Sponsor Link:
www.incogni.com/spacenuts (https://incogni.com/spacenuts)
Cosmic Dust in a Jar, Volcanic Eruptions on Io, and the Quest for Intelligent Life
In this exciting episode of Space Nuts , hosts Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson delve into a series of captivating cosmic stories that will spark your imagination. From the groundbreaking creation of cosmic dust in a lab to the simultaneous volcanic eruptions on Jupiter's moon Io, this episode is a treasure trove of astronomical insights.
Episode Highlights:
- Cosmic Dust in a Jar: A Sydney PhD student has synthesized cosmic dust in a laboratory setting. Andrew and Fred discuss the implications of this breakthrough for our understanding of how complex organic molecules form in space, and whether this could reduce the need for future space missions to gather samples from asteroids.
- Simultaneous Volcanic Eruptions on Io: The hosts explore the extraordinary event of five volcanoes erupting at once on Io, revealing insights into the moon’s geological activity. They discuss the gravitational forces at play and how this discovery challenges previous theories about Io's solid interior.
- Follow the Coal to Find Intelligent Life: A new theory suggests that the presence of coal may be a key factor in the development of intelligent civilizations. Andrew and Fred unpack the idea that access to natural resources could influence technological advancement, raising questions about the rarity of intelligent life in the universe.
For more Space Nuts, including our continuously updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. (https://www.spacenutspodcast.com/) Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, Instagram, and more. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.
If you’d like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/about (https://www.spacenutspodcast.com/about) .
Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-astronomy-insights-cosmic-discoveries--2631155/support (https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-astronomy-insights-cosmic-discoveries--2631155/support?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rss) .
Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/31653308?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:02 Hi there. Thanks for joining us. This is
00:00:02 --> 00:00:04 Space Nuts. My name is Andrew Dunley and
00:00:04 --> 00:00:06 it's always good to have your company. I
00:00:06 --> 00:00:08 hope you're well. Coming up on this
00:00:08 --> 00:00:11 episode, uh we will be discussing these
00:00:11 --> 00:00:15 things. A Sydney PhD student has created
00:00:15 --> 00:00:19 cosmic dust in a jar. Probably not quite
00:00:19 --> 00:00:22 a jar, but pretty close to a jar. So,
00:00:22 --> 00:00:24 how did they do it? And what does this
00:00:24 --> 00:00:25 mean? Does it mean we'll never have to
00:00:26 --> 00:00:28 go out into space again? Possibly. Uh
00:00:28 --> 00:00:30 anyway, that's a really good story. This
00:00:30 --> 00:00:33 one, because I'm a bit of a volcano
00:00:33 --> 00:00:36 junkie, uh simultaneous volcanic
00:00:36 --> 00:00:38 eruptions have been recorded on Io, one
00:00:38 --> 00:00:42 of Jupiter's moons. And it um it's it's
00:00:42 --> 00:00:44 a very rare event. In fact, I think it's
00:00:44 --> 00:00:46 the first time it's been recorded as far
00:00:46 --> 00:00:49 as I'm aware. So, we'll look at that.
00:00:49 --> 00:00:52 And here is a a line for the ages. Find
00:00:52 --> 00:00:56 the coal and we find the people. Mhm.
00:00:56 --> 00:00:58 That's all coming up in this episode of
00:00:58 --> 00:00:59 Space Nuts.
00:00:59 --> 00:01:04 >> 15 seconds. Guidance is internal. 10 9
00:01:04 --> 00:01:06 Ignition sequence start.
00:01:06 --> 00:01:07 >> Space Nuts.
00:01:07 --> 00:01:09 >> 5 4 3 2
00:01:09 --> 00:01:12 >> 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1
00:01:12 --> 00:01:13 >> Space Nuts.
00:01:13 --> 00:01:15 >> Astronauts report. It feels good.
00:01:15 --> 00:01:18 >> And here to unravel the revelment that
00:01:18 --> 00:01:20 is all of those stories is Professor
00:01:20 --> 00:01:22 Fred Watson, astronomer at large. Hello,
00:01:22 --> 00:01:23 Fred.
00:01:23 --> 00:01:26 >> Hi, Andrew. I can easily ravel them all
00:01:26 --> 00:01:29 up again. I can tell you. Make them even
00:01:29 --> 00:01:30 more revealed than they were to start
00:01:30 --> 00:01:31 with.
00:01:31 --> 00:01:33 >> Yes. Well, you know, we don't strive for
00:01:33 --> 00:01:35 excellence here. We never have. It's all
00:01:35 --> 00:01:37 about adequacy.
00:01:37 --> 00:01:39 >> Yeah. Haven't touched a while.
00:01:39 --> 00:01:42 >> Sometimes we don't even make adequacy.
00:01:42 --> 00:01:44 >> No, probably not.
00:01:44 --> 00:01:47 >> No. But um yeah, the there's some quirky
00:01:47 --> 00:01:49 stories today. And I I'm very excited
00:01:49 --> 00:01:54 about this first one. Uh because uh this
00:01:54 --> 00:01:56 I I mean I joked about us not having to
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 go back into space uh and and you know
00:01:58 --> 00:02:01 intercept asteroids and and collect junk
00:02:01 --> 00:02:03 from them because this kind of does it
00:02:03 --> 00:02:04 for us and you don't have to leave the
00:02:04 --> 00:02:07 planet. Uh the Sydney PhD student
00:02:07 --> 00:02:10 creating cosmic dust. This is this is
00:02:10 --> 00:02:13 quite extraordinary. It it is it's
00:02:13 --> 00:02:15 actually a great story. Uh, and it's
00:02:15 --> 00:02:17 nice that it's got um, you know, it's
00:02:17 --> 00:02:20 got a a local um, flavor to it because
00:02:20 --> 00:02:23 of the Sydney University connection. Um,
00:02:23 --> 00:02:25 I used to have an uh, an honorary
00:02:25 --> 00:02:27 professorship at Sydney University, but
00:02:27 --> 00:02:28 I think it's lapsed now. I think they've
00:02:28 --> 00:02:32 got rid of me. So, never mind. I'm still
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 >> like dishonoring a chick.
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 >> Yeah. Still happy to sing their praises.
00:02:36 --> 00:02:38 Sydney University is pretty good,
00:02:38 --> 00:02:40 particularly physician. My My dad went
00:02:40 --> 00:02:41 there.
00:02:41 --> 00:02:44 >> Yeah, that's good. Anyway, uh what's it
00:02:44 --> 00:02:47 all about? Um it's about a bit of a
00:02:47 --> 00:02:53 mystery because we now know uh that you
00:02:53 --> 00:02:56 know a lot of the the complex organic
00:02:56 --> 00:02:59 molecules that we often talk about as
00:02:59 --> 00:03:00 the building blocks of life, the amino
00:03:00 --> 00:03:03 acids and all of those sorts of things.
00:03:03 --> 00:03:07 Um we know that they are found in space.
00:03:07 --> 00:03:12 Uh but what's not been clear is well two
00:03:12 --> 00:03:15 things not clear. One is did they find
00:03:15 --> 00:03:17 their way to earth and maybe you know
00:03:17 --> 00:03:20 when we find these chemicals in uh for
00:03:20 --> 00:03:23 example in in meteors and in comets
00:03:23 --> 00:03:24 maybe yes there have been collisions
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 that have brought them to earth. So
00:03:26 --> 00:03:29 that's that's a fairly logical step. But
00:03:29 --> 00:03:31 the big question has been how do they
00:03:31 --> 00:03:35 form in the depths of space uh in enough
00:03:35 --> 00:03:36 quantities that they're quite
00:03:36 --> 00:03:38 commonplace. And we know they are
00:03:38 --> 00:03:43 because we can see a lot of these um
00:03:43 --> 00:03:46 um basically these chemicals uh deep in
00:03:46 --> 00:03:49 the the dust and gas clouds that we
00:03:49 --> 00:03:52 often analyze. Um things like the nebula
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 which have got not just gas in them
00:03:54 --> 00:03:56 glowing gas but often clouds of dust as
00:03:56 --> 00:04:00 well. And dust is very well studied by
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 astronomers using infrared and radio
00:04:02 --> 00:04:04 telescopes. In fact, one of my close
00:04:04 --> 00:04:06 friends who was uh one of my fellow
00:04:06 --> 00:04:08 students hundreds of years ago at St.
00:04:08 --> 00:04:11 Andrews made his career uh in studying
00:04:11 --> 00:04:13 cosmic dust and the contents of that and
00:04:13 --> 00:04:15 looking at the way these chemicals come
00:04:15 --> 00:04:18 together uh or or have have been brought
00:04:18 --> 00:04:21 together. Uh the question is how do they
00:04:21 --> 00:04:23 come together and that's the question
00:04:23 --> 00:04:27 that's been asked by a team at uh Sydney
00:04:27 --> 00:04:30 University uh including the PhD
00:04:30 --> 00:04:33 candidate who's uh I think she might be
00:04:33 --> 00:04:36 the lead author on this paper Linda uh
00:04:36 --> 00:04:42 Lassudo. uh she has essentially um
00:04:42 --> 00:04:46 created this synthetic version of the
00:04:46 --> 00:04:49 cosmic dust that our uh infrared and
00:04:49 --> 00:04:52 radioastronomy colleagues measure in
00:04:52 --> 00:04:55 clouds of gas and dust. Uh she's created
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 it, she synthesized
00:04:57 --> 00:04:59 it in the laboratory, probably as you
00:04:59 --> 00:05:01 said in a jar
00:05:01 --> 00:05:05 >> um with other things as well. Uh and um
00:05:05 --> 00:05:07 the extraordinary thing is that what
00:05:07 --> 00:05:10 she's created seems to match what these
00:05:10 --> 00:05:11 carbonacious
00:05:12 --> 00:05:16 uh dust particles tell us in space. Um
00:05:16 --> 00:05:18 in other words uh you know it seems like
00:05:18 --> 00:05:22 a very um accurate synthesis. So what
00:05:22 --> 00:05:27 she did was t took uh a set of gases
00:05:27 --> 00:05:31 quite simple uh uh nitrogen, carbon
00:05:31 --> 00:05:33 dioxide and acetylene which uh also
00:05:33 --> 00:05:37 contains hydrogen oxygen um these gases
00:05:38 --> 00:05:42 in a tube and then basically irradiated
00:05:42 --> 00:05:45 them with very intense electrical
00:05:45 --> 00:05:47 energy. They put 10 volts into the
00:05:47 --> 00:05:51 tube uh which was almost in a vacuum. So
00:05:51 --> 00:05:52 the pressures are very low
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 >> um and you actually if you do that you
00:05:54 --> 00:05:57 get these glow discharge phenomena you
00:05:57 --> 00:05:59 get colors appearing from the exciting
00:05:59 --> 00:06:02 um exitation of the atoms. But what she
00:06:02 --> 00:06:08 also found was uh that uh on silicon
00:06:08 --> 00:06:12 basically uh uh uh sorry not silicon
00:06:12 --> 00:06:15 silicate uh silicate fingers within the
00:06:16 --> 00:06:18 within the tube. They found these tiny
00:06:18 --> 00:06:22 particles of dust forming and when they
00:06:22 --> 00:06:25 analyze them uh they've got exactly the
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 same chemical signature as these dust
00:06:28 --> 00:06:30 clouds in space.
00:06:30 --> 00:06:34 And so what they're saying is that these
00:06:34 --> 00:06:39 um basically these chemicals do form in
00:06:39 --> 00:06:42 the kind of high energy environment that
00:06:42 --> 00:06:44 you find around for example a white
00:06:44 --> 00:06:46 dwarf star that's beaming out
00:06:46 --> 00:06:48 ultraviolet radiation or in the
00:06:48 --> 00:06:51 aftermath of a supernova um where you've
00:06:51 --> 00:06:54 got a sort of neutron star which is also
00:06:54 --> 00:06:57 uh got high energy processes because the
00:06:57 --> 00:06:58 you know the the supernova explosion
00:06:58 --> 00:07:00 itself creates shock waves and things of
00:07:00 --> 00:07:03 that sort. So, she's basically mimicking
00:07:03 --> 00:07:05 those conditions and finding that what
00:07:05 --> 00:07:07 she gets in the jar is what you get in
00:07:07 --> 00:07:09 space when you see those conditions. So,
00:07:09 --> 00:07:11 it's a really nice piece of work. Uh,
00:07:11 --> 00:07:12 and congratulations to them.
00:07:12 --> 00:07:16 >> Yes. Yes, indeed. And, uh, I mean, I was
00:07:16 --> 00:07:19 probably being a bit
00:07:19 --> 00:07:21 silly uh, suggesting that uh, this is
00:07:21 --> 00:07:24 going to replace the need to go out and
00:07:24 --> 00:07:26 catch asteroids and have a scratch
00:07:26 --> 00:07:27 around on the surface. We still need to
00:07:27 --> 00:07:29 do that because they're not all
00:07:29 --> 00:07:31 identical. There's going to be things to
00:07:31 --> 00:07:34 learn from from various missions in the
00:07:34 --> 00:07:37 future, which we've already seen uh come
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 to fruition in a couple of cases. But I
00:07:40 --> 00:07:43 suppose what she's done is she's she's
00:07:43 --> 00:07:46 opened a door to learning how things
00:07:46 --> 00:07:49 happen way out in space where we can't
00:07:50 --> 00:07:54 even get and and and maybe coming up
00:07:54 --> 00:07:56 with uh ways of looking at these
00:07:56 --> 00:08:00 mysteries at a local level and and
00:08:00 --> 00:08:03 kind of um you putting a bit more light
00:08:03 --> 00:08:04 on them, I suppose.
00:08:04 --> 00:08:07 >> Yeah. Um that's right. to study them
00:08:07 --> 00:08:10 better. And you know, I'm sure this is
00:08:10 --> 00:08:12 just the beginning of a series of
00:08:12 --> 00:08:14 experiments that will produce some
00:08:14 --> 00:08:15 really interesting results, might maybe
00:08:16 --> 00:08:18 even give us um molecules that are
00:08:18 --> 00:08:21 actually closer to life molecules uh
00:08:21 --> 00:08:22 than they've already found. So, I think
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 uh I think it's a very promising avenue
00:08:24 --> 00:08:27 of research. Yeah, it uh sort of
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 coincides with a story I read uh last
00:08:29 --> 00:08:31 week that had nothing to do with
00:08:31 --> 00:08:34 astronomy or space dust, but um it was a
00:08:34 --> 00:08:36 it was a science story about a um a
00:08:36 --> 00:08:39 bloke who went to a river and took a
00:08:39 --> 00:08:43 handful of mud, shoved it in a jar, and
00:08:43 --> 00:08:45 then sealed it off from the rest of the
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 world. and he just he filled it with
00:08:48 --> 00:08:51 water and just put it uh to one side and
00:08:51 --> 00:08:54 he left it and he covered it up and he
00:08:54 --> 00:08:57 didn't go back for um I don't know a
00:08:57 --> 00:08:59 couple of months I think it was and when
00:08:59 --> 00:09:02 he came back it had created its own
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 balanced ecosystem
00:09:04 --> 00:09:06 completely separate from the rest of the
00:09:06 --> 00:09:11 world new life had come and gone um and
00:09:12 --> 00:09:14 a a species had become dominant some
00:09:14 --> 00:09:16 kind of slug
00:09:16 --> 00:09:20 You know, it really does make you wonder
00:09:20 --> 00:09:22 how life hasn't been found anywhere else
00:09:22 --> 00:09:26 yet if that can be done with a blob of
00:09:26 --> 00:09:29 mud from a river in a sealed jar. I
00:09:29 --> 00:09:30 mean, if you opened it, it all dies
00:09:30 --> 00:09:33 because they've created their own world.
00:09:33 --> 00:09:36 >> But it's it was an amazing story. I was
00:09:36 --> 00:09:38 captivated by it that that I I didn't
00:09:38 --> 00:09:39 think it was possible. I thought if you
00:09:39 --> 00:09:43 cut off the outside world, um that would
00:09:43 --> 00:09:45 be the end of it. But no, they created
00:09:45 --> 00:09:46 their own ecosystem and their own
00:09:46 --> 00:09:50 environment and their own atmosphere and
00:09:50 --> 00:09:53 um yeah, it worked. It's I I didn't
00:09:53 --> 00:09:55 think it was possible. Now kids are
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 going to be going out um you know
00:09:57 --> 00:10:00 filling jars with mud and sealing them
00:10:00 --> 00:10:02 up.
00:10:02 --> 00:10:04 >> Fascinating experiment.
00:10:04 --> 00:10:05 >> Yeah. If you wait a few million years,
00:10:05 --> 00:10:08 your jar might you know evolve a a
00:10:08 --> 00:10:09 dinosaur or something like that.
00:10:09 --> 00:10:11 >> Well, it could a miniature one. You
00:10:11 --> 00:10:14 never know. That's a fascinating story.
00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 And this one is too. And you can read
00:10:16 --> 00:10:19 about it at f.org. Uh, and I think the
00:10:19 --> 00:10:23 paper was published in the
00:10:23 --> 00:10:26 uh I've lost it. There you go. I saw it
00:10:26 --> 00:10:28 there a minute ago, but was there was a
00:10:28 --> 00:10:29 paper published the Astrophysical
00:10:29 --> 00:10:32 Journal. There you are. Um, so look out
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 for that one. This is Space Nuts with
00:10:34 --> 00:10:39 Andrew Dunley and Professor Fred Watson.
00:10:39 --> 00:10:41 Let's take a break from the show to tell
00:10:41 --> 00:10:44 you about our sponsor, Incogn. Now, if
00:10:44 --> 00:10:46 you've been overwhelmed by a barrage of
00:10:46 --> 00:10:50 spam calls and emails and targeted ads,
00:10:50 --> 00:10:51 roocalls,
00:10:52 --> 00:10:55 it's probably because they can find you
00:10:55 --> 00:10:58 online very very easily and just harvest
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 your contact information. If you've ever
00:11:00 --> 00:11:03 felt like that, then the answer is
00:11:03 --> 00:11:06 incogn. Uh what happens is data brokers
00:11:06 --> 00:11:09 collect and sell your details leading to
00:11:09 --> 00:11:12 an endless array of spam and other
00:11:12 --> 00:11:14 potential risks. And if you want to get
00:11:14 --> 00:11:16 rid of that, Incogn is the answer. It's
00:11:16 --> 00:11:20 your personal data removal assistant. It
00:11:20 --> 00:11:22 automatically sends removal requests to
00:11:22 --> 00:11:25 over 210 data brokers, ensuring your
00:11:26 --> 00:11:28 information is taken down. You can even
00:11:28 --> 00:11:31 watch the progress of it through uh an
00:11:31 --> 00:11:33 online dashboard. With weekly updates,
00:11:34 --> 00:11:35 you can track the cleansing of your
00:11:35 --> 00:11:38 digital footprint. Plus, there's a
00:11:38 --> 00:11:40 30-day money back guarantee, so it's
00:11:40 --> 00:11:44 riskf free. It's called Incogn. Take
00:11:44 --> 00:11:46 control of your online presence. Visit
00:11:46 --> 00:11:49 incogn.com/spacenuts.
00:11:49 --> 00:11:52 And here's the kicker. 60% off if you
00:11:52 --> 00:11:55 use the code word spacenuts. That's
00:11:55 --> 00:11:58 incogn.com/spacenuts.
00:11:58 --> 00:12:01 60% off if you use the code word space
00:12:01 --> 00:12:05 nuts. Enjoy a peaceful online existence
00:12:05 --> 00:12:09 without digital disturbance.
00:12:09 --> 00:12:12 >> Tangi base here. The angle has landed.
00:12:12 --> 00:12:14 >> Space nets.
00:12:14 --> 00:12:15 >> Now this uh next story is just as
00:12:16 --> 00:12:18 fascinating. Uh I guess most people will
00:12:18 --> 00:12:22 have heard of the moon EO which orbits
00:12:22 --> 00:12:26 Jupiter. Uh it's a very very interesting
00:12:26 --> 00:12:30 and somewhat foroding place. It's um
00:12:30 --> 00:12:33 just absolutely covered in volcanoes and
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 they erupt quite a lot. But what's
00:12:36 --> 00:12:38 happened in this case is they have had
00:12:38 --> 00:12:39 five
00:12:39 --> 00:12:42 volcanoes erupt simultaneously which is
00:12:42 --> 00:12:44 kind of got them wondering what's going
00:12:44 --> 00:12:47 on inside.
00:12:47 --> 00:12:49 >> Exactly. Um that's right. In fact,
00:12:49 --> 00:12:52 that's the story in a nutshell. Um, so
00:12:52 --> 00:12:55 yes, Io, uh, the innermost of the large
00:12:55 --> 00:12:57 moons of Jupiter, the ones that were
00:12:57 --> 00:13:01 discovered by Galileo back in 1610.
00:13:01 --> 00:13:04 Um, it's the nearest one to the planet.
00:13:04 --> 00:13:08 And that means it feels the strongest
00:13:08 --> 00:13:12 and most uh disruptive, if I can put it
00:13:12 --> 00:13:13 that way, gravitational pull from
00:13:13 --> 00:13:17 Jupiter. Um, so it's constantly being
00:13:17 --> 00:13:21 squashed and squeezed by the gravitation
00:13:21 --> 00:13:24 of Jupiter and that's what we think is
00:13:24 --> 00:13:26 the reason behind its very active and
00:13:26 --> 00:13:29 dynamic uh volcanism. It's the it is the
00:13:29 --> 00:13:31 most volcanically active body in the
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 solar system. It's not the one covered
00:13:34 --> 00:13:35 with the most volcanoes. That's actually
00:13:36 --> 00:13:41 Venus. Uh but um Venus may be um may be
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 inactive now. We we don't actually know
00:13:43 --> 00:13:45 whether Venus's volcanoes are still
00:13:45 --> 00:13:47 active. You and I have talked about that
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 before, but we definitely know that the
00:13:49 --> 00:13:52 ones on Io are uh because we've seen
00:13:52 --> 00:13:55 them on many occasions. And the results
00:13:55 --> 00:13:59 that um have brought this story to uh to
00:13:59 --> 00:14:04 uh uh you know to the the science media
00:14:04 --> 00:14:07 um uh have come from our old friend
00:14:07 --> 00:14:10 Juno. uh the spacecraft the orbiting
00:14:10 --> 00:14:13 spacecraft uh a NASA spacecraft which is
00:14:13 --> 00:14:17 in orbit around around Jupiter and it's
00:14:17 --> 00:14:21 uh captured uh basically infrared images
00:14:21 --> 00:14:26 of the southern polar region of Io and
00:14:26 --> 00:14:29 has realized that there are five
00:14:29 --> 00:14:31 volcanoes
00:14:31 --> 00:14:33 going off at the same time. Uh it's uh
00:14:34 --> 00:14:37 so it is really uh quite um an
00:14:37 --> 00:14:38 extraordinary thing. Quite a
00:14:38 --> 00:14:41 coincidence. These uh these volcanoes,
00:14:41 --> 00:14:44 they're all in the southern south pole
00:14:44 --> 00:14:48 region of Io. Um EO is about the same
00:14:48 --> 00:14:49 size as our moon. It's not a small
00:14:49 --> 00:14:52 world. Uh so uh what they've what
00:14:52 --> 00:14:57 they've um done is tried to work out
00:14:57 --> 00:15:01 what that means. uh if you've got um
00:15:01 --> 00:15:04 first of all a very violent uh eruption
00:15:04 --> 00:15:08 that was what draw drew their attention
00:15:08 --> 00:15:11 uh to this event um but the fact that
00:15:11 --> 00:15:15 nearby there were others in in sync with
00:15:15 --> 00:15:20 the with the main volcano. Uh so what I
00:15:20 --> 00:15:22 think is coming out of this is the
00:15:22 --> 00:15:25 suggestion of a porous or spongy
00:15:25 --> 00:15:29 interior for Io rather than uh a solid
00:15:29 --> 00:15:32 body as as was thought before. Uh and
00:15:32 --> 00:15:33 that might mean that there's some sort
00:15:34 --> 00:15:36 of like almost like a liquid magma
00:15:36 --> 00:15:38 reservoir that's actually big enough
00:15:38 --> 00:15:42 that it pokes through the crust in a
00:15:42 --> 00:15:43 number of different places. And so
00:15:43 --> 00:15:45 you've got several volcanoes all
00:15:45 --> 00:15:48 erupting simultaneously, what they call
00:15:48 --> 00:15:51 interconnected magma chambers uh which
00:15:51 --> 00:15:55 would allow uh for these highly lava
00:15:55 --> 00:15:57 richch eruptions to take place
00:15:57 --> 00:16:00 simultaneously. Um and so it it sort of
00:16:00 --> 00:16:03 calls into question the the old idea
00:16:03 --> 00:16:07 about the um interior of IO which was
00:16:07 --> 00:16:10 thought to be fairly solid. Uh but if
00:16:10 --> 00:16:13 it's kind of porous and spongy, then
00:16:13 --> 00:16:15 that might explain why we're seeing
00:16:15 --> 00:16:17 these phenomena of such volcanic
00:16:17 --> 00:16:19 activity.
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 >> Yeah. And
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 the it's not the same kind of activity
00:16:23 --> 00:16:25 as we see on Earth with our volcanic
00:16:25 --> 00:16:30 eruptions. Um you know, which is uh well
00:16:30 --> 00:16:34 to go to well EO. It's being really
00:16:34 --> 00:16:37 squashed by the gravitational pull of
00:16:37 --> 00:16:38 Jupiter, isn't it? Is that what's ma
00:16:38 --> 00:16:41 mainly like you squeeze the sponge and
00:16:41 --> 00:16:42 all the stuff comes out? That is that
00:16:42 --> 00:16:43 what's happening?
00:16:43 --> 00:16:45 >> Well, yes. It's almost like that. That's
00:16:45 --> 00:16:47 right. Um you're right that as I said
00:16:47 --> 00:16:49 it's the uh the gravitational squashing
00:16:49 --> 00:16:51 and squeezing that that being so close
00:16:52 --> 00:16:54 to Jupiter provides um what we call
00:16:54 --> 00:16:58 tidal forces, the the tidal effect. Um
00:16:58 --> 00:17:01 so yes and you know it it's as as though
00:17:01 --> 00:17:05 uh um all the volcanoes in the
00:17:05 --> 00:17:07 Mediterranean for example suddenly
00:17:07 --> 00:17:12 started uh erupting at once. Um Vuvius
00:17:12 --> 00:17:14 and and um you know the the other ones
00:17:14 --> 00:17:16 that are in that region
00:17:16 --> 00:17:18 >> Stromboli.
00:17:18 --> 00:17:19 Yes. Yeah. Etna. That's right. That's
00:17:19 --> 00:17:21 the one I was thinking of. uh all of
00:17:21 --> 00:17:24 those um if they all suddenly started
00:17:24 --> 00:17:27 spewing out stuff at once uh that would
00:17:27 --> 00:17:30 suggest something going on as we've got
00:17:30 --> 00:17:33 uh apparently on Io. But AO is a very
00:17:33 --> 00:17:34 different world from the Earth. It's and
00:17:34 --> 00:17:37 you know and part part of the reason for
00:17:37 --> 00:17:39 that is this external gravitational
00:17:39 --> 00:17:41 stress that comes from Jupiter.
00:17:41 --> 00:17:44 >> Yeah, it's a it's a very toxic world,
00:17:44 --> 00:17:48 isn't it? It's um not it's not a nice
00:17:48 --> 00:17:49 place. You wouldn't want to wander
00:17:49 --> 00:17:50 around on on it.
00:17:50 --> 00:17:53 >> Well, it's mostly sulfur sulfur deposits
00:17:53 --> 00:17:55 that have come from these volcanoes.
00:17:55 --> 00:17:56 Yeah.
00:17:56 --> 00:17:59 >> Yeah. It's um Yeah, it it actually is a
00:17:59 --> 00:18:01 that's a nice thought experiment just to
00:18:01 --> 00:18:02 imagine what it would be like wandering
00:18:02 --> 00:18:05 around on EO. I think it might be quite
00:18:05 --> 00:18:06 um
00:18:06 --> 00:18:08 >> quite an interesting experience.
00:18:08 --> 00:18:11 >> Wouldn't smell very nice.
00:18:12 --> 00:18:13 >> No, neither would you probably after
00:18:13 --> 00:18:13 you.
00:18:13 --> 00:18:15 >> No, no, not jumped over the volcanoes
00:18:15 --> 00:18:18 and the lava lakes. It's got lava lakes,
00:18:18 --> 00:18:21 um big puddles of lava that we we know
00:18:21 --> 00:18:23 about, too. So, yes, an extraordinary
00:18:23 --> 00:18:24 world.
00:18:24 --> 00:18:27 >> Yeah, it's got uh over 400 active
00:18:27 --> 00:18:29 volcanoes apparently.
00:18:29 --> 00:18:30 >> Yeah, that's right.
00:18:30 --> 00:18:32 >> That's amazing. Now, you said it was
00:18:32 --> 00:18:33 about the same size as the moon. Here's
00:18:34 --> 00:18:35 another thought experiment. If you were
00:18:35 --> 00:18:39 to swap the moon and Eo, if you could
00:18:39 --> 00:18:42 just somehow, you know,
00:18:42 --> 00:18:44 put one way or the other is and vice
00:18:44 --> 00:18:46 versa, what would happen to Eio orbiting
00:18:46 --> 00:18:47 Earth and what would happen to the moon
00:18:47 --> 00:18:49 orbiting Jupiter?
00:18:50 --> 00:18:52 Uh I think the moon would turn into Eio
00:18:52 --> 00:18:55 and Eo would turn into the moon because
00:18:55 --> 00:18:57 yeah because the you know that yes there
00:18:57 --> 00:18:59 might be compositional differences and
00:18:59 --> 00:19:01 things of that sort but um it really is
00:19:01 --> 00:19:05 the it's the environment that dictates
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 why Eio is so volcanically active and
00:19:08 --> 00:19:11 the moon of course in a much much more
00:19:11 --> 00:19:14 benign environment uh it's in fact the
00:19:14 --> 00:19:17 main we do see evidence of large scale
00:19:17 --> 00:19:19 volcanism on the moon that's where the
00:19:19 --> 00:19:21 Maria here came from the this the what
00:19:21 --> 00:19:23 so-called seas on the near side of the
00:19:23 --> 00:19:27 of the moon these dark darker areas um
00:19:27 --> 00:19:29 they are the result of bassalt flows of
00:19:29 --> 00:19:33 lava flows but um uh that is from a
00:19:33 --> 00:19:35 period a long long time ago and the heat
00:19:35 --> 00:19:39 was probably driven more by impacts by
00:19:39 --> 00:19:40 bombardment this is during the late
00:19:40 --> 00:19:42 heavy bombardment when a lot of stuff
00:19:42 --> 00:19:45 was was hitting the moon uh and the
00:19:45 --> 00:19:47 earth too but earth of course has plate
00:19:47 --> 00:19:49 tectonic so the evidence of all That's
00:19:49 --> 00:19:51 gone whereas it's still around on the
00:19:51 --> 00:19:54 moon. Uh so but but since that period 3
00:19:54 --> 00:19:56 and a half four billion years ago things
00:19:56 --> 00:19:58 have been pretty quiet on the moon but
00:19:58 --> 00:20:00 if you put it where EO is now I'm sure
00:20:00 --> 00:20:03 it would turn into another EO. I yeah
00:20:03 --> 00:20:06 well I I wondered and yeah um that is
00:20:06 --> 00:20:08 interesting cuz we're pretty glad it
00:20:08 --> 00:20:10 won't happen but um then again if you
00:20:10 --> 00:20:12 did if you did swap them it would make
00:20:12 --> 00:20:14 Artemus 2 a really interesting mission.
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 >> It certainly would.
00:20:16 --> 00:20:19 >> Yeah. Yeah. It would. Imagine having to
00:20:19 --> 00:20:21 pick your way between the volcanoes
00:20:21 --> 00:20:23 before you land your SpaceX Starship on
00:20:23 --> 00:20:24 the moon.
00:20:24 --> 00:20:28 >> Absolutely. Um and I I I also read that
00:20:28 --> 00:20:30 part of that gravitational tug of war
00:20:30 --> 00:20:34 that causes the volcanism on Io is also
00:20:34 --> 00:20:36 attributable to Europa and Ganymede.
00:20:36 --> 00:20:38 Apparently they um have a part to play
00:20:38 --> 00:20:41 in it as well. So poor old EO is getting
00:20:41 --> 00:20:43 you know bounced around like a ping pong
00:20:43 --> 00:20:46 ball
00:20:46 --> 00:20:50 which is messy. It's as it turns out.
00:20:50 --> 00:20:50 >> Yeah.
00:20:50 --> 00:20:52 >> Yeah. You wouldn't want to play ping
00:20:52 --> 00:20:53 pong with it, though.
00:20:53 --> 00:20:55 >> No. No. Definitely not. It would
00:20:55 --> 00:20:58 definitely pong
00:20:58 --> 00:20:59 >> for certain.
00:20:59 --> 00:21:00 >> I wish I could say I fed you that line,
00:21:00 --> 00:21:02 but I'm afraid I didn't.
00:21:02 --> 00:21:05 >> Yes. Oh, that's how it goes. Uh, if you
00:21:05 --> 00:21:06 would like to read up on that story,
00:21:06 --> 00:21:10 it's on the Daily Galaxy website, and
00:21:10 --> 00:21:11 I'm sure you'll be able to find a paper
00:21:11 --> 00:21:13 about it somewhere as well because I
00:21:13 --> 00:21:14 forgot to look. I usually look these
00:21:14 --> 00:21:17 things up and and some people do like to
00:21:17 --> 00:21:20 read the papers, but uh I I didn't do it
00:21:20 --> 00:21:23 in this case. And I'm doing what's
00:21:23 --> 00:21:24 called padding right now so that I can
00:21:24 --> 00:21:26 actually find where the paper's been
00:21:26 --> 00:21:27 published and then tell you because
00:21:27 --> 00:21:29 you'll think I'm amazing, but no, I've
00:21:29 --> 00:21:31 got no idea. Yes, I have. It's been
00:21:31 --> 00:21:35 published in JR Planet.
00:21:35 --> 00:21:37 >> Try to get that in.
00:21:37 --> 00:21:38 >> That's an old radio trick. that is
00:21:38 --> 00:21:40 whether you need where there's something
00:21:40 --> 00:21:43 you need to say and you you haven't got
00:21:43 --> 00:21:45 quite got your finger on the button that
00:21:45 --> 00:21:48 um you just away until you find it.
00:21:48 --> 00:21:52 >> Um it's the you patter
00:21:52 --> 00:21:55 you're doing that then on autopilot and
00:21:55 --> 00:21:57 you're never quite sure what's going to
00:21:58 --> 00:21:58 come out.
00:21:58 --> 00:22:01 >> No, that's true.
00:22:01 --> 00:22:03 >> Yeah, that's very true.
00:22:03 --> 00:22:06 But where it is, it is available the
00:22:06 --> 00:22:09 paper at JGR Planets. This is Space
00:22:09 --> 00:22:12 Nuts. Andrew Dunley here with Professor
00:22:12 --> 00:22:15 Fred Watson.
00:22:15 --> 00:22:17 >> Hey, that's one of the better sims,
00:22:17 --> 00:22:18 believe me.
00:22:18 --> 00:22:19 >> We've had a couple of cardiac arrests
00:22:19 --> 00:22:21 down here too, peeps.
00:22:21 --> 00:22:23 >> Many times were that up here.
00:22:23 --> 00:22:25 >> Space nuts.
00:22:25 --> 00:22:29 >> Our final story, Fred, uh, is a really
00:22:29 --> 00:22:31 good one as well. And I I love the way
00:22:31 --> 00:22:34 they've um sort of spun this one. Uh
00:22:34 --> 00:22:36 we've talked before about the search for
00:22:36 --> 00:22:40 uh extraterrestrial life and whether or
00:22:40 --> 00:22:42 not there are intelligent uh
00:22:42 --> 00:22:46 communication capable uh beings
00:22:46 --> 00:22:49 somewhere else in the universe. This new
00:22:49 --> 00:22:52 study or theory or whatever you want to
00:22:52 --> 00:22:54 call it that's been published in the
00:22:54 --> 00:22:56 International Journal of Astrobiology by
00:22:56 --> 00:23:00 the way uh is basically saying that if
00:23:00 --> 00:23:02 we can find the coal
00:23:02 --> 00:23:05 we will find the people there. They've
00:23:05 --> 00:23:07 got a really interesting theory and it I
00:23:07 --> 00:23:09 I think it probably
00:23:09 --> 00:23:12 does have some street cred.
00:23:12 --> 00:23:13 >> Um yeah, that's right. the the normal
00:23:14 --> 00:23:16 mantra we talk about is follow the water
00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 but in this case it's follow the coal uh
00:23:18 --> 00:23:21 and the difference is that um following
00:23:21 --> 00:23:23 the water we hope will lead you lead us
00:23:23 --> 00:23:26 to living organisms um whereas following
00:23:26 --> 00:23:30 the coal might lead you to ET uh and it
00:23:30 --> 00:23:33 all all this um all this article is
00:23:33 --> 00:23:37 saying uh really is that we as an
00:23:38 --> 00:23:41 intelligent species and with a fairly
00:23:41 --> 00:23:44 high degree of technology which you and
00:23:44 --> 00:23:48 I are using right now. Um that uh has
00:23:48 --> 00:23:52 only come about because of the coal
00:23:52 --> 00:23:56 reserves that we find on the planet and
00:23:56 --> 00:23:58 what that um and the reason for that is
00:23:58 --> 00:24:01 that it you know the coal basically
00:24:01 --> 00:24:04 fueled the industrial revolution in
00:24:04 --> 00:24:07 North America, the UK and uh and Europe.
00:24:07 --> 00:24:09 Uh that was in fact the world I grew up
00:24:09 --> 00:24:12 in, Andrew, was still fueled by coal. Uh
00:24:12 --> 00:24:18 it was a very coal dependent um uh um
00:24:18 --> 00:24:21 environment that I that I lived in. Uh
00:24:21 --> 00:24:23 you've got to have coal in order to gain
00:24:23 --> 00:24:26 enough heat to be able to forge steel.
00:24:26 --> 00:24:30 uh then your steel needs to be um honed
00:24:30 --> 00:24:33 and treated in such a way that you can
00:24:33 --> 00:24:35 actually keep going and finding more
00:24:35 --> 00:24:38 fossil fuel like oil for example with
00:24:38 --> 00:24:42 drill bits. Uh so all of that stuff uh
00:24:42 --> 00:24:44 they say comes actually from the fact
00:24:44 --> 00:24:47 that there were coal deposits not too
00:24:47 --> 00:24:49 far from the surface of the planet at
00:24:49 --> 00:24:52 just the time that we were we as a
00:24:52 --> 00:24:55 species were emerging uh and recognizing
00:24:55 --> 00:24:58 the possibilities of the of the um
00:24:58 --> 00:25:00 industrial revolution although it wasn't
00:25:00 --> 00:25:04 called that then. Um and and in fact um
00:25:04 --> 00:25:06 here's the a quote and I'm quoting here
00:25:06 --> 00:25:09 again from f.org
00:25:09 --> 00:25:11 Uh without access to coal, our own
00:25:11 --> 00:25:13 civilization would never have been able
00:25:13 --> 00:25:15 to harness deep deposits of oil and gas
00:25:15 --> 00:25:17 and in turn generate enough heat and
00:25:17 --> 00:25:20 electricity to melt steel. Uh this
00:25:20 --> 00:25:21 enabled the development of radio
00:25:21 --> 00:25:23 telescopes that today dot our own planet
00:25:24 --> 00:25:25 which can send and receive messages
00:25:25 --> 00:25:28 across interstellar space. So what
00:25:28 --> 00:25:30 they're saying is they're linking our
00:25:30 --> 00:25:34 technological prowess uh to this sort of
00:25:34 --> 00:25:39 accident almost that we had these um
00:25:39 --> 00:25:42 coal beds laid down 70 or so million
00:25:42 --> 00:25:45 years ago. uh that are kind of just at
00:25:46 --> 00:25:49 the right time for us to or were at the
00:25:49 --> 00:25:51 right time for them to have turned into
00:25:51 --> 00:25:53 coal and for that coal to be available
00:25:54 --> 00:25:56 near the surface so that we as a species
00:25:56 --> 00:26:01 could actually mine it um and basically
00:26:01 --> 00:26:04 uh make use of it. M
00:26:04 --> 00:26:07 >> uh what what the authors of this article
00:26:07 --> 00:26:10 say is that
00:26:10 --> 00:26:16 if humans or something like humans had
00:26:16 --> 00:26:21 evolved earlier than we did then coal
00:26:21 --> 00:26:24 might not have existed. it it might not
00:26:24 --> 00:26:27 have, you know, got from the basically
00:26:27 --> 00:26:30 the peak that that formed coal uh into
00:26:30 --> 00:26:33 the material that we can now mine. And
00:26:33 --> 00:26:38 so that suggests that once again there
00:26:38 --> 00:26:41 is uh you know it's almost like good
00:26:41 --> 00:26:44 bits of good luck that uh lead to our
00:26:44 --> 00:26:47 int our evolution as an intelligent
00:26:47 --> 00:26:50 species. And what in turn that suggests
00:26:50 --> 00:26:54 is that once again uh other intelligent
00:26:54 --> 00:26:56 species out there who are technically
00:26:56 --> 00:27:00 technologically able um may actually be
00:27:00 --> 00:27:03 very rare in they're there at all if if
00:27:03 --> 00:27:05 the circumstances that they're pointing
00:27:05 --> 00:27:08 to are required for uh an intelligent
00:27:08 --> 00:27:11 species to be able to communicate which
00:27:11 --> 00:27:13 is one of the Drake equation
00:27:13 --> 00:27:15 >> that's parameters
00:27:15 --> 00:27:18 >> uh that that could mean that the number
00:27:18 --> 00:27:21 of intelligent species
00:27:21 --> 00:27:24 is probably even less than we would
00:27:24 --> 00:27:26 consider or hope.
00:27:26 --> 00:27:29 >> Um, and that that's a bit sobering, a
00:27:29 --> 00:27:31 bit sad in many.
00:27:31 --> 00:27:32 >> Well, that's right. You know, there's so
00:27:32 --> 00:27:35 many um aspects of the Drake equation.
00:27:35 --> 00:27:37 We
00:27:37 --> 00:27:41 excuse me. We only the only um you know,
00:27:41 --> 00:27:43 firm part of the Drake equation that we
00:27:43 --> 00:27:45 know about is that stars do form
00:27:45 --> 00:27:47 planets. planets are very common which
00:27:48 --> 00:27:49 was not known excuse me when Frank
00:27:49 --> 00:27:51 >> Drake
00:27:51 --> 00:27:54 >> uh put that equation together but yes um
00:27:54 --> 00:27:56 the number of civilizations that do go
00:27:56 --> 00:27:58 on to develop the technology to
00:27:58 --> 00:28:01 communicate that is one of the one of
00:28:01 --> 00:28:02 the terms in the equation and if you
00:28:02 --> 00:28:04 don't have coal you might never get
00:28:04 --> 00:28:05 there.
00:28:05 --> 00:28:07 >> Yeah. Does that mean though that there
00:28:07 --> 00:28:12 may be intelligent species roaming
00:28:12 --> 00:28:13 planets somewhere else in the universe,
00:28:13 --> 00:28:15 but because they haven't been able to do
00:28:16 --> 00:28:17 what we've done because they don't have
00:28:17 --> 00:28:21 access to say coal,
00:28:21 --> 00:28:23 they reach a point where they they can't
00:28:23 --> 00:28:25 go any further. So, they're wandering
00:28:25 --> 00:28:27 around in their jockeyies, you know,
00:28:27 --> 00:28:29 knocking
00:28:29 --> 00:28:30 dinosaurs on the head or whatever they
00:28:30 --> 00:28:33 do. Um, and that's as good as it gets.
00:28:33 --> 00:28:34 Is that perfect?
00:28:34 --> 00:28:35 >> Absolutely.
00:28:35 --> 00:28:37 permanently in the stone age. Yes, I
00:28:37 --> 00:28:38 think I think that is. Yeah.
00:28:38 --> 00:28:42 >> Wow. And until a coal comet lands on the
00:28:42 --> 00:28:44 planet where
00:28:44 --> 00:28:45 >> the coal
00:28:45 --> 00:28:49 >> or or a Coke a Coke um asteroid bottle
00:28:49 --> 00:28:52 >> cuz just Yeah. Or that. Yeah. Wasn't
00:28:52 --> 00:28:54 there a movie about that once?
00:28:54 --> 00:28:55 >> Surprised.
00:28:55 --> 00:28:56 >> An African native who got hit on the
00:28:56 --> 00:28:59 head by a Coke bottle and decided to
00:28:59 --> 00:29:01 return it to the gods. That's a very
00:29:01 --> 00:29:04 funny film. Um yes. Uh but yes, find the
00:29:04 --> 00:29:07 coal and we might find the people. It
00:29:07 --> 00:29:10 does seem to have a bit of credibility
00:29:10 --> 00:29:12 that particular theory and you can read
00:29:12 --> 00:29:15 all about it at fizz.org.
00:29:15 --> 00:29:18 Uh it's also been published in the
00:29:18 --> 00:29:20 International Journal of Astrobiology.
00:29:20 --> 00:29:24 It's a fascinating story and uh yeah, it
00:29:24 --> 00:29:26 does suggest that um there might be
00:29:26 --> 00:29:29 intelligent species out there that um
00:29:29 --> 00:29:30 can't communicate ever because they
00:29:30 --> 00:29:32 don't have the tools because they can't
00:29:32 --> 00:29:36 make them. So um that that does um that
00:29:36 --> 00:29:38 is fascinating indeed. Uh we're just
00:29:38 --> 00:29:40 about uh done. Fred, thank you very
00:29:40 --> 00:29:43 much. A nice quick one today.
00:29:43 --> 00:29:46 >> Uh it was certainly nice and uh and also
00:29:46 --> 00:29:48 quick. Yes, you're right. I've just
00:29:48 --> 00:29:49 looked at the time. Uh, we'll chat again
00:29:49 --> 00:29:51 soon, I hope. Um, what's your name
00:29:51 --> 00:29:53 again? Andrew. That's right.
00:29:53 --> 00:29:54 >> It's definitely not Fred.
00:29:54 --> 00:29:56 >> No, it's you were gonna be James there
00:29:56 --> 00:29:58 for a minute and still quite know what
00:29:58 --> 00:30:00 was going on there.
00:30:00 --> 00:30:02 >> I know Fred's already taken, so I can't
00:30:02 --> 00:30:03 have that one. All right, we'll catch
00:30:04 --> 00:30:05 you next time. Thanks, Fred.
00:30:05 --> 00:30:09 >> Yeah, see you later, Dave.
00:30:09 --> 00:30:11 >> I get that one a lot. Professor
00:30:12 --> 00:30:13 Professor Fred Watson, astronomer at
00:30:13 --> 00:30:16 large, joining us here on Space Nuts. Uh
00:30:16 --> 00:30:18 don't forget to visit us online as well
00:30:18 --> 00:30:21 at our website spacenutspodcast.com or
00:30:21 --> 00:30:23 spacenuts.io
00:30:23 --> 00:30:25 where you can uh send us questions or
00:30:25 --> 00:30:27 comments through the ask me anything uh
00:30:27 --> 00:30:29 link at the top of the page. There's the
00:30:29 --> 00:30:32 daily news feed you can subscribe to.
00:30:32 --> 00:30:34 You can also go to our shop and have a
00:30:34 --> 00:30:36 bit of a browse around there. Lots of
00:30:36 --> 00:30:39 goodies in there. And if you want to uh
00:30:39 --> 00:30:42 find out how to support us, uh hit the
00:30:42 --> 00:30:45 support our podcast button and learn
00:30:45 --> 00:30:46 more about that. It's not mandatory.
00:30:46 --> 00:30:49 It's voluntary. And we do say thank you
00:30:49 --> 00:30:52 to the the patrons that uh sign up. Um
00:30:52 --> 00:30:54 we really do appreciate your support.
00:30:54 --> 00:30:56 And thanks to Hugh in the studio who
00:30:56 --> 00:30:58 couldn't be with us today because he's
00:30:58 --> 00:31:00 gone looking for coal. He thinks it's
00:31:00 --> 00:31:02 going to help him have uh better
00:31:02 --> 00:31:05 communications with his wife. Oh. Uh,
00:31:05 --> 00:31:07 and from me, Andrew Dunley, thanks for
00:31:07 --> 00:31:08 your company. We'll see you on the next
00:31:08 --> 00:31:10 episode of Space Nuts. Bye-bye.
00:31:10 --> 00:31:11 >> Space Nuts.
00:31:11 --> 00:31:13 >> You've been listening to the Space Nuts
00:31:13 --> 00:31:16 podcast,
00:31:16 --> 00:31:19 >> available at Apple Podcasts, Spotify,
00:31:19 --> 00:31:21 iHeart Radio, or your favorite podcast
00:31:21 --> 00:31:24 player. You can also stream on demand at
00:31:24 --> 00:31:27 byes.com. This has been another quality
00:31:27 --> 00:31:31 podcast production from byes.com.