SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 27
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Asteroid 2024 YR4 Impact Risk Reduced, Insights into Mars' Core, and NASA's Lunar Mission Update
In this episode of SpaceTime, we bring you encouraging news about asteroid 2024 YR4, with new observations indicating that the chances of it impacting Earth have plummeted to just 0.001%. Initially flagged as a potential threat, this asteroid has been closely monitored, and the latest data from the Very Large Telescope has allowed astronomers to refine its orbit and rule out any collision risk for 2032.
Exploring the Martian Core
We also delve into a fascinating new study regarding the composition of Mars' core. Research suggests that while it may contain a liquid outer core, there could also be a solid inner core composed of iron and sulfur. This breakthrough could reshape our understanding of the Red Planet's geophysical properties and the role of lighter elements in its core.
NASA's Latest Lunar Mission
Additionally, we provide an update on NASA's latest lunar mission, which has successfully launched and is heading towards the Moon's south pole. The mission features the Intuitive Machines IM2 spacecraft, equipped with the Athena lunar lander and the Lunar Trailblazer orbiter, both designed to conduct groundbreaking research and resource utilization studies on the lunar surface.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 27 for broadcast on 3 March 2025
00:49 Update on asteroid 2024 YR4 impact probability
06:30 Importance of new observations from the Very Large Telescope
12:15 Insights into the Martian core composition
18:00 Research on solid inner core possibilities
22:45 Overview of NASA's lunar IM2 mission
27:00 Archaeological discovery of an ancient Egyptian pharaoh's tomb
30:15 Discussion on the cultural significance of the Skinwalker Ranch series
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com (https://www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com/)
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov (https://www.nasa.gov/)
Nature Communications
https://www.nature.com/ncomms (https://www.nature.com/ncomms)
Journal of Geophysical Research
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/21699356 (https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/21699356)
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-astronomy-science-news--2458531/support (https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-astronomy-science-news--2458531/support?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rss) .
00:00 New observations have all but completely ruled out asteroid 2024 yr, uh 4 hitting Earth
00:49 New observations all but rule out asteroid 2020 yr 4 hitting Earth in 2032
04:23 New research suggests the Martian core may be at least partially solid
09:06 NASA's latest commercial lunar Payload Services Initiative mission launches on SpaceX rocket
12:48 The Prime One suite includes the Trident drill and the MSOLO spectrometer
18:03 This would be the second lunar landing for intuitive machines
21:22 Ocean currents may be able to withstand future global warming, study finds
23:10 Archaeologists have uncovered the tomb of an ancient Egyptian pharaoh
24:31 The History Channel Secret of Skinwalker Ranch is an alleged reality series
Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/25866013?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 28 episode 27
00:00:03 --> 00:00:05 for broadcast on the 3rd of March
00:00:05 --> 00:00:08 2025 coming up on SpaceTime a bit of
00:00:08 --> 00:00:11 good news with new observations having
00:00:11 --> 00:00:13 all but completely ruled out any
00:00:13 --> 00:00:16 possibility of asteroid 2024 yr4 hitting
00:00:16 --> 00:00:19 the earth a new study looking at what
00:00:19 --> 00:00:21 the Martian core could be like and
00:00:21 --> 00:00:23 NASA's latest mission to the surface of
00:00:24 --> 00:00:27 the Moon now underway all that and more
00:00:27 --> 00:00:30 coming up on SpaceTime
00:00:30 --> 00:00:34 welcome to SpaceTime with steuart
00:00:34 --> 00:00:42 [Music]
00:00:48 --> 00:00:51 Gary and we start this week's show with
00:00:51 --> 00:00:53 a bit of good news with new observations
00:00:53 --> 00:00:55 having now all but ruled out any
00:00:55 --> 00:00:59 possibility of asteroid 2024 yr4 hitting
00:00:59 --> 00:01:01 the Earth the new calculations by a
00:01:01 --> 00:01:04 Global Network of telescopes including
00:01:04 --> 00:01:05 the European Southern observatory's very
00:01:06 --> 00:01:08 large telescope the VT now show the
00:01:08 --> 00:01:12 chances of an impact event at just
00:01:12 --> 00:01:14 0% the asteroid's been closely
00:01:14 --> 00:01:16 monitored ever since it was first
00:01:16 --> 00:01:18 detected back on December the 27th last
00:01:18 --> 00:01:20 year with early calculations of an Earth
00:01:21 --> 00:01:23 impact on December the 22nd 2032 getting
00:01:23 --> 00:01:25 as high as
00:01:25 --> 00:01:27 3.1% the asteroid which is estimated to
00:01:27 --> 00:01:30 be up to 90 M wide would have caused a
00:01:30 --> 00:01:32 massive kilometer wide impact crater had
00:01:32 --> 00:01:34 it collided with our planet and when you
00:01:34 --> 00:01:36 include the blast wave that would be big
00:01:36 --> 00:01:39 enough to wipe out an entire city
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 because of its size and the likelihood
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 of an impact the asteroid quickly Rose
00:01:43 --> 00:01:44 to the top of the European space
00:01:44 --> 00:01:46 agency's risk list a catalog of all
00:01:47 --> 00:01:48 space rocks with a Chance of hitting the
00:01:48 --> 00:01:52 Earth the very large telescope or VT was
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 used to observe 2024 wire for in mid
00:01:54 --> 00:01:57 January giving astronomers The crucial
00:01:57 --> 00:01:59 data they needed to more precisely
00:01:59 --> 00:02:02 calculate orbit combined with data from
00:02:02 --> 00:02:04 other observatories these new more
00:02:04 --> 00:02:06 precise measurements improved science's
00:02:06 --> 00:02:08 knowledge of the asteroids orbit which
00:02:08 --> 00:02:10 originally led to an impact probability
00:02:10 --> 00:02:12 exceeding 1% a key threshold to trigger
00:02:12 --> 00:02:15 disaster mitigation efforts more
00:02:15 --> 00:02:16 observations were triggered and the
00:02:16 --> 00:02:18 international asteroid warning Network
00:02:18 --> 00:02:20 issued a potential asteroid impact
00:02:20 --> 00:02:22 notification that alerted planetary
00:02:23 --> 00:02:24 defense groups including the space
00:02:24 --> 00:02:26 missions planning Advisory Group about
00:02:26 --> 00:02:29 the possibility of an impact with
00:02:29 --> 00:02:31 modable Tes Scopes around the world now
00:02:31 --> 00:02:33 observing the asteroid and astronomers
00:02:33 --> 00:02:35 modeling its orbit in ever finer detail
00:02:35 --> 00:02:37 the impact probability quickly Rose to
00:02:38 --> 00:02:41 3.1% on February the 18th the highest
00:02:41 --> 00:02:43 impact probability ever recorded for any
00:02:43 --> 00:02:46 asteroid more than 30 m in size of
00:02:46 --> 00:02:48 course as we predicted the rise and fall
00:02:48 --> 00:02:50 of the asteroids impact probability
00:02:50 --> 00:02:52 flows an expected and well understood
00:02:52 --> 00:02:55 pattern you see to know where an
00:02:55 --> 00:02:56 asteroid will be in the future
00:02:56 --> 00:02:58 astronomers need to extrapolate its
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 trajectory from a small bit of the orbit
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 they've already been able to measure and
00:03:02 --> 00:03:03 the amount of orbit they've been able to
00:03:03 --> 00:03:05 measure is determined by the amount of
00:03:05 --> 00:03:07 time they've had to observe it see
00:03:07 --> 00:03:09 because of the uncertainties the orbit
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 of the asteroid is sort of like a beam
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 from a flashlight it gets broader and
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 broader and fuzzier and fuzzier with
00:03:15 --> 00:03:17 distance but the longer you can observe
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 it the more detail you can accumulate
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 and so the better your projections will
00:03:21 --> 00:03:24 be in other words the beam become
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 sharper and narrower the new VT
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 observations together with data from
00:03:28 --> 00:03:29 other observatories have allowed
00:03:29 --> 00:03:31 astronomers to constrain the orbit
00:03:31 --> 00:03:33 enough to rule out an impact with the
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 Earth in
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 2032 the asteroids highly elongated
00:03:38 --> 00:03:39 orbit is now moving it further and
00:03:39 --> 00:03:41 further away from our part of the solar
00:03:41 --> 00:03:44 system it'll be back in 2028 when
00:03:44 --> 00:03:46 astronomers will get another chance to
00:03:46 --> 00:03:48 have a close-up inspection and maybe
00:03:48 --> 00:03:50 even launch a mission to study it more
00:03:50 --> 00:03:53 closely needless to say we'll keep you
00:03:53 --> 00:03:57 informed this SpaceTime still to come a
00:03:57 --> 00:03:59 new study looks at what the Martian core
00:03:59 --> 00:04:01 is likely to be made of and nessa's
00:04:01 --> 00:04:03 latest mission to the surface of the
00:04:03 --> 00:04:05 Moon now underway all that and more
00:04:05 --> 00:04:11 still to come on
00:04:11 --> 00:04:22 [Music]
00:04:22 --> 00:04:25 SpaceTime data from NASA's Mars Insight
00:04:25 --> 00:04:27 land emission suggest that the red
00:04:27 --> 00:04:29 planet has a liquid cor similar to the
00:04:29 --> 00:04:32 outer core but now new research is
00:04:32 --> 00:04:34 suggesting that the Martian core may be
00:04:34 --> 00:04:37 at least partially solid scientists know
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 the Maran core is lower in density than
00:04:39 --> 00:04:41 the Earth's core that suggests that it
00:04:42 --> 00:04:43 contains a lot of lighter elements such
00:04:44 --> 00:04:46 as sulfur so researchers from the
00:04:46 --> 00:04:48 University of beuth and the European
00:04:48 --> 00:04:50 synchotron subjected a blend of iron and
00:04:50 --> 00:04:53 sulfur to extreme conditions resembling
00:04:53 --> 00:04:56 the Deep interior of Mars they observe
00:04:56 --> 00:04:58 the formation of an iron sofa Crystal
00:04:58 --> 00:04:59 phase under high pressure and
00:04:59 --> 00:05:01 temperature bries and that raises the
00:05:01 --> 00:05:03 possibility that the red planet has a
00:05:03 --> 00:05:06 solid inner core a report in the journal
00:05:06 --> 00:05:08 Nature Communications found solid
00:05:08 --> 00:05:10 Crystal structures were forming from ion
00:05:10 --> 00:05:13 sulfide at temperatures below roughly
00:05:13 --> 00:05:15 1 Kelvin that's
00:05:15 --> 00:05:19 1 de C which is within the estimated
00:05:19 --> 00:05:21 temperature range of the Martian core
00:05:21 --> 00:05:23 the authors say that below this
00:05:23 --> 00:05:25 temperature crystals could form a solid
00:05:25 --> 00:05:27 inner core on the red planet although
00:05:27 --> 00:05:28 further measurements would be required
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 to confirm whether or not this is the
00:05:30 --> 00:05:34 case NASA's Insight Lander was a robotic
00:05:34 --> 00:05:35 Mission designed to study the Deep
00:05:36 --> 00:05:38 interior of Mars the mission launched on
00:05:38 --> 00:05:41 the 5th of May 2018 aboard an atlas 5401
00:05:41 --> 00:05:43 rocket from the Cape Canal space force
00:05:43 --> 00:05:45 station in Florida it successfully
00:05:46 --> 00:05:48 landed on the Elian penia of Mars on
00:05:48 --> 00:05:51 November the 26th Insight was active for
00:05:51 --> 00:05:54 4 years and 19 days until the increasing
00:05:54 --> 00:05:55 amount of marsh and dust covering its
00:05:55 --> 00:05:57 solar arrays finally brought the mission
00:05:57 --> 00:05:59 to an end with a loss of contact on
00:06:00 --> 00:06:01 December the 15th
00:06:01 --> 00:06:04 2022 during its operational life Insight
00:06:04 --> 00:06:07 returned Mar Quake data indicating the
00:06:07 --> 00:06:09 red planet had a molten core with a
00:06:09 --> 00:06:13 1 to 1 km radius accounting for
00:06:13 --> 00:06:16 over half Mars's total radius however
00:06:16 --> 00:06:18 there was insufficient data to establish
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 whether or not the inner core region was
00:06:20 --> 00:06:23 solid see many geoscientists have always
00:06:23 --> 00:06:25 assumed that an iron-rich heart of Mars
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 would simply be too hot to solidify
00:06:27 --> 00:06:29 that's partly because the marching caus
00:06:29 --> 00:06:31 richer in lighter elements compared to
00:06:31 --> 00:06:33 the Earth's one of those elements is
00:06:33 --> 00:06:35 likely to be sulfur and that's abundant
00:06:35 --> 00:06:37 in Martian rocks on the surface and it's
00:06:37 --> 00:06:39 also seen in meteorites and material
00:06:39 --> 00:06:42 that coales to form Mars the study's
00:06:42 --> 00:06:45 lead author Lan man from Germany's B
00:06:45 --> 00:06:47 geotechnical Institute says that since
00:06:47 --> 00:06:50 the 1990s scientists have known that an
00:06:50 --> 00:06:52 iron sulfide phase could theoretically
00:06:52 --> 00:06:54 crystallize under marh and core
00:06:54 --> 00:06:56 conditions but they didn't have the
00:06:56 --> 00:06:58 experimental techniques to identify the
00:06:58 --> 00:07:00 structure and stability
00:07:00 --> 00:07:02 but by using Diamond Anvil cells man and
00:07:02 --> 00:07:04 colleagues were able to subject ion
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 sulfide samples to the sorts of
00:07:06 --> 00:07:08 pressures estimated to exist at the
00:07:08 --> 00:07:11 Martian core simultaneously laser
00:07:11 --> 00:07:12 heating was able to establish high
00:07:12 --> 00:07:15 temperatures in the sample and single
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 Crystal defraction revealed the crystal
00:07:17 --> 00:07:20 structure density of this novel phase
00:07:20 --> 00:07:22 complimentary experiments then confirmed
00:07:22 --> 00:07:24 ion sulfide could crystalize from liquid
00:07:24 --> 00:07:27 when temperatures dropped below 1
00:07:27 --> 00:07:30 Kelvin plus or minus 105 kin
00:07:30 --> 00:07:31 and that falls well within the
00:07:31 --> 00:07:33 temperature range of geophysical models
00:07:33 --> 00:07:36 for the Martian core so if the Martian
00:07:36 --> 00:07:38 core is on the cooler side of
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 predictions then a solid core seems
00:07:40 --> 00:07:43 perfectly reasonable future experiments
00:07:43 --> 00:07:44 could explore more realistic iron
00:07:44 --> 00:07:46 softare mixtures incorporating other
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 Light Elements such as oxygen and
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 hydrogen and this work could also help
00:07:50 --> 00:07:52 solve another puzzle a suspected molten
00:07:52 --> 00:07:55 Zone at the base of the Martian mantle
00:07:55 --> 00:07:58 this 150 km thick layer was predicted by
00:07:58 --> 00:08:00 two independent analys IES from Insight
00:08:00 --> 00:08:03 seismic data if further evidence does
00:08:03 --> 00:08:05 support a solid Martian core then it
00:08:05 --> 00:08:07 would cast out on the existence of this
00:08:07 --> 00:08:09 molon Zone at the mantle base core
00:08:09 --> 00:08:11 region would simply be too cold to melt
00:08:11 --> 00:08:14 the overlying mantle material on the
00:08:14 --> 00:08:16 flip side if new evidence does support
00:08:16 --> 00:08:18 the existence of a matal melt Zone then
00:08:18 --> 00:08:20 it would spell bad news for the idea of
00:08:20 --> 00:08:22 a solid core the region would simply be
00:08:23 --> 00:08:25 too hot for now the question remains
00:08:26 --> 00:08:28 open with Insight seismic mission
00:08:28 --> 00:08:30 complete and no follow missions planned
00:08:30 --> 00:08:32 the answer May well lie with a deeper
00:08:32 --> 00:08:35 analysis of the existing data this is
00:08:35 --> 00:08:38 spacetime still to come NASA's latest
00:08:38 --> 00:08:40 mission to the surface of the Moon and
00:08:40 --> 00:08:41 later in the science report
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 archaeologists discover the tomb of an
00:08:43 --> 00:08:46 ancient Egyptian pharaoh the first such
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 Discovery since Tut hamon all that and
00:08:48 --> 00:09:03 more still to come on SpaceTime
00:09:03 --> 00:09:06 [Music]
00:09:06 --> 00:09:09 nessa's latest commercial Luna payload
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 Services initiative mission is now on
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 its way to the Luna South Pole the
00:09:13 --> 00:09:16 intuitive machines im2 spacecraft
00:09:16 --> 00:09:18 blasted off from launch complex 39a at
00:09:18 --> 00:09:20 the Kennedy Space Center in Florida
00:09:20 --> 00:09:23 aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket the
00:09:23 --> 00:09:24 mission includes the intuitive machines
00:09:24 --> 00:09:27 Athena Luna Lander and NASA's lunar
00:09:27 --> 00:09:29 Trailblazer Orbiter lunar TR Blazer
00:09:29 --> 00:09:32 separated from Athena 48 minutes after
00:09:32 --> 00:09:34 launch in order to undertake its own
00:09:34 --> 00:09:36 separate Journey To The Moon see
00:09:36 --> 00:09:38 Trailblazer is on a longer more
00:09:38 --> 00:09:41 securious indirect flight path it'll use
00:09:41 --> 00:09:43 a series of gravity assist flybys of the
00:09:43 --> 00:09:45 sun earth and moon over several months
00:09:45 --> 00:09:47 to gradually line up for a capture into
00:09:47 --> 00:09:50 low lunar orbit eventually flying just
00:09:50 --> 00:09:52 100 kilm above the lunar surface and
00:09:52 --> 00:09:55 undertaking some 12 orbits a day its
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 2-year primary Mission will search for
00:09:57 --> 00:10:00 and Map sites containing lunar surface
00:10:00 --> 00:10:02 water that's expected to be found in
00:10:02 --> 00:10:04 so-called coal traps permanently
00:10:04 --> 00:10:06 shadowed regions of polar crater floors
00:10:06 --> 00:10:09 areas where sunlight never reaches troll
00:10:09 --> 00:10:10 Blazer is equipped with a high
00:10:10 --> 00:10:12 resolution volatiles and minerals Moon
00:10:12 --> 00:10:15 mapper infrared spectrometer and Al Luna
00:10:15 --> 00:10:17 thermal mappa infrared multispectral
00:10:17 --> 00:10:20 imager meanwhile Athena's Target is the
00:10:20 --> 00:10:23 mons Mutan Plateau at the Moon South
00:10:23 --> 00:10:25 Pole from launch to Landing will take
00:10:26 --> 00:10:28 about 8 Days the mission will provide
00:10:28 --> 00:10:30 one of the first on site demonstrations
00:10:30 --> 00:10:32 of resource use packages to be used on
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 the moon the equipment includes a drill
00:10:34 --> 00:10:36 and mass speec trumeter designed to
00:10:36 --> 00:10:38 measure volatiles or gases in the lunar
00:10:38 --> 00:10:41 soil also aboard is a passive laser retr
00:10:41 --> 00:10:43 reflector array it'll bounce the laser
00:10:43 --> 00:10:45 light back to any orbiting or incoming
00:10:45 --> 00:10:47 spacecraft providing a unique permanent
00:10:47 --> 00:10:50 reference point on the lunar surface the
00:10:50 --> 00:10:52 land is also equipped with a new 4G
00:10:52 --> 00:10:54 cellular phone communication system an
00:10:54 --> 00:10:57 experimental hardened computer and a
00:10:57 --> 00:10:59 small mobile drone called Grace that's
00:10:59 --> 00:11:01 designed to literally hop across the
00:11:01 --> 00:11:03 lunar surface this technology
00:11:03 --> 00:11:05 demonstration package is designed to
00:11:05 --> 00:11:07 test equipment and improve science's
00:11:07 --> 00:11:09 understanding of the lunar environment
00:11:09 --> 00:11:10 in order to help prepare for future
00:11:10 --> 00:11:12 Artemus man missions to the lunar
00:11:12 --> 00:11:14 surface which are all part of NASA's
00:11:14 --> 00:11:17 Moon to Mars program the inuitive
00:11:17 --> 00:11:19 machines im2 Mission follows on from
00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 last year's unsuccessful im1 Mission
00:11:21 --> 00:11:23 which wound up undertaking what they
00:11:23 --> 00:11:25 call a hard landing on the lunar surface
00:11:25 --> 00:11:26 in other words it basically hit the
00:11:27 --> 00:11:28 ground so hard it buckled and tipped
00:11:28 --> 00:11:31 over out side ending the mission early
00:11:31 --> 00:11:33 mission managers are hoping for this
00:11:33 --> 00:11:35 follow-up Mission progress somewhat more
00:11:35 --> 00:11:38 smoothly this report from NASA TV there
00:11:38 --> 00:11:41 are more than a dozen NASA and
00:11:41 --> 00:11:42 Commercial instruments headed to the
00:11:42 --> 00:11:43 moon and we're going to walk you through
00:11:43 --> 00:11:45 them Josh tell us a little bit about
00:11:45 --> 00:11:47 your spacecraft including her solar
00:11:47 --> 00:11:50 panels she's just over 14 ft tall with
00:11:50 --> 00:11:52 the landing gear she's just shy of 15 ft
00:11:52 --> 00:11:54 wide that's about the length of a
00:11:54 --> 00:11:56 standard car parking spot the lunar
00:11:56 --> 00:11:59 lander weighs nearly 1 PBS and is
00:11:59 --> 00:12:02 capable of delivering about 220 pounds
00:12:02 --> 00:12:04 of payload to the lunar surface can you
00:12:04 --> 00:12:06 walk us through some of those payloads
00:12:06 --> 00:12:08 on on Athena absolutely let's take a
00:12:08 --> 00:12:09 look at some commercial ones we have
00:12:09 --> 00:12:12 lunar Outpost map Rover we have noia you
00:12:12 --> 00:12:14 have Lone Star data Holdings data center
00:12:14 --> 00:12:16 all these commercial payloads that
00:12:16 --> 00:12:18 you've been pointing out they're all on
00:12:18 --> 00:12:20 the outside of the Lander because as I
00:12:20 --> 00:12:22 understand Athena's fuel tanks are on
00:12:22 --> 00:12:23 the inside of the core structure you got
00:12:23 --> 00:12:25 it right that's liquid methane and
00:12:25 --> 00:12:28 liquid oxygen tanks inside of the Lander
00:12:28 --> 00:12:30 what that requires is extremely cold
00:12:30 --> 00:12:32 fuel to be loaded inside of the vehicle
00:12:32 --> 00:12:34 that fueling process started about 3
00:12:34 --> 00:12:37 hours before launch and fueling stops
00:12:37 --> 00:12:38 just before lift off there are more than
00:12:38 --> 00:12:41 a dozen instruments on board Athena and
00:12:41 --> 00:12:43 we're going to walk you through them to
00:12:43 --> 00:12:44 show you how they'll inform on how
00:12:44 --> 00:12:46 astronauts live and work on the lunar
00:12:46 --> 00:12:49 surface in the future so let's jump
00:12:49 --> 00:12:51 right into the NASA technology
00:12:51 --> 00:12:53 demonstrations we have the prime one
00:12:53 --> 00:12:55 Suite which stands for Polar resources
00:12:55 --> 00:12:58 ice mining experiment it consists of two
00:12:58 --> 00:13:00 instruments the Trident drill and a mass
00:13:00 --> 00:13:03 spectrometer called IM solo and joining
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 us now live to discuss these two tools
00:13:05 --> 00:13:08 is Dr Jackie Quinn prime one project
00:13:08 --> 00:13:10 manager with NASA the Trident drill can
00:13:11 --> 00:13:13 you walk us through how this works it's
00:13:13 --> 00:13:15 uh actually was designed and built by um
00:13:15 --> 00:13:17 honeybee robotics it's a percussive
00:13:17 --> 00:13:19 auguring drill and it has the ability to
00:13:20 --> 00:13:21 sample down to a meter depth so that's a
00:13:22 --> 00:13:24 little over 3 feet and the way it works
00:13:24 --> 00:13:26 is it goes down in about 4 in sections
00:13:26 --> 00:13:29 it'll go down 4 in it'll collect the um
00:13:29 --> 00:13:32 lunar regolith on the the flutes of the
00:13:32 --> 00:13:33 drill it'll bring it to the surface
00:13:33 --> 00:13:34 deposit on the surface and then it goes
00:13:35 --> 00:13:36 down again another four inches and
00:13:36 --> 00:13:38 deposit so do that sequentially until it
00:13:38 --> 00:13:40 reaches its terminal depth one of the
00:13:40 --> 00:13:42 very uh cool things about the Trident
00:13:42 --> 00:13:44 drill is it has a temperature sensor in
00:13:44 --> 00:13:45 the very tip of the drill so as we're
00:13:46 --> 00:13:47 going down we're going to stop and take
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 uh temperature measurements uh at
00:13:49 --> 00:13:52 different depths along the way M solo is
00:13:52 --> 00:13:53 a commercially available Mass
00:13:53 --> 00:13:56 spectrometer built by infocon which the
00:13:56 --> 00:13:57 engineers and scientists here at the
00:13:57 --> 00:14:00 Kennedy Space Center of ruged for um use
00:14:00 --> 00:14:03 in the harsh environment of space so the
00:14:03 --> 00:14:06 molo Works in tandem with Trident when
00:14:06 --> 00:14:07 Trident brings up the soil and deposits
00:14:07 --> 00:14:10 it on the surface the activity of
00:14:10 --> 00:14:12 depositing it um gives enough energy
00:14:12 --> 00:14:15 that the Frozen gas molecules are
00:14:15 --> 00:14:17 sitting or residing on the grains of the
00:14:17 --> 00:14:20 soil actually sublimate into the vacuum
00:14:20 --> 00:14:22 of space and when that happens the mass
00:14:22 --> 00:14:25 spectrometer M solo is able to analyze
00:14:25 --> 00:14:27 the molecules and tell us which specific
00:14:27 --> 00:14:30 gases we're seeing and um what quantity
00:14:30 --> 00:14:33 is there and so Jackie real quick can
00:14:33 --> 00:14:35 you give us the big picture you know
00:14:35 --> 00:14:37 what does prime one what does a prime
00:14:37 --> 00:14:40 one Suite contribute to the overall goal
00:14:40 --> 00:14:43 of long-term human Presence at the Moon
00:14:43 --> 00:14:45 Yeah so so right now I I would say we're
00:14:45 --> 00:14:48 we're fairly tethered uh to Earth as
00:14:48 --> 00:14:50 human explorers and we want to be able
00:14:50 --> 00:14:53 to have a sustained presence on on the
00:14:53 --> 00:14:55 moon on Mars on any Celestial body and
00:14:55 --> 00:14:57 in order to do that we need to be able
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 to live off the land so if we look
00:14:59 --> 00:15:02 historically at explorers say Lewis and
00:15:02 --> 00:15:05 Clark that went from U Missouri to the
00:15:05 --> 00:15:07 Pacific they did they were able to do it
00:15:07 --> 00:15:09 because they lived off the land they
00:15:09 --> 00:15:11 gathered food and vegetables they hunted
00:15:11 --> 00:15:13 they drank water well we as explorers of
00:15:13 --> 00:15:15 space need to be able to live off the
00:15:15 --> 00:15:17 land as well and the way to do that is
00:15:17 --> 00:15:18 to be able to get the water if it's if
00:15:19 --> 00:15:21 it's there and be able to um harness it
00:15:21 --> 00:15:24 for creating Fuel and oxygen and that's
00:15:24 --> 00:15:25 what prime one will do is to give us
00:15:25 --> 00:15:28 those first key engineering um uh
00:15:28 --> 00:15:30 components to allow us to design future
00:15:30 --> 00:15:34 systems now also aboard Athena is the
00:15:34 --> 00:15:37 laser retro reflector array or L it's a
00:15:38 --> 00:15:40 collection of reflectors you can also
00:15:40 --> 00:15:41 think of them as mirrors that are
00:15:41 --> 00:15:44 designed to use reflected light from an
00:15:44 --> 00:15:46 orbiting spacecraft laser to help locate
00:15:46 --> 00:15:48 Landers better on the lunar surface to
00:15:48 --> 00:15:50 hear of this technology requires no
00:15:50 --> 00:15:52 power to work and has been used since
00:15:52 --> 00:15:54 the Apollo era Josh one thing that I
00:15:54 --> 00:15:56 think is super cool is that it's
00:15:56 --> 00:15:58 controlled from your mission control and
00:15:58 --> 00:16:00 it is a super unique setup Nova control
00:16:00 --> 00:16:03 this is the nerve center of our entire
00:16:03 --> 00:16:05 program at intuitive machines we have
00:16:05 --> 00:16:07 three primary flight controller teams
00:16:07 --> 00:16:11 working 247 to monitor command and
00:16:11 --> 00:16:13 control our lunar lander during its
00:16:13 --> 00:16:15 Journey To The Moon and Athena's mission
00:16:15 --> 00:16:17 on the lunar surface here's a closer
00:16:17 --> 00:16:19 look at how Athena May accomplish her
00:16:19 --> 00:16:22 Mission Athena's mission may provide the
00:16:22 --> 00:16:25 wisdom required to Define how will
00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 Humanity live and work on the moon these
00:16:27 --> 00:16:30 kind of questions where we go from being
00:16:30 --> 00:16:33 observers of the Moon to builders on the
00:16:33 --> 00:16:34 moon this is the first step to begin to
00:16:35 --> 00:16:36 answer those kinds of questions her
00:16:36 --> 00:16:38 route to unlocking the moon's Secrets
00:16:38 --> 00:16:41 follows the same path as an old friend
00:16:41 --> 00:16:45 Odus lunar lander separation
00:16:45 --> 00:16:48 confirmed Small Engine firings refine
00:16:48 --> 00:16:50 Athena's trajectory before approaching
00:16:50 --> 00:16:51 lunar orbit we have to do what's called
00:16:51 --> 00:16:54 a lunar orbit insertion it's about a 900
00:16:54 --> 00:16:58 M pers second maneuver it's a big burn
00:16:58 --> 00:17:01 in orbit Athena checks on her payloads
00:17:01 --> 00:17:03 including lone star's Data Center and
00:17:03 --> 00:17:06 manages extreme heat in the light and
00:17:06 --> 00:17:09 frigid cold in darkness we're just going
00:17:09 --> 00:17:11 in orbit doing the things you do with
00:17:11 --> 00:17:13 satellites this will be very similar to
00:17:13 --> 00:17:15 what we do with our orbit and Comm relay
00:17:15 --> 00:17:17 satellites starting with in3 a short
00:17:17 --> 00:17:20 engine firing sends Athena into a lower
00:17:20 --> 00:17:23 orbit to prepare for one final 6 100
00:17:23 --> 00:17:25 second burn maneuver to the surface and
00:17:25 --> 00:17:28 uh it's a nice ride the the engine
00:17:28 --> 00:17:30 provid provides a a steady level of
00:17:30 --> 00:17:32 thrust that does pick up a little bit as
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 we deplete fuel but we control it once
00:17:34 --> 00:17:36 you're there you want to expand from
00:17:37 --> 00:17:38 that landing spot and go and look at
00:17:38 --> 00:17:40 different things for approximately 10
00:17:40 --> 00:17:42 days Athena is designed to support
00:17:42 --> 00:17:44 NASA's Prime 1 drill Suite deployer
00:17:44 --> 00:17:47 Rover send a rocket fuel drone into a
00:17:47 --> 00:17:50 crater and connect those spacecraft
00:17:50 --> 00:17:53 using Nokia's 4G LTE lunar surface
00:17:53 --> 00:17:55 Communications system in addition to
00:17:55 --> 00:17:57 Athena intuitive machines in NASA
00:17:57 --> 00:18:00 developed a first of its kind technology
00:18:00 --> 00:18:03 called the micronova hopper for im2
00:18:03 --> 00:18:05 we're joined Now by Trent Martin the
00:18:05 --> 00:18:07 senior vice president of Space Systems
00:18:07 --> 00:18:09 at intuitive machines to talk about the
00:18:09 --> 00:18:10 hopper you'll call the micronova the
00:18:11 --> 00:18:14 Grace Hopper we do we need uh Nar agall
00:18:14 --> 00:18:15 our program project manager for the
00:18:15 --> 00:18:18 hopper uh named it after Grace Hopper
00:18:18 --> 00:18:20 who was a Pioneer in uh in software
00:18:20 --> 00:18:22 programming Hopper had big support from
00:18:22 --> 00:18:24 NASA's space technology Mission
00:18:24 --> 00:18:25 directorate through what we call a
00:18:25 --> 00:18:28 Tipping Point award can you explain why
00:18:28 --> 00:18:30 that is you know what is it about Grace
00:18:30 --> 00:18:33 that has everybody so excited yeah so we
00:18:33 --> 00:18:34 had decided that we were looking for a
00:18:34 --> 00:18:36 technology that could be utilized to go
00:18:36 --> 00:18:38 to extreme locations on the moon in
00:18:38 --> 00:18:40 particular places that Rovers couldn't
00:18:40 --> 00:18:42 go we had settled on the hopper and we
00:18:42 --> 00:18:44 started working on the hopper through a
00:18:44 --> 00:18:45 a partnership with NASA through the
00:18:45 --> 00:18:47 Tipping Point uh opportunity we're able
00:18:47 --> 00:18:49 to fund that fly it to the moon and
00:18:49 --> 00:18:51 prove out this technology prove that we
00:18:51 --> 00:18:53 can go down into pits or down into
00:18:53 --> 00:18:55 permanently shadowed regions or even
00:18:55 --> 00:18:59 into uh lava tubes on the moon wow and
00:18:59 --> 00:19:02 once she's in a pit or a lava tube or a
00:19:02 --> 00:19:03 crater what payloads do you have on
00:19:04 --> 00:19:05 board conducting the science that you
00:19:05 --> 00:19:07 expect to get back there yeah so this
00:19:07 --> 00:19:09 first mission we didn't intend to have
00:19:09 --> 00:19:11 any uh payloads on this but we actually
00:19:11 --> 00:19:13 have three so we have a camera system so
00:19:13 --> 00:19:15 we can look down see what's underneath
00:19:15 --> 00:19:16 um through a partnership with the German
00:19:16 --> 00:19:18 space agency we added a temperature
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 sensor a pyrometer onto this onto the
00:19:20 --> 00:19:22 foot of the hopper so that we can sense
00:19:22 --> 00:19:23 the temperature down inside of a a
00:19:23 --> 00:19:25 permanently shadowed region and then
00:19:25 --> 00:19:26 working with a company out of Hungary
00:19:26 --> 00:19:28 called pulley space we put a new a
00:19:28 --> 00:19:30 Neutron spectrometer on board so we can
00:19:30 --> 00:19:32 actually tell if there's water down
00:19:32 --> 00:19:34 inside of a PSR you talk about Hopper
00:19:34 --> 00:19:36 going inside these craters these Lava
00:19:36 --> 00:19:38 Tubes does she have to hop back out to
00:19:38 --> 00:19:40 transmit the data or can she do it from
00:19:40 --> 00:19:43 right inside there AB well we believe
00:19:43 --> 00:19:44 that she's going to have to hop back out
00:19:44 --> 00:19:46 however uh we partnering with Nokia
00:19:46 --> 00:19:48 we've actually put a Nokia antenna on
00:19:48 --> 00:19:51 top of Hopper and based on the the
00:19:51 --> 00:19:52 analysis that Nokia has done we we
00:19:52 --> 00:19:53 believe that we will be able to
00:19:53 --> 00:19:55 communicate outside of that PSR that
00:19:55 --> 00:19:57 we're flying into uh just by bouncing
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 the signals off of off the walls of the
00:19:59 --> 00:20:01 crater uh but we'll find out that's part
00:20:01 --> 00:20:03 of that's part of the experiment how far
00:20:03 --> 00:20:05 away is that crater and how many hops do
00:20:05 --> 00:20:06 you think it'll take to get there so
00:20:06 --> 00:20:07 we're going to take five Hops uh once we
00:20:08 --> 00:20:09 get to the surface one to get us off of
00:20:09 --> 00:20:12 the Lander and then uh several different
00:20:12 --> 00:20:14 hops to prove that we can fly U
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 parabolically we can fly a steady level
00:20:16 --> 00:20:18 flight we can fly down into the PSR and
00:20:18 --> 00:20:20 then wait a period of time and then fly
00:20:20 --> 00:20:22 back out of the PSR will'll be several
00:20:22 --> 00:20:25 hundred K excuse me 700 meters away from
00:20:25 --> 00:20:26 the the Lander by the time we're
00:20:26 --> 00:20:29 finished Josh if all goes as planned
00:20:29 --> 00:20:31 this would be the second lunar Landing
00:20:31 --> 00:20:33 for intuitive machines I mean that has
00:20:33 --> 00:20:35 to feel good it it does it does and and
00:20:35 --> 00:20:37 just last year we became the first
00:20:37 --> 00:20:39 commercial company to land and operate
00:20:39 --> 00:20:41 on the surface of the Moon despite of
00:20:41 --> 00:20:44 harder than expected Landing caused by a
00:20:44 --> 00:20:46 laser altimeter mishap now so what did
00:20:46 --> 00:20:49 your team do to assess im1 and really
00:20:49 --> 00:20:51 make modifications for this second
00:20:51 --> 00:20:53 mission with Athena right after im1 the
00:20:53 --> 00:20:55 entire team met and reviewed every
00:20:55 --> 00:20:57 minute of the mission what went right
00:20:57 --> 00:20:59 what went wrong and identified a few
00:20:59 --> 00:21:02 improvements for Athena namely we've
00:21:02 --> 00:21:04 taken extra steps in testing to ensure
00:21:04 --> 00:21:07 Athena's laser altimeter is rock and
00:21:07 --> 00:21:09 roll ready to go too and in that report
00:21:09 --> 00:21:11 from NASA TV we heard from nessa's
00:21:11 --> 00:21:13 Tahira Allen intuitive machines
00:21:13 --> 00:21:15 Communications manager Josh Marshall
00:21:15 --> 00:21:18 nessa's prime one project manager Jackie
00:21:18 --> 00:21:20 Quinn and intuitive machine System
00:21:20 --> 00:21:32 Manager Trent Martin this is spacetime
00:21:32 --> 00:21:39 [Music]
00:21:39 --> 00:21:40 and time now to take a brief look at
00:21:40 --> 00:21:42 some of the other stories making use in
00:21:42 --> 00:21:45 science this week with a science report
00:21:45 --> 00:21:47 a new study claims the ocean currents
00:21:47 --> 00:21:48 that make up the Atlantic's water
00:21:48 --> 00:21:51 circulation system known as the Atlantic
00:21:51 --> 00:21:53 meridional overturning circulation may
00:21:53 --> 00:21:55 be able to withstand future global
00:21:55 --> 00:21:58 warming and could even avoid collapse
00:21:58 --> 00:22:00 the Atlantic meridianal overturning
00:22:00 --> 00:22:03 circulation system is a key ocean
00:22:03 --> 00:22:05 current with a major role in regulating
00:22:05 --> 00:22:07 temperatures right around the planet the
00:22:07 --> 00:22:09 findings reported in the journal Nature
00:22:09 --> 00:22:12 use 34 models from the ipcc to assess
00:22:12 --> 00:22:14 the Atlantic meridianal overturning
00:22:14 --> 00:22:17 circulation response to extreme changes
00:22:17 --> 00:22:19 in greenhouse gas concentrations and
00:22:19 --> 00:22:22 North Atlantic freshwater levels under
00:22:22 --> 00:22:23 these conditions the authors found the
00:22:23 --> 00:22:25 current to be resilient to climate
00:22:25 --> 00:22:28 change and did not collapse the findings
00:22:28 --> 00:22:29 in indicate that although it's likely
00:22:29 --> 00:22:31 the circulation will weaken under global
00:22:31 --> 00:22:34 warming scenarios other ocean processes
00:22:34 --> 00:22:37 could end up preventing its
00:22:37 --> 00:22:39 collapse scientists have found evidence
00:22:39 --> 00:22:41 for what's thought to be the earliest
00:22:41 --> 00:22:43 known community of humans living in an
00:22:43 --> 00:22:46 African rainforest the researchers found
00:22:46 --> 00:22:48 signs of human occupation including
00:22:48 --> 00:22:50 stone tools at a site in modern-day
00:22:50 --> 00:22:52 western Africa a report in the journal
00:22:52 --> 00:22:55 Nature claims the site dates back some
00:22:55 --> 00:22:57 150 years that's long before any
00:22:57 --> 00:22:59 other known rainforest dwelling humans
00:22:59 --> 00:23:02 around the world this could mean that
00:23:02 --> 00:23:04 the wet tropical forests of Africa
00:23:04 --> 00:23:06 during early homid migration were far
00:23:06 --> 00:23:09 more habitable than previously
00:23:09 --> 00:23:11 thought archaeologists have uncovered
00:23:11 --> 00:23:14 the tomb of an ancient Egyptian pharaoh
00:23:14 --> 00:23:16 the first since the discovery of Tuton
00:23:16 --> 00:23:17 hamun back in
00:23:17 --> 00:23:20 1922 the remarkable discovery of the
00:23:20 --> 00:23:22 tune of T mosis II the last missing
00:23:22 --> 00:23:24 Royal Tomb of the 18th dynasty was found
00:23:24 --> 00:23:26 in the western valleys of Egypt's theban
00:23:27 --> 00:23:29 Acropolis 3 km west of the Valley of the
00:23:29 --> 00:23:32 Kings at laaw however unlike toon
00:23:32 --> 00:23:35 hammon's pristine tomb tmis II's resting
00:23:35 --> 00:23:38 place was in poor condition due to
00:23:38 --> 00:23:40 flooding shortly after the pharaoh's
00:23:40 --> 00:23:42 death archaeological evidence suggest
00:23:42 --> 00:23:43 the contents were moved to a second tomb
00:23:44 --> 00:23:46 due to that flooding the burial chamber
00:23:46 --> 00:23:48 featured a wide staircase and large
00:23:48 --> 00:23:50 doorway indicating that it was the tomb
00:23:50 --> 00:23:52 of a pharaoh and it was decorated with
00:23:52 --> 00:23:54 scenes from a religious text reserved
00:23:54 --> 00:23:58 for the Kings T mosis II died 3,5 500
00:23:58 --> 00:24:01 years ago he's believed to have ruled
00:24:01 --> 00:24:05 from about 1483 to 1479 BCE and he
00:24:05 --> 00:24:08 fathered just one child to merus III
00:24:08 --> 00:24:10 among the objects recovered so far are
00:24:10 --> 00:24:12 fragments of alabaster jars used to
00:24:12 --> 00:24:15 store perfumes oils and ointments they
00:24:15 --> 00:24:17 were inscribed with a Pharaoh's name and
00:24:17 --> 00:24:19 inscriptions bearing the name of his
00:24:19 --> 00:24:21 wife Queen haat who wound up becoming
00:24:21 --> 00:24:24 one of Egypt's few female Pharos the
00:24:24 --> 00:24:26 tomb escaped Discovery until now because
00:24:26 --> 00:24:28 it was expected to be at the other end
00:24:28 --> 00:24:29 of the Mountain closer to the Valley of
00:24:29 --> 00:24:30 the
00:24:30 --> 00:24:33 Kings the History Channel secret of
00:24:33 --> 00:24:35 Skinwalker Ranch is an alleged reality
00:24:36 --> 00:24:37 series following a team of paranormal
00:24:37 --> 00:24:39 investigators anthropologists
00:24:39 --> 00:24:41 cryptozoologists and others who are
00:24:41 --> 00:24:43 exploring the mysterious paranormal
00:24:43 --> 00:24:47 secrets of a 500 acre Utah Ranch the
00:24:47 --> 00:24:49 series Heroes investigate everything
00:24:49 --> 00:24:51 from Monsters to cattle mutilations UFO
00:24:52 --> 00:24:53 sightings and of course the famous
00:24:53 --> 00:24:55 Navajo skin walker legend for which the
00:24:55 --> 00:24:58 ranch has been named and like so many
00:24:58 --> 00:25:00 shows along a similar vein there's very
00:25:00 --> 00:25:02 little scientific evidence to support
00:25:02 --> 00:25:04 any of the Fantastic claims the program
00:25:04 --> 00:25:07 makes even famed ufologists such as
00:25:07 --> 00:25:09 Barry Greenwood have expressed their
00:25:09 --> 00:25:11 doubts Tim menum from Australian skeptic
00:25:11 --> 00:25:13 says well there's little to support the
00:25:13 --> 00:25:15 supernatural claims made in the show it
00:25:15 --> 00:25:17 is great entertainment as long as you
00:25:17 --> 00:25:19 don't take it too seriously gim Walker R
00:25:19 --> 00:25:22 is an area that supposedly had a few
00:25:22 --> 00:25:23 UFOs sightings and that sort of thing on
00:25:23 --> 00:25:25 it and suddenly becomes the center of
00:25:25 --> 00:25:28 all these weird activities from UFOs to
00:25:28 --> 00:25:31 aliens to monsters to all sorts of
00:25:31 --> 00:25:33 psychic and paranormal phenomena all in
00:25:33 --> 00:25:35 this one place and it was taken over by
00:25:35 --> 00:25:38 a fellow in the mid 2000 who has
00:25:38 --> 00:25:40 obviously promoted this a lot there's TV
00:25:40 --> 00:25:42 shows all over the place promoting this
00:25:42 --> 00:25:45 skin walker Ranch and it's equally been
00:25:45 --> 00:25:46 debunked there's a lot of people have
00:25:46 --> 00:25:47 debunked and getting into the skin
00:25:47 --> 00:25:49 walker Ranch is not easy because they
00:25:49 --> 00:25:51 tend to select who goes in there to do
00:25:51 --> 00:25:52 their research but there's also of
00:25:52 --> 00:25:53 people you know I think American some
00:25:54 --> 00:25:55 American politicians have been there one
00:25:55 --> 00:25:57 even suggesting that he took a monster
00:25:57 --> 00:25:59 unbounce to him back to Washington or
00:25:59 --> 00:26:01 something that it was sort of embedded
00:26:01 --> 00:26:03 in his body or something was followed
00:26:03 --> 00:26:04 him something like that and there's a
00:26:04 --> 00:26:06 lot of people out there who will believe
00:26:06 --> 00:26:07 anything the people who go to Skid
00:26:07 --> 00:26:09 Walker Ranch tend to be people who want
00:26:09 --> 00:26:11 to be convinced or already are convinced
00:26:11 --> 00:26:13 anyway it's a self- selecting evidence
00:26:13 --> 00:26:15 people say all these things are out
00:26:15 --> 00:26:16 there there's things in the sky there's
00:26:16 --> 00:26:18 things on the ground there's all sorts
00:26:18 --> 00:26:20 of phenomena it's 500 Acres of hell of a
00:26:20 --> 00:26:23 lot of you UFOs and weird animals and
00:26:23 --> 00:26:25 strange things going on no serious
00:26:25 --> 00:26:27 person takes it seriously it's it's a
00:26:27 --> 00:26:29 nice publicity thing S TV shows and
00:26:29 --> 00:26:31 people like weird TV shows some people
00:26:31 --> 00:26:33 suggesting oh that's just for
00:26:33 --> 00:26:35 entertainment anyway one researcher a
00:26:35 --> 00:26:37 skeptical researcher who suggests that
00:26:37 --> 00:26:39 it's valuable as entertainment I'm not
00:26:39 --> 00:26:40 quite sure what that means next thing
00:26:40 --> 00:26:42 you'll be telling me the X-Files wasn't
00:26:42 --> 00:26:43 a documentary series I think skin walker
00:26:43 --> 00:26:45 Ranch I don't know actually featured in
00:26:45 --> 00:26:47 The X it should have done it's a funny
00:26:47 --> 00:26:48 place and yeah if people say It's
00:26:48 --> 00:26:50 Entertainment yeah so big deal if people
00:26:50 --> 00:26:52 start taking it seriously and and it
00:26:52 --> 00:26:54 endorses their beliefs generally and
00:26:54 --> 00:26:55 they start acting upon those beliefs
00:26:55 --> 00:26:57 then it's not just simple entertainment
00:26:57 --> 00:26:59 it becomes a problem and this is like a
00:26:59 --> 00:27:00 lot of these things might be a small
00:27:00 --> 00:27:01 problem it could end up being a big
00:27:01 --> 00:27:03 problem depending on the individual who
00:27:03 --> 00:27:05 believes it if you're a politician and
00:27:05 --> 00:27:06 you believe that you've taken a monster
00:27:06 --> 00:27:08 or a ghost or something back to
00:27:08 --> 00:27:09 Washington with you I would suggest that
00:27:09 --> 00:27:11 starts to be a problem and that's Tim
00:27:11 --> 00:27:15 mum from Australian Skeptics
00:27:15 --> 00:27:29 [Music]
00:27:29 --> 00:27:31 and that's the show for now SpaceTime is
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00:28:19 --> 00:28:23 Stewart gary.com for full details you've
00:28:23 --> 00:28:25 been listening to SpaceTime with Stuart
00:28:25 --> 00:28:27 Gary this has been another quality
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