SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 04
Challenging the Existence of Dark Energy
A groundbreaking study from the University of Canterbury in New Zealand is challenging the long-held belief in dark energy, suggesting that the universe's expansion might not require this enigmatic force. The research proposes the "timescape" model, which accounts for variations in cosmic expansion rates by considering differences in gravitational time dilation. This model could potentially resolve some of the universe's biggest mysteries, including the Hubble tension, by suggesting that dark energy is simply a misinterpretation of cosmic conditions.
Solar Wind Slowing Beyond Pluto
NASA's New Horizons spacecraft has detected a slowdown in the solar wind as it travels beyond Pluto. The data reveals that the solar wind, a stream of charged particles from the Sun, decelerates as it picks up interstellar material. This discovery offers new insights into the heliosphere's outer reaches and the interaction between solar and interstellar forces.
Venus's Volcanic Past
New research indicates that Venus's ancient tesserae regions, once thought to be akin to Earth's continental crust, may actually be composed of layered volcanic rocks. This finding, based on radar data from NASA's Magellan mission, challenges previous assumptions and provides fresh perspectives on Venus's geological history.
00:00 New observations show the solar wind slowing down beyond Pluto
00:27 New study claims dark energy doesn't explain accelerating universe
11:27 If the universe has an energy field of the right kind, expansion can accelerate
18:22 Some tesserae on Venus have layering consistent with volcanic activity
21:07 Scientists have identified a new genetic link to autism spectrum disorder
23:51 LG will release a fridge with a transparent OLED door
24:58 The flip phone turns 29 on January 3rd, 1996
26:28 Microsoft have announced their own version of Apple's Mac Mini
27:31 Space Time is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through Apple Podcasts
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✍️ Episode References
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters
[https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl](https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl)
Astrophysical Journal
[https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/](https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/)
Journal Geology
[https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology](https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology)
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support (https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rss) .
Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/24967926?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 28 episode 4
00:00:03 --> 00:00:05 for broadcast on the 8th of January
00:00:05 --> 00:00:09 2025 coming up on SpaceTime more
00:00:09 --> 00:00:10 evidence that dark energy might not
00:00:11 --> 00:00:13 exist after all new observations show
00:00:13 --> 00:00:17 the solar wind slowing down Beyond Pluto
00:00:17 --> 00:00:20 and Venus's ancient layered folded rocks
00:00:20 --> 00:00:23 are pointing to a volcanic origin all
00:00:23 --> 00:00:26 that and more coming up on
00:00:26 --> 00:00:29 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:29 --> 00:00:31 Stuart
00:00:31 --> 00:00:38 [Music]
00:00:46 --> 00:00:47 a new paper claims that one of the
00:00:47 --> 00:00:50 biggest mysteries in science Dark Energy
00:00:50 --> 00:00:53 doesn't actually exist now if correct it
00:00:53 --> 00:00:54 would force scientists to begin looking
00:00:54 --> 00:00:56 for new ways to try and explain the
00:00:56 --> 00:00:59 accelerating expansion of the universe
00:00:59 --> 00:01:01 for the past 100 years physicists have
00:01:01 --> 00:01:03 generally assumed that the cosmos is
00:01:03 --> 00:01:06 growing equally in all directions they
00:01:06 --> 00:01:09 employed the idea of dark energy as a
00:01:09 --> 00:01:11 sort of placeholder to explain the
00:01:11 --> 00:01:13 unknown physics behind this which they
00:01:13 --> 00:01:15 simply don't understand the thing is
00:01:15 --> 00:01:18 this contentious theories always had its
00:01:18 --> 00:01:20 problems now a team of physicists and
00:01:20 --> 00:01:22 astronomers from the University of canri
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 Christ Church New Zealand are once again
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 challenging the status quo using
00:01:26 --> 00:01:29 improved analyses of supernova light
00:01:29 --> 00:01:31 curves to show that the universe is
00:01:31 --> 00:01:34 expanding in a more varied lumpier way
00:01:34 --> 00:01:35 the new evidence supports something
00:01:35 --> 00:01:37 we've talked about before on SpaceTime
00:01:37 --> 00:01:40 and on Star stuff before SpaceTime
00:01:40 --> 00:01:42 namely the concept of time scape a model
00:01:42 --> 00:01:44 of cosmic expansion which doesn't have
00:01:44 --> 00:01:46 the need for Dark Energy because the
00:01:46 --> 00:01:48 differences in stretching light aren't
00:01:48 --> 00:01:50 the result of an accelerating universe
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 but instead a consequence of how we
00:01:52 --> 00:01:55 calibrate time and distance time scape
00:01:55 --> 00:01:57 takes into account the fact gravity
00:01:57 --> 00:02:00 slows time so an ideal clock in empty
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 space would be ticking faster than one
00:02:02 --> 00:02:05 inside a Galaxy the model suggested a
00:02:05 --> 00:02:06 clock in the Milky Way galaxy would be
00:02:07 --> 00:02:10 about 35% slower than the same clock in
00:02:10 --> 00:02:12 an average position in the large Cosmic
00:02:12 --> 00:02:14 void meaning billions more years would
00:02:14 --> 00:02:16 have passed in the voids this would in
00:02:16 --> 00:02:18 turn allow more expansion of space
00:02:19 --> 00:02:20 making it seem like the expansion's
00:02:20 --> 00:02:23 getting faster when such vast empty
00:02:23 --> 00:02:26 voids grow to dominate the universe now
00:02:26 --> 00:02:27 once again the scientist behind this
00:02:27 --> 00:02:30 study is Professor David wicher who's
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 LED previous Research into Timescape and
00:02:32 --> 00:02:35 dark energy wiie says the new findings
00:02:35 --> 00:02:37 confirm earlier studies that we don't
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 need dark energy to explain why the
00:02:39 --> 00:02:41 universe appears to expand at an
00:02:41 --> 00:02:44 accelerating rate he says dark energy is
00:02:44 --> 00:02:47 simply a misidentification of variations
00:02:47 --> 00:02:49 in kinetic energy of expansion which is
00:02:49 --> 00:02:51 not uniform in the universe as lump is
00:02:51 --> 00:02:53 the one we actually live in and the new
00:02:53 --> 00:02:55 research May provide compelling evidence
00:02:55 --> 00:02:56 that could resolve some of the key
00:02:56 --> 00:02:58 questions around some of the quirks of
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 our expanding Cosmo
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 see with the new data the universe's
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 biggest mystery could be settled by the
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 end of the decade the new analysis has
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 been published in the monthly notices of
00:03:08 --> 00:03:11 the Royal Astronomical Society letters
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 dark energy is commonly thought to be a
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 weak anti-gravity Force which acts
00:03:16 --> 00:03:17 independently of matter and makes up
00:03:17 --> 00:03:20 around 2/3 of the mass energy density of
00:03:20 --> 00:03:23 the universe the standard Lambda called
00:03:23 --> 00:03:24 Dark Matter model of the universe
00:03:25 --> 00:03:27 requires dark energy to explain the
00:03:27 --> 00:03:28 observed acceleration in the rate at
00:03:29 --> 00:03:31 which the cosmos is expanding scientist
00:03:31 --> 00:03:33 based these conclusions on measurements
00:03:33 --> 00:03:36 to distant supern explosions in distant
00:03:36 --> 00:03:38 galaxies which appear to be further away
00:03:38 --> 00:03:39 than they should be if the universe's
00:03:39 --> 00:03:42 rate of expansion wasn't
00:03:42 --> 00:03:44 accelerating the problem is the present
00:03:44 --> 00:03:46 rate of expansion of the universe is
00:03:46 --> 00:03:48 increasingly being challenged by new
00:03:48 --> 00:03:50 observations firstly evidence from the
00:03:50 --> 00:03:52 Afterglow of the Big Bang known as The
00:03:52 --> 00:03:55 Cosmic microwave background radiation
00:03:55 --> 00:03:56 shows the expansion of the early
00:03:56 --> 00:03:58 universe is at odds with the current
00:03:58 --> 00:04:00 expansion of the universe an anomaly
00:04:00 --> 00:04:03 known as Hubble tension in addition
00:04:03 --> 00:04:05 recent analyses of new high Precision
00:04:05 --> 00:04:07 data from the Dark Energy spectroscopic
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 instrument Desi has found that the
00:04:09 --> 00:04:11 Lambda cold Dark Matter model does not
00:04:11 --> 00:04:13 fit in as well as models in which dark
00:04:13 --> 00:04:15 energy is evolving over time rather than
00:04:15 --> 00:04:18 remaining constant both the Hubble
00:04:18 --> 00:04:19 tension and the surprises revealed by
00:04:20 --> 00:04:22 Desi are difficult to resolve in models
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 which use a simplified Oney old Cosmic
00:04:24 --> 00:04:27 expansion law known as fredman's
00:04:27 --> 00:04:29 equation now this assumes that on
00:04:29 --> 00:04:31 average the Universe expands uniformly
00:04:31 --> 00:04:33 as if all Cosmic structures were put in
00:04:33 --> 00:04:35 a blender making it a featureless soup
00:04:35 --> 00:04:37 with no complicating structure however
00:04:37 --> 00:04:40 that's not the way the universe is the
00:04:40 --> 00:04:42 present Universe actually contains a
00:04:42 --> 00:04:44 complex Cosmic web of Galaxy clusters in
00:04:44 --> 00:04:47 sheets and filaments and these surround
00:04:47 --> 00:04:50 and thread through vast empty voids wiie
00:04:50 --> 00:04:53 points out that we now have so much data
00:04:53 --> 00:04:55 we can finally answer the question how
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 and why does a simple average expansion
00:04:57 --> 00:05:00 law emerge from complexity he points out
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 that a simple expansion law consistent
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 with Einstein's general relativity
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 Theory doesn't have to obey Freeman's
00:05:06 --> 00:05:08 equations the European space agency's
00:05:08 --> 00:05:10 uclid satellite which was launched back
00:05:10 --> 00:05:13 in July 2023 has the power to test and
00:05:13 --> 00:05:15 distinguish the Freedman equation from
00:05:15 --> 00:05:18 the Timescape alternative however this
00:05:18 --> 00:05:19 will require at least a thousand
00:05:19 --> 00:05:22 independent highquality Supernova
00:05:22 --> 00:05:24 observations when the proposed time
00:05:24 --> 00:05:27 scape model was last tested back in 2017
00:05:27 --> 00:05:29 the analysis suggested that it was only
00:05:29 --> 00:05:30 a slightly better fit than the Lambda
00:05:31 --> 00:05:33 cold Dark Matter model as an explanation
00:05:33 --> 00:05:35 for Cosmic expansion so Wilshire and
00:05:35 --> 00:05:37 colleagues work closely with the pathon
00:05:37 --> 00:05:39 plus collaboration team who had
00:05:39 --> 00:05:42 painstakingly produced a catalog of
00:05:42 --> 00:05:46 1 distinct Supernova they say the
00:05:46 --> 00:05:48 new data provides very strong evidence
00:05:48 --> 00:05:51 for time scape and it may also point to
00:05:51 --> 00:05:52 compelling resolution of Hubble tension
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 and other anomalies related to the
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 expansion of the universe further
00:05:56 --> 00:05:58 observations from uid as well as the new
00:05:58 --> 00:06:01 Nancy Grace Space Telescope will be
00:06:01 --> 00:06:02 needed to bolster support for the
00:06:02 --> 00:06:05 Timescape model this explanation of dark
00:06:06 --> 00:06:08 energy from Dr Don Lincoln of fery lab
00:06:08 --> 00:06:09 you know
00:06:09 --> 00:06:13 something science is pretty amazing for
00:06:13 --> 00:06:15 thousands of years people have wondered
00:06:15 --> 00:06:16 about the ultimate building blocks of
00:06:16 --> 00:06:20 the cosmos and in the 20th and 21st
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 century we've made some incredible
00:06:22 --> 00:06:25 progress for instance if you take a
00:06:25 --> 00:06:28 bunch of quirks and you take some
00:06:28 --> 00:06:30 leptons you take these quk and leptons
00:06:30 --> 00:06:32 and you shake them up you can make atoms
00:06:32 --> 00:06:35 atoms make up all of ordinary matter
00:06:35 --> 00:06:38 from me to you to the most distant
00:06:38 --> 00:06:41 galaxies in fact our best estimates tell
00:06:41 --> 00:06:43 us that there are about 10 to the 80
00:06:43 --> 00:06:47 that's a one followed by 80 zeros of
00:06:47 --> 00:06:49 atoms in the universe they're all
00:06:49 --> 00:06:51 basically the same and we understand
00:06:51 --> 00:06:53 them very well using chemistry and
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 nuclear physics however I have some
00:06:55 --> 00:06:57 humbling news for you if you add up all
00:06:57 --> 00:06:59 of the matter tied up in stars and
00:06:59 --> 00:07:02 planets it only amounts to half a
00:07:02 --> 00:07:04 percent of the matter and energy in the
00:07:04 --> 00:07:05 universe even if you include the
00:07:05 --> 00:07:07 hydrogen gas between the stars and
00:07:07 --> 00:07:09 galaxies that is invisible to ordinary
00:07:09 --> 00:07:14 light you still have only about 5%
00:07:14 --> 00:07:18 5% so what is the other 95% and how is
00:07:18 --> 00:07:20 it that we've missed finding it
00:07:20 --> 00:07:22 scientists think that the universe is
00:07:22 --> 00:07:24 composed of three different substances
00:07:24 --> 00:07:28 5% is ordinary matter 27% is a substance
00:07:28 --> 00:07:31 called dark matter and 68% is called
00:07:31 --> 00:07:33 Dark Energy I want to tell you about
00:07:33 --> 00:07:36 Dark Energy first I should tell you that
00:07:36 --> 00:07:38 even though dark matter and dark energy
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 have similar names they are really very
00:07:41 --> 00:07:43 different things scientists have known
00:07:43 --> 00:07:45 for a long time that the universe is
00:07:45 --> 00:07:47 expanding and have called that process
00:07:47 --> 00:07:49 the Big Bang from what we understand
00:07:49 --> 00:07:52 about gravity it seems clear that the
00:07:52 --> 00:07:53 expansion of the universe should be
00:07:53 --> 00:07:56 slowing down after all gravity is an
00:07:56 --> 00:08:00 attractive Force if I throw this ball up
00:08:00 --> 00:08:01 gravity will pull the ball back
00:08:01 --> 00:08:04 downwards its motion will slow down what
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 we didn't know was how gravity would
00:08:06 --> 00:08:07 determine the ultimate fate of the
00:08:07 --> 00:08:09 universe was the universe going to
00:08:09 --> 00:08:12 expand Forever Without ever stopping
00:08:12 --> 00:08:14 expand and stop at some unfathomable
00:08:14 --> 00:08:16 distant time in the future or expand for
00:08:16 --> 00:08:19 a while then have the expansion overcome
00:08:19 --> 00:08:21 by gravity and have the universe
00:08:21 --> 00:08:24 collapse in some sort of big crunch
00:08:24 --> 00:08:26 nobody knew the answer and the debate
00:08:26 --> 00:08:29 raged in order to resolve the question
00:08:29 --> 00:08:31 we needed to understand the expansion
00:08:31 --> 00:08:33 history of the universe and to do that
00:08:33 --> 00:08:36 astronomers used a class of supern noi
00:08:36 --> 00:08:39 which is the explosion of a Dying star
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 this kind of supern noi was very well
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 understood if you saw one you knew the
00:08:44 --> 00:08:45 brightness of the
00:08:45 --> 00:08:48 explosion however just like a distant
00:08:48 --> 00:08:50 candle appears dimmer than a close one
00:08:50 --> 00:08:53 so too it is with exploding Stars by
00:08:53 --> 00:08:55 knowing the intrinsic brightness of the
00:08:55 --> 00:08:57 explosion and how bright the star
00:08:57 --> 00:08:59 appeared in your telescope you could
00:08:59 --> 00:09:01 work out how far away it was that's the
00:09:01 --> 00:09:03 first measurement the second measurement
00:09:03 --> 00:09:05 of distance uses the same idea as a
00:09:05 --> 00:09:06 train
00:09:06 --> 00:09:08 [Music]
00:09:08 --> 00:09:11 whistle that same drop and pitch that
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 you hear as the train passes and begins
00:09:13 --> 00:09:15 to move away from you also shows up in
00:09:16 --> 00:09:18 the study of distant stars in galaxies
00:09:18 --> 00:09:21 Stars moving towards you appear Bluer
00:09:21 --> 00:09:23 Than the same star when stationary while
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 Stars moving away from you appear
00:09:25 --> 00:09:28 redder the faster the star moves away
00:09:28 --> 00:09:30 from you the redder it
00:09:30 --> 00:09:32 appears since distance galaxies appear
00:09:32 --> 00:09:35 reddish they are moving away from us in
00:09:35 --> 00:09:37 addition we can relate their distance
00:09:37 --> 00:09:40 and their velocity if galaxies a certain
00:09:40 --> 00:09:41 distance away are moving with a
00:09:41 --> 00:09:44 particular velocity galaxies twice as
00:09:44 --> 00:09:45 far away are moving with double the
00:09:45 --> 00:09:48 velocity and so on in this way we can
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 measure the color of the distant
00:09:50 --> 00:09:52 galaxies and determine their velocity
00:09:52 --> 00:09:55 and then work out their distance it's
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 all a bit tricky but these two methods
00:09:57 --> 00:09:58 of measuring distance are not very
00:09:58 --> 00:10:00 controver veral and they should
00:10:01 --> 00:10:05 agree so in 1998 two experiments applied
00:10:05 --> 00:10:07 these techniques and looked at the most
00:10:07 --> 00:10:10 distant Supernova ever and they found
00:10:10 --> 00:10:12 that Supernova were dimmer than
00:10:12 --> 00:10:14 predicted by the expansion of the
00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 universe this means that the stars were
00:10:17 --> 00:10:19 farther away than expected but that
00:10:19 --> 00:10:21 meant something even more shocking it
00:10:21 --> 00:10:22 meant that the expansion of the universe
00:10:23 --> 00:10:26 wasn't slowing down it was speeding up
00:10:26 --> 00:10:28 that was really a mind-blowing
00:10:28 --> 00:10:30 observation from what we knew about
00:10:30 --> 00:10:32 gravity the expansion of the universe
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 should have been slowing down we didn't
00:10:34 --> 00:10:35 know the details but the slowing down
00:10:35 --> 00:10:38 seemed assured and yet that's not what
00:10:38 --> 00:10:41 the data said in physics data is King if
00:10:41 --> 00:10:43 an idea disagrees with an accurate
00:10:43 --> 00:10:46 measurement the idea is wrong so this
00:10:46 --> 00:10:48 meant that in order for the expansion of
00:10:48 --> 00:10:51 the universe to be getting faster there
00:10:51 --> 00:10:53 had to be some form of gravity that was
00:10:53 --> 00:10:56 repulsive it turns out that Einstein
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 once postulated a repulsive form of
00:10:58 --> 00:10:59 gravity in its equations
00:11:00 --> 00:11:01 this was because he knew that ordinary
00:11:01 --> 00:11:03 matter should make the universe contract
00:11:03 --> 00:11:05 and he needed some kind of repulsive
00:11:05 --> 00:11:07 gravity to overcome the
00:11:07 --> 00:11:09 attraction however when the universe was
00:11:09 --> 00:11:12 found to be expanding in the 1920s
00:11:12 --> 00:11:14 Einstein took that extra form of gravity
00:11:14 --> 00:11:16 out of his equations he even called it
00:11:16 --> 00:11:19 his biggest blunder imagine if he hadn't
00:11:19 --> 00:11:20 done that I mean the dude could have
00:11:20 --> 00:11:21 been
00:11:21 --> 00:11:24 famous now it seems that we need a
00:11:24 --> 00:11:26 repulsive kind of gravity to explain our
00:11:26 --> 00:11:29 observations so what is the source of
00:11:29 --> 00:11:30 this new form of
00:11:30 --> 00:11:33 gravity it turns out that if the
00:11:33 --> 00:11:35 universe has an energy field of the
00:11:35 --> 00:11:37 right kind it can make the expansion of
00:11:37 --> 00:11:40 the universe accelerate this form of
00:11:40 --> 00:11:43 energy is now called Dark Energy now to
00:11:43 --> 00:11:46 be honest we aren't 100% sure about this
00:11:46 --> 00:11:48 dark energy hypothesis although there
00:11:48 --> 00:11:50 are now many measurements that support
00:11:50 --> 00:11:53 the idea even though dark energy is the
00:11:53 --> 00:11:55 most popular explanation for the
00:11:55 --> 00:11:57 expansion mystery other suggestions have
00:11:57 --> 00:12:00 been made while dark energy is a
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 constant energy density another idea
00:12:02 --> 00:12:05 called quintessence is also a contender
00:12:05 --> 00:12:06 quintessence is an energy field that
00:12:06 --> 00:12:09 varies in time and there are several
00:12:09 --> 00:12:10 ideas in
00:12:10 --> 00:12:13 contention we need to understand that
00:12:13 --> 00:12:15 the observation of the accelerating
00:12:15 --> 00:12:17 expansion of the universe is only about
00:12:17 --> 00:12:19 15 years old it took a little while to
00:12:19 --> 00:12:21 assimilate the discovery and then many
00:12:21 --> 00:12:24 years to design and build new facilities
00:12:24 --> 00:12:26 to study it better over the next couple
00:12:26 --> 00:12:28 of years several new observatories will
00:12:29 --> 00:12:32 be operations to explore this surprising
00:12:32 --> 00:12:34 discovery and I don't know what the
00:12:34 --> 00:12:35 final answer will be but I do know that
00:12:35 --> 00:12:38 anytime you don't understand 95% of
00:12:38 --> 00:12:39 something that somebody will figure it
00:12:39 --> 00:12:42 out that's Dr Don Lincoln from fery lab
00:12:42 --> 00:12:46 and this is spacetime still to come the
00:12:46 --> 00:12:48 solar wind apparently slowing down once
00:12:48 --> 00:12:51 it gets Beyond Pluto and scientists have
00:12:51 --> 00:12:52 discovered that some of the oldest
00:12:52 --> 00:12:55 terrain on Venus known as Tess have
00:12:55 --> 00:12:56 layering which is consistent with
00:12:56 --> 00:12:59 volcanic activity all that and more
00:12:59 --> 00:13:03 still to come on
00:13:03 --> 00:13:15 [Music]
00:13:15 --> 00:13:17 SpaceTime new measurements by NASA's new
00:13:17 --> 00:13:20 horizon spacecraft has confirmed earlier
00:13:20 --> 00:13:22 data showing that the solar wind the
00:13:22 --> 00:13:24 supersonic stream of charged particles
00:13:24 --> 00:13:26 flowing from the Sun slows down the
00:13:26 --> 00:13:29 further away it gets the fin findings
00:13:29 --> 00:13:31 reported in the astrophysical journal
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 are providing important new insights
00:13:33 --> 00:13:35 into some of the furthest reaches of
00:13:35 --> 00:13:38 space ever explored previously only the
00:13:38 --> 00:13:41 1970s vintage Pioneers 10 and 11 and
00:13:41 --> 00:13:44 voyages 1 and 2 spacecraft had explored
00:13:44 --> 00:13:46 the outer solar system and furthest
00:13:46 --> 00:13:48 reaches of the heliosphere the bubble of
00:13:48 --> 00:13:50 the sun's atmosphere which encompasses
00:13:50 --> 00:13:53 the entire solar system but now New
00:13:53 --> 00:13:55 Horizons is doing the same journey and
00:13:55 --> 00:13:57 it's using far more modern and advanced
00:13:57 --> 00:13:59 scientific instruments
00:13:59 --> 00:14:01 the study's lead author Heather Elliot
00:14:01 --> 00:14:03 from the southwest Research Institute in
00:14:03 --> 00:14:05 Boulder Colorado says the sun's
00:14:05 --> 00:14:07 influence on the space environment
00:14:07 --> 00:14:09 extends World beyond the outer planets a
00:14:09 --> 00:14:11 New Horizon showing new aspects of how
00:14:11 --> 00:14:14 that environment changes with distance
00:14:14 --> 00:14:16 New Horizons is collecting detailed
00:14:16 --> 00:14:18 daily measurements of the solar wind
00:14:18 --> 00:14:20 which is composed primarily of ionized
00:14:20 --> 00:14:22 hydrogen that is free electrons and
00:14:22 --> 00:14:25 protons as well as helium nuclei known
00:14:25 --> 00:14:27 as alpha particles and Trace Amounts of
00:14:27 --> 00:14:29 heavy ions and atomic nucle
00:14:29 --> 00:14:32 including carbon nitrogen oxygen neon
00:14:32 --> 00:14:35 magnesium sulfur silicon and iron all
00:14:35 --> 00:14:37 ripped apart by the extreme million
00:14:37 --> 00:14:39 degree temperatures in the sun's outer
00:14:39 --> 00:14:42 atmosphere or Corona New Horizons is
00:14:42 --> 00:14:43 also collecting data on other key
00:14:43 --> 00:14:45 particles called Interstellar pickup
00:14:45 --> 00:14:47 ions in the outer
00:14:47 --> 00:14:49 heliosphere now these Interstellar
00:14:49 --> 00:14:51 pickup ions are created when neutral
00:14:51 --> 00:14:53 material from Interstellar space enters
00:14:53 --> 00:14:55 our solar system becomes ionized by
00:14:55 --> 00:14:57 light from the sun or through charge
00:14:57 --> 00:15:00 exchange interactions with solar wind
00:15:00 --> 00:15:02 ions as the solar wind moves further
00:15:02 --> 00:15:04 away from the sun it's encountering an
00:15:04 --> 00:15:06 increased amount of material from
00:15:06 --> 00:15:09 Interstellar space and when Interstellar
00:15:09 --> 00:15:11 material is ionized the solar wind picks
00:15:11 --> 00:15:13 up that material and researchers
00:15:13 --> 00:15:16 theorize slows down and heat in response
00:15:16 --> 00:15:18 and New Horizons is now detected and
00:15:18 --> 00:15:20 confirm this effect the authors compared
00:15:20 --> 00:15:22 the New Horizon solar wind speed
00:15:22 --> 00:15:24 measurements from 21 to 42 astronomical
00:15:24 --> 00:15:27 units to speeds measured just one
00:15:27 --> 00:15:29 astronomical unit recorded by both the
00:15:29 --> 00:15:31 advanced composition Explorer or a
00:15:31 --> 00:15:33 spacecraft and the solar terrestrial
00:15:33 --> 00:15:35 relations Observatory or stereo
00:15:35 --> 00:15:37 spacecraft by the way an astronomical
00:15:37 --> 00:15:39 unit is the average distance between the
00:15:39 --> 00:15:41 Earth and the sun which equates to 150
00:15:41 --> 00:15:45 million kilm or 8.3 L minutes by 21
00:15:45 --> 00:15:48 astronomical units it seems New Horizons
00:15:48 --> 00:15:49 could be detecting the slowing down of
00:15:49 --> 00:15:52 the solar wind in response to picking up
00:15:52 --> 00:15:54 Interstellar material and when New
00:15:54 --> 00:15:56 Horizons traveled Beyond Pluto between
00:15:57 --> 00:15:59 33 and 42 astronomical units out from
00:15:59 --> 00:16:01 the Sun the solar wind was measured at 6
00:16:01 --> 00:16:03 to 7% slower than what it was at one
00:16:03 --> 00:16:05 astronomical unit distance thereby
00:16:05 --> 00:16:08 confirming the effect now in addition to
00:16:08 --> 00:16:10 confirming the slowing of the solar wind
00:16:10 --> 00:16:11 at Great distances the change in the
00:16:12 --> 00:16:13 Solar wind's temperature and density
00:16:13 --> 00:16:15 could also provide a means to estimate
00:16:15 --> 00:16:17 when New Horizons will join the Voyer
00:16:17 --> 00:16:19 spacecraft on the other side of the
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 termination shock that's the boundary
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 marking where the solar wind slows to
00:16:23 --> 00:16:25 lessen the speed of sound as it
00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 approaches the interstellar medium
00:16:27 --> 00:16:29 Voyager One crossed the termination
00:16:29 --> 00:16:33 shocked back in 2004 at 94 astronomical
00:16:33 --> 00:16:36 units followed by Voyager 2 in 2007 at
00:16:36 --> 00:16:39 84 astronomical units now based on lower
00:16:39 --> 00:16:41 levels of solar activity at the time of
00:16:41 --> 00:16:43 measurements and lower solar wind
00:16:43 --> 00:16:45 pressures as a result the termination
00:16:45 --> 00:16:47 shocks expected to have moved closer to
00:16:47 --> 00:16:50 the Sun since the Voyer Crossings
00:16:50 --> 00:16:51 extrapolating current trends in the New
00:16:51 --> 00:16:53 Horizon's measurements also indicates
00:16:53 --> 00:16:55 that the termination shock might now be
00:16:55 --> 00:16:57 closer than one it was when intersected
00:16:57 --> 00:17:00 by Voyager at the earliest New Horizons
00:17:00 --> 00:17:02 could reach the termination shock next
00:17:02 --> 00:17:04 year but as the solar cycle activity
00:17:04 --> 00:17:07 increases towards solar Max the increase
00:17:07 --> 00:17:09 in pressure will likely expand the
00:17:09 --> 00:17:11 heliosphere and this could push the
00:17:11 --> 00:17:13 termination shock back out to 84 to 94
00:17:13 --> 00:17:16 astronomical units before New Horizons
00:17:16 --> 00:17:18 is time to reach it that's the same
00:17:18 --> 00:17:21 Range found by the voer spacecraft New
00:17:21 --> 00:17:23 Horizon's Journey Through the outer
00:17:23 --> 00:17:24 heliosphere contrast somewhat with that
00:17:24 --> 00:17:26 of the Voyages in that the current solar
00:17:26 --> 00:17:28 cycle is fairly mild in comparison to
00:17:28 --> 00:17:30 the very active solar cycle the voyagers
00:17:30 --> 00:17:32 experience when they're in the outer
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 heliosphere of course right now the two
00:17:34 --> 00:17:36 voyagers are beyond our solar system
00:17:36 --> 00:17:39 flying through Interstellar space in
00:17:39 --> 00:17:41 addition to measuring the solar wind New
00:17:41 --> 00:17:44 Horizon's extreme sensitivity allows it
00:17:44 --> 00:17:46 to also measure the low fluxes of
00:17:46 --> 00:17:47 interstellar pickup ions with
00:17:47 --> 00:17:50 unprecedented time resolution if all
00:17:50 --> 00:17:52 goes well New Horizons will be the first
00:17:52 --> 00:17:54 spacecraft to measure both the solar
00:17:54 --> 00:17:56 wind and Interstellar pickup irons at
00:17:56 --> 00:17:59 the termination shock the needless to
00:17:59 --> 00:18:02 say will keep you informed this is
00:18:02 --> 00:18:05 spacetime still to come researchers find
00:18:05 --> 00:18:07 some of the oldest train on Venus known
00:18:07 --> 00:18:10 as Tess have layering consistent with
00:18:10 --> 00:18:12 volcanic activity and later in the
00:18:12 --> 00:18:14 science report researchers in South
00:18:14 --> 00:18:16 carea have developed swarms of tiny
00:18:16 --> 00:18:19 robots that work together like ants
00:18:19 --> 00:18:22 could we be entering a Brave New World
00:18:22 --> 00:18:24 all that and more still to come on
00:18:24 --> 00:18:27 SpaceTime
00:18:27 --> 00:18:41 [Music]
00:18:41 --> 00:18:42 scientists have found that some of the
00:18:42 --> 00:18:45 oldest train on Venus known as Tess have
00:18:45 --> 00:18:46 layering which is consistent with
00:18:46 --> 00:18:49 volcanic activity the new findings could
00:18:49 --> 00:18:51 provide fresh insights into the
00:18:51 --> 00:18:53 enigmatic planet's geological history
00:18:53 --> 00:18:56 TSS are tectonically deformed regions of
00:18:56 --> 00:18:59 the surface of Venus they are often more
00:18:59 --> 00:19:01 elevated than the surrounding landscape
00:19:01 --> 00:19:03 they comprise about 7% of the planet
00:19:03 --> 00:19:05 surface and are always the oldest
00:19:05 --> 00:19:07 feature in their immediate surroundings
00:19:07 --> 00:19:10 dating back about 750 million years the
00:19:10 --> 00:19:12 new research reported in the journal
00:19:12 --> 00:19:14 geology suggests that a significant
00:19:14 --> 00:19:17 proportion of Tess have striations
00:19:17 --> 00:19:19 consistent with layering the study's
00:19:19 --> 00:19:21 lead author associate professor Paul
00:19:21 --> 00:19:22 burn from North Carolina State
00:19:22 --> 00:19:25 University say Tes are either made up of
00:19:25 --> 00:19:27 volcanic rocks or their counterparts to
00:19:27 --> 00:19:30 the Earth's Continental crust but he
00:19:30 --> 00:19:32 says the layering found on some tessay
00:19:32 --> 00:19:34 isn't consistent with the continental
00:19:34 --> 00:19:36 crust explanation buron colleagues
00:19:36 --> 00:19:38 analyzed images of Venus's surface from
00:19:39 --> 00:19:41 NASA's 1989 mellan Mission which used
00:19:41 --> 00:19:44 radar to map 98% of the planet through
00:19:44 --> 00:19:46 its dense atmosphere scientists have
00:19:46 --> 00:19:48 been studying Venus's tessay formations
00:19:48 --> 00:19:50 for decades but this layering of the
00:19:50 --> 00:19:53 tessay hadn't previously been recognized
00:19:53 --> 00:19:55 as widespread and according to burn this
00:19:55 --> 00:19:57 layering wouldn't have been possible if
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 the Tess were simp portions of
00:19:59 --> 00:20:02 continental crust continental crust at
00:20:02 --> 00:20:03 least here on Earth is composed mainly
00:20:03 --> 00:20:06 of granite an ous rock formed when
00:20:06 --> 00:20:08 tectonic plates move and water subducted
00:20:08 --> 00:20:11 from the surface thing is granite
00:20:11 --> 00:20:13 doesn't form layers now if there's
00:20:13 --> 00:20:15 continental crust on Venus then it's
00:20:15 --> 00:20:18 below the visible layered rocks aside
00:20:18 --> 00:20:20 from volcanic activity the only other
00:20:20 --> 00:20:21 way to make layered rock is through
00:20:21 --> 00:20:23 sedimentary deposits things like
00:20:23 --> 00:20:26 Sandstone or Limestone problem is there
00:20:26 --> 00:20:27 isn't anywhere on Venus today where
00:20:27 --> 00:20:30 these kinds of rocks could formed the
00:20:30 --> 00:20:32 surface of Venus is hot enough to melt
00:20:32 --> 00:20:34 lead and it has 100 times the air
00:20:34 --> 00:20:36 pressure at sea level on Earth so the
00:20:37 --> 00:20:38 evidence right now points to some
00:20:38 --> 00:20:41 portions of Tess being made up of layer
00:20:41 --> 00:20:43 volcanic rock similar to what's found
00:20:43 --> 00:20:45 here on Earth either way the stud's
00:20:45 --> 00:20:47 hoping to shed new light on Venus's
00:20:47 --> 00:20:50 complicated geological history this is
00:20:50 --> 00:20:52 spacetime
00:20:52 --> 00:21:06 [Music]
00:21:07 --> 00:21:08 and time there to take another brief
00:21:08 --> 00:21:09 look at some of the other stories making
00:21:09 --> 00:21:12 news in science this week with a science
00:21:12 --> 00:21:14 report scientists have identified a new
00:21:14 --> 00:21:17 genetic link to autism spectrum disorder
00:21:17 --> 00:21:19 a report in the American Journal of
00:21:19 --> 00:21:21 human genetics has identified a
00:21:21 --> 00:21:23 previously unknown Gene variant on the
00:21:24 --> 00:21:26 ddx53 gene on the X chromosome which
00:21:26 --> 00:21:29 appears to contribute to autism
00:21:29 --> 00:21:30 the disorder which affects more males
00:21:30 --> 00:21:32 than females encompasses a group of
00:21:32 --> 00:21:34 neurodevelopmental conditions that
00:21:34 --> 00:21:36 results in challenges related to
00:21:36 --> 00:21:38 Communications social understanding and
00:21:38 --> 00:21:40 behavior the findings are based on
00:21:40 --> 00:21:42 research on 10 individuals with autism
00:21:42 --> 00:21:44 spectrum disorder from eight different
00:21:44 --> 00:21:46 families and found that variance in the
00:21:46 --> 00:21:49 ddx53 gene was maternally inherited and
00:21:49 --> 00:21:51 present in all the
00:21:51 --> 00:21:54 individuals while ddx53 located on the X
00:21:54 --> 00:21:56 chromosome was already known to play a
00:21:56 --> 00:21:58 role in brain development and function
00:21:58 --> 00:22:00 it was not previously definitively
00:22:00 --> 00:22:02 associated with
00:22:02 --> 00:22:04 autism following the recent wet linia
00:22:04 --> 00:22:07 years with widespread flooding today's
00:22:07 --> 00:22:09 drri conditions have resulted in a drop
00:22:09 --> 00:22:12 in waterb bird numbers and breeding in
00:22:12 --> 00:22:14 2024 the University of New South Wales
00:22:15 --> 00:22:17 annual water Birds survey has observed
00:22:17 --> 00:22:19 fewer waterb Birds breeding and a drop
00:22:19 --> 00:22:21 of nearly 50% in overall numbers
00:22:21 --> 00:22:22 compared to
00:22:22 --> 00:22:26 20123 the researchers spotted
00:22:26 --> 00:22:29 287 in this year's Serv survey
00:22:29 --> 00:22:32 that's down from
00:22:32 --> 00:22:36 579 ranking this year approximately
00:22:36 --> 00:22:38 in the middle of the 42 years that the
00:22:38 --> 00:22:40 survey's been
00:22:40 --> 00:22:42 running scientists in South Korea have
00:22:42 --> 00:22:44 developed swarms of tiny magnetic robots
00:22:44 --> 00:22:47 that work together like ants to achieve
00:22:47 --> 00:22:49 truly Herculean Feats including
00:22:49 --> 00:22:51 traversing and picking up objects up to
00:22:51 --> 00:22:54 2 times their size the engineers
00:22:54 --> 00:22:57 testing the microbots found swarms could
00:22:57 --> 00:22:59 climb an obstacle five times higher than
00:22:59 --> 00:23:01 a single microbot and they could hold
00:23:01 --> 00:23:04 themselves one by one over an obstacle
00:23:04 --> 00:23:06 swarms of a thousand microbots could
00:23:06 --> 00:23:08 wrap around a pill weighing 2 times
00:23:08 --> 00:23:10 the mass of an individual microbot and
00:23:10 --> 00:23:13 transport the drug through liquid
00:23:13 --> 00:23:15 another swarm of microbots managed to
00:23:15 --> 00:23:17 transport cargo and dry land which was
00:23:17 --> 00:23:19 350 times heavier than each of the
00:23:19 --> 00:23:22 individual microbots the research
00:23:22 --> 00:23:24 reported in the journal device suggest
00:23:24 --> 00:23:26 that these microbot swarms could operate
00:23:26 --> 00:23:29 under a rotating magnetic fi field and
00:23:29 --> 00:23:30 they could be used to tackle difficult
00:23:30 --> 00:23:32 tasks in challenging environments that
00:23:32 --> 00:23:34 individual robots would struggle to
00:23:34 --> 00:23:36 handle such as offering a minimally
00:23:36 --> 00:23:38 invasive treatment for clogged arteries
00:23:38 --> 00:23:41 or precisely guiding
00:23:41 --> 00:23:43 organisms the world's largest consumer
00:23:43 --> 00:23:46 electronic show CES is on again in Las
00:23:46 --> 00:23:48 Vegas with the details we're joined by
00:23:48 --> 00:23:51 Alex Sahara Roy from Tech advice. life
00:23:51 --> 00:23:55 LGS have recently commercialized their
00:23:55 --> 00:23:56 transparent OLED television it's a
00:23:56 --> 00:23:58 product that no one really wants at the
00:23:58 --> 00:24:01 stage that's right now interestingly LG
00:24:01 --> 00:24:04 is going to release a fridge with a
00:24:04 --> 00:24:07 transparent OLED door so this allows you
00:24:07 --> 00:24:09 to see through the door inside of the
00:24:09 --> 00:24:11 fridge now the front of the uh display
00:24:11 --> 00:24:13 is like a giant
00:24:13 --> 00:24:15 tablet opening the door for 10 minutes
00:24:15 --> 00:24:17 and looking at what's inside to say what
00:24:17 --> 00:24:19 do I really want to eat that's right and
00:24:19 --> 00:24:20 you also have cameras in there that can
00:24:20 --> 00:24:23 use software nii to tell you what sort
00:24:23 --> 00:24:24 of meals you can create with the
00:24:24 --> 00:24:26 contents of what's in your fridge I mean
00:24:26 --> 00:24:29 look that is a use
00:24:29 --> 00:24:32 uh reason to have a transparent screen
00:24:32 --> 00:24:34 because obviously you can make a fridge
00:24:34 --> 00:24:35 just with a transparent panel you don't
00:24:35 --> 00:24:37 have to have a display in it but when
00:24:37 --> 00:24:39 when it's a display it can be used as a
00:24:39 --> 00:24:40 tablet it can show you information and
00:24:40 --> 00:24:41 so that is interesting and you know
00:24:42 --> 00:24:43 there's going to be microwave ovens with
00:24:43 --> 00:24:45 multiple cameras inside so you can see
00:24:45 --> 00:24:46 the cooking process and see if it's
00:24:46 --> 00:24:48 cooked before you open the door I mean
00:24:48 --> 00:24:49 look manufacturers are trying to think
00:24:49 --> 00:24:52 of ways to incorporate Ai and modern
00:24:52 --> 00:24:54 tech into devices that just do very
00:24:54 --> 00:24:57 simple things keep food cold cook food
00:24:57 --> 00:24:58 so we're going to see a lot of creativ
00:24:58 --> 00:25:00 there's some news from Nintendo as well
00:25:00 --> 00:25:01 Nintendo has announced that it will
00:25:01 --> 00:25:04 launch its Nintendo switch by the end of
00:25:04 --> 00:25:05 the financial year for them which is
00:25:05 --> 00:25:08 March of 31st so if you just bought a
00:25:08 --> 00:25:10 Nintendo switch it's almost basically
00:25:10 --> 00:25:11 out of date and if you haven't bought
00:25:11 --> 00:25:12 one but want to get one wait for the
00:25:12 --> 00:25:14 switch too and something that make me
00:25:14 --> 00:25:18 feel really old the flip phone turns 29
00:25:18 --> 00:25:20 I had one of those it was a lot of fun
00:25:20 --> 00:25:22 to have the original flip phone this was
00:25:22 --> 00:25:27 on January the 3rd 1996 29 it was
00:25:27 --> 00:25:29 actually designed based on the
00:25:29 --> 00:25:31 communicator that was seen in Star Trek
00:25:31 --> 00:25:33 so it was just under 100 kg a clamshell
00:25:33 --> 00:25:36 flip phone it couldn't send SMS gr
00:25:36 --> 00:25:38 receive them and it's the equivalent of
00:25:38 --> 00:25:42 about $1 in today's money blast from
00:25:42 --> 00:25:44 the past but you won't even connect to a
00:25:44 --> 00:25:46 phone network today Apple's Vision Pro
00:25:46 --> 00:25:47 it's gone bye-bye at least for a little
00:25:47 --> 00:25:49 while yes look it was listed by various
00:25:49 --> 00:25:51 Tech Publications was one of the big
00:25:51 --> 00:25:53 flops of last year of 2024 and not
00:25:53 --> 00:25:55 because it uh didn't work I mean it
00:25:55 --> 00:25:57 worked beautifully well the I had one on
00:25:57 --> 00:25:59 my head and it's quite incredible the
00:25:59 --> 00:26:01 problem is it's heavy and it's expensive
00:26:01 --> 00:26:03 I mean in Australian dollars it's about5
00:26:03 --> 00:26:05 six grand and in US dollar it's about
00:26:05 --> 00:26:07 $35 so you know more than what you
00:26:07 --> 00:26:10 pay for traditional iPhone and Apple is
00:26:10 --> 00:26:12 said to be working on ways to make it
00:26:12 --> 00:26:14 lighter and cheaper but I've read
00:26:14 --> 00:26:16 reports of they flx on exactly how to do
00:26:16 --> 00:26:18 that because all the components are so
00:26:18 --> 00:26:20 expensive so the word is that Apple has
00:26:20 --> 00:26:22 ceased production of the current Apple
00:26:22 --> 00:26:25 Vision Pro one and we just have to wait
00:26:25 --> 00:26:26 and see what they come up with hopefully
00:26:26 --> 00:26:29 sometime later this year for version too
00:26:29 --> 00:26:31 and last but by no means least Microsoft
00:26:31 --> 00:26:33 have announced their own version of
00:26:33 --> 00:26:35 Apple's Mac Mini yes now there have been
00:26:35 --> 00:26:37 a number of these small mini PCS over
00:26:37 --> 00:26:39 the past few years copying Apple's Mac
00:26:39 --> 00:26:41 Mini but what sets these ones apart is
00:26:41 --> 00:26:43 that they will have the arm processor
00:26:43 --> 00:26:46 inside which is what we see apple doing
00:26:46 --> 00:26:47 with its current range of Macs where
00:26:47 --> 00:26:49 have taken the iPhone chip and
00:26:49 --> 00:26:51 supercharge it to become a chip capable
00:26:51 --> 00:26:53 of running desktop applications and more
00:26:53 --> 00:26:56 and so Microsoft hasn't had Min PCS
00:26:56 --> 00:26:59 running arm and running Windows 11 and
00:26:59 --> 00:27:01 this new co-pilot plus capability which
00:27:01 --> 00:27:03 is where all the AI is baked in we're
00:27:03 --> 00:27:05 expected to see a series of these mini
00:27:05 --> 00:27:07 PCS with the arm chips arriving which
00:27:07 --> 00:27:09 should turbocharge this category because
00:27:09 --> 00:27:11 it'll be a cheap way for people to get
00:27:11 --> 00:27:13 into the this small Mini PC that's
00:27:13 --> 00:27:15 running Windows 11 and running arm and
00:27:15 --> 00:27:16 you know using very little power doing
00:27:16 --> 00:27:17 all the things that Apple promised with
00:27:18 --> 00:27:20 its Max and it's also going to be coming
00:27:20 --> 00:27:23 on what is effectively Microsoft's 50th
00:27:23 --> 00:27:25 year of existence their birthday is
00:27:25 --> 00:27:26 April 4
00:27:26 --> 00:27:30 1975 interestingly was April 1 1976 so
00:27:30 --> 00:27:32 they're 49 years old that's Alex Sahara
00:27:32 --> 00:27:36 Roy from Tech advice start
00:27:36 --> 00:27:48 [Music]
00:27:49 --> 00:27:52 life and that's the show for now
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00:28:40 --> 00:28:44 Stewart gary.com for full details you've
00:28:44 --> 00:28:46 been listening to SpaceTime with Stuart
00:28:46 --> 00:28:48 Gary this has been another quality
00:28:48 --> 00:28:52 podcast production from bites.com