00:00:00 --> 00:00:00 [Music]
00:00:00 --> 00:00:02 welcome to astronomy daily I'm Anna
00:00:02 --> 00:00:04 today we have an absolutely packed show
00:00:04 --> 00:00:06 with some fascinating stories from
00:00:06 --> 00:00:08 across the cosmos we'll be diving into
00:00:08 --> 00:00:10 new research about another potential
00:00:10 --> 00:00:12 asteroid impact that could cause an
00:00:12 --> 00:00:15 impact winter on Earth explore major
00:00:15 --> 00:00:17 changes happening at Russia's space
00:00:17 --> 00:00:19 agency and get you ready for an upcoming
00:00:19 --> 00:00:21 total lunar eclipse that you won't want
00:00:21 --> 00:00:24 to miss we'll also check in with NASA's
00:00:24 --> 00:00:26 perseverance Rover on Mars where it's
00:00:26 --> 00:00:28 just made an extraordinary Discovery and
00:00:28 --> 00:00:30 learn about a breakthrough in solar
00:00:30 --> 00:00:32 science that's finally solved a
00:00:32 --> 00:00:36 longstanding mystery about our sun plus
00:00:36 --> 00:00:38 we'll wrap up with a fun look back at
00:00:38 --> 00:00:40 one of space exploration most enduring
00:00:40 --> 00:00:43 Mysteries the case of the Moon golf
00:00:43 --> 00:00:45 balls stay with me as we explore these
00:00:45 --> 00:00:47 stories and more right here on astronomy
00:00:47 --> 00:00:50 daily a new study has sent ripples
00:00:50 --> 00:00:51 through the scientific Community with
00:00:51 --> 00:00:53 its detailed analysis of what might
00:00:53 --> 00:00:56 happen if the asteroid benu were to
00:00:56 --> 00:00:58 collide with Earth in the year
00:00:58 --> 00:01:01 2182 now now before anyone starts
00:01:01 --> 00:01:03 panicking it's important to note that
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 the chances of this impact are quite
00:01:05 --> 00:01:07 small about 1 and
00:01:07 --> 00:01:10 2 but the research gives us
00:01:10 --> 00:01:12 fascinating insights into how such an
00:01:12 --> 00:01:15 impact could affect our planet benu
00:01:15 --> 00:01:16 isn't exactly a giant as far as
00:01:16 --> 00:01:19 asteroids go it's about 3/10 of a mile
00:01:19 --> 00:01:22 across or around 500 M but don't let its
00:01:22 --> 00:01:25 relatively modest size fool you the
00:01:25 --> 00:01:27 computer simulations show that if this
00:01:27 --> 00:01:29 Rocky visitor were to strike Earth the
00:01:29 --> 00:01:31 consequence would be far-reaching and
00:01:31 --> 00:01:34 longlasting the immediate impact would
00:01:34 --> 00:01:36 create quite a show we're talking
00:01:36 --> 00:01:38 powerful shock waves earthquakes
00:01:38 --> 00:01:41 wildfires and thermal radiation but it's
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 what happens next that's particularly
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 interesting the Collision would throw an
00:01:45 --> 00:01:47 enormous amount of dust into our
00:01:47 --> 00:01:50 atmosphere somewhere between 100 and 400
00:01:50 --> 00:01:53 million tons this Cosmic dust cloud
00:01:53 --> 00:01:56 would hang around for 3 to four years
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 dramatically altering our climate and
00:01:58 --> 00:02:00 ecosystems
00:02:00 --> 00:02:01 the researchers found that Earth's
00:02:01 --> 00:02:03 average surface temperature could drop
00:02:03 --> 00:02:05 by about 7 degrees Fahrenheit or 4
00:02:05 --> 00:02:08 degrees C rainfall would decrease by
00:02:08 --> 00:02:11 roughly 15% and plant photosynthesis
00:02:11 --> 00:02:13 could drop by up to
00:02:13 --> 00:02:15 30% perhaps most concerning is that our
00:02:15 --> 00:02:17 protective ozone layer could be depleted
00:02:17 --> 00:02:18 by
00:02:18 --> 00:02:21 32% leaving us more exposed to harmful
00:02:21 --> 00:02:24 ultraviolet radiation interestingly
00:02:24 --> 00:02:26 while land-based plant life would
00:02:26 --> 00:02:29 struggle to recover for about 2 years
00:02:29 --> 00:02:30 ocean planked would bounce back within
00:02:30 --> 00:02:33 just 6 months in fact the iron rich dust
00:02:33 --> 00:02:35 falling into the oceans might even
00:02:35 --> 00:02:38 trigger unprecedented Blooms of diatoms
00:02:38 --> 00:02:40 a type of algae the good news is that
00:02:40 --> 00:02:42 NASA isn't taking any chances with
00:02:43 --> 00:02:45 potential asteroid threats they've
00:02:45 --> 00:02:47 already successfully tested a planetary
00:02:47 --> 00:02:49 defense system with the dart mission in
00:02:49 --> 00:02:52 2022 which showed we can actually change
00:02:52 --> 00:02:55 an asteroid's trajectory if needed it's
00:02:55 --> 00:02:56 exactly this kind of preparation and
00:02:56 --> 00:02:58 forward thinking that could help protect
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 us from future Cosmic
00:03:00 --> 00:03:03 threats next up let's go to today's news
00:03:03 --> 00:03:05 headlines the landscape of Russia's
00:03:05 --> 00:03:07 space program is experiencing a
00:03:07 --> 00:03:09 significant shakeup as the Kremlin has
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 dismissed Yuri borisov from his position
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 as head of roscosmos after less than
00:03:13 --> 00:03:16 three years in the role this change
00:03:16 --> 00:03:17 comes in the wake of Russia's first
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 attempted moon mission in nearly half a
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 century which unfortunately ended in
00:03:21 --> 00:03:24 Failure when the Luna 25 spacecraft
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 crashed into the lunar surface last
00:03:26 --> 00:03:29 August taking the helm at Ros Cosmos is
00:03:29 --> 00:03:31 Demetri bakanov who comes from his
00:03:31 --> 00:03:33 previous position as Deputy transport
00:03:33 --> 00:03:36 Minister while the Kremlin maintains
00:03:36 --> 00:03:38 this is simply a routine rotation to
00:03:38 --> 00:03:40 keep the corporation developing
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 dynamically the timing is particularly
00:03:42 --> 00:03:45 noteworthy given Russia's ambitious
00:03:45 --> 00:03:47 plans for the future of their space
00:03:47 --> 00:03:49 program despite the recent setback with
00:03:49 --> 00:03:52 Luna 25 Russia has been laying out bold
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 plans for the coming years they're
00:03:54 --> 00:03:56 preparing to launch their own orbital
00:03:56 --> 00:03:58 space station to replace their
00:03:58 --> 00:04:00 involvement with the international space
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 station the timeline for this new
00:04:02 --> 00:04:04 station is aggressive with the first two
00:04:04 --> 00:04:06 modules scheduled for launch in
00:04:06 --> 00:04:09 2027 this transition comes at a crucial
00:04:09 --> 00:04:12 moment for Russia's space Endeavors the
00:04:12 --> 00:04:14 country has historically been a Pioneer
00:04:14 --> 00:04:16 in space exploration from Yuri gagarin's
00:04:16 --> 00:04:18 historic first human space flight in
00:04:18 --> 00:04:20 1961 to their long-standing
00:04:20 --> 00:04:24 collaboration on the ISS however the
00:04:24 --> 00:04:25 geopolitical landscape has shifted
00:04:26 --> 00:04:28 dramatically particularly following the
00:04:28 --> 00:04:30 Ukraine conflict though Russia has
00:04:30 --> 00:04:32 maintained its space cooperation with
00:04:32 --> 00:04:34 the United States even as other
00:04:34 --> 00:04:37 relationships have become strained the
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 new station project represents more than
00:04:39 --> 00:04:42 just a replacement for the Aging ISS
00:04:42 --> 00:04:44 it's intended to be a platform for
00:04:44 --> 00:04:46 scientific economic and security related
00:04:46 --> 00:04:49 projects that Russia believes aren't
00:04:49 --> 00:04:51 possible within their current ISS
00:04:51 --> 00:04:53 segment as we look toward this new
00:04:53 --> 00:04:55 chapter in Russian space exploration the
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 pressure will be on banov to deliver on
00:04:57 --> 00:05:00 these ambitious goals while maintaining
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 position as a major player in space
00:05:02 --> 00:05:05 exploration mark your calendars space
00:05:05 --> 00:05:07 enthusiasts because we're in for a
00:05:07 --> 00:05:10 spectacular Celestial show on March 13th
00:05:10 --> 00:05:11 and 14th
00:05:11 --> 00:05:14 2025 a total lunar eclipse will Grace
00:05:14 --> 00:05:16 our skies turning our moon a stunning
00:05:16 --> 00:05:18 red orange color as it passes through
00:05:18 --> 00:05:21 Earth's Shadow during this mesmerizing
00:05:21 --> 00:05:24 event the sun earth and moon will align
00:05:24 --> 00:05:26 perfectly with our planet casting its
00:05:26 --> 00:05:28 shadow onto the lunar surface the entire
00:05:29 --> 00:05:31 moon will travel through Earth's umbra
00:05:31 --> 00:05:32 that's the darkest part of our planet's
00:05:32 --> 00:05:35 Shadow creating what many people call a
00:05:35 --> 00:05:37 Blood Moon due to its distinctive
00:05:37 --> 00:05:39 Crimson Hue now you might wonder why the
00:05:39 --> 00:05:41 moon appears red during an eclipse
00:05:41 --> 00:05:43 rather than simply going dark it's
00:05:43 --> 00:05:44 actually the same phenomenon that gives
00:05:44 --> 00:05:47 us our blue skies and red sunsets as
00:05:47 --> 00:05:49 sunlight passes through Earth's
00:05:49 --> 00:05:51 atmosphere blue light scatters away
00:05:51 --> 00:05:53 while red light travels more directly
00:05:53 --> 00:05:56 through the air during the eclipse
00:05:56 --> 00:05:57 sunlight gets filtered through a thick
00:05:57 --> 00:05:59 slice of Earth's atmosphere before
00:05:59 --> 00:06:01 reaching the moon essentially projecting
00:06:01 --> 00:06:04 all of Earth's sunrises and sunsets onto
00:06:04 --> 00:06:07 the lunar surface at once the best part
00:06:07 --> 00:06:09 about lunar eclipses is that you don't
00:06:09 --> 00:06:11 need any special equipment to enjoy them
00:06:11 --> 00:06:13 while binoculars or a telescope can
00:06:13 --> 00:06:15 enhance your view the spectacle is
00:06:15 --> 00:06:17 perfectly visible to the naked eye just
00:06:17 --> 00:06:19 find yourself a spot away from bright
00:06:19 --> 00:06:21 lights for the best viewing
00:06:21 --> 00:06:23 experience for those planning to catch
00:06:23 --> 00:06:25 this Celestial event there's even more
00:06:25 --> 00:06:28 to see in the sky that night look toward
00:06:28 --> 00:06:30 the Western Horizon and you'll spot
00:06:30 --> 00:06:32 Jupiter and
00:06:32 --> 00:06:34 Mars as the moon's brightness dims
00:06:34 --> 00:06:36 during the eclipse you'll have an
00:06:36 --> 00:06:38 exceptional opportunity to observe
00:06:38 --> 00:06:39 constellations that might otherwise be
00:06:39 --> 00:06:42 harder to spot the moon will begin its
00:06:42 --> 00:06:45 journey in the constellation Leo right
00:06:45 --> 00:06:47 under the Lion's hind paw before
00:06:47 --> 00:06:50 Crossing into Virgo this Eclipse will be
00:06:50 --> 00:06:52 visible from Earth's Western Hemisphere
00:06:52 --> 00:06:54 making it a prime viewing opportunity
00:06:54 --> 00:06:57 for many of our listeners remember these
00:06:57 --> 00:07:00 Cosmic ballets don't happen every day so
00:07:00 --> 00:07:02 don't miss this chance to witness one of
00:07:02 --> 00:07:04 Nature's most impressive
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 shows now exciting news from the red
00:07:06 --> 00:07:09 planet where NASA's perseverance Rover
00:07:09 --> 00:07:10 has just collected what scientists are
00:07:10 --> 00:07:13 calling a one-of aind treasure from an
00:07:13 --> 00:07:15 area known as Silver Mountain this 1.1
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 in rock sample might not look like much
00:07:17 --> 00:07:19 at first glance but it could provide
00:07:19 --> 00:07:21 unprecedented insights into Mars's
00:07:21 --> 00:07:23 ancient history what makes this sample
00:07:23 --> 00:07:26 so special is its location and
00:07:26 --> 00:07:28 composition the rocks in this area are
00:07:28 --> 00:07:29 believed to have been thrust rust up to
00:07:30 --> 00:07:32 the surface from deep within Mars after
00:07:32 --> 00:07:35 an ancient impact billions of years ago
00:07:35 --> 00:07:36 scientists think these rocks could be
00:07:36 --> 00:07:39 pieces of Mars early crust and might
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 even rank among the oldest rocks found
00:07:41 --> 00:07:43 anywhere in our solar system this is the
00:07:43 --> 00:07:45 first sample perseverance has collected
00:07:45 --> 00:07:49 from what geologists call the noan age a
00:07:49 --> 00:07:51 period roughly 4 billion years ago when
00:07:51 --> 00:07:53 Mars was regularly bombarded by
00:07:53 --> 00:07:55 asteroids and comets these impacts
00:07:55 --> 00:07:57 created many of the crater features we
00:07:57 --> 00:08:00 still see on the red planet today
00:08:00 --> 00:08:02 the sample's unique textures unlike
00:08:02 --> 00:08:03 anything the Rover has encountered
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 before have scientists particularly
00:08:06 --> 00:08:09 intrigued since its Landing in 2021 near
00:08:09 --> 00:08:11 jazero Crater perseverance has been
00:08:11 --> 00:08:13 methodically exploring and sampling the
00:08:13 --> 00:08:16 Martian landscape the Rover has already
00:08:16 --> 00:08:18 made several significant discoveries
00:08:18 --> 00:08:20 including rocks showing chemical
00:08:20 --> 00:08:22 evidence of past water interaction a
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 crucial finding since water is essential
00:08:24 --> 00:08:26 for Life as we know it while the
00:08:27 --> 00:08:28 scientific Community is eager to get
00:08:28 --> 00:08:31 their hands on this extraordinary sample
00:08:31 --> 00:08:33 there's still uncertainty about when
00:08:33 --> 00:08:35 these Martian rocks will make their way
00:08:35 --> 00:08:38 back to Earth NASA is currently
00:08:38 --> 00:08:40 reworking its Mars sample return program
00:08:40 --> 00:08:42 after cost projections Rose
00:08:42 --> 00:08:44 significantly the agency is now
00:08:44 --> 00:08:46 evaluating new proposals from industry
00:08:46 --> 00:08:49 and Academia with a decision on the path
00:08:49 --> 00:08:50 forward expected in
00:08:50 --> 00:08:53 2026 meanwhile China has announced plans
00:08:53 --> 00:08:56 for its own Mars sample return Mission
00:08:56 --> 00:08:58 aiming to launch in 2028 with samples
00:08:59 --> 00:09:01 potentially returning to Earth by
00:09:01 --> 00:09:04 2031 this adds an interesting element of
00:09:04 --> 00:09:05 competition to the race for bringing
00:09:05 --> 00:09:08 back the first pieces of the red
00:09:08 --> 00:09:11 planet in a groundbreaking discovery
00:09:11 --> 00:09:12 scientists have finally solved one of
00:09:12 --> 00:09:14 the sun's most persistent Mysteries
00:09:15 --> 00:09:17 using the solar Orbiter spacecraft the
00:09:17 --> 00:09:20 question of what drives the solar wind
00:09:20 --> 00:09:22 that constant stream of charged
00:09:22 --> 00:09:24 particles flowing from our Star has
00:09:24 --> 00:09:27 puzzled researchers for decades now we
00:09:27 --> 00:09:29 have our answer and it comes in the form
00:09:29 --> 00:09:31 of tiny hair-like Jets erupting from
00:09:31 --> 00:09:33 dark patches in the sun's
00:09:33 --> 00:09:35 atmosphere these fleeting bursts of
00:09:35 --> 00:09:38 energy captured an unprecedented detail
00:09:38 --> 00:09:40 by solar orbiters Advanced instruments
00:09:40 --> 00:09:42 last for about a minute each and launch
00:09:42 --> 00:09:44 charged particles into space at
00:09:44 --> 00:09:48 mindboggling speeds of around 224
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 mph what's particularly fascinating is
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 that these Jets appear to be responsible
00:09:53 --> 00:09:55 for both types of solar wind the fast
00:09:55 --> 00:09:58 and slow varieties something scientists
00:09:58 --> 00:10:01 didn't expect to find the discovery came
00:10:01 --> 00:10:03 during solar orbiters close approaches
00:10:03 --> 00:10:07 to the sun in late 2022 and early
00:10:07 --> 00:10:10 2023 by combining high resolution images
00:10:10 --> 00:10:11 with direct measurements of solar wind
00:10:11 --> 00:10:14 particles and magnetic fields
00:10:14 --> 00:10:17 researchers could for the first time
00:10:17 --> 00:10:19 directly connect these tiny Jets to the
00:10:19 --> 00:10:21 solar wind detected by their
00:10:21 --> 00:10:23 instruments these Jets appear in special
00:10:23 --> 00:10:26 regions called coronal holes dark
00:10:26 --> 00:10:27 patches in the sun's atmosphere where
00:10:27 --> 00:10:29 the magnetic field stretches out into
00:10:29 --> 00:10:30 space instead of looping back to the
00:10:30 --> 00:10:33 surface while scientists knew that fast
00:10:33 --> 00:10:35 solar wind came from these coronal holes
00:10:35 --> 00:10:38 the Revelation that slow solar wind also
00:10:38 --> 00:10:40 originates from the same Source came as
00:10:40 --> 00:10:42 a complete surprise this breakthrough
00:10:42 --> 00:10:44 has significant implications for our
00:10:44 --> 00:10:46 understanding of space weather and its
00:10:46 --> 00:10:48 effects on Earth the solar wind shapes
00:10:48 --> 00:10:50 our planet's magnetic environment and
00:10:50 --> 00:10:52 can impact everything from satellite
00:10:52 --> 00:10:55 operations to power grids by better
00:10:55 --> 00:10:57 understanding its Origins we might
00:10:57 --> 00:10:58 improve our ability to predict and
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 prepare for solar storms and other space
00:11:00 --> 00:11:03 weather events the discovery was only
00:11:03 --> 00:11:05 possible thanks to solar Orbiter unique
00:11:05 --> 00:11:07 combination of Imaging systems and
00:11:07 --> 00:11:08 partical detection instruments
00:11:08 --> 00:11:11 showcasing how modern technology is
00:11:11 --> 00:11:13 helping us unravel the sun's deepest
00:11:13 --> 00:11:15 Secrets scientists plan to gather more
00:11:16 --> 00:11:17 data during future close approaches to
00:11:17 --> 00:11:20 better understand exactly how these tiny
00:11:20 --> 00:11:23 Jets manag to launch the solar wind into
00:11:23 --> 00:11:26 space to wrap up today here's a
00:11:26 --> 00:11:28 light-hearted but fascinating story from
00:11:28 --> 00:11:30 the Apollo era that still puzzles space
00:11:30 --> 00:11:33 historians today when Alan Shepard
00:11:33 --> 00:11:35 became the first and so far only person
00:11:35 --> 00:11:37 to play golf on the moon during the
00:11:38 --> 00:11:40 Apollo 14 mission in 1971 he
00:11:40 --> 00:11:43 deliberately kept one detail secret the
00:11:43 --> 00:11:45 brand of golf balls he used for his
00:11:45 --> 00:11:48 famous lunar shots Shepard had gotten
00:11:48 --> 00:11:49 special permission from NASA for this
00:11:49 --> 00:11:52 unique lunar activity but with one
00:11:52 --> 00:11:54 important condition it couldn't be used
00:11:54 --> 00:11:57 for commercial purposes to prevent any
00:11:57 --> 00:11:58 company from capitalizing on this
00:11:58 --> 00:12:01 historic moment Shephard never revealed
00:12:01 --> 00:12:03 which brand of balls made it to the moon
00:12:03 --> 00:12:05 famously stating that he hadn't even
00:12:05 --> 00:12:08 told his wife over the years several
00:12:08 --> 00:12:10 competing claims have emerged about
00:12:10 --> 00:12:12 these lunar golf balls one story comes
00:12:12 --> 00:12:15 from Shepherd's Barber Carlos villagomez
00:12:15 --> 00:12:17 who received a signed Max flyball from
00:12:17 --> 00:12:20 the astronaut shortly after the mission
00:12:20 --> 00:12:22 then there's Jack Harden the golf pro
00:12:22 --> 00:12:24 who helped Shephard modify the famous
00:12:24 --> 00:12:26 six iron Club who claimed they were
00:12:26 --> 00:12:29 customized Spalding range balls even the
00:12:29 --> 00:12:31 daisy company has staked a claim
00:12:31 --> 00:12:33 pointing to a sign crew photo thanking
00:12:33 --> 00:12:36 them for their golf balls adding to the
00:12:36 --> 00:12:38 Intrigue Shephard himself mentioned that
00:12:38 --> 00:12:40 he personally paid for the two golf
00:12:40 --> 00:12:42 balls seemingly contradicting these
00:12:42 --> 00:12:45 gift-based origin stories while we might
00:12:45 --> 00:12:46 hope to solve this Mystery by examining
00:12:46 --> 00:12:48 the balls on the moon they've likely
00:12:48 --> 00:12:50 been damaged beyond recognition by
00:12:50 --> 00:12:52 Decades of extreme temperature swings
00:12:52 --> 00:12:55 and radiation exposure despite the
00:12:55 --> 00:12:57 uncertainty around the brand what we do
00:12:57 --> 00:12:59 know is that Shepherd's lunar golf shots
00:13:00 --> 00:13:01 didn't quite live up to his excited
00:13:01 --> 00:13:03 claim of the balls traveling miles and
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 miles and miles in the moon's low
00:13:05 --> 00:13:08 gravity later analysis of lunar
00:13:08 --> 00:13:09 photographs showed his best shot
00:13:09 --> 00:13:12 traveled about 40 yards still impressive
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 considering he was wearing a bulky space
00:13:14 --> 00:13:17 suit and could only swing
00:13:17 --> 00:13:19 one-handed well that brings us to the
00:13:19 --> 00:13:20 end of today's fascinating journey
00:13:20 --> 00:13:23 through space and astronomy news this is
00:13:23 --> 00:13:25 Anna and I've truly enjoyed sharing
00:13:25 --> 00:13:27 these incredible stories with you if
00:13:28 --> 00:13:29 you're hungry for more space news and
00:13:29 --> 00:13:31 want to stay up to dat with the latest
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 developments I've got some great ways
00:13:33 --> 00:13:35 for you to do just that head over to
00:13:35 --> 00:13:37 astronomy daily. where you'll find our
00:13:37 --> 00:13:39 constantly updating news feed covering
00:13:39 --> 00:13:41 all the latest space and astronomy
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00:13:59 --> 00:14:01 amazing space discoveries and if you're
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00:14:16 --> 00:14:18 explore the wonders of space together
00:14:18 --> 00:14:20 thanks for listening to astronomy daily
00:14:20 --> 00:14:22 I'm Anna reminding you to keep looking
00:14:22 --> 00:14:24 up and I'll see you next time as we
00:14:24 --> 00:14:29 continue our journey through the cosmos
00:14:29 --> 00:14:31 Stories We Told
00:14:31 --> 00:14:47 [Music]