SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 08
Origins of Fast Radio Bursts Unveiled
Astronomers have pinpointed the source of fast radio bursts, specifically linking them to magnetars, a type of highly magnetic neutron star. This breakthrough, reported in Nature, was achieved by analysing the scintillation of FRB2022 1022A, indicating its proximity to a magnetar within 10,000 kilometres. This discovery sheds light on the mysterious phenomenon, suggesting that all fast radio bursts might originate from similarly extreme environments.
Lunar Water's Terrestrial Origins
A groundbreaking study reveals that much of the Moon's water may have originated from early Earth. By examining Apollo-era lunar samples with a high precision triple oxygen isotope technique, scientists discovered a dual heritage of lunar water, tracing back to both proto-Earth and cometary impacts. This finding offers new insights into the Earth-Moon system's formation 4.5 billion years ago.
Juno's Insights into IO's Volcanism
NASA's Juno mission has uncovered that Jupiter's moon IO's volcanoes are powered by individual magma chambers rather than a global magma ocean. This revelation, stemming from Juno's close flybys and gravitational measurements, highlights the unique geological dynamics of the solar system's most volcanically active body. The findings provide a deeper understanding of tidal flexing and its effects on celestial bodies.
00:00 Astronomers have finally narrowed down the source of those mysterious fast radio bursts
08:01 New study shows much of moon's water originates on early proto Earth
10:32 Scientists with NASA's Juno mission to Jupiter have discovered volcanoes on IO
16:33 There now seems to be more carbon stored in human made stuff than natural world
18:41 Study shows each of the Disney princesses could have exposed themselves to illnesses
19:40 Alaska Triangle has highest recorded numbers of paranormal incidents in the world
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Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/25125316?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 28 episode 8
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 17th of January
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 2025 coming up on space time finally the
00:00:09 --> 00:00:11 discovery of the origins of fast radio
00:00:11 --> 00:00:14 bursts the link between lunar water and
00:00:14 --> 00:00:17 Earth's early history and NASA's Juno
00:00:18 --> 00:00:20 Mission uncovers the heart of the Jovian
00:00:20 --> 00:00:23 Moon iOS volcanic rage all that and more
00:00:23 --> 00:00:26 coming up on
00:00:26 --> 00:00:29 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:29 --> 00:00:31 steart
00:00:31 --> 00:00:38 [Music]
00:00:45 --> 00:00:48 G astronomers have finally narrowed down
00:00:48 --> 00:00:50 the source of those mysterious fast
00:00:50 --> 00:00:52 radio bursts or at least one of them
00:00:52 --> 00:00:54 discovering that it really did originate
00:00:54 --> 00:00:56 around a rapidly spinning highly
00:00:56 --> 00:00:58 magnetic neutron star known as a
00:00:58 --> 00:01:01 magnetar fast radio bursts a sudden high
00:01:01 --> 00:01:03 energy flashes of very specific
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 wavelengths lasting just a nanc or two
00:01:05 --> 00:01:08 and originating at Cosmic distances but
00:01:08 --> 00:01:10 in that short space of time they can
00:01:10 --> 00:01:12 release more energy than a half billion
00:01:12 --> 00:01:15 Suns the very first fast radio burst was
00:01:15 --> 00:01:18 discovered back in 2007 in data from the
00:01:18 --> 00:01:21 parks radio telescope in New South Wales
00:01:21 --> 00:01:23 at first most were singular events
00:01:23 --> 00:01:25 occurring just once at a specific
00:01:25 --> 00:01:28 location and then never again and that
00:01:28 --> 00:01:29 suggested there were probably being
00:01:30 --> 00:01:32 caused by some sort of cataclysmic event
00:01:32 --> 00:01:34 such as a supernova but astronomers are
00:01:34 --> 00:01:36 now detecting more and more fast radio
00:01:36 --> 00:01:38 bursts that have repeated from the same
00:01:38 --> 00:01:40 location that suggests a very different
00:01:40 --> 00:01:43 cause feeding black holes glitching
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 neutron stars and highly magnetized
00:01:45 --> 00:01:47 neutron stars called magneti have all
00:01:47 --> 00:01:50 been suspected and it could be in fact
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 that all fast radio bursts are repeaters
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 just that some are a lot more active
00:01:54 --> 00:01:56 than others now a report in the journal
00:01:56 --> 00:01:59 Nature has pinned down the origins of at
00:01:59 --> 00:02:01 least one fast radio burst using a novel
00:02:01 --> 00:02:03 technique that could be used to find the
00:02:03 --> 00:02:05 origins of more the study's authors
00:02:05 --> 00:02:10 focused on FB 2022 1022a a previously
00:02:10 --> 00:02:12 discovered fast radio burst that was
00:02:12 --> 00:02:14 detected in a galaxy about 200 million L
00:02:14 --> 00:02:16 years away away they were able to zero
00:02:16 --> 00:02:19 in further more precisely to determine
00:02:19 --> 00:02:21 the exact location of the radio signal
00:02:21 --> 00:02:23 by analyzing its scintillation similar
00:02:23 --> 00:02:26 to how stars twinkle in the night sky
00:02:26 --> 00:02:28 the author studied changes in the fast
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 radio bir brightness and determined that
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 the burst must have originated in the
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 immediate vicinity of its source rather
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 than much further out as some models
00:02:36 --> 00:02:38 have predicted the team estimates that
00:02:38 --> 00:02:42 FB 2022 1022a erupted in a region that's
00:02:42 --> 00:02:45 extremely close to a rotating neutron
00:02:45 --> 00:02:48 star 10 km away at most now that's
00:02:48 --> 00:02:50 less than the distance between New York
00:02:50 --> 00:02:53 and Singapore and at such close range it
00:02:53 --> 00:02:55 means the burst probably emerged from
00:02:55 --> 00:02:57 the neutron stars magnetosphere a highly
00:02:57 --> 00:02:59 magnetic region immediately surrounding
00:02:59 --> 00:03:01 the Ultra compact object the study's
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 lead author Kenzie Nemo says that in
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 such environments of neutron stars the
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 magnetic fields are really at the limits
00:03:08 --> 00:03:10 of what the universe can produce in fact
00:03:10 --> 00:03:11 there's been a lot of debate about
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 whether such a bright radio emission
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 could even escape from such an extreme
00:03:15 --> 00:03:18 plasma environment you see atoms can't
00:03:18 --> 00:03:20 really exist around these highly
00:03:20 --> 00:03:22 magnetic neutron stars they'd simply be
00:03:22 --> 00:03:25 torn apart by the magnetic fields but it
00:03:25 --> 00:03:27 seems that the energy stored in these
00:03:27 --> 00:03:29 magnetic fields close to the source is
00:03:29 --> 00:03:31 twisting and reconfiguring in such a way
00:03:31 --> 00:03:33 that it can be released as radio waves
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 visible halfway across the
00:03:35 --> 00:03:38 universe detections of fast radio bursts
00:03:38 --> 00:03:40 have ramped up a lot in recent years
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 mostly due to the Canadian hydrogen
00:03:42 --> 00:03:44 intensity mapping experimental chime
00:03:44 --> 00:03:46 this is a radio telescope array
00:03:46 --> 00:03:48 comprising four large stationary
00:03:48 --> 00:03:50 receivers each shaped like a halfpipe
00:03:51 --> 00:03:52 and tuned to detect radio emissions
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 within a range that's highly sensitive
00:03:54 --> 00:03:58 to fast radio bursts since 2020 Chimes
00:03:58 --> 00:04:00 detected thousands of fast radio burst
00:04:00 --> 00:04:03 from all over the sky while scientists
00:04:03 --> 00:04:04 generally agreed that the burst arise
00:04:04 --> 00:04:07 from extremely compact objects the exact
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 physics driving them remains unclear
00:04:09 --> 00:04:11 Some models predict that they should
00:04:11 --> 00:04:13 come from the turbulent magnetosphere
00:04:13 --> 00:04:14 immediately surrounding the compact
00:04:14 --> 00:04:16 object While others predict that the
00:04:16 --> 00:04:18 burst should originate much further out
00:04:18 --> 00:04:20 as part of a shock wave propagating out
00:04:20 --> 00:04:22 from the central object so to
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 distinguish between the two hypotheses
00:04:24 --> 00:04:26 and determine exactly where fast radio
00:04:26 --> 00:04:29 births arise the authors considered the
00:04:29 --> 00:04:31 idea of insulation the effect that
00:04:31 --> 00:04:32 occurs when light from a small bright
00:04:32 --> 00:04:34 Source such as a star filters through
00:04:34 --> 00:04:37 some sort of a medium such as a Galaxy's
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 gas we see the same thing happening here
00:04:39 --> 00:04:41 on Earth as Starlight features through
00:04:41 --> 00:04:44 the gas of the atmosphere it bends it in
00:04:44 --> 00:04:45 ways that make the star appear to
00:04:45 --> 00:04:48 twinkle and the smaller or further away
00:04:48 --> 00:04:51 the object is the more it twinkles
00:04:51 --> 00:04:52 that's why light from larger closer
00:04:52 --> 00:04:54 objects such as planets experience less
00:04:54 --> 00:04:56 bending and therefore don't appear to
00:04:56 --> 00:04:59 twinkle the authors reason that if they
00:04:59 --> 00:05:00 could estimate the degree to which a
00:05:01 --> 00:05:03 fast radio burst scintillates they could
00:05:03 --> 00:05:04 determine the relative size of the
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 region from where it originated the
00:05:06 --> 00:05:08 smaller the region the closer the burst
00:05:08 --> 00:05:10 must be to its source and the more
00:05:10 --> 00:05:12 likely it is to have come from a
00:05:12 --> 00:05:15 magnetically turbulent environment on
00:05:15 --> 00:05:16 the other hand the larger the region the
00:05:16 --> 00:05:18 further away the burst would be giving
00:05:18 --> 00:05:20 more support to the idea that fast radio
00:05:20 --> 00:05:23 bursts stem from far out shock waves to
00:05:23 --> 00:05:25 test their hypothesis the researchers
00:05:25 --> 00:05:29 looked at FB 2022 1022a that's a fast
00:05:29 --> 00:05:31 radio B first detected by a chime in
00:05:31 --> 00:05:34 2022 the signal lasted about 2
00:05:34 --> 00:05:36 milliseconds and was a relatively
00:05:36 --> 00:05:38 run-of-the-mill fast radio burst in
00:05:38 --> 00:05:40 terms of its brightness however
00:05:40 --> 00:05:42 scientist at McGill University found
00:05:42 --> 00:05:46 that FB 2022 1022a exhibited one
00:05:46 --> 00:05:48 outstanding property the light from the
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 burst was highly polarized with the
00:05:50 --> 00:05:52 angle of polarization tracing a smooth
00:05:52 --> 00:05:55 a-shaped curve now this pattern is
00:05:55 --> 00:05:57 interpreted as evidence that the fast
00:05:57 --> 00:05:59 radio burst emission site is rotating in
00:06:00 --> 00:06:01 a characteristic previously observed
00:06:01 --> 00:06:04 impulse eyes highly magnetized rotating
00:06:04 --> 00:06:08 neutron stars so if FB 2022 1022a
00:06:08 --> 00:06:10 originated from close to a neutron star
00:06:10 --> 00:06:12 the author should be able to prove this
00:06:12 --> 00:06:15 using scintillation Nemo and colleagues
00:06:15 --> 00:06:17 analyzed data from chime observing steep
00:06:17 --> 00:06:19 variations in brightness which signals
00:06:19 --> 00:06:22 cellation in other words the fast radio
00:06:22 --> 00:06:24 burst was twinkling that means the
00:06:24 --> 00:06:26 authors had confirmed that there was gas
00:06:26 --> 00:06:27 somewhere between the telescope at the
00:06:28 --> 00:06:30 fast radio burst that was bending and
00:06:30 --> 00:06:32 filtering the radio waves they then
00:06:32 --> 00:06:34 determined where this gas was located
00:06:34 --> 00:06:36 confirming that the gas within the fast
00:06:36 --> 00:06:38 radio burst host Galaxy was responsible
00:06:39 --> 00:06:41 for some of the scintillation the gas
00:06:41 --> 00:06:44 acted as a sort of natural lens allowing
00:06:44 --> 00:06:45 the researchers to zoom in on the fast
00:06:45 --> 00:06:48 radio burst site and determined that the
00:06:48 --> 00:06:50 burst originated from an extremely small
00:06:50 --> 00:06:52 region estimated to be just around
00:06:52 --> 00:06:56 10 km wide Nemo says that means the
00:06:56 --> 00:06:58 FB is probably within hundreds of
00:06:58 --> 00:07:00 thousands of kilometers from the source
00:07:00 --> 00:07:02 and on Cosmic scales that's extremely
00:07:02 --> 00:07:05 close now for comparison one would
00:07:05 --> 00:07:07 expect the signal would be far more than
00:07:07 --> 00:07:09 tens of millions of kilometers away were
00:07:09 --> 00:07:11 it to originate from a Shark Wave and
00:07:11 --> 00:07:13 under those conditions you wouldn't see
00:07:13 --> 00:07:15 any scintillation in other words the
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 results clearly rule out the possibility
00:07:17 --> 00:07:21 that FB 2022 1022a emerged from the
00:07:21 --> 00:07:24 outskirts of a compact object instead
00:07:24 --> 00:07:26 the study proves for the first time that
00:07:26 --> 00:07:29 this fast radio burst originated from
00:07:29 --> 00:07:33 very close to a neutron star this is
00:07:33 --> 00:07:36 spacetime still to come the link between
00:07:36 --> 00:07:38 lunar water and Earth's early history
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 and nessa's Juno Mission uncovers the
00:07:40 --> 00:07:43 heart of the JY Moon IO volcanic rage
00:07:43 --> 00:07:45 all that and more still to come on
00:07:45 --> 00:07:46 SpaceTime
00:07:46 --> 00:08:01 [Music]
00:08:01 --> 00:08:03 a new study has shown that much of the
00:08:03 --> 00:08:06 moon's water actually originated on the
00:08:06 --> 00:08:08 early Proto Earth the findings reported
00:08:08 --> 00:08:10 in the journal the proceedings of the
00:08:10 --> 00:08:12 National Academy of Sciences analyzed
00:08:12 --> 00:08:14 water in nine samples from the Apollo
00:08:14 --> 00:08:16 AOL Luna missions using a high Precision
00:08:16 --> 00:08:19 triple oxygen isotope technique the
00:08:19 --> 00:08:21 method separates water into its various
00:08:21 --> 00:08:24 binding phases Loosely bound tightly
00:08:24 --> 00:08:26 bound and trapped within minerals it
00:08:26 --> 00:08:28 does this through stepwise heating at
00:08:28 --> 00:08:35 50° C 150° C and 1° C one of the
00:08:35 --> 00:08:37 studies authors Maxwell th from the V
00:08:37 --> 00:08:39 University in Brussels says the data
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 provides crucial evidence that lunar
00:08:41 --> 00:08:44 water had a dual Heritage one part
00:08:44 --> 00:08:45 originating from early earthlike
00:08:45 --> 00:08:47 material and another derived through
00:08:47 --> 00:08:50 cometry impacts he says it's a major
00:08:50 --> 00:08:52 step forward in unraveling where lunar
00:08:52 --> 00:08:55 water comes from the finding suggest
00:08:55 --> 00:08:56 that the moon inherited water tracing
00:08:57 --> 00:08:58 back to Earth's formation followed by
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 later cont contributions from Comet
00:09:00 --> 00:09:02 impacts delivering the water reservoirs
00:09:02 --> 00:09:05 we see today the Earth Moon system was
00:09:05 --> 00:09:07 created when a mars-sized planet which
00:09:07 --> 00:09:09 we now call Thea slamed into the early
00:09:09 --> 00:09:12 Proto Earth some 4.5 billion years ago
00:09:12 --> 00:09:14 causing both bodies to melt into a magma
00:09:14 --> 00:09:17 ocean now eventually this all cooled and
00:09:17 --> 00:09:19 coales to form the Earth as we have it
00:09:19 --> 00:09:22 today and some of the debris ejector
00:09:22 --> 00:09:23 flung into orbit around the Earth from
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 the newly created Planet eventually it
00:09:25 --> 00:09:28 created to form the moon sometime later
00:09:28 --> 00:09:30 the study shows that the oxygen isotopic
00:09:30 --> 00:09:33 composition closely matches entite
00:09:33 --> 00:09:35 condres a meteorite type believed to be
00:09:35 --> 00:09:37 one of the building blocks of the Earth
00:09:37 --> 00:09:40 but they're also clear signs of cometry
00:09:40 --> 00:09:42 contribution with a significant portion
00:09:42 --> 00:09:44 of lunar water showing isotopic
00:09:44 --> 00:09:46 similarities to comets interestingly the
00:09:46 --> 00:09:48 findings also challenged the idea that
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 the majority of lunar water was produced
00:09:50 --> 00:09:52 through solar interactions with lunar
00:09:52 --> 00:09:55 silicates instead presenting a far more
00:09:55 --> 00:09:58 complex mixing of sources this is
00:09:58 --> 00:10:01 spacetime still to come NASA's Juno
00:10:01 --> 00:10:03 Mission uncovers the heart of the Jovian
00:10:03 --> 00:10:05 Moon iOS volcanic rage and later in the
00:10:05 --> 00:10:08 science report a study looks at the
00:10:08 --> 00:10:10 sorts of illnesses Disney Princesses
00:10:10 --> 00:10:12 would have suffered were they real
00:10:12 --> 00:10:14 people you can tell we're in the Silly
00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 Season all that and more still to come
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 on SpaceTime
00:10:18 --> 00:10:24 [Music]
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 scientists with NASA's Juno mission to
00:10:34 --> 00:10:36 Jupiter have discovered that the
00:10:36 --> 00:10:39 volcanoes on jupitor moon IO are each
00:10:39 --> 00:10:40 likely to be powered by their own
00:10:40 --> 00:10:43 chamber of rolling hot magma rather than
00:10:43 --> 00:10:46 a single subsurface magma ocean the new
00:10:46 --> 00:10:48 findings reported in the journal Nature
00:10:48 --> 00:10:51 solves a 44-year-old mystery about the
00:10:51 --> 00:10:53 subsurface origins of the moon's most
00:10:53 --> 00:10:56 demonstrative geological features about
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 the same size as the Earth's Moon IO is
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 known as the most volcanically active
00:11:00 --> 00:11:03 body in our solar system it's home to an
00:11:03 --> 00:11:06 estimated 400 volcanoes blasting lava
00:11:06 --> 00:11:09 and plumes in seemingly continuous
00:11:09 --> 00:11:11 eruptions in fact if you could live on
00:11:11 --> 00:11:13 iO you wouldn't have weather reports
00:11:13 --> 00:11:15 you'd have geological reports with
00:11:15 --> 00:11:17 mountain building in the north and Lava
00:11:17 --> 00:11:20 Lakes forming in the East I was
00:11:20 --> 00:11:23 discovered by Galileo Galilee in 1610
00:11:23 --> 00:11:26 but it wasn't until the Voyer one fly by
00:11:26 --> 00:11:29 in 1979 that Imaging scientist Linda Mor
00:11:29 --> 00:11:30 beat her from NASA's jet propulsion
00:11:30 --> 00:11:33 laboratory in pasadina California first
00:11:33 --> 00:11:35 identified a volcanic plume erupting
00:11:35 --> 00:11:37 from the surface of IO in an image taken
00:11:37 --> 00:11:40 by the spacecraft Junior principal
00:11:40 --> 00:11:41 investigator Scott Bolton from the
00:11:41 --> 00:11:43 southwest Research Institute in San
00:11:43 --> 00:11:46 Antonio Texas says since morbid's
00:11:46 --> 00:11:47 Discovery planetary scientists have been
00:11:47 --> 00:11:49 wondering about how the volcanoes are
00:11:49 --> 00:11:51 being fed from lava underneath the
00:11:51 --> 00:11:53 surface were there shallow oceans of
00:11:53 --> 00:11:56 white hot magma fueling the volcanoes or
00:11:56 --> 00:11:59 were this sources far more localized
00:11:59 --> 00:12:01 scientists knew that data from Juno's
00:12:01 --> 00:12:03 two very close flybys of IO could give
00:12:03 --> 00:12:05 fresh insights on how this tortured
00:12:05 --> 00:12:08 little Moon actually worked the Juno
00:12:08 --> 00:12:10 spacecraft met extremely close flybys of
00:12:10 --> 00:12:14 iow in December 2023 and February 2024
00:12:14 --> 00:12:17 getting to within 1500 kilm of its Pizza
00:12:17 --> 00:12:19 faced surface during these close
00:12:19 --> 00:12:21 approaches Juno communicated with NASA's
00:12:21 --> 00:12:23 deep space Communications Network
00:12:23 --> 00:12:25 acquiring High Precision dual frequency
00:12:25 --> 00:12:27 Doppler data which was then used to
00:12:27 --> 00:12:29 measure io's Gravity by tracking how it
00:12:29 --> 00:12:32 affected the spacecraft's acceleration
00:12:32 --> 00:12:33 what the mission learned about the
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 moon's gravity from these flybys
00:12:35 --> 00:12:37 revealed lots of details about a
00:12:37 --> 00:12:39 phenomenon known as gravitational tidal
00:12:39 --> 00:12:42 flexing see I is extremely close to the
00:12:42 --> 00:12:44 mammoth Jupiter the largest planet in
00:12:44 --> 00:12:47 our solar system and its elliptical
00:12:47 --> 00:12:49 orbit swings it around the gas giant
00:12:49 --> 00:12:52 once every 42 and 1/2 hours as this
00:12:52 --> 00:12:55 distance varies so too does Jupiter's
00:12:55 --> 00:12:57 gravitational pull on the moon which
00:12:57 --> 00:12:59 causes the moon to be relentlessly
00:12:59 --> 00:13:02 pulled and squeezed the result is an
00:13:02 --> 00:13:04 extreme case of gravitational tidal
00:13:04 --> 00:13:06 flexing friction from tidal forces
00:13:06 --> 00:13:09 generating internal heat Bolton says
00:13:09 --> 00:13:11 this constant flexing creates immense
00:13:11 --> 00:13:13 energy which literally melts portions of
00:13:13 --> 00:13:16 I's interior now if IO had a global
00:13:16 --> 00:13:18 magma ocean Bolton knew that the signal
00:13:18 --> 00:13:20 of its title deformation would be much
00:13:20 --> 00:13:23 larger than a more rigid mostly solid
00:13:23 --> 00:13:25 interior so depending on the results of
00:13:25 --> 00:13:28 Juno's probing of I's gravity field
00:13:28 --> 00:13:30 Bolton colleagues were able to tell if a
00:13:30 --> 00:13:32 global magma ocean was indeed hiding
00:13:32 --> 00:13:35 beneath its surface the junit team
00:13:35 --> 00:13:37 compared Doppler data from the two
00:13:37 --> 00:13:39 flybys with observations from the
00:13:39 --> 00:13:41 agency's previous missions to the Jovian
00:13:41 --> 00:13:44 system and from groundbased telescopes
00:13:44 --> 00:13:46 and they found that the tidal defamation
00:13:46 --> 00:13:48 was consistent with IO not having a
00:13:48 --> 00:13:51 shallow Global magma ocean Jenner's
00:13:51 --> 00:13:53 discovery that tidle forces don't always
00:13:53 --> 00:13:55 create Global magma oceans has
00:13:55 --> 00:13:57 implications for science's understanding
00:13:57 --> 00:13:59 of other moons too including Enceladus
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 in Europa and even exoplanets and super
00:14:02 --> 00:14:05 Earths one of the teams involved with
00:14:05 --> 00:14:07 the Juno Mission with the University of
00:14:07 --> 00:14:10 leester the objectives of the Juno
00:14:10 --> 00:14:10 Mission are
00:14:11 --> 00:14:13 three-fold there is a study of the
00:14:13 --> 00:14:17 internal structure of the planet uh how
00:14:17 --> 00:14:19 the mass is distributed on the inside
00:14:19 --> 00:14:21 whether there is a solid core or not
00:14:21 --> 00:14:24 secondly there is an objective to look
00:14:24 --> 00:14:27 deep within the atmosphere of the planet
00:14:27 --> 00:14:29 above the visible Cloud tops you can see
00:14:29 --> 00:14:32 from Earth to understand the structure
00:14:32 --> 00:14:34 of the weather layers beneath the cloud
00:14:34 --> 00:14:37 tops the origin of the Great Red Spot
00:14:37 --> 00:14:40 and so forth and thirdly there is the
00:14:40 --> 00:14:43 objective of looking at the origins of
00:14:43 --> 00:14:45 the planets auroras which are the most
00:14:45 --> 00:14:48 intense auroras in the solar system the
00:14:48 --> 00:14:50 Earth of course has auroras around the
00:14:50 --> 00:14:52 pole so does Saturn and so does Jupiter
00:14:52 --> 00:14:55 but Jupiter by far the most powerful and
00:14:55 --> 00:14:57 we want to know the origin the physical
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 origin that drives the auroras and the
00:14:59 --> 00:15:01 connection with the magnetic field at
00:15:01 --> 00:15:03 large distances the University of
00:15:03 --> 00:15:04 leicester's involvement in the mission
00:15:04 --> 00:15:08 is um through Professor Stan Cy um who
00:15:08 --> 00:15:09 is a science
00:15:09 --> 00:15:12 co-investigator on the main Juno science
00:15:12 --> 00:15:16 team and that was because um we had been
00:15:16 --> 00:15:18 involved in theoretical studies of
00:15:18 --> 00:15:20 Jupiter's environment uh in the
00:15:21 --> 00:15:23 immediate couple of years beforeand and
00:15:23 --> 00:15:26 had produced um a research paper that
00:15:26 --> 00:15:30 was published in 2001 which has become
00:15:30 --> 00:15:34 the definitive model of how Jupiter's
00:15:34 --> 00:15:37 aoras or how we think Jupiter's aoras
00:15:37 --> 00:15:41 are actually generated and so when this
00:15:41 --> 00:15:43 mission was being proposed to NASA we
00:15:44 --> 00:15:48 were the go-to people to be involved in
00:15:48 --> 00:15:51 the planning of the mission if we want
00:15:51 --> 00:15:53 to understand the solar system and and
00:15:53 --> 00:15:55 how it Formed how it evolved over time
00:15:55 --> 00:15:58 then we need to understand Jupiter we
00:15:58 --> 00:16:00 understand quite a lot about Jupiter but
00:16:00 --> 00:16:02 we don't know the details of the
00:16:02 --> 00:16:05 Interior whether or not it has a core
00:16:05 --> 00:16:07 how much water is contained in the
00:16:07 --> 00:16:10 atmosphere so the details are really
00:16:10 --> 00:16:14 really important and due to Juno's
00:16:14 --> 00:16:17 unique polar orbit we really have an
00:16:17 --> 00:16:19 opportunity for a step change in our
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 knowledge it is a game Cher the results
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 that will come from the Juno Mission
00:16:23 --> 00:16:26 will significantly enhance our knowledge
00:16:26 --> 00:16:28 of Jupiter overall and in that report
00:16:28 --> 00:16:30 from the University of Lisa we heard
00:16:30 --> 00:16:34 from professors Emma Brun and Stan Cy
00:16:34 --> 00:16:35 this is
00:16:35 --> 00:16:45 [Music]
00:16:51 --> 00:16:53 spacetime and time out to take another
00:16:53 --> 00:16:54 brief look at some of the other stories
00:16:54 --> 00:16:57 making news and science this week with a
00:16:57 --> 00:17:00 science report the now seems to be more
00:17:00 --> 00:17:02 carbon stored in human-made stuff on the
00:17:02 --> 00:17:04 planet than what there is carbon in the
00:17:04 --> 00:17:07 natural world the findings reported in
00:17:07 --> 00:17:09 the journal s report sustainability
00:17:09 --> 00:17:11 looked at how much carbon is stored in
00:17:11 --> 00:17:13 long lasting products such as Plastics
00:17:13 --> 00:17:15 and buildings the authors looked at the
00:17:15 --> 00:17:16 amount of fossil carbon in the
00:17:16 --> 00:17:18 technosphere that's the sum of all
00:17:18 --> 00:17:20 human-made artifacts both in use and
00:17:20 --> 00:17:23 discarded they estimate that some 8.4
00:17:23 --> 00:17:26 billion tons of fossil carbon has been
00:17:26 --> 00:17:28 accumulated in the past 25 years with
00:17:29 --> 00:17:31 approximately 0.4 billion tons being
00:17:31 --> 00:17:33 added annually the authors say this has
00:17:34 --> 00:17:36 a huge potential to add to greenhouse
00:17:36 --> 00:17:38 gas emissions if the carbon locked up in
00:17:38 --> 00:17:41 these everyday objects were ever to be
00:17:41 --> 00:17:43 released researchers have shown that the
00:17:43 --> 00:17:45 expected lifespan of a dementia patient
00:17:45 --> 00:17:47 after they've been diagnosed varies
00:17:47 --> 00:17:49 dramatically depending on how old they
00:17:49 --> 00:17:51 are their gender and what type of
00:17:51 --> 00:17:53 disease they have a report in the
00:17:53 --> 00:17:55 British medical journal combined results
00:17:55 --> 00:17:58 from 261 studies predominantly from
00:17:58 --> 00:17:59 Europe and North North America looking
00:17:59 --> 00:18:02 at the lifespan of dementia patients the
00:18:02 --> 00:18:04 authors say life expectancy varies
00:18:04 --> 00:18:06 greatly depending on the situation with
00:18:06 --> 00:18:09 women diagnosed around 60 likely to live
00:18:09 --> 00:18:12 another 8.9 years while men diagnosed in
00:18:12 --> 00:18:13 the mid 80s have an average life
00:18:14 --> 00:18:17 expectancy of just 2.2 years overall
00:18:17 --> 00:18:19 researchers say dementia reduced life
00:18:19 --> 00:18:21 expectancy by about 2 years for people
00:18:21 --> 00:18:24 with a diagnosis at age 85 3 to 4 years
00:18:24 --> 00:18:27 with a diagnosis at age 80 and up to 13
00:18:27 --> 00:18:31 years with a diag nois at age 65 133% of
00:18:31 --> 00:18:33 people were admitted to a nursing home
00:18:33 --> 00:18:35 in the first year after their diagnosis
00:18:35 --> 00:18:39 increasing to a third 3 years and 57% at
00:18:39 --> 00:18:40
00:18:40 --> 00:18:42 years well here's a study that proves
00:18:42 --> 00:18:44 were now in what journalists call the
00:18:44 --> 00:18:47 Silly Season the study has shown how had
00:18:47 --> 00:18:49 they been real each of the Disney fairy
00:18:49 --> 00:18:51 tale princesses could have exposed
00:18:51 --> 00:18:53 themselves to all sorts of harmful
00:18:53 --> 00:18:55 substances and illnesses at least
00:18:55 --> 00:18:57 according to their storylines the
00:18:57 --> 00:18:59 findings reported in the British medical
00:18:59 --> 00:19:01 journal show that Snow White for example
00:19:01 --> 00:19:02 would have been at risk of heart disease
00:19:02 --> 00:19:04 and mental health issues for her time
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 locked away in a castle and the
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 long-term lasting effects of eating a
00:19:08 --> 00:19:11 poison apple should also be considered
00:19:11 --> 00:19:13 Jasmine and Bill's proximity to large
00:19:13 --> 00:19:15 animals could put them at risk of all
00:19:15 --> 00:19:17 sorts of animal born diseases
00:19:17 --> 00:19:18 Cinderella's exposure to dust and
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 magical glitter could cause lung
00:19:20 --> 00:19:22 diseases perkaus is ponant for diving
00:19:22 --> 00:19:25 off a 250 M torque Cliff would
00:19:25 --> 00:19:27 undoubtedly have led to Broken Bones
00:19:27 --> 00:19:29 Aurora's infinite sleep carries the risk
00:19:29 --> 00:19:31 of heart disease mulan's familial
00:19:31 --> 00:19:32 pressures would have led to mental
00:19:32 --> 00:19:34 health issues and anyone climbing up
00:19:34 --> 00:19:36 Rapunzel's hair would have likely caused
00:19:36 --> 00:19:39 a permanent hair loss and scalp
00:19:39 --> 00:19:41 damage and finally for this week we're
00:19:41 --> 00:19:43 looking at the mystery of the Alaska
00:19:43 --> 00:19:46 triangle it's a place where Travelers
00:19:46 --> 00:19:48 keep disappearing and it just happens to
00:19:48 --> 00:19:50 have the highest recorded numbers of
00:19:50 --> 00:19:52 paranormal incidents in the world but
00:19:52 --> 00:19:54 timendum from Australian Skeptics wants
00:19:54 --> 00:19:56 to know why are proponents of such zones
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 so geometrically challenged why are they
00:19:59 --> 00:20:02 always in triangles Alaska triangle is
00:20:02 --> 00:20:03 where supposedly a lot of people have
00:20:04 --> 00:20:05 disappeared someone suggesting that
00:20:05 --> 00:20:07 anywhere between
00:20:07 --> 00:20:10 52 mysterious disappearances a year
00:20:10 --> 00:20:12 which is twice the national us average a
00:20:12 --> 00:20:14 lot of uh Wild Country in Alaska
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 apparently a lot of beers as well but
00:20:16 --> 00:20:18 somewhere between 500 and 2 so no
00:20:18 --> 00:20:20 one's really quite sure and they say
00:20:20 --> 00:20:23 it's a consistent flow of UFO sightings
00:20:23 --> 00:20:25 uh someone put one with the other people
00:20:25 --> 00:20:27 mysteriously disappearing lot of UFO
00:20:27 --> 00:20:29 sightings they're being taken away and
00:20:29 --> 00:20:32 in this triangle which is formed by
00:20:32 --> 00:20:34 joining up various known sites within
00:20:34 --> 00:20:36 Alaska the people keep disappearing fair
00:20:36 --> 00:20:37 enough someone says you know some of
00:20:38 --> 00:20:39 these things that have disappear they
00:20:39 --> 00:20:41 actually find the bodies later on and
00:20:41 --> 00:20:43 yep a be you can't say that's always
00:20:43 --> 00:20:44 going to be the case people might just
00:20:44 --> 00:20:46 freeze to death and it's it's a wild
00:20:46 --> 00:20:48 place so my problem is that with all
00:20:48 --> 00:20:50 these things like the B triangle the the
00:20:50 --> 00:20:53 Japan sea triangle the Alaska triangle
00:20:53 --> 00:20:54 everyone has triangles I think that's a
00:20:55 --> 00:20:56 bit boring it's a geometrically
00:20:56 --> 00:20:58 challenged I call it no one has a
00:20:58 --> 00:21:02 horrifying hexagon or a dangerous
00:21:02 --> 00:21:04 parallelogram someone pointed out very
00:21:04 --> 00:21:06 rudely a mathematician with obviously a
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 typical wacky sense of humor that
00:21:08 --> 00:21:10 mathematicians have that a do zedrin is
00:21:10 --> 00:21:11 a three-dimensional space whereas a
00:21:11 --> 00:21:13 triangle two- dimensional I think it
00:21:13 --> 00:21:15 will you UFO up in the sky UFOs down in
00:21:15 --> 00:21:17 the water you really got to have a
00:21:17 --> 00:21:18 three-dimensional shape these days you
00:21:18 --> 00:21:20 know to to account for all these things
00:21:20 --> 00:21:22 uh and triangles just doesn't do it and
00:21:22 --> 00:21:24 often the case like the Beed triangle a
00:21:24 --> 00:21:26 lot of the examples that are used never
00:21:26 --> 00:21:28 happened in the area they say they did I
00:21:28 --> 00:21:29 think beut triangle there were some
00:21:29 --> 00:21:30 cases raised that actually happened in
00:21:30 --> 00:21:32 the Pacific well the Gulf of Mexico
00:21:32 --> 00:21:34 anyway yeah the Gulf of Mexico there
00:21:34 --> 00:21:36 were ships they say heading for the
00:21:36 --> 00:21:37 Bermuda Triangle we got nowhere near the
00:21:37 --> 00:21:40 M triangle that went down that sank
00:21:40 --> 00:21:42 mysteriously quite well coming they keep
00:21:42 --> 00:21:44 shifting so let's stick with something
00:21:44 --> 00:21:45 three dimensional which you can't mess
00:21:45 --> 00:21:47 around with so much so yeah the
00:21:47 --> 00:21:48 dangerous thir deedon I'm going after
00:21:48 --> 00:21:50 that's Tim mendum from Australian
00:21:50 --> 00:21:53 Skeptics
00:21:53 --> 00:22:07 [Music]
00:22:07 --> 00:22:09 and that's the show for now SpaceTime is
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