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Cosmic Queries: The Birth of Our Sun, Future Discoveries, and Gas Giants
In this thought-provoking Q&A episode of Space Nuts , hosts Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson tackle an array of intriguing listener questions that span the cosmos. From the possibility of witnessing the birth of our sun to the future of astronomical discoveries, this episode is filled with insights that will leave you pondering the mysteries of the universe.
Episode Highlights:
- The Birth of Our Sun: Daryl from South Australia wonders if we could ever witness the birth of our sun through ancient light. Andrew and Fred explore the limitations of observing such distant events and the fascinating concept of light echoes that allow us to glimpse historical cosmic phenomena.
- Future Discoveries in Astronomy: Rennie from California asks what we might uncover in the next century regarding dark matter, dark energy, and the Big Bang. The hosts discuss the rapid advancements in technology and how they may lead to groundbreaking discoveries in our understanding of the universe.
- Gas Giants and Their Moons: Dave from New Jersey poses a hypothetical scenario about a super Jupiter with an Earth-sized moon. The discussion delves into tidal locking and the potential for life in the Goldilocks zone of such massive planets, revealing the complexities of planetary formation.
- Gas Giants and Supernovae: Cal from Swansea questions whether a gas giant could absorb debris from a supernova to become a star. The hosts clarify the dynamics of supernova explosions and the potential for rogue planets to host their own moons, igniting curiosity about the possibilities of life in the cosmos.
For more Space Nuts, including our continuously updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. (https://www.spacenutspodcast.com/) Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music Music, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.
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Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
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Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/30377506?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:02 Hello again. Thanks for joining us on a
00:00:02 --> 00:00:06 Q&A edition of Space Nuts. My name is
00:00:06 --> 00:00:08 Andrew Dunley. This is where we answer
00:00:08 --> 00:00:11 audience questions. And uh Daryl is
00:00:12 --> 00:00:14 asking uh could we witness the birth of
00:00:14 --> 00:00:16 our son?
00:00:16 --> 00:00:18 That's looking at old light, I suspect.
00:00:18 --> 00:00:21 Uh we also
00:00:21 --> 00:00:23 get a have a question from Renie who
00:00:23 --> 00:00:25 wants to know what we might solve over
00:00:25 --> 00:00:27 the next hundred years in astronomy and
00:00:27 --> 00:00:30 space science. Uh Dave is asking about a
00:00:30 --> 00:00:32 super Jupiter with a moon the size of
00:00:32 --> 00:00:35 Earth. It's a bit of a what if question
00:00:35 --> 00:00:38 and Cal is asking about whether or not a
00:00:38 --> 00:00:41 a gas giant could become a star. Fred
00:00:42 --> 00:00:43 will be answering all of those questions
00:00:43 --> 00:00:46 on this episode of Space Nuts.
00:00:46 --> 00:00:51 >> 15 seconds. Guidance is internal. 10 9
00:00:51 --> 00:00:53 Ignition sequence start.
00:00:53 --> 00:00:56 >> Space Nuts. 5 4 3 2
00:00:56 --> 00:00:59 >> 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1
00:00:59 --> 00:01:00 >> space notice.
00:01:00 --> 00:01:03 >> Astronauts report. It feels good.
00:01:03 --> 00:01:04 >> You'll also be answering the question as
00:01:04 --> 00:01:06 to why sometimes when you push a button,
00:01:06 --> 00:01:09 nothing happens. Hello, Fred.
00:01:09 --> 00:01:11 >> That's usually because you've pressed
00:01:11 --> 00:01:12 the wrong button.
00:01:12 --> 00:01:15 >> I pressed the right button, but it
00:01:15 --> 00:01:17 didn't do anything. So,
00:01:17 --> 00:01:19 >> they used to used to happen on the radio
00:01:19 --> 00:01:21 a lot.
00:01:21 --> 00:01:22 >> Press a button, nothing happens.
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 >> Yeah. Because and and you know what?
00:01:24 --> 00:01:27 It's a quirk of the digital age. When we
00:01:27 --> 00:01:29 worked in analog radio, a button was a
00:01:29 --> 00:01:30 button.
00:01:30 --> 00:01:30 >> Yeah.
00:01:30 --> 00:01:32 >> Until it broke.
00:01:32 --> 00:01:33 >> Yeah, that's right.
00:01:33 --> 00:01:35 >> But in the digital age, uh, you press
00:01:35 --> 00:01:37 the button and that goes, "No, no, I
00:01:37 --> 00:01:40 don't want to do that. No, sorry. Go
00:01:40 --> 00:01:42 find something else to push. Need a
00:01:42 --> 00:01:43 reboot."
00:01:43 --> 00:01:46 >> Yeah, indeed. How you been, Fred?
00:01:46 --> 00:01:49 >> Very well, thank you. Yes. um uh you
00:01:49 --> 00:01:51 know just relishing uh being back home
00:01:51 --> 00:01:53 and being back into the routine with
00:01:53 --> 00:01:55 Space Nuts uh twice a week.
00:01:55 --> 00:01:57 >> Yes, indeed. Although it's it's so close
00:01:57 --> 00:01:59 to the end of the year, we we're just
00:01:59 --> 00:02:02 about to go into summer recess or
00:02:02 --> 00:02:03 Christmas New Year recess, but we won't
00:02:04 --> 00:02:05 I don't think we'll take a heck of a
00:02:05 --> 00:02:07 long time off. We we'll work it out.
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 We've got to work it out.
00:02:09 --> 00:02:13 >> Uh now, I've got four text questions and
00:02:13 --> 00:02:16 um we we get a lot more text questions
00:02:16 --> 00:02:17 than we do audio. So, I thought we'd
00:02:17 --> 00:02:21 bump a few of these off politely. Uh, so
00:02:21 --> 00:02:23 let's get to our first one. Uh, good
00:02:23 --> 00:02:27 day, space nuts. When we look up um uh
00:02:27 --> 00:02:29 when we look up at our space, we're
00:02:29 --> 00:02:33 always looking back in time. So, when we
00:02:33 --> 00:02:35 look at Andromeda, the light was uh that
00:02:35 --> 00:02:37 we see is 2 to 2 and a half million
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 years old. Could we train our telescopes
00:02:39 --> 00:02:42 to see light from 4 and a half billion
00:02:42 --> 00:02:45 years ago and see our sun being born? My
00:02:45 --> 00:02:48 guess is no, but I love the idea of it.
00:02:48 --> 00:02:50 That comes from Daryl in South Australia
00:02:50 --> 00:02:53 who is a patron. Uh thank you Darl. Uh
00:02:53 --> 00:02:55 much appreciated. So um yeah, if you
00:02:55 --> 00:02:57 want to become a patron and jump on our
00:02:57 --> 00:02:59 website and get all the details, uh and
00:03:00 --> 00:03:01 and the platforms are Patreon or
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 Supercast or Sprea or Apple Podcast.
00:03:04 --> 00:03:07 They all do their own versions of uh
00:03:07 --> 00:03:09 patron services. So, uh, if, uh, you're
00:03:09 --> 00:03:12 interested in joining Daryl, uh, that
00:03:12 --> 00:03:14 would be greatly appreciated, but it's
00:03:14 --> 00:03:17 not mandatory. Okay, this one I I
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 suspect he's right that we probably
00:03:20 --> 00:03:22 can't look back at the birth of our son.
00:03:22 --> 00:03:25 It's not as simple as just finding it
00:03:25 --> 00:03:26 and going, "Oh, look at that. That's
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 that's what was happening, you know, all
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 those billions of years ago." But, um,
00:03:30 --> 00:03:32 we can see a lot of stuff that's
00:03:32 --> 00:03:33 historical. Just about everything,
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 actually.
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 Yep, that's right. you're as exactly as
00:03:37 --> 00:03:39 Daryl says, when you look out into
00:03:39 --> 00:03:40 space, you're always looking back in
00:03:40 --> 00:03:44 time. And that's the trick. So, um, we
00:03:44 --> 00:03:48 do indeed see the Andromeda galaxy two
00:03:48 --> 00:03:50 and a half million years after the light
00:03:50 --> 00:03:53 left. So, we're looking back.
00:03:53 --> 00:03:56 >> That's shortening slowly because
00:03:56 --> 00:03:58 ultimately
00:03:58 --> 00:04:00 >> That's right, actually. Um, and as well,
00:04:00 --> 00:04:04 just a a quick um plug for the Andromeda
00:04:04 --> 00:04:06 galaxy while we're talking. It's um very
00:04:06 --> 00:04:09 much in our skies at the moment. Uh
00:04:09 --> 00:04:10 November is the time of year when
00:04:10 --> 00:04:13 Andromeda is sort of at its highest. Uh
00:04:13 --> 00:04:16 it only skirts our northern horizon here
00:04:16 --> 00:04:19 in Australia, but if you're in Europe or
00:04:19 --> 00:04:21 the United States or elsewhere in the
00:04:21 --> 00:04:23 northern hemisphere, it passes almost
00:04:23 --> 00:04:25 overhead. Um and in fact, I was looking
00:04:25 --> 00:04:29 for it a few nights ago from Cyprus. Uh,
00:04:29 --> 00:04:32 but the pair of binoculars that I had
00:04:32 --> 00:04:34 weren't good enough to find it among the
00:04:34 --> 00:04:36 light pollution of the place where I was
00:04:36 --> 00:04:38 looking. So, I didn't see it, but I kind
00:04:38 --> 00:04:40 of knew where it was. I saw Saturn
00:04:40 --> 00:04:44 instead. Um, never mind. Uh, that um is
00:04:44 --> 00:04:47 uh the you know that that's what happens
00:04:47 --> 00:04:49 when you're looking at something that is
00:04:49 --> 00:04:50 so far away the light has taken two and
00:04:50 --> 00:04:54 a half million years to get here. Um the
00:04:54 --> 00:04:57 problem with finding our son being born
00:04:57 --> 00:05:01 uh is that uh that happened 4.5 as
00:05:01 --> 00:05:04 exactly as Daryl says 4.5 billion years
00:05:04 --> 00:05:07 ago and the sun is only 150 million
00:05:07 --> 00:05:10 kilometers away. So we can never see the
00:05:10 --> 00:05:15 sun uh uh except at any other stage than
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 what it was 8 minutes ago. That's the
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 look back time for the sun. It's about 8
00:05:19 --> 00:05:22 minutes. Um, so when you see the sun,
00:05:22 --> 00:05:24 you're seeing it as it was eight minutes
00:05:24 --> 00:05:26 ago, not four and a half billion years
00:05:26 --> 00:05:29 ago. So really, the only way you could
00:05:29 --> 00:05:31 do this, and it still wouldn't really
00:05:32 --> 00:05:34 work, but if you could find a way of
00:05:34 --> 00:05:39 putting a mirror uh 2.25
00:05:39 --> 00:05:42 billion years from us looking back at
00:05:42 --> 00:05:45 us, and you look in that mirror, then
00:05:45 --> 00:05:47 the light from the sun being born will
00:05:47 --> 00:05:50 have gone out to the mirror, taken 2.25
00:05:50 --> 00:05:52 25 billion years to do that. It'll take
00:05:52 --> 00:05:56 another 2.25 billion years to get uh to
00:05:56 --> 00:05:59 now when we're looking at it and we
00:05:59 --> 00:06:00 might see the sun being born. But that
00:06:00 --> 00:06:03 is flight of fancy because it's never
00:06:03 --> 00:06:04 going to happen.
00:06:04 --> 00:06:06 >> Even gravitational lensing probably
00:06:06 --> 00:06:07 couldn't bend like that.
00:06:07 --> 00:06:09 >> No, that's right. That's correct. You're
00:06:09 --> 00:06:11 right.
00:06:11 --> 00:06:14 >> Sorry, Darl. Uh probably not, but um
00:06:14 --> 00:06:18 great question and keep them coming. Uh
00:06:18 --> 00:06:21 but we are seeing and learning so much
00:06:21 --> 00:06:24 from from uh historical light and and
00:06:24 --> 00:06:26 gravitational lensing and we even get to
00:06:26 --> 00:06:28 witness certain things more than once
00:06:28 --> 00:06:31 because the light gets split
00:06:31 --> 00:06:33 >> two or three ways and we can see
00:06:33 --> 00:06:35 something from different angles. It it's
00:06:35 --> 00:06:37 really quite um quite amazing what
00:06:37 --> 00:06:40 what's going on out there. And it um to
00:06:40 --> 00:06:43 to quote Jonty, it makes my head hurt
00:06:43 --> 00:06:45 sometimes to try and think of how this
00:06:45 --> 00:06:47 is all working and why it's all
00:06:47 --> 00:06:48 happening. And um
00:06:48 --> 00:06:50 >> yeah, that's right. Mine does all the
00:06:50 --> 00:06:51 time.
00:06:51 --> 00:06:53 >> Um but you you reminded me something I
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 meant to mention uh because there is a
00:06:55 --> 00:06:58 you know there is a quirky thing. We can
00:06:58 --> 00:07:01 look back uh at some events that took
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 place in the historical past. And what
00:07:03 --> 00:07:06 I'm thinking of is light echoes. Uh so
00:07:06 --> 00:07:09 for example the supernova that was
00:07:09 --> 00:07:13 observed by Tikry the Danish astronomer
00:07:13 --> 00:07:17 in um I think it was 1572 when he
00:07:17 --> 00:07:20 observed that uh that has recently been
00:07:20 --> 00:07:23 observed again because it lit up dust
00:07:23 --> 00:07:27 clouds uh which give it a a dog leg path
00:07:27 --> 00:07:30 uh so these dust clouds are sort of 400
00:07:30 --> 00:07:32 light years away and you get this dogleg
00:07:32 --> 00:07:35 path and the light comes to us again
00:07:35 --> 00:07:38 with that 400 year delay. And so we can
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 see what that supernova looked like
00:07:40 --> 00:07:42 because the light is still traveling and
00:07:42 --> 00:07:44 you can analyze that with modern
00:07:44 --> 00:07:45 instruments and find out what sort of
00:07:45 --> 00:07:47 supernova it was. I think we covered
00:07:47 --> 00:07:48 those in space notes quite a while ago,
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 but it's great. Light echoes are
00:07:50 --> 00:07:51 terrific things.
00:07:51 --> 00:07:54 >> Yes, indeed. Thanks for your question,
00:07:54 --> 00:07:56 Darl.
00:07:56 --> 00:07:58 >> Let's take a break from the show so I
00:07:58 --> 00:08:00 can tell you about our sponsor, NordVPN.
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00:08:35 --> 00:08:37 about that. Uh without the black holes.
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00:09:15 --> 00:09:18 3 2 1
00:09:18 --> 00:09:20 >> Space nuts.
00:09:20 --> 00:09:22 >> This one comes from Renie. Knowing the
00:09:22 --> 00:09:24 pace at which technology builds on
00:09:24 --> 00:09:26 itself, do you think we will have solved
00:09:26 --> 00:09:28 the mysteries of what was before the Big
00:09:28 --> 00:09:31 Bang, dark matter, dark energy, and the
00:09:31 --> 00:09:33 expansion of the universe, let's say,
00:09:33 --> 00:09:36 within the next 100 years. Uh Renie's
00:09:36 --> 00:09:39 from California, uh and a regular
00:09:39 --> 00:09:41 contributor. Thank you, Renie. Um I I
00:09:41 --> 00:09:43 suspect we'll have solved maybe one or
00:09:43 --> 00:09:46 two of those things. uh even while you
00:09:46 --> 00:09:49 were away uh and maybe just before you
00:09:49 --> 00:09:51 went, they were starting to sort of
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 waver on the expansion of the universe
00:09:54 --> 00:09:56 theory. They were starting to think,
00:09:56 --> 00:09:58 well, no, we're we're probably now
00:09:58 --> 00:10:02 looking at a ganab gibb. Uh so that
00:10:02 --> 00:10:06 that's now starting to change. Um the
00:10:06 --> 00:10:10 evidence is is mounting up to um change
00:10:10 --> 00:10:12 the the the probability in that regard.
00:10:12 --> 00:10:16 So yeah um 100 years is a long time in
00:10:16 --> 00:10:19 terms of um science and and astronomy
00:10:20 --> 00:10:23 development. It yes it is at the rate
00:10:23 --> 00:10:25 technology is changing now. Absolutely.
00:10:25 --> 00:10:27 And I think Renie asks a really good
00:10:27 --> 00:10:29 question. You know it it um behooves us
00:10:29 --> 00:10:31 from time to time to stop and think well
00:10:31 --> 00:10:33 what we going to find out next.
00:10:33 --> 00:10:36 >> Um the expansion of the universe. Yes
00:10:36 --> 00:10:39 you're right. the the the most recent uh
00:10:39 --> 00:10:42 observations seem to suggest that the
00:10:42 --> 00:10:45 acceleration of the expansion is slowing
00:10:45 --> 00:10:46 down
00:10:46 --> 00:10:48 >> and if the acceleration slows down
00:10:48 --> 00:10:51 enough then it might well start to
00:10:51 --> 00:10:54 decelerate and so yes perhaps one day
00:10:54 --> 00:10:56 I've forgotten how many billion years
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 into the future it is it's 40 or 50 I
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 think we might have a gab gibb a big
00:11:00 --> 00:11:02 crunch when everything falls back
00:11:02 --> 00:11:05 together so you're right that's this is
00:11:05 --> 00:11:07 discoveries or or what you might call
00:11:07 --> 00:11:09 facts about the universe that are that
00:11:09 --> 00:11:12 are constantly being updated. Um so the
00:11:12 --> 00:11:14 big bang what was before the big bang
00:11:14 --> 00:11:16 that's always an open question because
00:11:16 --> 00:11:19 um the general theory of relativity
00:11:20 --> 00:11:22 suggests that time started with the big
00:11:22 --> 00:11:25 bang and so before might not have any
00:11:25 --> 00:11:28 meaning. Uh but there are people
00:11:28 --> 00:11:30 thinking well maybe that's not correct.
00:11:30 --> 00:11:32 Uh we've talked about, you know,
00:11:32 --> 00:11:36 explosive um um phenomena in in a kind
00:11:36 --> 00:11:40 of continuum, things like gi gigantic
00:11:40 --> 00:11:42 black holes exploding. And if we're in
00:11:42 --> 00:11:44 one of them, that might be what we see
00:11:44 --> 00:11:46 as a big bang, even though that black
00:11:46 --> 00:11:48 hole was in space that existed already.
00:11:48 --> 00:11:50 This is another idea that I think we
00:11:50 --> 00:11:52 talked about a few months ago, Andrew.
00:11:52 --> 00:11:55 So, um that's um you know, how you find
00:11:55 --> 00:11:57 the evidence for all those things is the
00:11:57 --> 00:12:00 important bit. And at the moment, our
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 perhaps most powerful tools are the
00:12:02 --> 00:12:04 cosmic microwave background radiation,
00:12:04 --> 00:12:06 the flash of the big bang, which is
00:12:06 --> 00:12:08 still being analyzed. Um, and
00:12:08 --> 00:12:10 gravitational wave telescopes, which
00:12:10 --> 00:12:13 might lead us to some inferences about
00:12:13 --> 00:12:15 the the the the dynamics of the big
00:12:15 --> 00:12:18 bang, the way material shifted around.
00:12:18 --> 00:12:22 Um, so that's one I think uh we'll see a
00:12:22 --> 00:12:24 lot more uh emphasis and we might have
00:12:24 --> 00:12:27 new discoveries about it. dark matter I
00:12:27 --> 00:12:30 hope will get to the bottom of that
00:12:30 --> 00:12:33 within uh maybe the next 10 years rather
00:12:33 --> 00:12:36 than the next hundred years but um it's
00:12:36 --> 00:12:39 a problem that's existed for 90 years uh
00:12:39 --> 00:12:42 since Fritz Vicki first spotted it so it
00:12:42 --> 00:12:44 might still have another 90 years to go
00:12:44 --> 00:12:48 I don't know dark energy um that it
00:12:48 --> 00:12:51 really feeds into the or our
00:12:51 --> 00:12:53 understanding of dark energy uh is
00:12:53 --> 00:12:55 basically tied up with our understanding
00:12:55 --> 00:12:57 of the the where the acceleration of the
00:12:57 --> 00:13:00 universe is changing. Because if you've
00:13:00 --> 00:13:02 if the acceleration is actually
00:13:02 --> 00:13:05 decreasing as we now think it might be
00:13:05 --> 00:13:07 then dark energy is not what we used to
00:13:07 --> 00:13:09 call the cosmological constant. It's not
00:13:09 --> 00:13:12 a constant phenomenon. It's something
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 that evolves with time and that becomes
00:13:14 --> 00:13:16 even more mysterious. So I think of all
00:13:16 --> 00:13:18 those dark energy is the one that's
00:13:18 --> 00:13:20 going to take us the longest to work
00:13:20 --> 00:13:22 out. But I hope it's not 100 years cuz I
00:13:22 --> 00:13:24 won't be around in 100 years time even
00:13:24 --> 00:13:26 with the best will in the world.
00:13:26 --> 00:13:27 >> Yeah.
00:13:27 --> 00:13:32 >> Yeah, I know. Um but you know
00:13:32 --> 00:13:34 where technology is going it's it's just
00:13:34 --> 00:13:36 going ahead in leaps and bounds. You
00:13:36 --> 00:13:37 look how quickly artificial intelligence
00:13:38 --> 00:13:38 has taken off.
00:13:38 --> 00:13:40 >> That's right. Uh what are we going to be
00:13:40 --> 00:13:43 able to do in 100 years with telescopes
00:13:43 --> 00:13:45 and uh you know there'll probably be
00:13:45 --> 00:13:49 telescop telescopes uh on the moon and
00:13:49 --> 00:13:51 Mars and maybe on a few of the other
00:13:51 --> 00:13:53 moons in other parts of the solar
00:13:53 --> 00:13:56 system. Um you know there'll be more
00:13:56 --> 00:13:58 space telescopes than you can poke a
00:13:58 --> 00:14:00 stick at I imagine and and very very
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 high tech compared to what we can
00:14:02 --> 00:14:04 achieve now which is really high-tech in
00:14:04 --> 00:14:05 itself.
00:14:05 --> 00:14:09 >> Yeah. Um space telescopes um are things
00:14:09 --> 00:14:11 that are not that prolific because
00:14:11 --> 00:14:13 they're expensive compared with
00:14:13 --> 00:14:15 groundbased telescopes and astronomy
00:14:15 --> 00:14:17 doesn't really have budgets that are
00:14:17 --> 00:14:19 huge um you know compared with something
00:14:20 --> 00:14:22 like defense or or education or all all
00:14:22 --> 00:14:25 of those other publicly funded things.
00:14:25 --> 00:14:27 So astronomy tends to be very much
00:14:27 --> 00:14:29 picking up the pieces and something like
00:14:29 --> 00:14:31 the James Webb telescope is an exception
00:14:31 --> 00:14:35 uh that uh is revolutionary but it's
00:14:35 --> 00:14:37 true that there are other space
00:14:37 --> 00:14:39 telescopes coming on stream the grace
00:14:39 --> 00:14:41 nomen roman telescope which we will be
00:14:41 --> 00:14:43 launched I think within the next year
00:14:44 --> 00:14:46 probably sooner I hope
00:14:46 --> 00:14:48 >> I looked up a while back that there
00:14:48 --> 00:14:51 there are 27 or something in the
00:14:51 --> 00:14:51 pipeline
00:14:52 --> 00:14:53 >> in the pipeline yeah not all of those
00:14:54 --> 00:14:55 will be funded
00:14:55 --> 00:14:58 And you know so that when you think like
00:14:58 --> 00:15:00 the James Web telescope
00:15:00 --> 00:15:03 came it got into action what 2022
00:15:04 --> 00:15:06 is that right something like that
00:15:06 --> 00:15:08 thereabouts. Uh the last big thing in
00:15:08 --> 00:15:11 optical astronomy and infrared astronomy
00:15:11 --> 00:15:13 was the Hubble telescope launched in
00:15:13 --> 00:15:17 1990. So, you know, that's like 30 years
00:15:17 --> 00:15:19 inter interlude. But yeah, you're right.
00:15:19 --> 00:15:21 Um, as time goes on, I mean, one of the
00:15:21 --> 00:15:23 things that will that is changing that
00:15:23 --> 00:15:26 will actually affect this is that it's
00:15:26 --> 00:15:28 now much cheaper to put stuff into orbit
00:15:28 --> 00:15:29 than it was.
00:15:29 --> 00:15:32 >> Uh, partly because of SpaceX being able
00:15:32 --> 00:15:35 to reuse its Falcon boosters. Um the the
00:15:35 --> 00:15:37 latest record is one that has flown 31
00:15:37 --> 00:15:40 times uh which is quite extraordinary.
00:15:40 --> 00:15:41 But also we've now got Blue Origin
00:15:41 --> 00:15:43 coming into the picture with their
00:15:43 --> 00:15:45 successful recovery of their new new
00:15:45 --> 00:15:47 Glenn booster a couple of weeks ago
00:15:47 --> 00:15:49 which is fantastic. So things are
00:15:49 --> 00:15:50 changing. Yeah.
00:15:50 --> 00:15:52 >> Yes indeed. Thanks Renie. Great to hear
00:15:52 --> 00:15:55 from you. This is Space Nuts with Andrew
00:15:55 --> 00:16:00 Dunley and Professor Fred Watson.
00:16:00 --> 00:16:02 >> Space Nuts.
00:16:02 --> 00:16:04 >> Okay, next question. And hey guys,
00:16:04 --> 00:16:06 greetings from Dave. He's from Sussex
00:16:06 --> 00:16:08 County in New Jersey. I have a pretty
00:16:08 --> 00:16:12 quick question in 25 parts. Uh suppose,
00:16:12 --> 00:16:16 no, suppose that a Jupiter size or subbr
00:16:16 --> 00:16:19 dwarf planet um has a moon the size of
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 Earth. Would the moon necessarily be
00:16:21 --> 00:16:25 tidily locked to the planet? Also, would
00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 it be possible for the Earth-sized
00:16:27 --> 00:16:30 satellite to be in the Goldilock zone of
00:16:30 --> 00:16:32 the super Jupiter? love listening to
00:16:32 --> 00:16:35 your podcasts. It's good stuff. Thanks,
00:16:35 --> 00:16:38 Dave. Appreciate it.
00:16:38 --> 00:16:40 I like this question because um you
00:16:40 --> 00:16:43 know, when you're talking gas giants,
00:16:43 --> 00:16:45 sub brown dwarves, um you know, failed
00:16:45 --> 00:16:47 stars, whatever you like, um you're
00:16:47 --> 00:16:49 getting into some pretty exciting
00:16:49 --> 00:16:51 territory.
00:16:51 --> 00:16:54 Uh you are indeed. That's right. Um and
00:16:54 --> 00:16:57 uh so super Jupiters, things bigger than
00:16:57 --> 00:17:02 Jupiter. Uh, and um, as exactly as Dave
00:17:02 --> 00:17:05 says, that would be a subbr dwarf. Um,
00:17:06 --> 00:17:07 I've got to get my thinking right here.
00:17:07 --> 00:17:11 I think a brown dwarf. Um, I probably
00:17:11 --> 00:17:14 hope I don't get this number wrong, but
00:17:14 --> 00:17:17 I think it has to be more than 13 times
00:17:17 --> 00:17:20 the mass of Jupiter for the low-level
00:17:20 --> 00:17:22 nuclear reactions that will power it and
00:17:22 --> 00:17:24 turn it into a brown dwarf uh to
00:17:24 --> 00:17:26 actually make much difference to it to
00:17:26 --> 00:17:29 to mean that it radiates in the infrared
00:17:29 --> 00:17:31 region of the spectrum. In a sense,
00:17:31 --> 00:17:33 Jupiter itself is a sub brown dwarf
00:17:33 --> 00:17:36 because it actually uh radiates I think
00:17:36 --> 00:17:39 it's 50% more radiation than it receives
00:17:40 --> 00:17:42 u from the sun. So it there are nuclear
00:17:42 --> 00:17:44 processes taking place deep in Jupiter
00:17:44 --> 00:17:48 that actually give off energy. Uh and so
00:17:48 --> 00:17:49 something like you know if you have
00:17:50 --> 00:17:52 something let's say halfway between a
00:17:52 --> 00:17:54 brown dwarf and a Jupiter uh and it's
00:17:54 --> 00:17:56 got a moon the size of the earth that's
00:17:56 --> 00:17:59 the scenario that Dave's postulating.
00:17:59 --> 00:17:59 Yep.
00:17:59 --> 00:18:00 >> Would the moon necessarily be tied
00:18:00 --> 00:18:02 locked to the planet? In other words,
00:18:02 --> 00:18:04 would that moon, the earth-sized object
00:18:04 --> 00:18:08 uh be um one that always faced its
00:18:08 --> 00:18:10 parent planet? And I think the answer to
00:18:10 --> 00:18:13 that is yes. Uh because it's all about
00:18:13 --> 00:18:16 mass. This whole gravitational locking
00:18:16 --> 00:18:20 of uh of um moons uh around planets or
00:18:20 --> 00:18:22 indeed planets around their parent star
00:18:22 --> 00:18:24 because the same thing happens. It's all
00:18:24 --> 00:18:27 about gravity. Uh, and if you got, you
00:18:27 --> 00:18:29 know, two objects that are bigger than
00:18:29 --> 00:18:31 the ones that we think of at the moment,
00:18:31 --> 00:18:33 uh, then I think you would still get the
00:18:34 --> 00:18:36 tidal locking. So, my guess is that your
00:18:36 --> 00:18:39 moon, your Earth-sized moon would be,
00:18:39 --> 00:18:41 uh, tidly locked. In other words, it
00:18:41 --> 00:18:45 would always face the sub brown dwarf.
00:18:45 --> 00:18:47 And then, uh, would it be possible for
00:18:47 --> 00:18:48 the Earth-sized satellite to be in the
00:18:48 --> 00:18:51 Goldilock zone of the super Jupiter? Uh
00:18:51 --> 00:18:54 so that depends on just how much energy
00:18:54 --> 00:18:57 you're getting from it. I mean the the
00:18:57 --> 00:18:59 Goldilock zone of a brown dwarf is much
00:18:59 --> 00:19:02 closer uh to the brown dwarf than it is
00:19:02 --> 00:19:06 for a normal star. Uh and maybe uh you
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 don't you can't get near enough. That
00:19:08 --> 00:19:09 might be the answer to that question
00:19:10 --> 00:19:12 that the Goldilock zone is so close to
00:19:12 --> 00:19:16 the super Jupiter uh that it really is,
00:19:16 --> 00:19:18 you know, it's not something that's at
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 all practical. I'm guessing at that, and
00:19:20 --> 00:19:22 some planetary specialists might correct
00:19:22 --> 00:19:24 me, but I think that will be the case
00:19:24 --> 00:19:26 that you're not going to find the
00:19:26 --> 00:19:28 Goldilock zone of a super Jupiter uh
00:19:28 --> 00:19:31 that's going to be very helpful um for
00:19:31 --> 00:19:33 uh for life on an Earth-sized satellite
00:19:34 --> 00:19:38 of such a such a star. Um work that one
00:19:38 --> 00:19:40 out for yourself.
00:19:40 --> 00:19:43 >> Yeah, you were right though. 13 um is
00:19:43 --> 00:19:44 your masses.
00:19:44 --> 00:19:44 >> Okay, good.
00:19:44 --> 00:19:47 >> Uh when you get to Sorry, I put my hands
00:19:47 --> 00:19:49 in front of the camera there. uh 13 to
00:19:49 --> 00:19:52 80 Jupiter masses is defined as a brown
00:19:52 --> 00:19:53 dwarf.
00:19:53 --> 00:19:56 >> Um and then beyond that is a star, I
00:19:56 --> 00:19:57 guess, because it can
00:19:57 --> 00:19:58 >> Yes.
00:19:58 --> 00:20:00 >> burn hydrogen or something. Is that it?
00:20:00 --> 00:20:01 >> That's right. Red.
00:20:01 --> 00:20:06 >> Y yeah. Yes. So uh yeah, under 13 is um
00:20:06 --> 00:20:09 is is basically just a gas giant.
00:20:09 --> 00:20:10 >> Indeed. That's right.
00:20:10 --> 00:20:11 >> Yes. Right.
00:20:12 --> 00:20:13 >> Or a sub or a subbrand dwarf.
00:20:13 --> 00:20:16 >> Or a subbrand dwarf. Yes. Yeah. Just
00:20:16 --> 00:20:18 It's hard to Yeah.
00:20:18 --> 00:20:19 Okay.
00:20:19 --> 00:20:23 >> Um, so yeah, the title locking question
00:20:23 --> 00:20:25 definitely probably would probably
00:20:25 --> 00:20:27 definitely would happen that way.
00:20:27 --> 00:20:30 >> I think as Dave said, uh, great
00:20:30 --> 00:20:32 question. Thank you for sending it in,
00:20:32 --> 00:20:35 Dave.
00:20:35 --> 00:20:38 >> 3 2 1
00:20:38 --> 00:20:40 >> Space Nuts.
00:20:40 --> 00:20:43 >> Our final question today comes from Cal.
00:20:43 --> 00:20:46 Hi, Space Nuts. was uh wondering if a
00:20:46 --> 00:20:49 gas giant orbiting a star that went
00:20:49 --> 00:20:52 supernova can then subsequently absorb
00:20:52 --> 00:20:54 the debris from that star at the end of
00:20:54 --> 00:20:57 its life to form enough mass to then
00:20:57 --> 00:20:59 form itself
00:20:59 --> 00:21:02 into a star. And the second part of my
00:21:02 --> 00:21:06 question is uh is uh if not can a gas
00:21:06 --> 00:21:09 giant have enough mass and gravity for
00:21:09 --> 00:21:11 other smaller planets to end up orbiting
00:21:11 --> 00:21:15 the gas giant with no star? Is there any
00:21:15 --> 00:21:17 uh example or evidence of this ever
00:21:17 --> 00:21:18 happening out there? Thank you so much.
00:21:18 --> 00:21:20 Cal from Swansea uh Swansy, New South
00:21:20 --> 00:21:24 Wales in the um Lake McQuary region of
00:21:24 --> 00:21:27 New South Wales, just uh across near the
00:21:27 --> 00:21:29 coast from us. I drove through there the
00:21:29 --> 00:21:31 other day actually.
00:21:32 --> 00:21:34 >> Yes. Uh so um what was it? What's he
00:21:34 --> 00:21:37 want to know? Gas giant. Um
00:21:37 --> 00:21:39 a gas giant orbiting a star that goes
00:21:39 --> 00:21:41 supernova. Could it absorb enough energy
00:21:41 --> 00:21:44 to become a star itself? First part of
00:21:44 --> 00:21:45 his question.
00:21:45 --> 00:21:48 >> Um, so when an object turns into a
00:21:48 --> 00:21:51 supernova, uh, it basically blasts
00:21:51 --> 00:21:55 debris at very high velocity, uh, into
00:21:55 --> 00:21:59 the surrounding region of space. Um, and
00:21:59 --> 00:22:01 it's not even clear that a gas giant
00:22:01 --> 00:22:04 would survive that, let alone accrete
00:22:04 --> 00:22:07 debris to form a star itself. So, I
00:22:07 --> 00:22:08 think the answer to that first part of
00:22:08 --> 00:22:13 the question is no. Um, if uh you know,
00:22:13 --> 00:22:16 if if you've got uh this this gas giant
00:22:16 --> 00:22:19 orbiting a star that goes supernova, I
00:22:19 --> 00:22:20 don't think it would end up a star
00:22:20 --> 00:22:23 itself. It might even end up being
00:22:23 --> 00:22:25 destroyed by the by the shock waves that
00:22:25 --> 00:22:27 come from the supernova.
00:22:27 --> 00:22:29 Um, on the other hand, we do have one
00:22:29 --> 00:22:31 example of a planet orbiting something
00:22:31 --> 00:22:34 that has gone supernova, and that was
00:22:34 --> 00:22:37 the first extra solar planet that was
00:22:37 --> 00:22:39 discovered back in the 1970s,
00:22:39 --> 00:22:42 I think. Uh, to there's something called
00:22:42 --> 00:22:44 the double pulsar.
00:22:44 --> 00:22:47 I think I'm writing dig digging that up
00:22:47 --> 00:22:49 from my memory. Anyway, a second part of
00:22:49 --> 00:22:51 the question. If not, can a gas giant
00:22:51 --> 00:22:52 have enough mass and gravity for the
00:22:52 --> 00:22:54 other smaller planets to end up orbiting
00:22:54 --> 00:22:59 it with no star? Um, so perhaps what
00:22:59 --> 00:23:01 you're thinking of here is a, you know,
00:23:01 --> 00:23:02 one of these objects that we call a
00:23:02 --> 00:23:04 rogue planet or an orphan planet,
00:23:04 --> 00:23:05 something that is going through space
00:23:05 --> 00:23:09 with no star. Uh, and many of them are
00:23:09 --> 00:23:11 gas giants. That's right. They they
00:23:11 --> 00:23:12 might be what we could call failed
00:23:12 --> 00:23:15 stars. And probably, uh, they have their
00:23:15 --> 00:23:17 own moons, which might in some
00:23:17 --> 00:23:20 circumstances be the size of smaller
00:23:20 --> 00:23:23 planets. Uh we haven't observed any
00:23:23 --> 00:23:25 moons of rogue planets or orphan planets
00:23:25 --> 00:23:28 yet but um it's possible they might be
00:23:28 --> 00:23:31 there. Uh so the last bit of the
00:23:31 --> 00:23:32 question is there any example or
00:23:32 --> 00:23:34 evidence of this ever happening out
00:23:34 --> 00:23:36 there? Um I don't think there is but I
00:23:36 --> 00:23:38 wouldn't rule it out. It might well turn
00:23:38 --> 00:23:41 up that we see uh objects in orbit
00:23:41 --> 00:23:44 around rogue planets when we've got um
00:23:44 --> 00:23:47 well probably the next generation of of
00:23:47 --> 00:23:48 big telescopes.
00:23:48 --> 00:23:51 >> Yes indeed. Uh when it comes to
00:23:51 --> 00:23:53 astronomy, it's very difficult to rule
00:23:53 --> 00:23:54 rule anything out a lot of the time
00:23:54 --> 00:23:58 because uh the more exoplanets to we
00:23:58 --> 00:24:01 discover, the more unusual things we
00:24:01 --> 00:24:04 tend to find like those those cotton
00:24:04 --> 00:24:05 cotton canned planets.
00:24:06 --> 00:24:06 >> Yeah, that's right.
00:24:06 --> 00:24:10 >> Um you know, really huge planets that
00:24:10 --> 00:24:12 have got, you know, next to no density
00:24:12 --> 00:24:14 at all in some respects. They they're
00:24:14 --> 00:24:18 just like vapor um for one of a better
00:24:18 --> 00:24:20 term. And there probably is a better
00:24:20 --> 00:24:23 term for that, but um there there's and
00:24:23 --> 00:24:25 and we're finding uh and Johnny and I
00:24:26 --> 00:24:27 talked about this recently and you and I
00:24:27 --> 00:24:29 have talked about this that our solar
00:24:29 --> 00:24:31 system starting to look like it is not
00:24:31 --> 00:24:32 typical
00:24:32 --> 00:24:35 >> when we look at other solar systems and
00:24:35 --> 00:24:37 how they've formed and how gas giants
00:24:37 --> 00:24:39 seem to be on the interior rather than
00:24:39 --> 00:24:41 the exterior. Ours seems to have kind of
00:24:41 --> 00:24:42 flipped
00:24:42 --> 00:24:45 >> and doesn't look normal at all. We're
00:24:45 --> 00:24:48 we're unique possibly. I would think in
00:24:48 --> 00:24:50 the scheme of things we wouldn't be, but
00:24:50 --> 00:24:51 um it's just looking that way.
00:24:51 --> 00:24:53 >> But we're certainly absolutely right. We
00:24:54 --> 00:24:55 we look very unusual. We look a bit
00:24:56 --> 00:24:57 conspicuous. Really?
00:24:57 --> 00:24:58 >> Yeah. And we've got one other thing
00:24:58 --> 00:25:00 that's really weird that no other solar
00:25:00 --> 00:25:02 systems shown us that they've got yet.
00:25:02 --> 00:25:06 We've got a planet with life, an
00:25:06 --> 00:25:08 abundance of life in in a great many
00:25:08 --> 00:25:10 forms from cidal cells right up to
00:25:10 --> 00:25:13 complex life forms. Uh
00:25:13 --> 00:25:14 >> yeah,
00:25:14 --> 00:25:18 >> you know, plant life. Um the list is is
00:25:18 --> 00:25:21 long. It's when when you really think
00:25:21 --> 00:25:23 about it, this planet is miraculous
00:25:24 --> 00:25:27 with with what it what it contains. It's
00:25:27 --> 00:25:30 >> Well, that's right. And that's one of
00:25:30 --> 00:25:33 the reasons why um
00:25:33 --> 00:25:35 you know why why there is such an
00:25:35 --> 00:25:39 emphasis on detecting other earthlike
00:25:40 --> 00:25:42 environments to see whether the same
00:25:42 --> 00:25:44 sort of miraculous array of living
00:25:44 --> 00:25:47 organisms can exist there. And so far
00:25:47 --> 00:25:48 we've drawn a blank.
00:25:48 --> 00:25:51 >> No. The Drake equation remains at one.
00:25:51 --> 00:25:53 >> Yes, it does. That's right. Yeah.
00:25:53 --> 00:25:57 >> Would would um finding life on one of
00:25:57 --> 00:26:00 the ice moons in our solar system like
00:26:00 --> 00:26:03 Enceladus change the Drake equation?
00:26:03 --> 00:26:06 >> No. No. Because it was based on life
00:26:06 --> 00:26:08 that was capable of communication,
00:26:08 --> 00:26:08 wasn't it?
00:26:08 --> 00:26:10 >> That's right. It is. Yeah. It's it's
00:26:10 --> 00:26:12 basically life on planets around other
00:26:12 --> 00:26:13 stars. That's right.
00:26:13 --> 00:26:17 >> Yeah. So question set up. So no change
00:26:17 --> 00:26:18 to that.
00:26:18 --> 00:26:21 >> Indeed. All right. Uh Cal, thanks for
00:26:21 --> 00:26:23 the question. very uh very interesting
00:26:23 --> 00:26:26 and uh thoughtprovoking and um yeah oh
00:26:26 --> 00:26:28 that's right there was a question that
00:26:28 --> 00:26:32 came to my mind from Cal's question um
00:26:32 --> 00:26:36 how big a radius when a star goes
00:26:36 --> 00:26:38 supernova are we talking in terms of
00:26:38 --> 00:26:41 devastation
00:26:41 --> 00:26:44 >> uh you're talking about light years um
00:26:44 --> 00:26:47 because the shock the shock wave um you
00:26:47 --> 00:26:49 know when you think of like supernova
00:26:49 --> 00:26:52 1987a which is one of the best studied
00:26:52 --> 00:26:53 of all supernovi. It was in the large
00:26:53 --> 00:26:57 Melanic cloud. So relatively nearbyund
00:26:57 --> 00:27:00 whatever is it 130 light years away
00:27:00 --> 00:27:02 something like that.
00:27:02 --> 00:27:04 Yes, my numbers are all a bit rusty
00:27:04 --> 00:27:05 because of jet lag but it's something
00:27:06 --> 00:27:09 like that. Maybe 160. Anyway, never
00:27:09 --> 00:27:11 mind that. It's a long way off. uh and
00:27:11 --> 00:27:12 it's very well studied as and you can
00:27:12 --> 00:27:15 already see the you know the the the
00:27:15 --> 00:27:18 fact that um there's high energy
00:27:18 --> 00:27:21 radiation gone through a large large
00:27:21 --> 00:27:23 neighborhood around it measured in light
00:27:23 --> 00:27:25 years which of course is much bigger
00:27:25 --> 00:27:27 than the solar system. So that's the
00:27:27 --> 00:27:29 area of devastation. Yeah.
00:27:29 --> 00:27:31 >> So a planet sort of orbiting a star like
00:27:31 --> 00:27:33 that probably wouldn't have a prayer
00:27:33 --> 00:27:33 would it?
00:27:33 --> 00:27:35 >> Yeah. Yep. That's right.
00:27:35 --> 00:27:37 >> Okay.
00:27:37 --> 00:27:39 >> Thank you Cal. Uh enjoyed that question
00:27:39 --> 00:27:40 very much. And if you've got a question
00:27:40 --> 00:27:42 for us, please send it in. You can do
00:27:42 --> 00:27:44 that through the Spacenuts website,
00:27:44 --> 00:27:46 spacenutpodcast.com,
00:27:46 --> 00:27:49 spacenuts.io. Click on the AMA link at
00:27:49 --> 00:27:51 the top and you can send uh text or
00:27:51 --> 00:27:53 audio questions. Uh easy to send an
00:27:54 --> 00:27:55 audio question because if you've got a
00:27:55 --> 00:27:57 device with a microphone like a I don't
00:27:57 --> 00:28:00 know, a smartphone or or a tablet or a
00:28:00 --> 00:28:01 computer, they've all got them these
00:28:01 --> 00:28:04 days. Just um press and talk and uh
00:28:04 --> 00:28:06 don't forget forget to tell us who you
00:28:06 --> 00:28:07 are and where you're from. We're all
00:28:08 --> 00:28:09 done, Fred. Thank you.
00:28:10 --> 00:28:12 >> Great pleasure, Andrew. Good to chat and
00:28:12 --> 00:28:13 great to get our listeners questions
00:28:13 --> 00:28:15 again. There's some real intriguing
00:28:15 --> 00:28:17 thinking going on there.
00:28:17 --> 00:28:18 >> Indeed. Um, we'll catch up with you real
00:28:18 --> 00:28:19 soon. See you, Fred.
00:28:19 --> 00:28:20 >> Sounds good. Thanks a lot.
00:28:20 --> 00:28:23 >> Fred Watson, astronomer at large. And
00:28:23 --> 00:28:25 thanks to Hugh in the studio who
00:28:25 --> 00:28:26 couldn't be with us. We were just
00:28:26 --> 00:28:28 talking about gas giants. Well, he's got
00:28:28 --> 00:28:31 a giant gas problem
00:28:31 --> 00:28:33 and and he's had to go to hospital, but
00:28:33 --> 00:28:35 he'll be back soon. And from me, Andrew
00:28:35 --> 00:28:36 Duckley, thanks for your company. We
00:28:36 --> 00:28:38 will see you on the very next episode of
00:28:38 --> 00:28:41 Space Nuts. Until then, bye-bye.
00:28:41 --> 00:28:42 >> Space Nuts.
00:28:42 --> 00:28:44 >> You'll be listening to the Space Nuts
00:28:44 --> 00:28:46 podcast
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00:28:49 --> 00:28:52 iHeart Radio, or your favorite podcast
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00:28:54 --> 00:28:55 >> byes.com.
00:28:56 --> 00:28:57 This has been another quality podcast
00:28:58 --> 00:29:01 production from byes.com.