SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 147
* A Cosmic Glimpse into the Universe's Past
Astronomers have witnessed a rare supernova, 2023 UFX, offering insights into the early universe. This unusual stellar explosion involved a metal-poor red supergiant star, providing clues about the cosmic conditions when the universe began. The study, led by Michael Tucker from Ohio State University, reveals how early supernovae seeded the next generation of stars, shaping galaxies like the Milky Way. The findings underscore the significance of dwarf galaxies as analogues for the universe's infancy, highlighting how metal-poor environments influenced star evolution and supernova behaviour.
*Volcanic Mysteries on Jupiter's Moon Io
A new study reveals that Io, Jupiter's volcanic moon, has active volcanoes at its poles, potentially regulating internal tidal heating. This discovery, based on NASA's Juno spacecraft data, sheds light on Io's intense volcanic activity and its role in planetary formation processes. Tidal heating, caused by gravitational interactions, plays a crucial role in sustaining subsurface oceans on other moons, offering a glimpse into the dynamic geological processes shaping celestial bodies.
*America's Next Mega Rocket: New Glenn
Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket has been positioned vertically on its launch pad, preparing for its maiden flight. This 98-metre-tall launch vehicle is set to join the ranks of NASA's SLS Orion and SpaceX's Starship in advancing Space exploration capabilities. The upcoming hot fire test will evaluate the rocket and launch pad systems, paving the way for future missions. New Glenn aims to lift significant payloads into various orbits, with plans for reusability akin to SpaceX's Falcon 9.00:00 This is space Time Series 27 episode 147 for broadcast on 6th December 2024
00:44 2023 UFX is the most metal poor stellar explosion ever observed
04:17 Active volcanoes at IO's poles may help regulate internal tidal heating
07:08 Blue Origin's New Glenn ready for hot fire test ahead of maiden flight
09:22 December's astronomical highlight is the December solstice which occurs on Saturday
14:29 Astronomers describe stars in terms of spectral types based on temperature and characteristics
18:11 Two blue stars nearing end of their lives expected to go supernova
23:41 The brightest star in Orion is a red supergiant called Betelgeuse
33:40 Once the sun has gone down and the sky is dark, you will see Orion
36:34 The Pleiades cluster is also known as the Seven Sisters
38:45 If you look down to the south, we'll see that Southern Cross
40:09 Venus shining big and bright above the western horizon after sunset
41:18 Space Time is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through Apple Podcasts www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com (https://www.spreaker.com/cms/shows/5648921/https:/www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com)
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✍️ Episode References
Ohio State University
[Ohio State University](https://www.osu.edu/)
NASA's Webb Space Telescope
[NASA Webb Telescope](https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/)
Astrophysical Journal
[Astrophysical Journal](https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/
637X)
4--- Blue Origin
[Blue Origin](https://www.blueorigin.com/)
Space Launch Complex 36
[Cape Canaveral Space Force Station](https://www.spaceforce.mil/)
United Launch Alliance
[ULA](https://www.ulalaunch.com/)
Geophysical Research Letters
[Geophysical Research Letters](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/19448007)
Cornell University
[Cornell University](https://www.cornell.edu/)
NASA's Juno spacecraft
[NASA Juno Mission](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html)
Sky and Telescope magazine
[Sky & Telescope](https://skyandtelescope.org/)
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support (https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rss) .
Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/24480167?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 27 episode 147
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 6th of December
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 2024 coming up on SpaceTime the strange
00:00:09 --> 00:00:11 Stellar explosion that highlighted the
00:00:11 --> 00:00:14 cosmic past how Jovian Moon volcanoes
00:00:14 --> 00:00:18 May control io's insides and America's
00:00:18 --> 00:00:21 next Mega rocket goes vertical all that
00:00:21 --> 00:00:24 and more coming up on
00:00:24 --> 00:00:27 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:27 --> 00:00:29 Stuart Gary
00:00:29 --> 00:00:36 [Music]
00:00:44 --> 00:00:46 astronomers have been given a rare Peak
00:00:46 --> 00:00:47 into the early history of the universe
00:00:47 --> 00:00:50 thanks to a rather unusual Supernova
00:00:50 --> 00:00:52 event the Stellar explosion involved the
00:00:52 --> 00:00:54 cor collapse of a bloated ancient red
00:00:54 --> 00:00:56 super giant star on the outskirts of a
00:00:56 --> 00:01:00 nearby Galaxy the unusual supernova 2023
00:01:00 --> 00:01:03 ufx represents the most metal poor
00:01:03 --> 00:01:06 Stellar explosion ever observed a report
00:01:06 --> 00:01:08 in the astrophysical journal indicates
00:01:08 --> 00:01:10 the host Galaxy also has an extremely
00:01:10 --> 00:01:13 low level of metallicity now astronomers
00:01:13 --> 00:01:15 refer to all elements other than
00:01:15 --> 00:01:18 hydrogen and helium as Metals the stud's
00:01:18 --> 00:01:20 lead author Michael Tucker from Ohio
00:01:20 --> 00:01:22 State University says that since the
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 metals produced within Supernova inform
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 their properties including how Stars
00:01:26 --> 00:01:28 evolve and die learning more about their
00:01:28 --> 00:01:30 formation can tell us astronomers much
00:01:30 --> 00:01:32 about the state of the universe when it
00:01:32 --> 00:01:34 began especially since essentially there
00:01:34 --> 00:01:36 were no medals around during the time of
00:01:36 --> 00:01:38 its birth taker says if you want to
00:01:38 --> 00:01:41 predict how s the Milky Way came to be
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 you need to have a good idea first of
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 how the first exploding Stars seeded the
00:01:45 --> 00:01:48 Next Generation he says understanding
00:01:48 --> 00:01:50 that gives astronomers a great example
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 of how those first objects affected
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 their surroundings and this is where
00:01:54 --> 00:01:56 dwarf galaxies come in they're
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 especially useful as local analoges
00:01:59 --> 00:02:00 showing the condition scientists might
00:02:00 --> 00:02:03 expect to see in the early Universe
00:02:03 --> 00:02:05 because of them astronomers know that
00:02:05 --> 00:02:07 while the first galaxies were metal poor
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 all the big bright galaxies near the
00:02:09 --> 00:02:11 Milky Way had plenty of time for stars
00:02:11 --> 00:02:13 to explode and therefore increase the
00:02:13 --> 00:02:15 amount of metal content the amount of
00:02:15 --> 00:02:18 metals a supernova has also influences
00:02:18 --> 00:02:19 aspects of the number of nuclear
00:02:20 --> 00:02:22 reactions it may have or how long its
00:02:22 --> 00:02:25 explosion remains bright it's also one
00:02:25 --> 00:02:27 of the reasons that many low mass stars
00:02:27 --> 00:02:28 also occasionally run the risk of
00:02:28 --> 00:02:31 collapsing into black coals typically
00:02:31 --> 00:02:33 any metal po Supernova that astronomers
00:02:33 --> 00:02:35 would expect to find would likely be too
00:02:35 --> 00:02:37 faint to be seen from our galaxy because
00:02:37 --> 00:02:40 of how far away they are now thanks to
00:02:40 --> 00:02:42 instruments like NASA's web Space
00:02:42 --> 00:02:44 Telescope detecting distant mlep
00:02:44 --> 00:02:46 galaxies is much easier the observations
00:02:47 --> 00:02:49 of 2023 ufx reveal that many of its
00:02:49 --> 00:02:51 properties and behaviors are distinctly
00:02:51 --> 00:02:54 different from Supernova in nearby
00:02:54 --> 00:02:56 Galaxies for example it had a period of
00:02:56 --> 00:02:58 brightness that stayed steady for about
00:02:58 --> 00:03:01 20 days before the declining on the
00:03:01 --> 00:03:02 other hand the brightness of its metal
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 Rich counterparts usually last about 100
00:03:04 --> 00:03:07 days the study also showed that a large
00:03:07 --> 00:03:09 amount of fast moving material was
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 ejected during the explosion and that
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 suggest it must have been spinning very
00:03:13 --> 00:03:16 quickly when it exploded this result
00:03:16 --> 00:03:18 implies that rapidly spinning metal po
00:03:18 --> 00:03:20 stars must have been relatively common
00:03:20 --> 00:03:22 during the early days of the universe
00:03:22 --> 00:03:24 Tako and colleagues think the Supernova
00:03:24 --> 00:03:27 likely had weak Stellar winds streams of
00:03:27 --> 00:03:28 charged particles emanating from the
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 Stars atmosphere as and that led it to
00:03:30 --> 00:03:33 cultivate and release so much energy
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 overall their observations are providing
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 the groundwork for other astronomers to
00:03:37 --> 00:03:39 better investigate how metal po Stars
00:03:39 --> 00:03:41 survive in different Cosmic environments
00:03:41 --> 00:03:43 and may even help some theorists more
00:03:43 --> 00:03:46 accurately model how Supernova behaved
00:03:46 --> 00:03:47 in the early
00:03:47 --> 00:03:51 Universe this is spacetime still to come
00:03:51 --> 00:03:53 how Jovian Moon volcanoes may help
00:03:53 --> 00:03:56 control io's insides and America's next
00:03:56 --> 00:03:59 new Mega rocket goes vertical all that
00:03:59 --> 00:04:01 and more still to come on
00:04:02 --> 00:04:16 [Music]
00:04:16 --> 00:04:18 SpaceTime a new study has found that the
00:04:18 --> 00:04:21 Jovian Moon IO has active volcanoes at
00:04:21 --> 00:04:23 its poles which may help regulate
00:04:23 --> 00:04:26 internal tidal heating IO is the most
00:04:26 --> 00:04:28 volcanically active world in the solar
00:04:28 --> 00:04:31 system it's a place where instead of
00:04:31 --> 00:04:33 Wither reports You' have volcanology
00:04:33 --> 00:04:35 reports with say lava fountains to the
00:04:35 --> 00:04:38 North or magma Lakes forming in the east
00:04:38 --> 00:04:40 by staring into the hellish landscape of
00:04:40 --> 00:04:42 IO astronomers have been able to study a
00:04:42 --> 00:04:44 fundamental process in planetary
00:04:44 --> 00:04:46 formation and evolution namely that of
00:04:46 --> 00:04:49 tidal heating tidal heating is caused as
00:04:49 --> 00:04:52 a body like say IO for example is
00:04:52 --> 00:04:54 constantly being crushed and stretched
00:04:54 --> 00:04:55 as it orbits through the massive
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 gravitational field of its host planet
00:04:57 --> 00:05:00 Jupiter and other nearby Moon
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 all this pushing and pulling causes lots
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 of internal friction and that causes
00:05:05 --> 00:05:07 heating tidal heating plays an important
00:05:07 --> 00:05:09 role in Heating and orbital evolution of
00:05:09 --> 00:05:12 celestial bodies it provides the warmth
00:05:12 --> 00:05:15 necessary to form and sustain subsurface
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 liquid water oceans in the moons around
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 some of the gas giants like Jupiter's
00:05:19 --> 00:05:22 Europa and Saturn's Enceladus the
00:05:22 --> 00:05:24 study's lead author meline ptin from
00:05:24 --> 00:05:26 Cornell University says that studying
00:05:26 --> 00:05:28 the inhospitable landscape of a
00:05:28 --> 00:05:31 volcanoes even inspires science to look
00:05:31 --> 00:05:34 for Life by examining flyby data from
00:05:34 --> 00:05:36 NASA's Juno spacecraft patinan
00:05:36 --> 00:05:39 colleagues discovered io's active polar
00:05:39 --> 00:05:41 volcanos may be helping to regulate
00:05:41 --> 00:05:43 tidal Heating and it's that heating
00:05:43 --> 00:05:45 which causes friction in the moon's
00:05:45 --> 00:05:48 magma interior the observations reported
00:05:48 --> 00:05:49 in the journal geophysical research
00:05:49 --> 00:05:52 letters shows that IO has a surprising
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 number of active volcano at its poles as
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 opposed to those in the more common
00:05:56 --> 00:05:59 equatorial regions in the north a
00:05:59 --> 00:06:03 cluster of four volcanoes Asus zal Tona
00:06:03 --> 00:06:05 and one unnamed volcano and an
00:06:05 --> 00:06:07 independent one named Loki were all
00:06:07 --> 00:06:09 highly active and persistent with a long
00:06:09 --> 00:06:10 history of both space-based and
00:06:10 --> 00:06:12 ground-based
00:06:12 --> 00:06:14 observations a southern group of
00:06:14 --> 00:06:17 volcanoes Kiki utar and laoi also
00:06:17 --> 00:06:20 demonstrated strong Activity The Long
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 lived quartet of Northern volcanoes was
00:06:22 --> 00:06:24 seen to concurrently become bright and
00:06:24 --> 00:06:26 seem to respond to one another betin
00:06:26 --> 00:06:28 says they all got bright and then dimmed
00:06:28 --> 00:06:31 again at a comparable Pace she says it
00:06:31 --> 00:06:33 was fascinating to see these volcanoes
00:06:33 --> 00:06:35 acting in unison and seeing how they
00:06:35 --> 00:06:39 respond to each other this is spacetime
00:06:39 --> 00:06:41 still to come America's next Mega rocket
00:06:41 --> 00:06:44 goes vertical and the December Solstice
00:06:44 --> 00:06:46 the ticking Time Bomb of Eda Karina and
00:06:46 --> 00:06:49 The Rock Comet faton are among the many
00:06:49 --> 00:06:51 highlights of the December night skies
00:06:51 --> 00:06:53 on Skywatch
00:06:53 --> 00:07:00 [Music]
00:07:08 --> 00:07:10 America's latest Mega rocket blue
00:07:10 --> 00:07:12 origins new Glenn has been hoisted into
00:07:12 --> 00:07:14 its vertical position on its Launchpad
00:07:14 --> 00:07:17 in preparation for its hot fire test in
00:07:17 --> 00:07:19 the leadup to its Maiden flight later
00:07:19 --> 00:07:22 this year the 98m tall launch vehicle is
00:07:22 --> 00:07:24 the latest in the series of massive
00:07:24 --> 00:07:26 heavy lift Rockets being developed in
00:07:26 --> 00:07:28 the United States to carry huge payloads
00:07:28 --> 00:07:31 into orbit and Beyond it'll eventually
00:07:31 --> 00:07:34 join NASA's SLS Orion Moon rocket and
00:07:34 --> 00:07:37 spacex's Starship super heavy in setting
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 new standards for launch capabilities
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 the upcoming hot fire test will allow
00:07:42 --> 00:07:44 Mission managers to test both the rocket
00:07:44 --> 00:07:46 itself and the Launchpad ground systems
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 at the newly built space launch complex
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 36 at the cape canaval space force space
00:07:50 --> 00:07:53 in Florida new Glenn which is named
00:07:53 --> 00:07:55 after John Glenn the first American to
00:07:55 --> 00:07:57 achieve orbital space flight was carried
00:07:57 --> 00:07:58 horizontally from its Vehicle Assembly
00:07:58 --> 00:08:00 Building to to the Launchpad by a new
00:08:00 --> 00:08:03 specially built 91 M long
00:08:03 --> 00:08:07 1 ton transporter erector vehicle
00:08:07 --> 00:08:08 the ma flight had originally been
00:08:08 --> 00:08:10 targeted for last month but it was
00:08:10 --> 00:08:11 bumped back to this month because of
00:08:11 --> 00:08:14 ongoing technical issues the launch is
00:08:14 --> 00:08:16 the first of two tests needed to get
00:08:16 --> 00:08:18 certification by the United States space
00:08:18 --> 00:08:20 force to fly National Security missions
00:08:20 --> 00:08:22 new Glenn is designed to lift payloads
00:08:22 --> 00:08:26 of 45 tons into low earth orbit 13.6
00:08:26 --> 00:08:28 tons into geostationary transfer orbit
00:08:28 --> 00:08:31 and 7 tons into trans lunar orbits blue
00:08:31 --> 00:08:33 origin plans to land the first stage of
00:08:33 --> 00:08:36 new Glenn on a floating barge after
00:08:36 --> 00:08:38 launch for eventual refurbishment and
00:08:38 --> 00:08:41 reuse that's similar to how SpaceX lands
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 the first edge of its Falcon 9 Rockets
00:08:43 --> 00:08:44 blue origin had been perfecting the
00:08:44 --> 00:08:46 maneuver on their smaller new Shepherd
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 Rockets which are used for space tourism
00:08:48 --> 00:08:51 flights out of Texas nuan's First Stage
00:08:51 --> 00:08:54 booster will be powered by seven B4
00:08:54 --> 00:08:56 engines producing up to 3.9 million PB
00:08:56 --> 00:08:59 of thrust now the same engines also B
00:08:59 --> 00:09:00 being used on the United launch
00:09:00 --> 00:09:03 alliance's new Vulcan cental rocket the
00:09:03 --> 00:09:05 booster is designed for reuse up to at
00:09:05 --> 00:09:08 least 25 times the second stage which is
00:09:08 --> 00:09:11 non-reusable will be powered by two be3
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 engines they're based on the same engine
00:09:13 --> 00:09:15 used the board new sheeper and a third
00:09:15 --> 00:09:18 stage using a single be3 engine is now
00:09:18 --> 00:09:20 also in development for eventual use on
00:09:20 --> 00:09:26 the new rocket this SpaceTime
00:09:26 --> 00:09:33 [Music]
00:09:40 --> 00:09:42 time now to turn our eyes to the skies
00:09:42 --> 00:09:43 with December
00:09:43 --> 00:09:46 Skywatch December is the 12th and final
00:09:46 --> 00:09:48 month of the year in both the Julian and
00:09:48 --> 00:09:51 gorian calendars December got its name
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 from the Latin word desm meaning 10
00:09:53 --> 00:09:55 because it was originally the 10 month
00:09:55 --> 00:09:56 of the year in the old Roman Calendar
00:09:56 --> 00:09:59 which began in March the astronomic iCal
00:09:59 --> 00:10:01 highlight of the month is the December
00:10:01 --> 00:10:04 solers which this year occurs at 2020
00:10:04 --> 00:10:06 Australian eastern daylight time on the
00:10:06 --> 00:10:08 evening of Saturday December the 21st
00:10:08 --> 00:10:10 that's 4:20 on Saturday morning us
00:10:10 --> 00:10:13 Eastern Standard Time and 9:20 in the
00:10:13 --> 00:10:15 morning Greenwich meantime this is when
00:10:15 --> 00:10:18 the Sun appears to reach Zenith directly
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 over the Tropic of Capricorn in the
00:10:20 --> 00:10:21 United States and the Northern
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 Hemisphere it marks the winter solers
00:10:24 --> 00:10:27 signifying the first day of winter but
00:10:27 --> 00:10:28 the good news is that from now on the
00:10:28 --> 00:10:31 day start to get longer again on the
00:10:31 --> 00:10:33 other hand south of the Equator summer
00:10:33 --> 00:10:35 has Will and truly arrived and the days
00:10:35 --> 00:10:37 are usually at their warmest Earth
00:10:37 --> 00:10:39 Seasons occur because of the tilt of the
00:10:39 --> 00:10:41 planet spin axis which is inclined at
00:10:41 --> 00:10:45 23.4 De in relation to the sun now
00:10:45 --> 00:10:47 generally speaking Earth's axis always
00:10:47 --> 00:10:49 points to the same position in space
00:10:49 --> 00:10:51 regardless of the position of the Earth
00:10:51 --> 00:10:53 as it orbits around the Sun so on the
00:10:53 --> 00:10:55 day of the December Solstice the Earth's
00:10:55 --> 00:10:58 South Pole is tilted towards the Sun so
00:10:58 --> 00:10:59 its southern hemisphere gets more
00:10:59 --> 00:11:01 Daylight and more direct sunlight so
00:11:01 --> 00:11:03 it's hotter and its southern hemisphere
00:11:03 --> 00:11:06 is in summer 6 months later during the
00:11:06 --> 00:11:08 June Solstice the North Pole is tilted
00:11:08 --> 00:11:10 towards the Sun and so it's the Northern
00:11:10 --> 00:11:11 Hemisphere Which experiences summer
00:11:11 --> 00:11:13 while the southern hemisphere gets less
00:11:13 --> 00:11:15 daylight longer nights and the sunlight
00:11:15 --> 00:11:17 strikes the surface of the planet at a
00:11:17 --> 00:11:19 shallower angle meaning less heat and so
00:11:19 --> 00:11:22 the southern hemispheres in winter in
00:11:22 --> 00:11:24 between these two we have the March and
00:11:24 --> 00:11:26 September equinox that's when the
00:11:26 --> 00:11:27 northern and southern hemispheres get
00:11:27 --> 00:11:29 roughly equal amounts of daylight and
00:11:29 --> 00:11:31 Heat giving us the seasons of spring and
00:11:31 --> 00:11:34 Autumn now earlier we said that
00:11:34 --> 00:11:36 generally speaking Earth's aess always
00:11:36 --> 00:11:38 points to the same position in space
00:11:38 --> 00:11:39 regardless of Earth's orbital position
00:11:39 --> 00:11:42 around the Sun and while that's true in
00:11:42 --> 00:11:45 our day-to-day lives over geologic time
00:11:45 --> 00:11:46 proximately
00:11:46 --> 00:11:49 25772 years a gravity induced effect
00:11:49 --> 00:11:52 known as axial procession causes a slow
00:11:52 --> 00:11:54 and continuous change in the orientation
00:11:54 --> 00:11:57 of Earth's rotational axis you can see
00:11:57 --> 00:11:59 the same effect in the procession of a
00:11:59 --> 00:12:01 spinning top as its axis traces out a
00:12:01 --> 00:12:04 pair of cones joined by the aspes
00:12:04 --> 00:12:06 Earth's procession was historically
00:12:06 --> 00:12:08 called the procession of the equinoxes
00:12:08 --> 00:12:10 because the equinoxes moved westwards
00:12:10 --> 00:12:12 along the ecliptic relative to the fixed
00:12:12 --> 00:12:15 background Stars this slow procession of
00:12:15 --> 00:12:18 the Earth's axis means that over
00:12:18 --> 00:12:20 25772 years the positions of the South
00:12:20 --> 00:12:22 and North celestrial Poles appears to
00:12:22 --> 00:12:25 move in circles against the space fixed
00:12:25 --> 00:12:28 background Stars so while today the star
00:12:28 --> 00:12:30 Polaris sles approximately at the North
00:12:30 --> 00:12:32 Celestial pole this will change over
00:12:32 --> 00:12:35 time and Gamma sephi will ultimately
00:12:35 --> 00:12:37 become the North Star in about 3
00:12:38 --> 00:12:40 years from now it also means the seasons
00:12:40 --> 00:12:42 would slowly move through different
00:12:42 --> 00:12:44 calendar months but we make adjustments
00:12:44 --> 00:12:46 to the calendar compensate for that in
00:12:46 --> 00:12:48 most parts of the world the seasons
00:12:48 --> 00:12:50 begin on the day of the solstice or
00:12:50 --> 00:12:53 Equinox however Australia is a bit
00:12:53 --> 00:12:55 different we're a bit strange instead
00:12:55 --> 00:12:58 here seasons start on the first day of
00:12:58 --> 00:13:00 particular calendar month month that
00:13:00 --> 00:13:02 means the 1st of March for Autumn 1st of
00:13:02 --> 00:13:04 June for winter the 1st of September for
00:13:04 --> 00:13:07 spring and December the 1st for summer
00:13:07 --> 00:13:08 because of the relatively small amount
00:13:08 --> 00:13:10 of elongation in Earth's orbit around
00:13:10 --> 00:13:12 the sun earth seasons are determined by
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 its axial tilt rather than orbital
00:13:14 --> 00:13:16 distance currently Earth's closest
00:13:17 --> 00:13:18 orbital position to the sun known as
00:13:18 --> 00:13:21 perhelion occurs about 2 weeks after the
00:13:21 --> 00:13:23 December solers and it's furthest from
00:13:23 --> 00:13:26 the Sun known as aelon about 2 weeks
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28 after the June solce now that means the
00:13:28 --> 00:13:31 next parah helion will occur at 12:28
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 a.m. on the morning of Sunday January
00:13:33 --> 00:13:36 the 5th 2025 Australian eastern daylight
00:13:36 --> 00:13:40 time when planet Earth will be 147
00:13:40 --> 00:13:45 M13 686 km from the Sun that's at 828
00:13:45 --> 00:13:47 a.m. on the morning of Saturday January
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 the 4th us Eastern Standard Time and
00:13:49 --> 00:13:52 1:28 in the afternoon grenwich meantime
00:13:52 --> 00:13:55 like axial procession Earth's orbit also
00:13:55 --> 00:13:57 changes gradually over geologic time
00:13:57 --> 00:13:59 getting more or less elongated and
00:13:59 --> 00:14:02 changing perhelion and aelon even the
00:14:02 --> 00:14:04 degree of the tilt of Earth's axis
00:14:04 --> 00:14:07 changes over thousands of years now
00:14:07 --> 00:14:09 collectively all these changes are known
00:14:09 --> 00:14:11 as minkovich Cycles after the Serbian
00:14:11 --> 00:14:13 geophysicist and astronomer muta
00:14:13 --> 00:14:16 minkovich who in the 1920s hypothesized
00:14:16 --> 00:14:18 that variations in eccentricity axial
00:14:18 --> 00:14:21 tilt and procession resulted in cyclic
00:14:21 --> 00:14:23 variations in solar radiation reaching
00:14:23 --> 00:14:25 the Earth and that this orbital forcing
00:14:25 --> 00:14:27 strongly influenced Earth's climatic
00:14:27 --> 00:14:29 patterns
00:14:29 --> 00:14:31 okay let's start our tour of the
00:14:31 --> 00:14:33 December night skies in the west where
00:14:33 --> 00:14:35 Midway up from the Horizon is former
00:14:35 --> 00:14:36 halt the brightest star in the
00:14:36 --> 00:14:38 constellation Pisces or stenus the
00:14:38 --> 00:14:41 southern fish forah halt is a very young
00:14:41 --> 00:14:44 white spectral type a main sequence star
00:14:44 --> 00:14:46 about 1.8 times the diameter of the Sun
00:14:46 --> 00:14:49 and located reasonably nearby just 25
00:14:49 --> 00:14:52 light years away now main sequence stars
00:14:52 --> 00:14:54 are those undergoing hydrogen fusion
00:14:54 --> 00:14:57 into helium in their CES astronomers
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 describe stars in terms of spectral
00:14:59 --> 00:15:02 types A classification system based on
00:15:02 --> 00:15:04 temperature and characteristics the
00:15:04 --> 00:15:06 hottest most massive and most luminous
00:15:06 --> 00:15:08 stars are known as spectr type O blue
00:15:08 --> 00:15:11 stars they're followed by spectr type B
00:15:11 --> 00:15:14 blue white stars then spectr type a
00:15:14 --> 00:15:16 white stars spectral type f whitish
00:15:16 --> 00:15:19 yellow stars spectral type G yellow
00:15:19 --> 00:15:21 stars that's where our sun fits in by
00:15:21 --> 00:15:23 the way then come spectral type K orange
00:15:23 --> 00:15:25 stars and the coolest and least massive
00:15:26 --> 00:15:28 known stars are spectral type M red
00:15:28 --> 00:15:29 stars
00:15:29 --> 00:15:31 now each spectral classification can
00:15:31 --> 00:15:33 also be subdivided using a numeric digit
00:15:33 --> 00:15:35 which represents temperature with zero
00:15:35 --> 00:15:37 being the hottest and nine the coolest
00:15:37 --> 00:15:39 and Aroma numeral to represent
00:15:39 --> 00:15:44 Luminosity so our sun is a g2v or G25
00:15:44 --> 00:15:47 yed dwarf star also included in the
00:15:47 --> 00:15:49 Stellar classification system are spectr
00:15:49 --> 00:15:51 types LT and Y which were assigned to
00:15:51 --> 00:15:54 failed Stars known as brown dwarves some
00:15:54 --> 00:15:56 of which were actually born of spectr
00:15:56 --> 00:15:58 Type M red dwarf stars that became Brown
00:15:58 --> 00:16:01 dwarves after losing some of their Mass
00:16:01 --> 00:16:03 Brown dwarves fit into a unique category
00:16:03 --> 00:16:05 between the largest planets which are
00:16:05 --> 00:16:07 about 13 times the mass of Jupiter and
00:16:07 --> 00:16:09 the smaller spectr Type M red dwarf
00:16:09 --> 00:16:12 stars which are about 75 to 80 times the
00:16:12 --> 00:16:16 mass of Jupiter or roughly 0.08 solar
00:16:16 --> 00:16:19 masses in 2008 astronomers detected
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 planets orbiting around formal halt at
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 this stage it's not known if anyone was
00:16:23 --> 00:16:26 looking back 5 years ago the ancient
00:16:26 --> 00:16:28 Mesopotamians used former halt to Mark
00:16:28 --> 00:16:30 the the northern hemisphere is winter
00:16:30 --> 00:16:33 solers now turning to the left of former
00:16:33 --> 00:16:35 halt is aona or Alpha Arney the brighter
00:16:35 --> 00:16:37 star in the constellation aridness the
00:16:37 --> 00:16:41 river located 139 light years away AKA
00:16:41 --> 00:16:43 has seven times the diameter of the Sun
00:16:43 --> 00:16:46 and rotates some 15 times faster giving
00:16:46 --> 00:16:49 it a very obvious oblate shape the
00:16:49 --> 00:16:51 effect of this rapid rotation is that
00:16:51 --> 00:16:53 the star flattens at its Poes that
00:16:53 --> 00:16:55 bulges in the middle in fact its
00:16:55 --> 00:16:58 equatorial diameter is about 50% greater
00:16:58 --> 00:17:00 than its polar diameter it turns out
00:17:00 --> 00:17:02 aenir is actually part of a multiple
00:17:02 --> 00:17:04 star system Alpha Arney a and Alpha
00:17:05 --> 00:17:08 ridney B the primary star Alpha ridney a
00:17:08 --> 00:17:10 is a hot blue spectr type B main
00:17:10 --> 00:17:12 sequence star its smaller companion
00:17:13 --> 00:17:15 Alpha ridney B is a spectr type a white
00:17:15 --> 00:17:18 star the pair orbit each other around a
00:17:18 --> 00:17:19 common center of gravity at a distance
00:17:19 --> 00:17:22 of about 12 astronomical units an
00:17:22 --> 00:17:24 astronomical unit is the average
00:17:24 --> 00:17:26 distance between the Earth and the Sun
00:17:26 --> 00:17:29 about 150 million kilm or 8.3 three
00:17:29 --> 00:17:32 light minutes moving further left from
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 aenar and just above the Horizon is
00:17:34 --> 00:17:36 kopus the brightest star in the southern
00:17:36 --> 00:17:38 constellation of Karina the Keel and
00:17:38 --> 00:17:40 it's also the second brightest star in
00:17:40 --> 00:17:43 the night sky after Sirius kopus is a
00:17:43 --> 00:17:45 white Giant star nearing the end of its
00:17:45 --> 00:17:48 life it's located about 310 light years
00:17:48 --> 00:17:50 away it has about 8 and 1 half times the
00:17:50 --> 00:17:52 mess of the Sun but it's expanded out to
00:17:52 --> 00:17:55 about 71 times the Sun's diameter
00:17:55 --> 00:17:58 canopus has some 1300 times the
00:17:58 --> 00:18:00 brightness of the sun and in fact it's
00:18:00 --> 00:18:02 the brightest star within 700 light
00:18:02 --> 00:18:04 years of Earth its name originates in
00:18:05 --> 00:18:06 mythology from the time of the Trojan
00:18:06 --> 00:18:08 Wars and the navigator for menas the
00:18:08 --> 00:18:10 King of
00:18:10 --> 00:18:12 Sparta located between canopus and the
00:18:12 --> 00:18:15 Southern Cross in Corino in the Trump 16
00:18:15 --> 00:18:17 open star cluster is the ticking time
00:18:17 --> 00:18:20 bomb that is at a Corina a pair of huge
00:18:20 --> 00:18:23 blue stars undergoing the final violent
00:18:23 --> 00:18:25 phase of their existence for exploding
00:18:25 --> 00:18:28 its massive core collapse Supernova the
00:18:28 --> 00:18:31 binary systems located some 7 light
00:18:31 --> 00:18:33 years away buried deep within the great
00:18:33 --> 00:18:36 nebula of Kina a massive cloud of gas
00:18:36 --> 00:18:38 and dust stretching some 6 and 1/2 to
00:18:38 --> 00:18:41 10 light years away a lightyear is
00:18:42 --> 00:18:44 about 10 trillion kilom the distance of
00:18:44 --> 00:18:46 photon can travel in an Earth year at
00:18:46 --> 00:18:49 300 km/s the speed of light in a
00:18:49 --> 00:18:51 vacuum and the ultimate speed limit of
00:18:51 --> 00:18:51 the
00:18:51 --> 00:18:54 universe the stars in ekarina are
00:18:54 --> 00:18:56 classified as highly luminous spectr
00:18:56 --> 00:18:59 type O blue hyper Giants the primary
00:18:59 --> 00:19:02 star is estimated to be around 150 to
00:19:02 --> 00:19:04 200 times the mass of our sun with some
00:19:04 --> 00:19:07 5 million times the sun's Luminosity 800
00:19:07 --> 00:19:09 times its radius and a surface
00:19:09 --> 00:19:11 temperature of up to
00:19:11 --> 00:19:14 32 Kelvin the primary star in this
00:19:14 --> 00:19:16 binary pair is also the only known star
00:19:16 --> 00:19:19 to produce ultraviolet laser emissions
00:19:19 --> 00:19:21 the companion star although smaller than
00:19:21 --> 00:19:23 the primary just 80 solar masses and 20
00:19:23 --> 00:19:26 times the sun's radius is even hotter
00:19:26 --> 00:19:27 with surface temperatures of around
00:19:27 --> 00:19:30 37 100 Kelvin the two stars orbit
00:19:31 --> 00:19:33 each other every 5.54 Earth years
00:19:33 --> 00:19:36 cocooned in a gigantic twinlo cloud of
00:19:36 --> 00:19:39 gas and dust known as the humulus nebula
00:19:39 --> 00:19:42 a bipolar emission and reflection nebula
00:19:42 --> 00:19:44 the primary star in this binary pair has
00:19:44 --> 00:19:46 lost about 30 solar masses in recent
00:19:46 --> 00:19:49 times both edar and its surrounding
00:19:49 --> 00:19:52 shroud of dust generate huge amounts of
00:19:52 --> 00:19:54 infrared radiation making it the
00:19:54 --> 00:19:57 brightest infrared Source in the sky Eda
00:19:57 --> 00:20:00 Karina experiences tremendous outbursts
00:20:00 --> 00:20:02 during one event it became almost as
00:20:02 --> 00:20:04 bright as the star serus known as the
00:20:04 --> 00:20:08 great eruption it began in 1837 and
00:20:08 --> 00:20:11 reached its peak in 1843 when it was one
00:20:11 --> 00:20:12 of the brightest objects in the night
00:20:12 --> 00:20:15 sky before gradually fading away again
00:20:15 --> 00:20:16 by
00:20:16 --> 00:20:19 1856 edrina underwent another slightly
00:20:19 --> 00:20:22 smaller eruption in 1892 and has again
00:20:22 --> 00:20:24 been steadily brightening since about
00:20:24 --> 00:20:27 1940 both these stars are now nearing
00:20:27 --> 00:20:28 the end of their lives on the main
00:20:28 --> 00:20:30 sequence and they're expected to go
00:20:30 --> 00:20:32 supernova in an astronomically short
00:20:32 --> 00:20:35 space of time when they do go supernova
00:20:35 --> 00:20:37 edrina will be visible in the daylight
00:20:37 --> 00:20:40 Skies even here on Earth in fact they
00:20:40 --> 00:20:41 could become brighter than the full moon
00:20:41 --> 00:20:44 for months on end no one knows exactly
00:20:44 --> 00:20:47 when Eda Kina will go supernova a single
00:20:47 --> 00:20:50 star a star originally around 150 times
00:20:50 --> 00:20:51 as massive as the sun would typically
00:20:51 --> 00:20:53 reach core collapse as a wol fre it
00:20:53 --> 00:20:56 within about 3 million years at low
00:20:56 --> 00:20:58 metallicity many massive stars will
00:20:58 --> 00:21:00 collapse directly to form Stellar Mass
00:21:00 --> 00:21:03 black holes with no visible explosion or
00:21:03 --> 00:21:05 possibly a subluminous supernova and a
00:21:05 --> 00:21:07 small fraction will produce a parent
00:21:07 --> 00:21:10 stability Supernova but at solar micity
00:21:10 --> 00:21:12 and above there's expected to be
00:21:12 --> 00:21:14 sufficient Mass loss before collapse to
00:21:14 --> 00:21:17 allow a visible Supernova to appear now
00:21:17 --> 00:21:19 if there's still a large amount of
00:21:19 --> 00:21:21 expelled material close to the star the
00:21:21 --> 00:21:23 shock wave formed by the Supernova
00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 explosion impacting on the circumstellar
00:21:25 --> 00:21:27 material could effectively convert the
00:21:27 --> 00:21:29 kinetic energy into radiation resulting
00:21:29 --> 00:21:31 in a super luminous Supernova or
00:21:31 --> 00:21:33 hypernova several times more luminous
00:21:33 --> 00:21:35 than a typical core collapse Supernova
00:21:35 --> 00:21:38 and much longer lasting Harley massive
00:21:38 --> 00:21:40 progenitors may also eject sufficient
00:21:40 --> 00:21:41 nickel to cause a super luminous
00:21:42 --> 00:21:44 Supernova simply from the radioactive
00:21:44 --> 00:21:46 decay now the resulting Remnant would
00:21:46 --> 00:21:48 then form a black hole since it's highly
00:21:48 --> 00:21:50 unlikely that such a massive star could
00:21:50 --> 00:21:52 ever lose enough Mass from its core not
00:21:52 --> 00:21:55 to exceed the limit for a neutron star
00:21:55 --> 00:21:59 about 2.3 or 2.4 solar masses
00:21:59 --> 00:22:01 but the existence of a massive companion
00:22:01 --> 00:22:03 star brings many other possibilities
00:22:03 --> 00:22:06 into play if edar a was rapidly stripped
00:22:06 --> 00:22:08 of its outer layers it might become a
00:22:08 --> 00:22:10 less massive WC or wo type star when
00:22:10 --> 00:22:13 core collapse is finally reached this
00:22:13 --> 00:22:15 would result in a type 1 b or type 1 C
00:22:15 --> 00:22:18 Supernova due to the lack of hydrogen
00:22:18 --> 00:22:20 possibly helium and these Supernova are
00:22:21 --> 00:22:22 thought to be possible progenitors for
00:22:22 --> 00:22:25 some types of gamma ray bursts now a
00:22:25 --> 00:22:27 typical core collapse Supernova at the
00:22:27 --> 00:22:29 distance of ekarina would look as bright
00:22:29 --> 00:22:31 as the planet Venus the third brightest
00:22:31 --> 00:22:33 object in the sky after the sun and moon
00:22:33 --> 00:22:35 on the other hand a super luminous
00:22:35 --> 00:22:37 Supernova could be five magnitudes
00:22:37 --> 00:22:38 brighter possibly the brightest
00:22:38 --> 00:22:41 Supernova in recorded history but I'm
00:22:41 --> 00:22:43 pleased to say that based on our current
00:22:43 --> 00:22:45 data edrine is not expected to produce a
00:22:45 --> 00:22:48 Gamay burst and its axis isn't currently
00:22:48 --> 00:22:50 aimed anywhere near the Earth and at
00:22:50 --> 00:22:53 7 light years away the Stars
00:22:53 --> 00:22:55 unlikely to directly affect terrestrial
00:22:55 --> 00:22:56 life forms on Earth thanks to our
00:22:56 --> 00:22:59 planet's atmosphere and magnetosphere
00:22:59 --> 00:23:01 but the ozone layer of the planet could
00:23:01 --> 00:23:03 be damaged as with orbiting spacecraft
00:23:03 --> 00:23:05 and any astronuts in space at the time
00:23:05 --> 00:23:07 at least one papers predicted that a
00:23:07 --> 00:23:09 complete loss of the Earth's ozone layer
00:23:09 --> 00:23:12 is a plausible consequence and that
00:23:12 --> 00:23:14 would result in a significant increase
00:23:14 --> 00:23:16 in ultraviolet radiation reaching the
00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 planet surface from the Sun but that
00:23:18 --> 00:23:20 would require a typical Supernova to be
00:23:20 --> 00:23:22 closer than 50 light years from Earth
00:23:22 --> 00:23:24 and even a potential hypernova would
00:23:24 --> 00:23:26 still need to be closer than where etara
00:23:26 --> 00:23:29 is now another analysis of the possible
00:23:29 --> 00:23:32 impact of supernova in iarina discusses
00:23:32 --> 00:23:34 more subtle effects from the unusual
00:23:34 --> 00:23:36 illumination such as possible melatonin
00:23:36 --> 00:23:38 suppression resulting in insomnia and an
00:23:38 --> 00:23:41 increased risk of cancer and
00:23:41 --> 00:23:43 depression okay on that note let's turn
00:23:43 --> 00:23:45 to the East and looking just above the
00:23:45 --> 00:23:47 Horizon is the star that outshines
00:23:47 --> 00:23:49 canopus to take the title of the
00:23:49 --> 00:23:52 brightest star in the night sky namely
00:23:52 --> 00:23:55 serus the dog star and next to it in the
00:23:55 --> 00:23:56 East Northeastern Skies just above the
00:23:56 --> 00:23:59 Horizon is the constellation of Orion
00:23:59 --> 00:24:01 the hunter there you'll see a very
00:24:01 --> 00:24:03 bright red star it's a red super giant
00:24:03 --> 00:24:05 called bleers better known to most
00:24:05 --> 00:24:07 people these days is Beetle Juice don't
00:24:07 --> 00:24:10 say it three times in ancient times
00:24:10 --> 00:24:12 before centuries of mispronunciation its
00:24:12 --> 00:24:15 name actually started out as IAL yza
00:24:15 --> 00:24:17 balgar is one of the largest and most
00:24:17 --> 00:24:20 luminous stars visible with the uned eye
00:24:20 --> 00:24:23 located some 430 light years away the
00:24:23 --> 00:24:25 spurted old red giant is reaching the
00:24:25 --> 00:24:28 end of its life it's truly massive some
00:24:28 --> 00:24:31 1100 times the diameter and 100
00:24:31 --> 00:24:34 times the brightness of our sun like
00:24:34 --> 00:24:36 ekarina belgers is destined to explod as
00:24:36 --> 00:24:38 a core collapse Supernova sometime in
00:24:38 --> 00:24:41 the near future belgers marks the right
00:24:41 --> 00:24:43 shoulder of Orion the hunter although
00:24:43 --> 00:24:44 it's all upside down from our
00:24:44 --> 00:24:46 perspective here in the southern
00:24:46 --> 00:24:48 hemisphere that's because Orion was a
00:24:48 --> 00:24:50 hunter in Greek mythology so the
00:24:50 --> 00:24:51 constellation was viewed from the
00:24:51 --> 00:24:53 northern hemisphere the earliest known
00:24:53 --> 00:24:55 depiction of the Orion constellation was
00:24:56 --> 00:24:58 on a prehistoric mammoth ivory carving
00:24:58 --> 00:25:00 found in a cave in the arch Valley in
00:25:00 --> 00:25:02 West Germany that was in
00:25:02 --> 00:25:04 1979 archaeologists estimate that it had
00:25:04 --> 00:25:07 been fashioned between 32 38
00:25:07 --> 00:25:10 years ago the distinctive pattern of
00:25:10 --> 00:25:12 Orion has been recognized in numerous
00:25:12 --> 00:25:14 cultures around the world including the
00:25:14 --> 00:25:16 ancient Babylonian star cataloges dating
00:25:16 --> 00:25:18 back to the late Bronze Age in Greek
00:25:18 --> 00:25:21 mythology Orion was a gigantic
00:25:21 --> 00:25:23 supernaturally strong Hunter of ancient
00:25:23 --> 00:25:26 times he was the son of a gorgon and
00:25:26 --> 00:25:28 Poseidon also known as Neptune the god
00:25:28 --> 00:25:30 of the sea in the GRE Roman tradition
00:25:31 --> 00:25:32 but the goddess guy became angry at
00:25:32 --> 00:25:34 Orion after he boasted that he would
00:25:34 --> 00:25:38 kill every animal on earth so she sent a
00:25:38 --> 00:25:41 scorpion to sting Orion to death however
00:25:41 --> 00:25:43 ofishas the serpent Bearer revived Orion
00:25:43 --> 00:25:46 with an antidote and this is given to be
00:25:46 --> 00:25:47 the reason why the constellation
00:25:47 --> 00:25:50 Scorpius chases a Rion across the sky
00:25:50 --> 00:25:52 with a constellation ofus standing
00:25:52 --> 00:25:55 midway between them the other major
00:25:55 --> 00:25:57 stars in Orion include Riel Orion's left
00:25:57 --> 00:26:00 foot blue super giant having exhausted
00:26:00 --> 00:26:03 its core hydrogen rajel has swollen out
00:26:03 --> 00:26:05 to between 79 and 115 times the sun's
00:26:05 --> 00:26:08 radius it's currently fusing heavier and
00:26:08 --> 00:26:10 heavier elements at its core meaning it
00:26:10 --> 00:26:13 too will soon likely go supernova and
00:26:13 --> 00:26:16 collapse to form a neutron star rigel's
00:26:16 --> 00:26:17 estimated to be somewhere between
00:26:17 --> 00:26:21 120 and 279 times the Luminosity
00:26:21 --> 00:26:24 of the sun it's a binary system located
00:26:24 --> 00:26:28 860 light years away and it has a compan
00:26:28 --> 00:26:31 star Ral B some 500 times fainter than
00:26:31 --> 00:26:34 the super giant rajel a and visible only
00:26:34 --> 00:26:37 through a telescope Ral B itself is a
00:26:37 --> 00:26:39 spectroscopic binary system comprising
00:26:39 --> 00:26:42 two main sequence blue white stars
00:26:42 --> 00:26:44 spectroscopic binaries a double star
00:26:44 --> 00:26:45 systems orbiting each other in such a
00:26:45 --> 00:26:48 way they can only be visually separated
00:26:48 --> 00:26:49 from our Vantage Point here on Earth by
00:26:49 --> 00:26:52 their different spectroscopic signatures
00:26:52 --> 00:26:54 the two stars making up rual B are
00:26:54 --> 00:26:57 estimated to have 3.9 and 2.9 times the
00:26:57 --> 00:26:59 mass of the sun respectively and one of
00:26:59 --> 00:27:03 these Stars rajel BB May itself also be
00:27:03 --> 00:27:06 a binary system rajel B also appears to
00:27:06 --> 00:27:08 have a very close visual companion R you
00:27:08 --> 00:27:10 C almost identical in
00:27:10 --> 00:27:12 appearance the third brightest star in
00:27:12 --> 00:27:16 aine is Bellatrix Orion's left shoulder
00:27:16 --> 00:27:18 it's a spectr type B main sequence blue
00:27:18 --> 00:27:21 star with about 8.6 times the mass and 6
00:27:21 --> 00:27:23 times the radius of the Sun Bellatrix is
00:27:23 --> 00:27:26 about 250 light years away it has an
00:27:27 --> 00:27:30 estimated age of about 25 million years
00:27:30 --> 00:27:31 that's old enough for a star of this
00:27:31 --> 00:27:33 Mass to start consuming hydrogen in its
00:27:34 --> 00:27:36 core and begin to evolve away from the
00:27:36 --> 00:27:39 main sequence and turn into a blue
00:27:39 --> 00:27:41 giant now if you look at the three stars
00:27:41 --> 00:27:43 which make up aion's built you'll see
00:27:43 --> 00:27:45 another three stars which make up a Ryan
00:27:45 --> 00:27:48 sword hanging from the belt and again
00:27:48 --> 00:27:49 that's hanging upwards for those of the
00:27:49 --> 00:27:51 Southern Hemisphere and if you look
00:27:51 --> 00:27:53 carefully at the Middle star you'll
00:27:53 --> 00:27:55 notice it's a bit fuzzy looking that's
00:27:55 --> 00:27:57 because it's not a star but the great
00:27:57 --> 00:28:02 neb of a Rion messia 42 located just
00:28:02 --> 00:28:05 1 light years away messia 42 is the
00:28:05 --> 00:28:08 nearest massive star forming R to Earth
00:28:08 --> 00:28:11 its nebula is estimated to be some 24
00:28:11 --> 00:28:13 light years across and it has the mass
00:28:13 --> 00:28:17 of more than 2 Suns the Orion Nebula
00:28:17 --> 00:28:18 is one of the most scrutinized and
00:28:18 --> 00:28:20 photographed objects in the night sky
00:28:20 --> 00:28:22 and it's among the most intensely
00:28:22 --> 00:28:24 studied Celestial features the nebula
00:28:24 --> 00:28:27 has revealed much about the process of
00:28:27 --> 00:28:29 house STS and planetary systems are
00:28:29 --> 00:28:31 formed from collapsing molecular gas and
00:28:31 --> 00:28:34 dust clouds by studying m42 astronomers
00:28:34 --> 00:28:36 have directly observed protoplanetary
00:28:36 --> 00:28:39 discs Brown dwarfs intense and turbulent
00:28:39 --> 00:28:41 motions of gas and the ferto ionizing
00:28:41 --> 00:28:43 effects of massive nearby stars in the
00:28:43 --> 00:28:46 nebula the Arion nebula contains a very
00:28:46 --> 00:28:48 young open cluster known as the
00:28:48 --> 00:28:50 trapezium due to the asterism of its
00:28:50 --> 00:28:53 four primary stars now the trapezium
00:28:53 --> 00:28:55 itself is a component of the much larger
00:28:55 --> 00:28:58 Orion Nebula cluster an association of
00:28:58 --> 00:29:00 about 2 stars all within a diameter
00:29:00 --> 00:29:03 of just 20 light years one of the most
00:29:03 --> 00:29:05 stunning nebula in the constellation
00:29:05 --> 00:29:08 Orion is the spectacular HSE head nebula
00:29:08 --> 00:29:11 barard 33 the hsee head is a dark nebula
00:29:12 --> 00:29:14 located just to the south of the star Al
00:29:14 --> 00:29:16 attack which is the furthest East on
00:29:16 --> 00:29:18 Orion's Belt and is part of the much
00:29:18 --> 00:29:21 larger Orion molecular cloud complex
00:29:21 --> 00:29:23 located around 1500 light years away the
00:29:23 --> 00:29:26 HSE head nebula was first recorded in
00:29:26 --> 00:29:29 1888 it's one of the most identifiable
00:29:29 --> 00:29:31 nebulas in astronomy that's because of
00:29:31 --> 00:29:33 the shape of its swirling clouds of dark
00:29:33 --> 00:29:35 dust and gases which bear an amazing
00:29:35 --> 00:29:37 resemblance to a horse's head when
00:29:37 --> 00:29:40 viewed from Earth one of the
00:29:40 --> 00:29:41 astronomical highlights of the December
00:29:41 --> 00:29:44 night skies is the annual gemins meteor
00:29:44 --> 00:29:46 shower which usually picks around
00:29:46 --> 00:29:49 December the 13th and 14th radiating out
00:29:49 --> 00:29:51 from the direction of the constellation
00:29:51 --> 00:29:53 Gemini the Geminids are unusual in that
00:29:53 --> 00:29:55 they're not generated by a comet as most
00:29:55 --> 00:29:57 other meteor showers are but are
00:29:57 --> 00:29:59 produced by the BR tril left behind by
00:29:59 --> 00:30:02 the asteroid 3200 faton that makes the
00:30:02 --> 00:30:04 Geminids together with the quadrantids
00:30:04 --> 00:30:06 the only major meteor shs not
00:30:06 --> 00:30:10 originating from a comet 3200 faton is
00:30:10 --> 00:30:12 highly unusual its high orbital
00:30:12 --> 00:30:14 eccentricity more closely resembles that
00:30:14 --> 00:30:17 of a comet than an asteroid and in fact
00:30:17 --> 00:30:18 it's speculated that it may be an
00:30:18 --> 00:30:20 asteroid that simply run out of all the
00:30:20 --> 00:30:22 volatile gases that normally
00:30:22 --> 00:30:25 characterize a comet faton orbit crosses
00:30:25 --> 00:30:26 all the interner terrestrial planets
00:30:26 --> 00:30:29 Mercury Venus Earth than Mars and
00:30:29 --> 00:30:31 because it does come relatively close to
00:30:31 --> 00:30:34 the Earth this 5 km wide space rock is
00:30:34 --> 00:30:36 classified as potentially hazardous Fon
00:30:36 --> 00:30:38 will make its closest approach to Earth
00:30:38 --> 00:30:40 on December the 14th
00:30:40 --> 00:30:42 2093 but at that time it will still pass
00:30:42 --> 00:30:45 a relatively comfortable 2 th000
00:30:45 --> 00:30:48 kilm away from our planet interestingly
00:30:48 --> 00:30:50 faton is named after the son of the
00:30:50 --> 00:30:53 Greek sunog helus legend has it that
00:30:53 --> 00:30:55 faton almost destroyed the Earth by
00:30:55 --> 00:30:57 stealing helios's Chariot scorching the
00:30:57 --> 00:30:59 Earth with the sun almost causing the
00:30:59 --> 00:31:02 apocalypse faton approaches the Sun
00:31:02 --> 00:31:04 closer than any other named asteroid
00:31:04 --> 00:31:06 with a perah helion of less than 21
00:31:06 --> 00:31:08 million kilm that's less than half of
00:31:08 --> 00:31:11 Mercury's perhelion distance coming so
00:31:11 --> 00:31:13 close to the Sun causes the asteroid's
00:31:13 --> 00:31:17 surface to reach over 750° C
00:31:17 --> 00:31:19 observations by NASA's stereo spacecraft
00:31:19 --> 00:31:22 saw dust Trails radiating off its
00:31:22 --> 00:31:25 surface and in 2010 faton was detected
00:31:25 --> 00:31:28 actually ejecting dust into space
00:31:28 --> 00:31:29 astronomers think the intense heat
00:31:29 --> 00:31:31 generated by its close approaches to the
00:31:31 --> 00:31:33 Sun causes fractures in the gravel and
00:31:33 --> 00:31:36 rocks on the asteroid surface similar to
00:31:36 --> 00:31:39 Mud cracks in a dry lake bed and faton
00:31:39 --> 00:31:41 composition also fits the notion of a
00:31:41 --> 00:31:44 cometry origin it's classified as a type
00:31:44 --> 00:31:45 B asteroid because it's composed of
00:31:45 --> 00:31:48 primarily dark material type B asteroids
00:31:49 --> 00:31:50 are thought to be primitive volatile
00:31:50 --> 00:31:53 Rich elements of the early solar system
00:31:53 --> 00:31:55 its composition orbit and dust trail
00:31:55 --> 00:31:57 have led astronomers to refer to faton
00:31:57 --> 00:32:00 as a rock Comet the Geminids meteors
00:32:00 --> 00:32:02 have a yellowish Hue and they tend to be
00:32:02 --> 00:32:04 a bit larger and more solid than typical
00:32:04 --> 00:32:07 meteors from comets think of grains and
00:32:07 --> 00:32:10 rocks rather than dust particles they
00:32:10 --> 00:32:12 also move more slowly traveling at about
00:32:12 --> 00:32:15 35 km/s compared to some cometry meteor
00:32:15 --> 00:32:16 showers which travel at speeds of up to
00:32:16 --> 00:32:19 72 km a second interestingly the
00:32:19 --> 00:32:21 geminates are also thought to be
00:32:21 --> 00:32:23 intensifying every year with recent
00:32:23 --> 00:32:26 showers seeing up to 160 metors per hour
00:32:26 --> 00:32:28 under optimal conditions in the northern
00:32:28 --> 00:32:30 hemisphere expect to see up to 120
00:32:30 --> 00:32:32 metors per hour between midnight and
00:32:32 --> 00:32:35 4:00 a.m. but only from a dark sky well
00:32:35 --> 00:32:37 north of the equator the radiant Rises
00:32:37 --> 00:32:40 about Sunset reaching a usable elevation
00:32:40 --> 00:32:43 from local evening hours onwards in the
00:32:43 --> 00:32:44 southern hemisphere the Geminids aren't
00:32:44 --> 00:32:46 nearly as spectacular you won't see as
00:32:46 --> 00:32:49 many perhaps just 10 to 20 an hour
00:32:49 --> 00:32:50 that's because the radiant doesn't rise
00:32:50 --> 00:32:53 above the Horizon at all now for
00:32:53 --> 00:32:54 listeners in the northern hemisphere
00:32:54 --> 00:32:56 there's a second meteor shower in
00:32:56 --> 00:32:58 December the ards which read radiate out
00:32:58 --> 00:33:00 from the direction of Ura Miner the
00:33:00 --> 00:33:02 Little Dipper the ards are generated by
00:33:02 --> 00:33:04 debris left behind by the comet 8p
00:33:04 --> 00:33:07 Tuttle there a compact stream peaking
00:33:07 --> 00:33:09 during the night of December the 22nd
00:33:09 --> 00:33:11 and the early morning hours of December
00:33:11 --> 00:33:13 the 23rd If you look towards the bowl of
00:33:13 --> 00:33:15 the Little Dipper you might see about 10
00:33:15 --> 00:33:18 metors an hour and now with the rest of
00:33:18 --> 00:33:19 the December night skies we're joined by
00:33:19 --> 00:33:21 Jonathan n from sky and Telescope
00:33:22 --> 00:33:24 magazine Stuart yeah well it is December
00:33:24 --> 00:33:26 which means it's summertime where I live
00:33:26 --> 00:33:27 if you're north of the equator you're
00:33:27 --> 00:33:29 entering winter instead of course but
00:33:29 --> 00:33:30 where I am down here it's very hot at
00:33:30 --> 00:33:31 the moment it's going to get even hotter
00:33:31 --> 00:33:33 thing is with summertime viewing need to
00:33:33 --> 00:33:34 get fewer hours of nighttime of course
00:33:34 --> 00:33:36 because the day Daylight's longer at
00:33:36 --> 00:33:38 night hours are shorter but at least the
00:33:38 --> 00:33:39 weather's good you don't have to go out
00:33:39 --> 00:33:40 in freezing cold temperatures look we
00:33:41 --> 00:33:43 normally start our Sky tour in the South
00:33:43 --> 00:33:44 but this time we'll start with the sky
00:33:44 --> 00:33:46 to the east for this time of the year so
00:33:46 --> 00:33:48 once the sun has gone down and the sky
00:33:48 --> 00:33:49 is dark you look to the East and you
00:33:49 --> 00:33:52 will see the mighty constellation ory
00:33:52 --> 00:33:54 and the hunter sitting above the Eastern
00:33:54 --> 00:33:55 Horizon it's it's pretty easy to make
00:33:55 --> 00:33:57 out because there's a little Trio of
00:33:57 --> 00:33:59 star in a row this little straight line
00:33:59 --> 00:34:01 of these three stars quite close
00:34:01 --> 00:34:02 together that's known as the hunter belt
00:34:02 --> 00:34:04 or the hunter belt and it's quite easy
00:34:05 --> 00:34:07 to see as our two of Orion's brighter
00:34:07 --> 00:34:10 Stars you've got bluish ryel which is
00:34:10 --> 00:34:11 above the belt as you look at it in the
00:34:11 --> 00:34:13 Eastern sky and you got reddish beagle
00:34:13 --> 00:34:15 juice which is down below the building
00:34:15 --> 00:34:17 soort of down quite low towards the
00:34:17 --> 00:34:19 horizon about I know 9:00 9:30 or so but
00:34:20 --> 00:34:22 it rises higher as the night goes on so
00:34:22 --> 00:34:23 you won't have any trouble finding it
00:34:23 --> 00:34:25 these two stars rajel and Beetle Juice
00:34:25 --> 00:34:26 So rajel is the seventh brightest star
00:34:26 --> 00:34:28 in the night star and Beetle juices the
00:34:28 --> 00:34:30 T so they are pretty bright Briel is big
00:34:30 --> 00:34:32 and bright literally it's more than 70
00:34:32 --> 00:34:35 times wider than our sun and it's
00:34:35 --> 00:34:38 120 times as bright but thankfully
00:34:38 --> 00:34:40 it's more than 850 light years from us
00:34:40 --> 00:34:42 otherwise you'd be in real trouble some
00:34:42 --> 00:34:43 of these stars out there they're just
00:34:43 --> 00:34:45 enormous and they're very intrinsically
00:34:45 --> 00:34:47 bright but they're so far away that they
00:34:47 --> 00:34:49 just look like stars you know if if they
00:34:49 --> 00:34:50 were closer in we'd have sort of
00:34:50 --> 00:34:52 permanent daylight we' have our star
00:34:52 --> 00:34:54 doing giving us daylight during the day
00:34:54 --> 00:34:56 and my time look if some of these bright
00:34:56 --> 00:34:57 stars are much closer than you able to
00:34:58 --> 00:35:00 read by them and be so much like be used
00:35:00 --> 00:35:01 the other star it's even bigger it's
00:35:01 --> 00:35:03 around 700 times wider than our sun and
00:35:03 --> 00:35:06 it's more than 70 times as bright so
00:35:06 --> 00:35:08 a couple of really giant Stars you got
00:35:08 --> 00:35:10 there incidentally I mentioned the sun
00:35:10 --> 00:35:11 there in daylight you do know don't you
00:35:11 --> 00:35:13 Stuart that it has been signed
00:35:13 --> 00:35:15 scientifically proven that the Moon is
00:35:15 --> 00:35:17 better than the sun you heard this okay
00:35:17 --> 00:35:19 why is the moon better than the sun well
00:35:19 --> 00:35:21 see the moon shines at night when
00:35:21 --> 00:35:23 everything is dark and and it gives us
00:35:23 --> 00:35:26 light by which to see things you so we
00:35:26 --> 00:35:29 can get around at night but the sun well
00:35:29 --> 00:35:30 it only shines during the daytime and
00:35:30 --> 00:35:33 it's light anyway what about a new moon
00:35:33 --> 00:35:35 you wish you wish I hadn't asked you
00:35:35 --> 00:35:39 that that was um George G was George G
00:35:39 --> 00:35:42 was his name George G the famous
00:35:42 --> 00:35:44 astronom G he was the one who said if we
00:35:44 --> 00:35:45 ever go to the sun we should only go at
00:35:45 --> 00:35:47 night time when it's cooler that's right
00:35:47 --> 00:35:48 now listen talking about those stars in
00:35:48 --> 00:35:51 a rine uh you start at a r and you go to
00:35:51 --> 00:35:52 the left as you're looking at it in the
00:35:52 --> 00:35:53 night sky which actually means you're
00:35:53 --> 00:35:55 going northward you're looking further
00:35:55 --> 00:35:56 to the north you should see a reddish
00:35:56 --> 00:35:58 star that makes up one corner of a
00:35:58 --> 00:36:01 triangle or a wedge of stars pointing up
00:36:01 --> 00:36:03 from the Horizon now that star is called
00:36:03 --> 00:36:06 Alon and the triangle is a star cluster
00:36:06 --> 00:36:07 called the hies and they're both part of
00:36:07 --> 00:36:09 the constellation of Taurus now if you
00:36:09 --> 00:36:10 can get a pair of binoculars just
00:36:10 --> 00:36:11 binoculars you don't need a telescope
00:36:11 --> 00:36:13 just get a pair of binoculars under that
00:36:13 --> 00:36:15 wedge shaped cluster of stars please do
00:36:15 --> 00:36:16 so because it's really really pretty
00:36:16 --> 00:36:18 binocular give you just that little bit
00:36:18 --> 00:36:20 of extra life Gathering Power to see
00:36:20 --> 00:36:22 fainter things as do telescopes of
00:36:22 --> 00:36:24 course but just binoculars on their own
00:36:24 --> 00:36:26 you'll see more and more stars than just
00:36:26 --> 00:36:28 the little red shape that you can see
00:36:28 --> 00:36:30 probably about half a dozen seven or
00:36:30 --> 00:36:31 eight stars or so in the hies get some
00:36:32 --> 00:36:33 monoculars on it and you'll you know see
00:36:33 --> 00:36:35 a few dozen and a bit further to the
00:36:35 --> 00:36:36 left of the high 80s is another star
00:36:36 --> 00:36:38 cluster that we've spoken before about
00:36:38 --> 00:36:40 on the program and it's even prettier
00:36:40 --> 00:36:42 and this is the p80s which is also known
00:36:42 --> 00:36:44 as the 750s because it's long being said
00:36:44 --> 00:36:46 that most people can see seven stars out
00:36:46 --> 00:36:49 of the Thousand or so that are in this
00:36:49 --> 00:36:50 cluster but all those other ones are far
00:36:50 --> 00:36:52 too faint for the uned eye you need
00:36:52 --> 00:36:54 telescope to start bringing those out
00:36:54 --> 00:36:55 and it's interesting because it's been
00:36:55 --> 00:36:57 given that name Seven Sisters OR
00:36:57 --> 00:36:59 something similar in many different
00:36:59 --> 00:37:00 cultures scattered all across the globe
00:37:01 --> 00:37:02 and dating from a long long time ago and
00:37:02 --> 00:37:04 it's been suggested actually that the
00:37:04 --> 00:37:07 idea of uh these the Stars being seven
00:37:07 --> 00:37:09 sisters or some sort of Mythology
00:37:09 --> 00:37:11 associated with Seven Sisters in the sky
00:37:11 --> 00:37:13 that idea originated tens of thousands
00:37:13 --> 00:37:15 of years ago and spread around the world
00:37:15 --> 00:37:17 as early humans made their way across
00:37:17 --> 00:37:19 the planet and if this is correct it's
00:37:19 --> 00:37:22 probably the oldest mythology for entire
00:37:22 --> 00:37:24 species that has survived to the present
00:37:24 --> 00:37:26 day we're talking you know tens of
00:37:26 --> 00:37:28 thousands of years uh long long time
00:37:28 --> 00:37:29 back the other interesting thing about
00:37:29 --> 00:37:31 this is that even though this group of
00:37:31 --> 00:37:32 stars was called the Seven Sisters most
00:37:32 --> 00:37:34 people with average eyesight and Dark
00:37:34 --> 00:37:37 Skies can only see six and it's been
00:37:37 --> 00:37:39 that way for a long long time and it's
00:37:39 --> 00:37:42 so it's been suggested that maybe there
00:37:42 --> 00:37:44 was a seven star that used to be
00:37:44 --> 00:37:45 brighter a long time ago and has now
00:37:45 --> 00:37:48 faded away the star will still be there
00:37:48 --> 00:37:50 but you know stars do change in their
00:37:50 --> 00:37:52 brightness so maybe there was a seventh
00:37:52 --> 00:37:54 one that was bright a long time ago or
00:37:54 --> 00:37:56 maybe there were two stars that are now
00:37:56 --> 00:37:58 close together so further apart in the
00:37:58 --> 00:38:00 distant past and so you can see them
00:38:00 --> 00:38:01 separately as two stars so you made up a
00:38:01 --> 00:38:04 total of seven where now um you know see
00:38:04 --> 00:38:06 six so it's bit of a mystery still that
00:38:06 --> 00:38:07 one but it really is interesting how
00:38:07 --> 00:38:08 different cultures around not all
00:38:08 --> 00:38:10 cultures some other some cultures have
00:38:10 --> 00:38:12 other ideas other mythologies Associated
00:38:12 --> 00:38:14 which little gr stars but so many of
00:38:14 --> 00:38:16 them um do associate them with a group
00:38:16 --> 00:38:18 of sisters Seven Sisters OR or seven
00:38:18 --> 00:38:20 women it always seems to be like and in
00:38:21 --> 00:38:22 some of these cultures they're also
00:38:22 --> 00:38:25 being chased by Orion the hunter he's
00:38:25 --> 00:38:26 chasing them this includes Aboriginal
00:38:26 --> 00:38:29 cultures Australia it's amazing very
00:38:29 --> 00:38:31 common story so it's not impossible that
00:38:31 --> 00:38:33 there was a common origin going back
00:38:33 --> 00:38:34 tens of thousands of years from
00:38:34 --> 00:38:36 somewhere and that that story just
00:38:36 --> 00:38:38 traveled because back in those days
00:38:38 --> 00:38:39 before writing and everything everything
00:38:39 --> 00:38:41 was verbal and mythologies were passed
00:38:41 --> 00:38:43 along so it's interesting that could be
00:38:43 --> 00:38:46 the old surviving mythology now turning
00:38:46 --> 00:38:47 to the South we haven't mentioned the
00:38:47 --> 00:38:49 South yet if you look down to the South
00:38:49 --> 00:38:50 we'll see the Southern Cross well you
00:38:50 --> 00:38:52 might see the southern cross upside down
00:38:52 --> 00:38:53 but for many people it's below the
00:38:53 --> 00:38:55 Horizon sort of mid evening at this time
00:38:55 --> 00:38:57 of the year certainly for the North the
00:38:57 --> 00:38:59 Northern Hemisphere but even still in
00:38:59 --> 00:39:00 the southern hemisphere I mean I can't
00:39:00 --> 00:39:02 see about 9:00 at night where I live
00:39:02 --> 00:39:05 those at latitudes of around 40° south
00:39:05 --> 00:39:07 or further will see the cross just above
00:39:07 --> 00:39:09 the southern Horizon but as the Earth
00:39:09 --> 00:39:12 turns the cross will sort of rise in the
00:39:12 --> 00:39:15 Southeast so if you give it a few hours
00:39:15 --> 00:39:16 get get to midnight or past midnight or
00:39:16 --> 00:39:18 so particularly after midnight this time
00:39:18 --> 00:39:19 of year you will see the Southern Cross
00:39:19 --> 00:39:20 starting to come up again in the
00:39:20 --> 00:39:22 Southeast it'll be lying on its left
00:39:22 --> 00:39:23 hand side but the Earth is turned a bit
00:39:23 --> 00:39:25 more on its aess also in the South but
00:39:26 --> 00:39:27 only if you have dark skies two things
00:39:27 --> 00:39:29 you you really shouldn't Miss and that's
00:39:29 --> 00:39:31 the the two nearest sizable galaxies to
00:39:31 --> 00:39:33 our own these are known as the large and
00:39:33 --> 00:39:35 small magic Cloud you'll find them about
00:39:35 --> 00:39:37 halfway up from the southern Horizon and
00:39:37 --> 00:39:38 they do just look like faint fuzzy
00:39:38 --> 00:39:40 clouds but they are in fact galaxies
00:39:40 --> 00:39:42 full of millions of stars to the naked
00:39:42 --> 00:39:43 eye you're not going to see any of those
00:39:43 --> 00:39:45 individual Stars just look like a Milky
00:39:45 --> 00:39:47 patch but if you you have a telescope or
00:39:47 --> 00:39:49 know someone has got a telescope then
00:39:49 --> 00:39:50 get that get a telescope onto them and
00:39:50 --> 00:39:52 you will start to see more detail
00:39:52 --> 00:39:53 they're including some fantastic M and
00:39:54 --> 00:39:55 starbusters and things there there's
00:39:55 --> 00:39:57 quite a lot these two galaxies
00:39:57 --> 00:39:59 astronomers are very fond of them
00:39:59 --> 00:40:00 because it gives us an opportunity to
00:40:00 --> 00:40:03 study things in other galaxies but most
00:40:03 --> 00:40:05 galaxies are very far away these two are
00:40:05 --> 00:40:07 close so giv us a bit more of a closeup
00:40:07 --> 00:40:09 view of how things are in other the
00:40:09 --> 00:40:10 galaxies now let's have a look at which
00:40:10 --> 00:40:11 planets we can see in the evening this
00:40:11 --> 00:40:14 three of them Venus is the obvious one
00:40:14 --> 00:40:15 it's shining big and bright above the
00:40:15 --> 00:40:17 Western Horizon after Sunset you really
00:40:17 --> 00:40:19 can't miss it it's really big and bright
00:40:19 --> 00:40:20 on the opposite side of the sky just
00:40:20 --> 00:40:22 above the Western Horizon and near that
00:40:22 --> 00:40:25 hi star cluster I mentioned earlier is
00:40:25 --> 00:40:26 Jupiter it's not quite as bright as
00:40:26 --> 00:40:28 Venus but it's still prominent very
00:40:28 --> 00:40:30 prominent it has a slightly sort of off
00:40:30 --> 00:40:33 off-white tinge to it probably say you
00:40:33 --> 00:40:35 wouldn't call it red or yellow slight
00:40:35 --> 00:40:38 beige sort of yeah beigy sort of maybe
00:40:38 --> 00:40:41 even slight pinkish Ting but only the
00:40:41 --> 00:40:43 tiniest amount um when it's down low on
00:40:43 --> 00:40:45 the horizon you get the MC of our
00:40:45 --> 00:40:47 atmosphere changes the colors of things
00:40:47 --> 00:40:49 so wait until Jupiter is risen a higher
00:40:50 --> 00:40:51 above the Horizon it's out of the M of
00:40:51 --> 00:40:53 the pollution and dust and everything
00:40:53 --> 00:40:55 down in the lower part of the atmosphere
00:40:55 --> 00:40:56 and then you'll see that it looks just
00:40:56 --> 00:40:57 slightly off
00:40:57 --> 00:40:59 and very high in the Northwest in the
00:40:59 --> 00:41:01 evening at the moment is Saturn it's now
00:41:01 --> 00:41:04 it's dimmer than Venus and Jupiter it's
00:41:04 --> 00:41:05 not quite as bright in fact it's nowhere
00:41:05 --> 00:41:07 near as bright but it does have a
00:41:07 --> 00:41:09 Telltale yellowish cover you really
00:41:09 --> 00:41:10 can't miss it and if you do have access
00:41:10 --> 00:41:12 to a small telescope even it's just a
00:41:12 --> 00:41:14 tiny one even small telescope take a
00:41:14 --> 00:41:15 look because you should be able to see
00:41:15 --> 00:41:17 the planet's rings and furn and its
00:41:17 --> 00:41:18 rings always look great to a telescope
00:41:19 --> 00:41:20 and Stuart that's the start for December
00:41:20 --> 00:41:22 that's Jonathan nelli from sky and
00:41:22 --> 00:41:28 Telescope magazine and this is spacetime
00:41:28 --> 00:41:36 [Music]
00:41:41 --> 00:41:44 and that's the show for now SpaceTime is
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00:42:37 --> 00:42:40 Gary this has been another quality
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