Space Nuts Episode 506: Dark Energy, Square Kilometer Array, and Baby Moons
Join host Andrew Dunkley, astronomer Professor Fred Watson, and special guest Heidi Campo as they delve into the intriguing mysteries of the universe in this episode of Space Nuts. From the latest revelations about dark energy to the exciting developments from the Square Kilometer Array and the discovery of baby moons around baby planets, this episode is packed with cosmic insights and engaging discussions.
Episode Highlights:
- Dark Energy Insights: Andrew and Fred explore new research suggesting that dark energy may not be as constant as previously thought, potentially weakening over time and raising questions about the ultimate fate of the universe.
- Square Kilometer Array Update: The team discusses the first images from the Square Kilometer Array, highlighting its groundbreaking capabilities and the significance of its location in Western Australia for radio astronomy.
- Discovery of Baby Moons: Exciting findings from the Magellan telescopes reveal the existence of baby moons forming around young planets, providing new insights into planetary formation and the potential for life beyond our solar system.
For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. (https://www.spacenutspodcast.com/) Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube Music Music, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favorite platform.
If you'd like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/about (https://www.spacenutspodcast.com/about)
Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
(00:00) Andrew Dunkley welcomes Professor Fred Watson back to Space Nuts
(01:48) Two astronauts successfully returned to Earth after 286 days in space
(06:03) The evidence that is being presented for dark energy weakening over time is tentative
(15:53) The Square Kilometer Array telescope in Western Australia has taken its first selfie
(24:37) Scientists trying to mitigate effects of satellite interference on radio astronomy
(27:26) Scientists have finally found baby moons forming around baby planets
(32:50) Andrew Dunkley: Anything to add, Heidi, to finish off podcast
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-exploring-the-cosmos--2631155/support (https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts-exploring-the-cosmos--2631155/support?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rss) .
Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/26310303?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:02 hi there thanks for joining us this is
00:00:02 --> 00:00:04 Space Nuts my name is Andrew Dunley your
00:00:04 --> 00:00:06 host and it's good to have your company
00:00:06 --> 00:00:08 i hope you're well uh coming up we're
00:00:08 --> 00:00:11 going to talk dark energy again but uh
00:00:11 --> 00:00:14 this time it's a very different story
00:00:14 --> 00:00:18 and uh there's even potential for a gnab
00:00:18 --> 00:00:21 gibb uh also some exciting news from the
00:00:21 --> 00:00:23 square kilometer array and baby
00:00:23 --> 00:00:25 exoplanets and their baby moons we'll
00:00:25 --> 00:00:27 talk about all of that on this episode
00:00:28 --> 00:00:30 of Space Nuts 15 seconds guidance is
00:00:30 --> 00:00:35 internal 10 9 Ignition sequence start
00:00:35 --> 00:00:41 space nuts 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1
00:00:41 --> 00:00:44 Space nuts astronauts reported feels
00:00:44 --> 00:00:47 good yep and it's very good to have
00:00:47 --> 00:00:49 Professor Fred Watson back in the chair
00:00:49 --> 00:00:52 astronomer at large hello Fred hello
00:00:52 --> 00:00:55 Andrew nice to see you again and you too
00:00:55 --> 00:00:58 and making us look extra uglier is Heidi
00:00:58 --> 00:01:01 Campo and Heidi will be will be our
00:01:01 --> 00:01:04 guest host while I take a a few weeks
00:01:04 --> 00:01:07 off uh in the couple of episodes time
00:01:07 --> 00:01:10 but Heidi's going to um be a part of
00:01:10 --> 00:01:12 these next couple of shows learning the
00:01:12 --> 00:01:14 ropes learning how to handle Fred that's
00:01:14 --> 00:01:16 always difficult um plenty of other
00:01:16 --> 00:01:20 things hi Heidi welcome again hi guys
00:01:20 --> 00:01:22 i'm sure Fred will not need too much
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 handling
00:01:24 --> 00:01:29 well she's m that now she's my title uh
00:01:29 --> 00:01:31 has changed from astronomer at large to
00:01:31 --> 00:01:32 the astronomer on the loose so you know
00:01:32 --> 00:01:35 that told its own story really yeah yeah
00:01:35 --> 00:01:38 he's a wild boy he sure is
00:01:38 --> 00:01:41 uh anyway Heidi jump in anytime if
00:01:41 --> 00:01:42 you've got a question or a thought or a
00:01:42 --> 00:01:45 comment or you or you just want to leave
00:01:45 --> 00:01:47 whatever you whatever suits you it's all
00:01:47 --> 00:01:52 good um let's start by a um a story
00:01:52 --> 00:01:55 without notice uh which we gave notice
00:01:55 --> 00:01:57 of last week and that was the return to
00:01:58 --> 00:02:01 earth of PCH Wilmore and Sunni Williams
00:02:01 --> 00:02:04 they are back on Earth after their 10day
00:02:04 --> 00:02:08 mission which ended up being 286 days
00:02:08 --> 00:02:10 I'm told that's um that's quite
00:02:10 --> 00:02:13 incredible uh one of the things that um
00:02:13 --> 00:02:15 fascinated me was as soon as they
00:02:15 --> 00:02:17 splashed down a pot of dolphins circled
00:02:17 --> 00:02:20 the spacecraft i thought that was really
00:02:20 --> 00:02:23 cute but they're back on Earth uh I I
00:02:23 --> 00:02:26 did a bit more reading on what went
00:02:26 --> 00:02:30 wrong um the the poor old Star Liner um
00:02:30 --> 00:02:33 it it showed some some booster problems
00:02:33 --> 00:02:35 but then there was another problem with
00:02:35 --> 00:02:38 leaks uh and they
00:02:38 --> 00:02:41 decided to not send them back on it just
00:02:41 --> 00:02:43 in case and it came back to back to
00:02:43 --> 00:02:46 ground safely of course and then it was
00:02:46 --> 00:02:47 all about how do we get them back to
00:02:47 --> 00:02:50 Earth and there was remember Fred we
00:02:50 --> 00:02:52 were talking about the um uh lack of
00:02:52 --> 00:02:55 compatibility of their space suits i
00:02:55 --> 00:02:58 mean all these all these problems just
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 kept piling up and uh it turned their
00:03:00 --> 00:03:03 mission into um yeah something much much
00:03:03 --> 00:03:06 bigger i reckon they'll make a movie
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 they will make a movie about this i
00:03:08 --> 00:03:11 think I think you're probably right
00:03:11 --> 00:03:12 fortunately we know it has a happy
00:03:12 --> 00:03:15 ending so that's Yes yes well I I think
00:03:15 --> 00:03:18 there's enough in the story to warrant a
00:03:18 --> 00:03:21 movie because u there were there were um
00:03:21 --> 00:03:23 things that happened on the space
00:03:23 --> 00:03:26 station that involved them uh like
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 record-breaking space walks and um I
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 think soon he became the the the
00:03:30 --> 00:03:32 commander of the ISIS was there for a
00:03:32 --> 00:03:35 while and um and of course then early
00:03:35 --> 00:03:38 this year um the US president and the
00:03:38 --> 00:03:43 Elon Musk got involved i mean it just
00:03:43 --> 00:03:45 you know it's got movie written all over
00:03:45 --> 00:03:48 it I reckon um I don't know Heidi what's
00:03:48 --> 00:03:50 it what's the I mean our perspective
00:03:50 --> 00:03:52 might be different you you're in Houston
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 you're sort of at the bold face
00:03:54 --> 00:03:57 certainly am in Houston um well I think
00:03:57 --> 00:04:00 as far as the American opinion versus
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 the Houston opinion is a little bit
00:04:02 --> 00:04:04 different it seems like and I can't
00:04:04 --> 00:04:06 speak for all Americans but it seems
00:04:06 --> 00:04:10 like a lot of Americans are um mixed
00:04:10 --> 00:04:13 mixed bag of nuts and it's some people
00:04:13 --> 00:04:15 are really happy that the astronauts are
00:04:15 --> 00:04:17 finally back i'm sure the astronauts are
00:04:17 --> 00:04:19 happy that they're back yeah um and then
00:04:19 --> 00:04:21 some people are you know hailing the
00:04:21 --> 00:04:24 rescue mission but you know here in
00:04:24 --> 00:04:25 Houston everyone's saying "Hey you know
00:04:25 --> 00:04:28 this is this is what they train for this
00:04:28 --> 00:04:30 is what they plan for." And there is not
00:04:30 --> 00:04:32 a single astronaut that's going to be
00:04:32 --> 00:04:36 upset about bonus time in space and this
00:04:36 --> 00:04:40 was not um it was it seems like an
00:04:40 --> 00:04:42 emergency situation cuz we watch movies
00:04:42 --> 00:04:45 like Gravity where everything goes wrong
00:04:45 --> 00:04:48 and we're just thinking complete chaos
00:04:48 --> 00:04:50 but for them it's it's this is this is
00:04:50 --> 00:04:53 what they do they're professionals and
00:04:53 --> 00:04:57 while it may seem like a big chunk of
00:04:57 --> 00:04:59 time this just gave the astronauts more
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 time to do what they love to do and
00:05:02 --> 00:05:05 that's uh I think it's a beautiful thing
00:05:05 --> 00:05:07 and it wasn't um kind of the way that
00:05:07 --> 00:05:09 some people are seeing it you know the
00:05:09 --> 00:05:13 astronauts are fine and this was planned
00:05:13 --> 00:05:15 for them to come back at this time yeah
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 i suppose what happens now is they've
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 got to get their Earth bodies back um
00:05:20 --> 00:05:21 because being in space for a long period
00:05:22 --> 00:05:24 of time as Fred and I have discussed uh
00:05:24 --> 00:05:27 can have a big impact on your on your um
00:05:27 --> 00:05:30 skeletal and muscular systems and
00:05:30 --> 00:05:33 getting back on Earth is um it's it's a
00:05:33 --> 00:05:35 it's a task yes and that's that's
00:05:35 --> 00:05:37 actually the research that I'm
00:05:37 --> 00:05:38 specializing in right now is the
00:05:38 --> 00:05:41 countermeasures in um human spaceflight
00:05:41 --> 00:05:45 research and getting them back to
00:05:45 --> 00:05:48 uh Earth gravity ability yeah well it
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 looks like we picked the right person to
00:05:50 --> 00:05:52 take over from me Fred so um I won't be
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 coming back
00:05:55 --> 00:05:58 um but um it's good news butch and Sunni
00:05:58 --> 00:06:01 back on Earth and um celebrating
00:06:01 --> 00:06:04 Christmas a couple of months late uh now
00:06:04 --> 00:06:07 uh we are going to look at this uh story
00:06:07 --> 00:06:10 that's popped up i I spotted this the
00:06:10 --> 00:06:14 other day Fred uh about uh dark energy
00:06:14 --> 00:06:18 and I read the whole story my brain hurt
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 i took a couple of ibuprofen and settled
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 down and then I thought about it and I
00:06:22 --> 00:06:24 simplified it by saying dark energy may
00:06:24 --> 00:06:28 not be doing what we first thought and I
00:06:28 --> 00:06:32 also saw a reference to the possible um
00:06:32 --> 00:06:34 return to the collapse of our universe
00:06:34 --> 00:06:36 sometime in the long long distant future
00:06:36 --> 00:06:40 we hope um so this is a really
00:06:40 --> 00:06:43 interesting story to unpack
00:06:43 --> 00:06:47 it is indeed and it's a story that um I
00:06:47 --> 00:06:51 guess uh it's still only a quai story in
00:06:51 --> 00:06:56 that uh the the evidence that is being
00:06:56 --> 00:07:00 presented for dark energy weakening over
00:07:00 --> 00:07:04 time is still tentative if I can put it
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 that way and admittedly so the the the
00:07:06 --> 00:07:08 authors of of this study are not saying
00:07:08 --> 00:07:11 "Yes we've we've firmly discovered that
00:07:11 --> 00:07:13 dark energy is weakening." It it's it's
00:07:13 --> 00:07:15 they're presenting it in in those terms
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 a tentative
00:07:17 --> 00:07:21 u discovery so um what what are we
00:07:21 --> 00:07:25 talking about here uh back in 1998
00:07:25 --> 00:07:27 um we thought the universe was well
00:07:27 --> 00:07:30 behaved and gravity of everything in it
00:07:30 --> 00:07:31 would pull it together and one day it
00:07:31 --> 00:07:33 would collapse on itself in what some
00:07:33 --> 00:07:35 call the big crunch but you and I know
00:07:35 --> 00:07:38 the correct term is the ganib gab which
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 is the big bang backwards courtesy of
00:07:40 --> 00:07:44 Brian Schmidtz uh and um that was
00:07:44 --> 00:07:46 apparently blown out of the water by
00:07:46 --> 00:07:50 Brian Schmidt and Saul Pulut Pelmuta and
00:07:50 --> 00:07:51 few other scientists who had two
00:07:51 --> 00:07:53 separate projects looking at the
00:07:53 --> 00:07:55 expansion of the universe in detail and
00:07:55 --> 00:07:57 suddenly we realized that the expansion
00:07:57 --> 00:07:59 of the universe is accelerating in other
00:07:59 --> 00:08:03 words it's getting bigger faster and so
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 um that led to the concept of dark
00:08:06 --> 00:08:08 energy as being the sort of propulsive
00:08:08 --> 00:08:11 source for this an energy excuse me of
00:08:11 --> 00:08:15 space itself some essence of space that
00:08:15 --> 00:08:18 uh as space gets bigger this energy gets
00:08:18 --> 00:08:21 bigger as well so the the thing is you
00:08:21 --> 00:08:24 know it's a it's a a system that is
00:08:24 --> 00:08:27 self-propelling in the sense that it you
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 know the the the bigger the volume of
00:08:29 --> 00:08:33 space more energy you've got and um the
00:08:33 --> 00:08:35 simplest assumption that you can make
00:08:35 --> 00:08:38 about that is that it can be represented
00:08:38 --> 00:08:41 by in the equations of the expansion of
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 the universe by something we call the
00:08:44 --> 00:08:47 cosmological constant which is a it's a
00:08:48 --> 00:08:50 crap name really to tell you what it's
00:08:50 --> 00:08:54 about but it was that was um effectively
00:08:54 --> 00:08:59 a term in an equation that was inserted
00:08:59 --> 00:09:01 by a gentleman by the name of Albert
00:09:01 --> 00:09:05 Einstein uh when uh he realized that his
00:09:05 --> 00:09:07 equations of relativity wanted to make
00:09:07 --> 00:09:09 the universe expand or contract and at
00:09:09 --> 00:09:12 the time back in 1915 he thought it
00:09:12 --> 00:09:15 wasn't doing any of those things uh so
00:09:15 --> 00:09:17 he put this cosmological constant in to
00:09:17 --> 00:09:19 stop the expansion in the in the
00:09:19 --> 00:09:22 theoretical basis uh then of course in
00:09:22 --> 00:09:24 1929 Edwin Hubble discovered that the
00:09:24 --> 00:09:27 universe is expanding and Einstein later
00:09:27 --> 00:09:29 called it his greatest blunder uh but
00:09:29 --> 00:09:32 that is not what we have seen it since
00:09:32 --> 00:09:37 1998 because cosmology has really
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 adopted the cosmological constant as
00:09:39 --> 00:09:41 being the most likely
00:09:41 --> 00:09:44 um interpretation of the acceleration of
00:09:44 --> 00:09:46 the universe and of what dark energy is
00:09:46 --> 00:09:48 doing it's saying it's proportional to
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 the size of the universe so the more
00:09:50 --> 00:09:52 universe you've got the more dark energy
00:09:52 --> 00:09:56 you've got you can however test that and
00:09:56 --> 00:09:59 I remember giving talks on this probably
00:09:59 --> 00:10:01 15 years ago uh where people were
00:10:01 --> 00:10:03 talking about testing it by looking at
00:10:03 --> 00:10:07 the large scale geometry of the universe
00:10:07 --> 00:10:11 uh which is traced by uh galaxies and
00:10:11 --> 00:10:14 these strings of galaxies and filaments
00:10:14 --> 00:10:17 of galaxies and and membranes of
00:10:17 --> 00:10:19 galaxies in in in the wider universe
00:10:19 --> 00:10:21 this sort of honeycomb structure that we
00:10:21 --> 00:10:25 know the the galaxies occupy um and so
00:10:25 --> 00:10:28 if you if you can map that accurately
00:10:28 --> 00:10:32 then you can get an insights into
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 actually not just dark energy but dark
00:10:34 --> 00:10:36 matter things like the nutrino content
00:10:36 --> 00:10:38 of the universe this all drops out of
00:10:38 --> 00:10:41 the way the geometry uh has developed in
00:10:41 --> 00:10:43 the history you know the 13.8 billion
00:10:43 --> 00:10:47 year history of the universe oh um back
00:10:47 --> 00:10:50 in Australia in the early 2000s a survey
00:10:50 --> 00:10:53 of the positions of galaxies was started
00:10:53 --> 00:10:56 what's called the 2DF uh galaxy survey
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 2df being the twoderee field system on
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 the Anglo Australian telescope that
00:11:00 --> 00:11:03 mapped galaxies uh out to about 2 and a
00:11:03 --> 00:11:06 half billion light years away fast
00:11:06 --> 00:11:09 forward to 2025 and we now have surveys
00:11:09 --> 00:11:12 that are mapping galaxies back to 11
00:11:12 --> 00:11:15 billion light years away and that's
00:11:15 --> 00:11:18 where the cracks are starting to show up
00:11:18 --> 00:11:20 in the cosmological constant because the
00:11:20 --> 00:11:22 evidence coming from something called
00:11:22 --> 00:11:25 the dark energy survey instrument uh
00:11:25 --> 00:11:26 which is on a telescope very similar to
00:11:26 --> 00:11:29 our Anglo Australian telescope uh at Kit
00:11:29 --> 00:11:32 Peak in Arizona the male telescope uh
00:11:32 --> 00:11:35 that uh is starting to show because
00:11:35 --> 00:11:38 they've they've basically evaluated uh
00:11:38 --> 00:11:40 the geometry of the universe over these
00:11:40 --> 00:11:43 much greater look back times um it looks
00:11:43 --> 00:11:46 as though dark energy was stronger 11
00:11:46 --> 00:11:50 billion years ago than it is now uh and
00:11:50 --> 00:11:53 that's as I said it's not a conclusive
00:11:53 --> 00:11:57 um deal yet but the evidence is strong
00:11:58 --> 00:11:59 enough that people are really getting
00:11:59 --> 00:12:02 excited about it because we don't
00:12:02 --> 00:12:05 understand it we It's not predicted by
00:12:05 --> 00:12:07 relativity m and and that's what makes
00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 it so complicated and hard to get
00:12:09 --> 00:12:12 through your head but um the the the
00:12:12 --> 00:12:14 scenarios that the popular press have
00:12:14 --> 00:12:17 jumped on is uh look if the universe
00:12:17 --> 00:12:19 continues to expand at an
00:12:19 --> 00:12:21 everinccreasing rate which is the
00:12:21 --> 00:12:24 current thinking it will ultimately rip
00:12:24 --> 00:12:27 um but if this new study is right and
00:12:27 --> 00:12:31 things are slowing down it might just
00:12:31 --> 00:12:35 collapse back in on itself um if none of
00:12:35 --> 00:12:37 none of those things happen and the
00:12:37 --> 00:12:39 universe just sort of hangs like on a
00:12:39 --> 00:12:42 street corner uh it it will just
00:12:42 --> 00:12:46 eventually burn out and become a cold
00:12:46 --> 00:12:49 dark place so they're the three
00:12:49 --> 00:12:51 potential fates aren't they uh yes
00:12:51 --> 00:12:53 that's right well as as we understand it
00:12:54 --> 00:12:58 as we um the the thing about this is um
00:12:58 --> 00:13:02 if it if it shows holes in relativity
00:13:02 --> 00:13:04 and that's the exciting bit you people
00:13:04 --> 00:13:07 have been looking for cracks in the
00:13:07 --> 00:13:09 theory of relativity basically for 100
00:13:09 --> 00:13:14 years um because relativity is such a
00:13:14 --> 00:13:17 good theory um it's very hard to find
00:13:17 --> 00:13:21 any anything in it that does that is not
00:13:21 --> 00:13:24 um replicated in the real universe you
00:13:24 --> 00:13:26 know the theory predicts the real
00:13:26 --> 00:13:29 universe very very accurately indeed uh
00:13:29 --> 00:13:32 but there are some things that we think
00:13:32 --> 00:13:34 are anomalous you know there's this
00:13:34 --> 00:13:38 tension between quantum theory and
00:13:38 --> 00:13:41 relativity theory uh there's there's
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 dark energy itself which we don't really
00:13:43 --> 00:13:45 understand and there's dark matter which
00:13:45 --> 00:13:47 we don't really understand either and
00:13:47 --> 00:13:50 these are all things that maybe need new
00:13:50 --> 00:13:54 physical theories to understand and so
00:13:54 --> 00:13:55 when you start finding cracks in
00:13:56 --> 00:13:57 relativity maybe that is going to give
00:13:58 --> 00:14:00 us a window into these new ideas that
00:14:00 --> 00:14:04 might let us understand what dark matter
00:14:04 --> 00:14:07 is what dark energy is how quantum
00:14:07 --> 00:14:10 physics uh interacts with relativity how
00:14:10 --> 00:14:13 the two come together and you never know
00:14:13 --> 00:14:15 andrew some of that might actually be
00:14:15 --> 00:14:17 useful it might be stuff that we could
00:14:17 --> 00:14:20 make use of uh on the human scale in a
00:14:20 --> 00:14:22 in a similar way to the fact that
00:14:22 --> 00:14:25 relativity lets us have a GPS system in
00:14:25 --> 00:14:29 one of these yeah yeah absolutely uh and
00:14:29 --> 00:14:32 Einstein himself always believed that
00:14:32 --> 00:14:35 his general theory of uh theory of
00:14:35 --> 00:14:39 general relativity was flawed
00:14:39 --> 00:14:41 we just haven't found the cracks yet he
00:14:41 --> 00:14:43 did he went through his life looking for
00:14:43 --> 00:14:47 um the evidence of exactly as you've
00:14:47 --> 00:14:50 said um flaws in general relativity new
00:14:50 --> 00:14:53 physics that would in in his case
00:14:53 --> 00:14:57 principally unify um dark sorry unify
00:14:57 --> 00:15:01 quantum mechanics and general relativity
00:15:01 --> 00:15:02 he didn't know about dark matter from
00:15:02 --> 00:15:06 dark energy he died in 1955 well before
00:15:06 --> 00:15:07 uh actually we knew about dark matter
00:15:07 --> 00:15:09 then but nobody talked about it because
00:15:09 --> 00:15:11 it was too hard to understand but anyway
00:15:11 --> 00:15:13 he didn't know about those things yeah
00:15:13 --> 00:15:16 uh it could but as you said this this is
00:15:16 --> 00:15:20 um only and a theory that's in it its
00:15:20 --> 00:15:22 infancy they've got a lot more work to
00:15:22 --> 00:15:25 do to you know um to figure out whether
00:15:25 --> 00:15:27 or not they're right uh and we're we're
00:15:27 --> 00:15:29 heading for a big crunch or whatever you
00:15:29 --> 00:15:32 want to call it a gab gib
00:15:32 --> 00:15:35 yes all right if you'd like to read that
00:15:35 --> 00:15:36 story it's all over the web but uh
00:15:36 --> 00:15:38 there's a great article at the
00:15:38 --> 00:15:40 conversation website this is Space Nuts
00:15:40 --> 00:15:43 andrew Dunley here Heidi Campo there and
00:15:43 --> 00:15:48 Fred somewhere else
00:15:48 --> 00:15:54 3 2 1 Space Nuts uh okay uh our next
00:15:54 --> 00:15:57 story uh is um getting a bit closer to
00:15:57 --> 00:15:59 home and this is one we've talked about
00:15:59 --> 00:16:02 many times the Square Kilometer Array
00:16:02 --> 00:16:04 that wonderful device that they're
00:16:04 --> 00:16:06 building out in the Never of Western
00:16:06 --> 00:16:10 Australia uh and even though it's not
00:16:10 --> 00:16:12 finished yet and they're going to
00:16:12 --> 00:16:15 probably not complete it until 2030
00:16:15 --> 00:16:18 uh the exciting news is that they've um
00:16:18 --> 00:16:20 they've taken their first image and it
00:16:20 --> 00:16:24 was a selfie no it
00:16:24 --> 00:16:28 wasn't uh yeah this is a great story
00:16:28 --> 00:16:30 it's um the department of industry
00:16:30 --> 00:16:33 science and resources uh who until
00:16:33 --> 00:16:36 recently was my employer um is the
00:16:36 --> 00:16:38 basically the the federal agency that
00:16:38 --> 00:16:40 looks after the square kilometer array
00:16:40 --> 00:16:42 so this is a story very close to my
00:16:42 --> 00:16:45 heart uh and I you know I'd love to
00:16:45 --> 00:16:48 congratulate all my colleagues in that
00:16:48 --> 00:16:49 department who have been working on this
00:16:49 --> 00:16:51 and of course the people in the square
00:16:51 --> 00:16:54 kilometer array observatory and the CSRO
00:16:54 --> 00:16:56 Commonwealth Science Industrial Research
00:16:56 --> 00:16:58 Organization Australia's National
00:16:58 --> 00:17:00 Science Agency all of those people too
00:17:00 --> 00:17:03 because this is a great step forward um
00:17:03 --> 00:17:05 I I can't remember whether I've
00:17:05 --> 00:17:06 mentioned this to you before Andrew but
00:17:06 --> 00:17:09 um I played a small part in this um
00:17:09 --> 00:17:13 because back in I think it was 2018 18 I
00:17:13 --> 00:17:16 was part of a small group that fronted
00:17:16 --> 00:17:18 up to a parliamentary committee
00:17:18 --> 00:17:20 something called Jcott the joint
00:17:20 --> 00:17:23 standing coordinating bill on treaties
00:17:23 --> 00:17:26 and it was to to to persuade the
00:17:26 --> 00:17:28 government of Australia that signing a
00:17:28 --> 00:17:31 treaty uh with the international square
00:17:31 --> 00:17:33 kilometer array was a good thing and
00:17:33 --> 00:17:36 they asked the astronomer at large what
00:17:36 --> 00:17:39 his view was and I told them they had my
00:17:39 --> 00:17:42 personal guarantee that this telescope
00:17:42 --> 00:17:43 will produce Nobel prizes that's right
00:17:44 --> 00:17:46 he did too so um I've got a vested
00:17:46 --> 00:17:49 interest in this thing working even
00:17:49 --> 00:17:51 though it does have a 50-year lifetime
00:17:51 --> 00:17:54 uh and I don't probably from now you
00:17:54 --> 00:17:57 never know could be
00:17:57 --> 00:18:00 um but the the thing that um really
00:18:00 --> 00:18:02 tickled me was that it went into Hansard
00:18:02 --> 00:18:05 the parliamentary record so that is my
00:18:05 --> 00:18:08 contribution which is vanishingly small
00:18:08 --> 00:18:10 compared with what everybody else has
00:18:10 --> 00:18:13 done so where is it the telescope is at
00:18:13 --> 00:18:16 the CSRO Merches and Radio Astronomy
00:18:16 --> 00:18:19 Observatory in Yarimmania Ilgari Bundura
00:18:19 --> 00:18:22 and that uh Wajgery name is uh something
00:18:22 --> 00:18:25 that translates as me sharing sky and
00:18:25 --> 00:18:28 stars uh the Wadger Yamachi people are
00:18:28 --> 00:18:31 the traditional owners of the land on
00:18:31 --> 00:18:34 which the telescope uh is and so the the
00:18:34 --> 00:18:36 site has an Aboriginal name a watery
00:18:36 --> 00:18:40 name which is lovely uh it um is
00:18:40 --> 00:18:43 something like 350 kilometers
00:18:43 --> 00:18:46 norththeast of Geraldton which is on the
00:18:46 --> 00:18:49 northern coast of Western Australia it's
00:18:49 --> 00:18:51 in a region that is perhaps one of the
00:18:51 --> 00:18:55 most radio quiet regions on the land
00:18:55 --> 00:18:58 surface of the world um because there's
00:18:58 --> 00:18:59 no external
00:18:59 --> 00:19:03 interference from terrestrial sources uh
00:19:03 --> 00:19:05 and so that's why it's there it's
00:19:05 --> 00:19:08 because it's such a radio quiet region
00:19:08 --> 00:19:12 um I have had quite a lot to do with
00:19:12 --> 00:19:13 trying to keep it that way though
00:19:13 --> 00:19:15 because of course one of the things that
00:19:15 --> 00:19:18 interferes with the radio quietness are
00:19:18 --> 00:19:21 satellite mega constellations and um
00:19:21 --> 00:19:23 that's one of the things that has
00:19:23 --> 00:19:25 occupied my time over the last few years
00:19:25 --> 00:19:30 to to be concerned about them and um
00:19:30 --> 00:19:32 work with collaborators on how we can
00:19:32 --> 00:19:34 mitigate that that risk anyway that's a
00:19:34 --> 00:19:37 different story uh the bottom line is uh
00:19:37 --> 00:19:40 this telescope is the low frequency arm
00:19:40 --> 00:19:43 of the square kilometer array
00:19:43 --> 00:19:44 observatory the mid-frequency arm is in
00:19:44 --> 00:19:48 South Africa uh which will have 197
00:19:48 --> 00:19:51 dishes very like the parks dish that
00:19:51 --> 00:19:52 we're all familiar with here in
00:19:52 --> 00:19:55 Australia um a standard radio dish
00:19:55 --> 00:19:58 however the low frequency telescope uh
00:19:58 --> 00:20:02 in Western Australia consists of a whole
00:20:02 --> 00:20:05 lot of metal Christmas trees yeah uh
00:20:05 --> 00:20:11 about 2 m high uh there are going to be
00:20:11 --> 00:20:15 131 of these Christmas trees uh but
00:20:16 --> 00:20:18 there has been a start made and we now
00:20:18 --> 00:20:23 have working 1 of them and that
00:20:23 --> 00:20:26 thousand or so of the antennas is what
00:20:26 --> 00:20:29 has generated this first image that was
00:20:29 --> 00:20:32 released last week uh and and it is a
00:20:32 --> 00:20:35 major triumph uh just to to give a one
00:20:35 --> 00:20:38 little insight into the um complexity of
00:20:38 --> 00:20:40 this telescope for for both you and
00:20:40 --> 00:20:45 Heidi um it's when it's finished uh its
00:20:45 --> 00:20:48 data capacity will be more than today's
00:20:48 --> 00:20:53 internet um so it's a it's a lot of data
00:20:53 --> 00:20:56 it's an incredibly complex uh system
00:20:56 --> 00:20:58 when the telescope was planned there
00:20:58 --> 00:21:00 weren't any computers in the world that
00:21:00 --> 00:21:02 were fast enough to to actually you know
00:21:02 --> 00:21:04 make it work and we've moved along from
00:21:04 --> 00:21:06 that as we can see because the first
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 thousand antennas are actually doing
00:21:08 --> 00:21:12 their thing uh so an extraordinary um
00:21:12 --> 00:21:14 you know an extraordinary instrument
00:21:14 --> 00:21:16 with I think a very bright future a
00:21:16 --> 00:21:19 radio bright future and uh and the first
00:21:19 --> 00:21:22 big step in putting it on the map as an
00:21:22 --> 00:21:24 astronomical instrument what did it look
00:21:24 --> 00:21:28 at yes 25 that's what that's what I read
00:21:28 --> 00:21:31 your mind i beg you indeed you did yeah
00:21:32 --> 00:21:35 25 square degrees of the sky in the
00:21:35 --> 00:21:37 southern constellation of Sculptor uh
00:21:37 --> 00:21:40 and basically looked at radio galaxies
00:21:40 --> 00:21:43 in that 25 square degrees it it um
00:21:44 --> 00:21:46 detected I think 84 of them these are
00:21:46 --> 00:21:49 all galaxies that have been known from
00:21:49 --> 00:21:52 other explorations and of course the
00:21:52 --> 00:21:53 telescope is nowhere near its final
00:21:53 --> 00:21:55 sensitivity yet it's going to be
00:21:55 --> 00:21:56 hundreds of times more sensitive when
00:21:56 --> 00:21:59 when it gets the full array but um
00:21:59 --> 00:22:02 that's a a great start and everybody's
00:22:02 --> 00:22:04 delighted with the image that was that
00:22:04 --> 00:22:06 was released uh especially the
00:22:06 --> 00:22:08 scientists working at the square
00:22:08 --> 00:22:11 kilometer array uh when the thing is
00:22:11 --> 00:22:14 finished that same bit of sky it will
00:22:14 --> 00:22:16 reveal something like 600 galaxies
00:22:16 --> 00:22:20 rather than 84 and those some of those
00:22:20 --> 00:22:22 galaxies will probably be the first
00:22:22 --> 00:22:24 galaxies forming in the universe because
00:22:24 --> 00:22:26 you'll be looking back so far in time
00:22:26 --> 00:22:28 we'll see the end of the dark ages when
00:22:28 --> 00:22:31 nothing was shining in the first few
00:22:32 --> 00:22:34 hundred million years of the universe so
00:22:34 --> 00:22:36 it's going to look back a long way it's
00:22:36 --> 00:22:37 still hard to get your head around the
00:22:37 --> 00:22:40 fact that we we'll be able to see what
00:22:40 --> 00:22:42 was there before i know I know we we're
00:22:42 --> 00:22:45 moving forward in time constantly but um
00:22:45 --> 00:22:48 there's just still all this evidence and
00:22:48 --> 00:22:51 information and and um historical data
00:22:51 --> 00:22:54 if you like that that gives us that kind
00:22:54 --> 00:22:56 of insight i think that's just that's
00:22:56 --> 00:22:58 amazing i tried to explain it to my
00:22:58 --> 00:23:00 grandson and he just went back to
00:23:00 --> 00:23:03 Pokémon but um it was
00:23:03 --> 00:23:05 just tell him tell him that he's seeing
00:23:05 --> 00:23:07 he's seeing Pokémon as it was a
00:23:07 --> 00:23:10 billionth of a second ago well yeah I
00:23:10 --> 00:23:11 don't think he I don't think he'd get
00:23:11 --> 00:23:14 that either but uh it it's Yeah it's
00:23:14 --> 00:23:17 quite extraordinary and uh and this um
00:23:17 --> 00:23:19 thing and the and the one in South
00:23:19 --> 00:23:22 Africa that I think it's called Mircat
00:23:22 --> 00:23:25 mat's the the initial version mat it'll
00:23:25 --> 00:23:29 be a kind of mega mircat yes yes uh it
00:23:29 --> 00:23:32 it promises to open um big doors just
00:23:32 --> 00:23:35 like the James Web Space Telescope and
00:23:35 --> 00:23:37 the Vera Rubin telescope and all those
00:23:37 --> 00:23:39 new things coming online these next 20
00:23:39 --> 00:23:41 30 years are going to be extremely
00:23:41 --> 00:23:43 exciting that's absolutely right um what
00:23:43 --> 00:23:45 just one other thing you know the the
00:23:45 --> 00:23:48 the SKA will probe the whole history of
00:23:48 --> 00:23:51 the universe basically including today's
00:23:51 --> 00:23:54 universe so um my radio astronomy
00:23:54 --> 00:23:56 colleagues tell me that the sensitivity
00:23:56 --> 00:23:58 of the final telescope will be enough
00:23:58 --> 00:24:00 that it will be able to detect an
00:24:00 --> 00:24:03 airport radar at 50 light years away how
00:24:03 --> 00:24:06 how awesome so if there are people
00:24:06 --> 00:24:09 leaking radio waves into space from the
00:24:09 --> 00:24:11 stars of other planets within 50 light
00:24:11 --> 00:24:13 years we're going to know about it wow
00:24:13 --> 00:24:16 wow and they probably set up their own
00:24:16 --> 00:24:19 square kilometer array they'll find us
00:24:19 --> 00:24:21 too maybe i don't know are there any
00:24:21 --> 00:24:24 concerns with more and more satellites
00:24:24 --> 00:24:26 getting launched and radio waves in the
00:24:26 --> 00:24:29 atmosphere of anything disrupting these
00:24:29 --> 00:24:32 highly sensitive and advanced tools
00:24:32 --> 00:24:35 absolutely right Heidi they are and
00:24:35 --> 00:24:36 those concerns are what I mentioned a
00:24:36 --> 00:24:39 minute ago it's um uh that there's um a
00:24:40 --> 00:24:42 lot of activity in the astronomical
00:24:42 --> 00:24:46 world in how you can mitigate the effect
00:24:46 --> 00:24:49 of these uh satellite
00:24:49 --> 00:24:51 constellations
00:24:51 --> 00:24:56 we it's it's possible uh so let just
00:24:56 --> 00:24:57 just sidest stepping to this for a
00:24:57 --> 00:25:00 minute at the moment there are just over
00:25:00 --> 00:25:03 11 operational satellites in orbit
00:25:03 --> 00:25:07 of which uh 7 are Starlink in low
00:25:07 --> 00:25:10 Earth orbit uh Starlink's got a mandate
00:25:10 --> 00:25:14 to launch up to 42 there are many
00:25:14 --> 00:25:16 many more so it's likely that by the end
00:25:16 --> 00:25:18 of the decade there'll be 100
00:25:18 --> 00:25:20 spacecraft in orbit with 50 above
00:25:20 --> 00:25:22 the horizon at any one time and they're
00:25:22 --> 00:25:26 all beaming down radio signals now um
00:25:26 --> 00:25:28 Starling SpaceX actually is one of the
00:25:28 --> 00:25:30 good players in this because they turn
00:25:30 --> 00:25:33 their their satellites off when they're
00:25:33 --> 00:25:35 over radio astronomy observatories they
00:25:35 --> 00:25:38 switch off the beams however uh there
00:25:38 --> 00:25:40 are other issues because the electronics
00:25:40 --> 00:25:42 of the spacecraft themselves are quite
00:25:42 --> 00:25:45 noisy at the level that these sensitive
00:25:45 --> 00:25:47 radio telescopes can detect so there is
00:25:47 --> 00:25:49 a huge amount of work going on as to how
00:25:49 --> 00:25:52 you can how you can rectify this you
00:25:52 --> 00:25:53 can't get rid of them that they're a
00:25:54 --> 00:25:55 fact of life uh they're going to be more
00:25:55 --> 00:25:57 of them they actually do good stuff
00:25:58 --> 00:26:00 because they provide high-speed internet
00:26:00 --> 00:26:03 um you know on a on a global scale um
00:26:03 --> 00:26:07 but it's changing astronomy both visible
00:26:07 --> 00:26:10 light astronomy and radio astronomy um
00:26:10 --> 00:26:11 astronomers are now having to deal with
00:26:11 --> 00:26:14 this excuse me this um interference from
00:26:14 --> 00:26:16 from satellites so a lot of work going
00:26:16 --> 00:26:18 on on that and um I talk about it
00:26:18 --> 00:26:21 incessantly so I'll shut up yeah yeah
00:26:21 --> 00:26:23 i've heard even astrophotographers are
00:26:23 --> 00:26:25 having harder time getting long exposure
00:26:25 --> 00:26:27 shots that's correct yeah yes yeah uh
00:26:28 --> 00:26:30 and and of course um Heidi you probably
00:26:30 --> 00:26:31 have already figured out what I figured
00:26:31 --> 00:26:34 out that this first image of the SKA is
00:26:34 --> 00:26:36 actually just the satellite array of
00:26:36 --> 00:26:38 Starlink and it's not actually galaxies
00:26:38 --> 00:26:41 at all but yeah oh well that's No I'm
00:26:41 --> 00:26:44 kidding sorry Elon as a lot of people
00:26:44 --> 00:26:46 would be very upset about that thought
00:26:46 --> 00:26:48 but fortunately none of them listen to
00:26:48 --> 00:26:50 this so they Yeah that's right yeah once
00:26:50 --> 00:26:51 they get to know me they'll realize I'm
00:26:51 --> 00:26:54 just full of it anyway but um of course
00:26:54 --> 00:26:56 the most exciting thing about all of
00:26:56 --> 00:26:58 this Fred is that I know where I'm going
00:26:58 --> 00:27:00 for Christmas in 2030 because you know I
00:27:00 --> 00:27:03 can't fit 131 Christmas trees at my
00:27:03 --> 00:27:06 place so that's really exciting that's
00:27:06 --> 00:27:08 going to be fun uh if you'd like to read
00:27:08 --> 00:27:10 up on that story uh best place to go
00:27:10 --> 00:27:13 would be the square kilometer array uh
00:27:13 --> 00:27:16 website the SKA Observatory website easy
00:27:16 --> 00:27:18 to find
00:27:18 --> 00:27:23 skao hey we'll get you there
00:27:23 --> 00:27:27 g and I feel fine space nuts uh now uh
00:27:27 --> 00:27:30 one final story Fred uh this one you
00:27:30 --> 00:27:33 know we everybody loves babies uh we
00:27:33 --> 00:27:36 we've um finally found baby moons uh
00:27:36 --> 00:27:39 that are forming around baby planets
00:27:39 --> 00:27:43 um yeah which is a neat segue um to let
00:27:43 --> 00:27:46 you know how our baby is doing my new
00:27:46 --> 00:27:51 granddaughter Aggie oh she's now almost
00:27:51 --> 00:27:53 a month old she's three weeks old she's
00:27:53 --> 00:27:55 doing very well thank you thank you for
00:27:55 --> 00:27:58 asking congratulations oh thank you
00:27:58 --> 00:28:01 Heidi what we talking about again yes uh
00:28:01 --> 00:28:05 we were talking about baby planets um
00:28:05 --> 00:28:09 and this is uh some work that has come
00:28:09 --> 00:28:11 from actually a telescope in the
00:28:11 --> 00:28:14 southern hemisphere what's happened here
00:28:14 --> 00:28:17 my my crib sheets disappeared there we
00:28:17 --> 00:28:19 are
00:28:19 --> 00:28:21 Fred can lose pieces of paper that
00:28:21 --> 00:28:23 aren't even real
00:28:23 --> 00:28:27 so I've just done it this is on the um
00:28:27 --> 00:28:30 uh work coming from the 6 and a half
00:28:30 --> 00:28:32 meter or one of the two 6 and a half
00:28:32 --> 00:28:34 meter Mellan telescopes which are at Las
00:28:34 --> 00:28:37 Campanis Observatory in Chile a place
00:28:37 --> 00:28:41 which I visited uh a very nice dark site
00:28:41 --> 00:28:45 for astronomy uh but these uh scientists
00:28:45 --> 00:28:47 uh who are principally from the
00:28:47 --> 00:28:50 University of Arizona uh up there in
00:28:50 --> 00:28:56 Tucson they have been observing uh with
00:28:56 --> 00:28:58 something called an extreme adaptive
00:28:58 --> 00:29:01 optics system so you know we're familiar
00:29:01 --> 00:29:03 with groundbased telescopes having to
00:29:03 --> 00:29:05 look through the atmosphere uh and
00:29:05 --> 00:29:07 that's why we put telescopes in space uh
00:29:08 --> 00:29:10 because the atmosphere is not there uh
00:29:10 --> 00:29:12 so uh down here on the earth we've
00:29:12 --> 00:29:14 always got the turbulent in the
00:29:14 --> 00:29:16 atmosphere to deal with but this
00:29:16 --> 00:29:19 technology of adaptive optics is now um
00:29:19 --> 00:29:23 actually making imagery that is even
00:29:23 --> 00:29:26 finer detailed than space imagery is and
00:29:26 --> 00:29:30 so we uh are not really surprised when
00:29:30 --> 00:29:33 we get results like these from the
00:29:33 --> 00:29:36 Mellan adaptive optics extreme
00:29:36 --> 00:29:39 instrument AOX to give it its full name
00:29:39 --> 00:29:43 uh which shows a protolanetary disc
00:29:43 --> 00:29:46 around a star which has the glamorous
00:29:46 --> 00:29:47 name of
00:29:47 --> 00:29:52 PDS70 uh PDS70 is a star which is young
00:29:52 --> 00:29:56 uh something like 5 million years old
00:29:56 --> 00:29:59 that is very young indeed it's a you
00:29:59 --> 00:30:04 know our our sun is 4.5 billion years
00:30:04 --> 00:30:07 old so this is a thousand times younger
00:30:07 --> 00:30:09 um but it has a protolanetary disc
00:30:09 --> 00:30:11 around it the disc of dust and gaseous
00:30:11 --> 00:30:14 debris that we that we recognize as
00:30:14 --> 00:30:17 being the way planets are formed and
00:30:17 --> 00:30:21 within this disc uh some planets have
00:30:21 --> 00:30:23 actually been identified they have been
00:30:23 --> 00:30:25 imaged and that's quite unusual as you
00:30:25 --> 00:30:29 and I know Andrew u the normal way that
00:30:29 --> 00:30:31 we investigate uh the planets of other
00:30:31 --> 00:30:34 stars is by the effect of the planet on
00:30:34 --> 00:30:36 the star itself which we can which we
00:30:36 --> 00:30:39 can then observe but this is a direct uh
00:30:39 --> 00:30:41 image of two planets which are
00:30:41 --> 00:30:45 PDS70B and PDS70C
00:30:45 --> 00:30:48 uh and they are sort of going to be that
00:30:48 --> 00:30:50 they're still growing they're still
00:30:50 --> 00:30:51 accreting material they're probably
00:30:51 --> 00:30:54 going to be uh much bigger than Jupiter
00:30:54 --> 00:30:57 but there is evidence uh from the
00:30:57 --> 00:31:00 imagery that the planets themselves have
00:31:00 --> 00:31:03 a protolanetary disc around them in
00:31:03 --> 00:31:05 other words the planets also have a ring
00:31:05 --> 00:31:07 of stuff around them which is where we
00:31:07 --> 00:31:09 think moons form uh we believe our own
00:31:09 --> 00:31:12 moon formed from a ring of debris caused
00:31:12 --> 00:31:15 by an impact of an object we call Thea
00:31:15 --> 00:31:19 the size of Mars back in the day so uh a
00:31:19 --> 00:31:21 a really nice piece of work suggesting
00:31:21 --> 00:31:25 that moons of exoplanets are a reality
00:31:25 --> 00:31:28 uh we can expect to find more of them as
00:31:28 --> 00:31:31 the technology improves and the big
00:31:31 --> 00:31:34 gamecher of course will be the European
00:31:34 --> 00:31:36 Southern Observatory's extremely large
00:31:36 --> 00:31:38 telescope when it comes on stream in
00:31:38 --> 00:31:41 2028 which will be able to form direct
00:31:41 --> 00:31:43 images of these things yeah uh how far
00:31:43 --> 00:31:45 away is this object it's actually quite
00:31:45 --> 00:31:49 a way okay so I think 370 light years
00:31:49 --> 00:31:51 comes to mind i think that is its
00:31:51 --> 00:31:54 distance uh and that's uh you know
00:31:54 --> 00:31:57 that's certainly not on our doorstep um
00:31:57 --> 00:31:58 it's um
00:31:58 --> 00:32:01 it's in the sun's neighborhood in space
00:32:01 --> 00:32:03 but it's not among the nearest stars
00:32:04 --> 00:32:07 yeah but to be able to analyze something
00:32:07 --> 00:32:10 so far away and and find data that
00:32:10 --> 00:32:12 suggests look we've got protolanets and
00:32:12 --> 00:32:14 proto moons happening here that's pretty
00:32:14 --> 00:32:17 darn amazing i think so too yeah so
00:32:17 --> 00:32:19 congratulations to colleagues at the
00:32:19 --> 00:32:22 University of Arizona yeah good for them
00:32:22 --> 00:32:25 yeah there actually you got friends
00:32:25 --> 00:32:27 everywhere Fred well in astronomy it's
00:32:27 --> 00:32:29 such a small world you do might have a
00:32:29 --> 00:32:33 friend on Mars soon you never know
00:32:33 --> 00:32:35 somebody Somebody Somebody call me Elon
00:32:35 --> 00:32:37 do you mean
00:32:38 --> 00:32:40 Oh dear uh that story available at
00:32:40 --> 00:32:42 space.com if you want to have a look at
00:32:42 --> 00:32:45 the um the images their their um
00:32:45 --> 00:32:47 artistic representations but it gives
00:32:47 --> 00:32:49 you a pretty good idea of what they've
00:32:49 --> 00:32:51 um what they've found uh and that brings
00:32:51 --> 00:32:54 us to the end anything to add Heidi to
00:32:54 --> 00:32:55 finish off you know this has been a
00:32:56 --> 00:32:57 learning process for you i'm sure you're
00:32:57 --> 00:32:59 going "What the heck have I got myself
00:32:59 --> 00:33:03 into?" No I'm just I'm thinking about so
00:33:03 --> 00:33:05 many things and I have questions lining
00:33:05 --> 00:33:07 up probably for future episodes good
00:33:08 --> 00:33:11 good that's what we want um excellent
00:33:11 --> 00:33:12 all right well thanks for sitting in and
00:33:12 --> 00:33:15 uh we will catch you on the next episode
00:33:15 --> 00:33:16 because that's a completely different
00:33:16 --> 00:33:19 kettle of fish our fish being listeners
00:33:19 --> 00:33:22 and uh Fred thank you to you as always
00:33:22 --> 00:33:26 i don't know what that meant either
00:33:26 --> 00:33:27 you're welcome Andrew you You're very
00:33:27 --> 00:33:31 welcome as always oh gosh um time to go
00:33:31 --> 00:33:33 and thanks to Hugh in the studio who
00:33:33 --> 00:33:34 didn't turn up today because he knew
00:33:34 --> 00:33:37 what he was getting himself into and uh
00:33:37 --> 00:33:39 he didn't warn Heidi about it at all and
00:33:39 --> 00:33:41 from me Andrew Dunley thanks for your
00:33:41 --> 00:33:43 company see you on the next episode of
00:33:43 --> 00:33:46 Space Nuts bye-bye space Nuts you'll be
00:33:46 --> 00:33:50 listening to the Space Nuts podcast
00:33:50 --> 00:33:53 available at Apple Podcasts Spotify
00:33:53 --> 00:33:55 iHeart Radio or your favorite podcast
00:33:55 --> 00:33:58 player you can also stream on demand at
00:33:58 --> 00:34:01 byes.com this has been another quality
00:34:01 --> 00:34:05 podcast production from byes.com