 --> 00:17:06 around certain types of binary stars.
00:17:06 --> 00:17:09 >> Before we dive into the findings, let's
00:17:09 --> 00:17:11 set the stage. How common are binary
00:17:11 --> 00:17:13 star systems in the first place?
00:17:13 --> 00:17:15 >> Binary systems are actually incredibly
00:17:15 --> 00:17:18 common, Anna. Roughly half of all
00:17:18 --> 00:17:20 sunlike stars exist in binary or
00:17:20 --> 00:17:23 multiple star systems. So, we're not
00:17:23 --> 00:17:25 talking about a rare cosmic curiosity
00:17:25 --> 00:17:27 here. Binaries are a fundamental
00:17:27 --> 00:17:29 component of the galaxy's stellar
00:17:29 --> 00:17:30 population
00:17:30 --> 00:17:32 >> and we have discovered actual
00:17:32 --> 00:17:35 circumbinary planets already, right?
00:17:35 --> 00:17:36 This isn't just theoretical.
00:17:36 --> 00:17:39 >> Absolutely. NASA's Kepler Space
00:17:39 --> 00:17:41 Telescope discovered the first confirmed
00:17:41 --> 00:17:44 circumbinary planets back in 2011, and
00:17:44 --> 00:17:46 we've found several more since then.
00:17:46 --> 00:17:49 These are real worlds orbiting two suns,
00:17:49 --> 00:17:52 just like Luke Skywalker's home planet.
00:17:52 --> 00:17:54 But the question has always been, how
00:17:54 --> 00:17:56 common are they? So, what does this new
00:17:56 --> 00:17:57 research tell us?
00:17:57 --> 00:17:59 >> The study found that circumbinary
00:17:59 --> 00:18:02 planets appear to be particularly common
00:18:02 --> 00:18:04 around what are called equal mass
00:18:04 --> 00:18:06 binaries. Systems where both stars are
00:18:06 --> 00:18:09 roughly the same size and mass. In these
00:18:09 --> 00:18:11 systems, the stable orbital zone where
00:18:11 --> 00:18:14 planets can form and survive might
00:18:14 --> 00:18:15 actually be more favorable than
00:18:15 --> 00:18:18 astronomers previously calculated.
00:18:18 --> 00:18:20 >> Why would having two equal mass stars
00:18:20 --> 00:18:22 make it easier for planets to form? It
00:18:22 --> 00:18:25 has to do with gravitational stability.
00:18:25 --> 00:18:27 When you have two stars of similar mass,
00:18:27 --> 00:18:29 their gravitational influence on the
00:18:29 --> 00:18:31 surrounding disc of planet forming
00:18:31 --> 00:18:33 material is more balanced and
00:18:33 --> 00:18:35 predictable. There's less chaotic
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 variation in the gravitational forces
00:18:37 --> 00:18:39 acting on the disc, which means there
00:18:39 --> 00:18:41 are stable regions where material can
00:18:41 --> 00:18:43 accumulate and grow into planets.
00:18:43 --> 00:18:46 >> What about unequal binary systems? One
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 big star and one small one. Those
00:18:48 --> 00:18:50 systems can still host circumbinary
00:18:50 --> 00:18:52 planets, but the dynamics are more
00:18:52 --> 00:18:55 complex. The larger star dominates
00:18:55 --> 00:18:57 gravitationally, and the smaller star
00:18:57 --> 00:18:59 creates additional pertabbations that
00:18:59 --> 00:19:01 can make certain orbital regions
00:19:01 --> 00:19:03 unstable. It doesn't mean planets can't
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 form, but the stable zones might be more
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 limited or located at different
00:19:08 --> 00:19:09 distances.
00:19:09 --> 00:19:11 >> This has implications for the search for
00:19:11 --> 00:19:13 habitable worlds, doesn't it?
00:19:13 --> 00:19:15 >> Very much so. If circumbinary planets
00:19:15 --> 00:19:17 are more common than we thought,
00:19:17 --> 00:19:20 especially in equal mass binaries, that
00:19:20 --> 00:19:22 increases the overall number of
00:19:22 --> 00:19:24 potential planetary environments in the
00:19:24 --> 00:19:26 galaxy. Some of these could potentially
00:19:26 --> 00:19:28 be in the habitable zone, the region
00:19:28 --> 00:19:30 where liquid water could exist on a
00:19:30 --> 00:19:31 planet surface,
00:19:31 --> 00:19:33 >> although I imagine having two suns would
00:19:34 --> 00:19:35 complicate the climate situation
00:19:35 --> 00:19:36 significantly.
00:19:36 --> 00:19:39 >> You're absolutely right. The climate on
00:19:39 --> 00:19:40 a circumbinary planet would be
00:19:40 --> 00:19:43 fascinatingly complex. You'd have
00:19:43 --> 00:19:45 variations in heating depending on the
00:19:45 --> 00:19:47 orbital positions of both stars relative
00:19:47 --> 00:19:50 to the planet. Sometimes of the year,
00:19:50 --> 00:19:51 both suns might be on the same side of
00:19:52 --> 00:19:54 the sky, providing intense combined
00:19:54 --> 00:19:56 heating. Other times, they'd be on
00:19:56 --> 00:19:58 opposite sides, creating more balanced
00:19:58 --> 00:19:59 illumination.
00:19:59 --> 00:20:01 >> How did researchers arrive at these
00:20:01 --> 00:20:03 conclusions about circumbinary planet
00:20:03 --> 00:20:06 frequency? They combined observational
00:20:06 --> 00:20:08 data from telescope surveys with
00:20:08 --> 00:20:10 sophisticated computer modeling of how
00:20:10 --> 00:20:13 planets form in binary star systems. By
00:20:13 --> 00:20:15 simulating thousands of different
00:20:15 --> 00:20:17 scenarios with various binary
00:20:17 --> 00:20:19 configurations, they could identify
00:20:19 --> 00:20:22 patterns about which systems are most
00:20:22 --> 00:20:24 likely to host planets.
00:20:24 --> 00:20:25 >> Are there any specific systems
00:20:25 --> 00:20:27 astronomers are now targeting for
00:20:27 --> 00:20:29 follow-up observations based on these
00:20:29 --> 00:20:32 findings? The research definitely points
00:20:32 --> 00:20:35 to equal mass binaries as high priority
00:20:35 --> 00:20:37 targets for planet hunting campaigns.
00:20:37 --> 00:20:39 Missions like NASA's upcoming Nancy
00:20:39 --> 00:20:42 Grace Roman telescope and continuing
00:20:42 --> 00:20:44 observations from groundbased facilities
00:20:44 --> 00:20:46 will be keeping a close eye on these
00:20:46 --> 00:20:49 systems. Every new circumbinary planet
00:20:49 --> 00:20:51 we discover helps refine our models.
00:20:51 --> 00:20:54 >> It's exciting to think those iconic twin
00:20:54 --> 00:20:56 sunset scenes from Star Wars might be
00:20:56 --> 00:20:58 more common in the universe than we
00:20:58 --> 00:21:00 realized. It really is, Anna. The
00:21:00 --> 00:21:03 universe keeps proving that the reality
00:21:03 --> 00:21:05 can be just as spectacular as science
00:21:05 --> 00:21:07 fiction. Sometimes even more so.
00:21:07 --> 00:21:10 >> And for our final story today, Avery,
00:21:10 --> 00:21:11 we're talking about a discovery that
00:21:11 --> 00:21:14 touches on one of astronomy's biggest
00:21:14 --> 00:21:16 questions, the search for life beyond
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 Earth. Scientists have detected a
00:21:18 --> 00:21:20 molecule critical to life in
00:21:20 --> 00:21:22 interstellar space. For the first time,
00:21:22 --> 00:21:24 tell us about this breakthrough.
00:21:24 --> 00:21:27 >> This is genuinely exciting, Anna. For
00:21:27 --> 00:21:29 the first time ever, astronomers have
00:21:29 --> 00:21:32 detected ethylenamine, a molecule that
00:21:32 --> 00:21:34 plays a crucial role in forming cell
00:21:34 --> 00:21:37 membranes floating in the vast spaces
00:21:37 --> 00:21:40 between stars. This discovery has
00:21:40 --> 00:21:41 profound implications for how we think
00:21:42 --> 00:21:43 about the building blocks of life in the
00:21:43 --> 00:21:44 universe.
00:21:44 --> 00:21:46 >> Let's start with the basics. What
00:21:46 --> 00:21:49 exactly is ethylamine and why is it so
00:21:49 --> 00:21:52 important to life? Ethylamine is an
00:21:52 --> 00:21:54 organic molecule that's a key component
00:21:54 --> 00:21:57 of phospholipids which are the primary
00:21:57 --> 00:21:59 building blocks of cell membranes. Think
00:21:59 --> 00:22:02 of cell membranes as the walls and gates
00:22:02 --> 00:22:04 of cells. They define the boundary
00:22:04 --> 00:22:06 between the inside and outside of a cell
00:22:06 --> 00:22:09 and control what goes in and out.
00:22:09 --> 00:22:11 Without molecules like ethyleneamine,
00:22:11 --> 00:22:13 you can't build functional cell
00:22:13 --> 00:22:15 membranes. And without cell membranes,
00:22:15 --> 00:22:18 you can't have cells as we know them.
00:22:18 --> 00:22:20 Though this is truly fundamental to
00:22:20 --> 00:22:23 life, at least life as we understand it.
00:22:23 --> 00:22:25 Where was this molecule detected?
00:22:25 --> 00:22:27 >> The discovery was made in a molecular
00:22:27 --> 00:22:30 cloud, one of these vast, cold regions
00:22:30 --> 00:22:33 of space where gas and dust accumulate
00:22:33 --> 00:22:35 and where new stars and planetary
00:22:35 --> 00:22:37 systems eventually form. These clouds
00:22:37 --> 00:22:40 are essentially stellar nurseries. and
00:22:40 --> 00:22:42 finding lifebuilding molecules there
00:22:42 --> 00:22:44 suggests that the ingredients for life
00:22:44 --> 00:22:46 might be getting incorporated into
00:22:46 --> 00:22:48 planetary systems right from the start.
00:22:48 --> 00:22:51 >> How do scientists actually detect
00:22:51 --> 00:22:53 specific molecules in interstellar
00:22:53 --> 00:22:55 space? I imagine you can't exactly
00:22:55 --> 00:22:57 collect a sample.
00:22:57 --> 00:22:59 >> Great question. They use radio
00:22:59 --> 00:23:02 spectroscopy. Every molecule has a
00:23:02 --> 00:23:04 unique spectroscopic signature. Think of
00:23:04 --> 00:23:06 it like a molecular fingerprint.
00:23:06 --> 00:23:09 Different molecules absorb and emit
00:23:09 --> 00:23:11 light at specific wavelengths. Radio
00:23:11 --> 00:23:13 telescopes can detect these signatures,
00:23:13 --> 00:23:15 allowing astronomers to identify what
00:23:15 --> 00:23:18 molecules are present in distant clouds,
00:23:18 --> 00:23:20 even though those clouds are trillions
00:23:20 --> 00:23:21 of miles away.
00:23:21 --> 00:23:23 >> We've found other organic molecules in
00:23:23 --> 00:23:26 space before, haven't we? What makes
00:23:26 --> 00:23:27 this discovery special?
00:23:28 --> 00:23:29 >> You're absolutely right, Hannah.
00:23:29 --> 00:23:32 Astronomers have detected more than 200
00:23:32 --> 00:23:34 different molecules in interstellar
00:23:34 --> 00:23:37 space, including amino acids and sugars.
00:23:37 --> 00:23:39 But ethylanamine is special because of
00:23:39 --> 00:23:41 its direct connection to cell membrane
00:23:41 --> 00:23:44 formation. It's one thing to find amino
00:23:44 --> 00:23:46 acids, the building blocks of proteins.
00:23:46 --> 00:23:48 But finding a molecule that's essential
00:23:48 --> 00:23:51 for creating the actual structure of
00:23:51 --> 00:23:54 cells, takes us another step closer to
00:23:54 --> 00:23:55 understanding how life's fundamental
00:23:56 --> 00:23:58 architecture might arise. Does this
00:23:58 --> 00:24:00 discovery change our thinking about
00:24:00 --> 00:24:02 where the building blocks of life come
00:24:02 --> 00:24:02 from?
00:24:02 --> 00:24:05 >> It definitely supports the hypothesis
00:24:05 --> 00:24:07 that many of life's essential molecular
00:24:07 --> 00:24:10 ingredients aren't created on planets
00:24:10 --> 00:24:12 after they form, but rather arrive from
00:24:12 --> 00:24:15 space. We already know that meteorites
00:24:15 --> 00:24:18 deliver organic compounds to planets. We
00:24:18 --> 00:24:20 found amino acids and meteorites that
00:24:20 --> 00:24:23 have fallen to Earth. This discovery
00:24:23 --> 00:24:25 suggests that even more complex life
00:24:25 --> 00:24:27 related molecules could be delivered
00:24:27 --> 00:24:28 from space.
00:24:28 --> 00:24:31 >> Though in a sense the raw materials for
00:24:31 --> 00:24:33 life might be common throughout the
00:24:33 --> 00:24:34 galaxy.
00:24:34 --> 00:24:36 >> That's the tantalizing possibility this
00:24:36 --> 00:24:39 raises. If molecules like ethanolamine
00:24:39 --> 00:24:41 can form in the harsh conditions of
00:24:41 --> 00:24:44 interstellar space, then these building
00:24:44 --> 00:24:46 blocks might be present in molecular
00:24:46 --> 00:24:48 clouds throughout the galaxy. Every time
00:24:48 --> 00:24:51 a new planetary system forms, it could
00:24:51 --> 00:24:53 be inheriting these pre-made components
00:24:53 --> 00:24:54 of life.
00:24:54 --> 00:24:56 >> This doesn't mean life is automatically
00:24:56 --> 00:24:58 everywhere, though, right? Having the
00:24:58 --> 00:25:00 ingredients doesn't guarantee you'll
00:25:00 --> 00:25:01 bake the cake.
00:25:01 --> 00:25:04 >> Exactly. This is about potential and
00:25:04 --> 00:25:06 possibility. Having the molecular
00:25:06 --> 00:25:09 building blocks is necessary for life,
00:25:09 --> 00:25:11 but it's not sufficient. You still need
00:25:11 --> 00:25:13 the right conditions for those molecules
00:25:13 --> 00:25:16 to assemble into functioning biological
00:25:16 --> 00:25:18 systems. The right temperature,
00:25:18 --> 00:25:21 pressure, energy sources, solvents like
00:25:21 --> 00:25:24 liquid water, and probably a host of
00:25:24 --> 00:25:26 factors we don't fully understand yet.
00:25:26 --> 00:25:28 >> What are the next steps for this kind of
00:25:28 --> 00:25:29 research?
00:25:29 --> 00:25:30 >> Astronomers will be looking for
00:25:30 --> 00:25:33 ethanolamine and similar molecules in
00:25:33 --> 00:25:35 other molecular clouds to see how
00:25:35 --> 00:25:37 widespread they are. They'll also be
00:25:37 --> 00:25:39 searching for even more complex organic
00:25:39 --> 00:25:41 molecules that might be precursors to
00:25:41 --> 00:25:45 biological chemistry. Every molecule we
00:25:45 --> 00:25:47 find helps us piece together the story
00:25:47 --> 00:25:49 of how inanimate chemistry transitions
00:25:49 --> 00:25:51 to the chemistry of life.
00:25:52 --> 00:25:53 >> It's remarkable to think that the
00:25:53 --> 00:25:55 membrane surrounding every cell in our
00:25:55 --> 00:25:57 bodies might have had their chemical
00:25:57 --> 00:25:59 ancestors floating between the stars
00:25:59 --> 00:26:01 billions of years ago.
00:26:01 --> 00:26:03 >> It really is, Anna. It connects us to
00:26:03 --> 00:26:06 the cosmos in a very tangible way. We're
00:26:06 --> 00:26:09 not just made of stardust in an abstract
00:26:09 --> 00:26:12 sense. The actual molecular machinery of
00:26:12 --> 00:26:14 life may have origins that predate Earth
00:26:14 --> 00:26:16 itself.
00:26:16 --> 00:26:18 >> What a perfect note to end today's
00:26:18 --> 00:26:20 episode on. A reminder that we're part
00:26:20 --> 00:26:22 of a universewide chemistry experiment
00:26:22 --> 00:26:24 that's been running for billions of
00:26:24 --> 00:26:25 years.
00:26:25 --> 00:26:27 >> Well, that wraps up another day of space
00:26:27 --> 00:26:29 and astronomy news. From NASA's Aremis
00:26:29 --> 00:26:32 preparations to the discovery of life's
00:26:32 --> 00:26:33 building blocks floating between the
00:26:33 --> 00:26:36 stars, the universe continues to amaze
00:26:36 --> 00:26:38 and inspire.
00:26:38 --> 00:26:40 >> It really does. Thanks so much for
00:26:40 --> 00:26:42 joining us today, everyone. Remember,
00:26:42 --> 00:26:44 you can find us at astronomyaily.io
00:26:44 --> 00:26:46 for full episode transcripts and
00:26:46 --> 00:26:47 additional content.
00:26:47 --> 00:26:49 >> And don't forget to follow us on social
00:26:49 --> 00:26:52 media at astroaily pod for daily updates
00:26:52 --> 00:26:55 and space news throughout the week.
00:26:55 --> 00:26:58 >> Until next time, keep looking up. Clear
00:26:58 --> 00:27:03 skies everyone. Astronomy [music] day.
00:27:03 --> 00:27:10 Stories be told.
00:27:10 --> 00:27:19 Stories [music] told.
00:27:19 --> 00:27:21 [music]