SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 07
Dark Matter's Role in Milky Way's Stellar Streams
New research suggests that dark matter may have influenced the formation of the GD-1 stellar stream in the Milky Way. A study in the Astrophysical Journal Letters proposes that a core-collapsing, self-interacting dark matter subhalo could explain the unusual spur and gap features observed in the stream. This finding could deepen our understanding of dark matter's properties and its influence on the universe.
Sun's Triple Solar Flare Eruption
The Sun has unleashed three significant X-class solar flares in a single day, with the first and third being X1.1 flares and the second an X1.5. These powerful eruptions, detected by NOAA's Solar Ultraviolet Imager, are part of the Sun's approach to solar maximum, the peak of its 11-year solar cycle. Solar flares can disrupt Earth's communications, power grids, and pose health risks to astronauts.
Quadrantids Meteor Shower Spectacle
The Earth is experiencing the Quadrantids meteor shower, offering a dazzling display of shooting stars. Originating from the near-Earth asteroid 2003 EH1, the Quadrantids are best viewed from dark locations, with peak sightings expected in the Pacific region. Sky watchers can anticipate around 50 meteors per hour, with potential fireballs enhancing the spectacle.
00:00 This is space time series 28 episode 7 for broadcast on 15 January 2025
00:46 New research proposes a self interacting dark matter subhalo could explain GD1 features
04:24 The sun unleashed three significant X class solar flares on the same day
07:19 Earth is experiencing one of its most spectacular meteor showers, the Quadrantids
14:31 A quarter of the world's freshwater animals are at risk of extinction
16:43 Facebook boss Mark Zuckerberg admits that his fact checkers are dishonest
20:28 CES has wrapped up in Las Vegas with lots of interesting gadgets
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✍️ Episode References
University of California, Riverside
[ucr.edu](https://www.ucr.edu/)
Astrophysical Journal Letters
[iopscience.iop.org/journal/
8205](https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205)
3--- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
[noaa.gov](https://www.noaa.gov/)
Royal Astronomical Society
[ras.ac.uk](https://www.ras.ac.uk/)
Journal of Nature
[nature.com](https://www.nature.com/)
Journal of the American Medical Association
[jamanetwork.com](https://jamanetwork.com/)
Facebook
[facebook.com](https://www.facebook.com/)
Babylon Bee
[babylonbee.com](https://babylonbee.com/)
Tech Advice Stuart Life
[techadvice.com](https://www.techadvice.com/)
Space Time with Stuart Gary
[spacetimewithstuartgary.com](https://spacetimewithstuartgary.com/)
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support (https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rss) .
Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/25089075?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:02 this is spacetime series 28 episode 7
00:00:02 --> 00:00:05 for broadcast on the 15th of January
00:00:05 --> 00:00:09 2025 coming up on SpaceTime could dark
00:00:09 --> 00:00:10 matter have shaped one of the Milky Way
00:00:11 --> 00:00:14 Galaxy Stellar streams our sun emits
00:00:14 --> 00:00:16 three more powerful solar flares all on
00:00:16 --> 00:00:19 the same day and planet Earth
00:00:19 --> 00:00:21 experiences a spectacular quadrantic
00:00:21 --> 00:00:24 meteor shower all that and more coming
00:00:24 --> 00:00:26 up on
00:00:26 --> 00:00:29 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:30 --> 00:00:31 Stewart
00:00:31 --> 00:00:38 [Music]
00:00:46 --> 00:00:48 Gary physicists have proposed a solution
00:00:48 --> 00:00:51 to a-standing puzzle surrounding the gd1
00:00:51 --> 00:00:53 Stellar stream one of the best studied
00:00:54 --> 00:00:56 streams of stars within the Milky Ways
00:00:56 --> 00:00:59 Galactic Halo the new research reported
00:00:59 --> 00:01:01 in the Astro physical Journal letters
00:01:01 --> 00:01:03 proposes that a core collapsing self-
00:01:03 --> 00:01:06 interacting Dark Matter sub Halo that's
00:01:06 --> 00:01:07 a smaller satellite Halo within the
00:01:07 --> 00:01:10 galactic Halo could be responsible for
00:01:10 --> 00:01:12 the strange spur and GAP features
00:01:12 --> 00:01:14 observed in the gd1 Stellar stream a
00:01:15 --> 00:01:16 stellar stream is a group of stars
00:01:16 --> 00:01:18 moving collectively along a shed
00:01:18 --> 00:01:21 trajectory a gap refers to a localized
00:01:21 --> 00:01:23 under density of stars along the stream
00:01:23 --> 00:01:26 while a Spur is an overdensity of stars
00:01:26 --> 00:01:28 extending outwards from the main body of
00:01:28 --> 00:01:30 the stream since star Dark Matter
00:01:30 --> 00:01:32 governs the motion of Stellar streams
00:01:32 --> 00:01:34 astronomers can use these streams to
00:01:34 --> 00:01:36 trace invisible dark matter in the
00:01:36 --> 00:01:38 galaxy and this new research could have
00:01:38 --> 00:01:40 significant implications for
00:01:40 --> 00:01:41 understanding the properties of Dark
00:01:41 --> 00:01:44 Matter throughout the Universe the mky
00:01:44 --> 00:01:46 ways Galactic Halo a roughly spherical
00:01:46 --> 00:01:48 region surrounding the Galaxy contain
00:01:48 --> 00:01:50 star matter and extends well beyond the
00:01:50 --> 00:01:53 Galaxy's visible Edge astronomers
00:01:53 --> 00:01:55 discovered that the spur and GAP
00:01:55 --> 00:01:57 features of the gd1 Stellar stream can't
00:01:57 --> 00:01:59 easily be attributed to gravitational
00:01:59 --> 00:02:01 influence of known globular clusters or
00:02:01 --> 00:02:04 satellite galaxies but these features
00:02:04 --> 00:02:06 might be explained by an unknown
00:02:06 --> 00:02:09 perturbing object such as a sub Halo the
00:02:09 --> 00:02:11 thing is the object's density would need
00:02:11 --> 00:02:13 to be significantly higher than what's
00:02:13 --> 00:02:14 predicted by traditional cold Dark
00:02:15 --> 00:02:17 Matter subhalos the study's lead author
00:02:17 --> 00:02:19 hio youu from the University of
00:02:19 --> 00:02:21 California Riverside says that these
00:02:21 --> 00:02:23 typically lack the sorts of densities
00:02:23 --> 00:02:24 needed to produce the distinctive
00:02:24 --> 00:02:28 features observed in the gd1 Stream
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 however the research demonstrates that a
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 collapsing self-interacting Dark Matter
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 subhalo could achieve the necessary
00:02:34 --> 00:02:37 density now such a compact subhalo would
00:02:37 --> 00:02:38 need to be dense enough to exert the
00:02:38 --> 00:02:40 sorts of gravitational influence
00:02:40 --> 00:02:42 required to account for the observed
00:02:42 --> 00:02:45 perturbations in the gd1 Stream mind you
00:02:45 --> 00:02:48 scientists have no idea what dark matter
00:02:48 --> 00:02:51 is it can't be directly seen they know
00:02:51 --> 00:02:53 it exists because they can see its
00:02:53 --> 00:02:55 effect on regular matter and current
00:02:55 --> 00:02:57 estimates suggest Dark Matter makes up
00:02:57 --> 00:03:00 to 85% of all the matter in the the
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 universe cold Dark Matter the prevailing
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 Dark Matter Theory assumes that dark
00:03:04 --> 00:03:07 matter particles are collisionless self
00:03:07 --> 00:03:09 interacting Dark Matter a theoretical
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 form of Dark Matter proposes that dark
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 matter particles self- interact through
00:03:13 --> 00:03:16 a new dark force in their study you and
00:03:16 --> 00:03:18 colleagues used nbody numerical
00:03:18 --> 00:03:20 simulations to model the behavior of a
00:03:20 --> 00:03:23 collapsing self indirecting dark mattera
00:03:23 --> 00:03:25 subhalo their findings therefore offer a
00:03:25 --> 00:03:27 new explanation for The observed spur
00:03:27 --> 00:03:29 and GAP features in the gd1 Stream which
00:03:29 --> 00:03:31 have long been thought to indicate a
00:03:31 --> 00:03:33 close encounter with some sort of dense
00:03:33 --> 00:03:36 object you says in this new scenario the
00:03:36 --> 00:03:38 perturba is a self interacting dark
00:03:38 --> 00:03:41 matter subhalo which is disrupting the
00:03:41 --> 00:03:43 spatial and velocity distributions of
00:03:43 --> 00:03:45 the stars in the Stream and creates the
00:03:45 --> 00:03:47 distinctive features seen in the Stream
00:03:47 --> 00:03:49 now if correct the discovery also
00:03:49 --> 00:03:51 provides new insights into the very
00:03:51 --> 00:03:54 nature of this mysterious substance
00:03:54 --> 00:03:57 called Dark Matter this is spacetime
00:03:58 --> 00:04:00 still to come the sun emits three
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 powerful solar flares all on the one day
00:04:02 --> 00:04:04 and we're in for a spectacular quadrants
00:04:04 --> 00:04:07 meteor shower all that and more still to
00:04:07 --> 00:04:10 come on
00:04:10 --> 00:04:23 [Music]
00:04:23 --> 00:04:26 SpaceTime our local star the sun has
00:04:26 --> 00:04:28 shown its violent streak again
00:04:28 --> 00:04:30 unleashing three significant x-class
00:04:30 --> 00:04:33 solar flares all on the same day the
00:04:33 --> 00:04:35 flares were categorized based on their
00:04:35 --> 00:04:37 intensity with a first and third
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 classified as x1.1 flares while the
00:04:40 --> 00:04:42 second was a more powerful
00:04:42 --> 00:04:44 x1.5 x-class flares represent the
00:04:44 --> 00:04:46 highest intensity on the solar flare
00:04:46 --> 00:04:49 scale with a logarithmic numeric value
00:04:49 --> 00:04:51 further detailing their specific
00:04:51 --> 00:04:53 strength the three flares were detected
00:04:53 --> 00:04:56 by the solar ultraviolet imager operated
00:04:56 --> 00:04:58 by Noah the national oceanographic and
00:04:58 --> 00:05:00 Atmospheric Administration America's
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 weather bureau solar flares are powerful
00:05:02 --> 00:05:05 eruptions of energy blasted out by the
00:05:05 --> 00:05:07 sun they're triggered by snapping
00:05:07 --> 00:05:09 magnetic field lines emanating from sun
00:05:09 --> 00:05:12 spots on the solar surface because the
00:05:12 --> 00:05:14 sun's not a solid body but a fluid
00:05:14 --> 00:05:17 different latitudes of the Sun rotate at
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 different rates and consequently
00:05:19 --> 00:05:21 magnetic field lines emanating from deep
00:05:21 --> 00:05:23 inside the Sun and traveling out through
00:05:23 --> 00:05:25 the sun's visible surface the
00:05:25 --> 00:05:27 Photosphere are twisted by this
00:05:27 --> 00:05:29 differential rotation eventually the
00:05:29 --> 00:05:31 twisting causes them to snap and when
00:05:31 --> 00:05:34 they snap they release a solar flare now
00:05:34 --> 00:05:37 if the solar flare is pointed towards
00:05:37 --> 00:05:39 the Earth it can't cause a lot of damage
00:05:39 --> 00:05:41 it can even destroy satellites and other
00:05:41 --> 00:05:43 spacecraft it can also shorten the life
00:05:43 --> 00:05:45 of orbiting spacecraft by causing Earth
00:05:45 --> 00:05:48 atmosphere to expand that increases
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 atmospheric drag and consequently
00:05:50 --> 00:05:52 orbital Decay forcing a spacecraft to
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 use more fuel in order to maintain its
00:05:54 --> 00:05:57 operational orbit it can disrupt radio
00:05:57 --> 00:05:59 communications and navigation systems in
00:05:59 --> 00:06:01 impact power grids on the ground causing
00:06:01 --> 00:06:03 blackouts and they can increase an
00:06:03 --> 00:06:06 astronaut's radiation exposure posing a
00:06:06 --> 00:06:08 serious health hazard in fact even
00:06:08 --> 00:06:10 Pilots crew and passengers in highflying
00:06:10 --> 00:06:12 aircraft can get increased radiation
00:06:12 --> 00:06:14 exposure when one of these space weather
00:06:14 --> 00:06:17 events occurs this increase in solar
00:06:17 --> 00:06:19 activity is all part of the sun's
00:06:19 --> 00:06:21 buildup to solar maximum the peak of its
00:06:21 --> 00:06:24 current 11year solar cycle which began
00:06:24 --> 00:06:26 back in November
00:06:26 --> 00:06:29 2019 once the Sun reaches solar Max the
00:06:29 --> 00:06:32 Crescendo of its violent outbursts it'll
00:06:32 --> 00:06:34 gradually start to come down again until
00:06:34 --> 00:06:36 it reaches solar minimum at which point
00:06:36 --> 00:06:38 the sun's polarity will flip its North
00:06:38 --> 00:06:40 Pole will become South and South Pole
00:06:41 --> 00:06:43 north this happens roughly every 11
00:06:44 --> 00:06:46 years although the exact timing is still
00:06:46 --> 00:06:50 not fully understood this is spacetime
00:06:50 --> 00:06:52 still to come the quadrants meteor
00:06:52 --> 00:06:54 shower spectacular and later in the
00:06:54 --> 00:06:56 science report a new study warns that a
00:06:57 --> 00:06:58 quarter of the world's freshwater
00:06:58 --> 00:07:01 animals are now at risk of Extinction
00:07:01 --> 00:07:07 all that and more still to come on
00:07:07 --> 00:07:18 [Music]
00:07:19 --> 00:07:20 SpaceTime the Earth is currently
00:07:20 --> 00:07:22 experiencing one of its most spectacular
00:07:22 --> 00:07:25 meteor showers the quadrantids which is
00:07:25 --> 00:07:27 lighting up the night sky with an array
00:07:27 --> 00:07:30 of dazzling so-called shooting stars
00:07:30 --> 00:07:32 shooting stars more accurately meteors
00:07:32 --> 00:07:34 are made up of dust and debris streams
00:07:34 --> 00:07:36 left behind by passing comets and
00:07:36 --> 00:07:38 occasionally by asteroids when the
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 Earth's orbit around the sun happens to
00:07:40 --> 00:07:42 cross one of these streams bits of dust
00:07:42 --> 00:07:44 and debris end up falling into the
00:07:44 --> 00:07:46 Earth's atmosphere causing them to heat
00:07:46 --> 00:07:47 up due to friction with the air and
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 eventually burn up usually at altitudes
00:07:50 --> 00:07:52 of around 80 km and sometimes this can
00:07:52 --> 00:07:55 produce spectacular light shows the
00:07:55 --> 00:07:57 quadrantids themselves are generated by
00:07:57 --> 00:08:00 debris from the near Earth asteroid 1962
00:08:00 --> 00:08:05 56 2003 eh1 which may actually be an
00:08:05 --> 00:08:07 extinct Comet first noted by Chinese
00:08:07 --> 00:08:10 astronomers in 1490 they called the
00:08:10 --> 00:08:11 quadrantids because they appear to
00:08:11 --> 00:08:13 originate from a point of the sky called
00:08:13 --> 00:08:15 a radiant named after the defun
00:08:15 --> 00:08:18 constellation quadran Morales which is
00:08:18 --> 00:08:19 now part of the constellation booties
00:08:19 --> 00:08:22 near the famous plow asterism observers
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 enjoying Dark Skies should see around 50
00:08:25 --> 00:08:27 or more Metals an hour as the quadrants
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 reach their Peak the rural Astron iCal
00:08:29 --> 00:08:32 society's deputy director Robert Massie
00:08:32 --> 00:08:33 says Sky Watchers on the west coast of
00:08:33 --> 00:08:35 the United States or in the Pacific
00:08:35 --> 00:08:38 could see as many 70 or 80 meteors an
00:08:38 --> 00:08:40 hour including some Fireballs well the
00:08:40 --> 00:08:43 quadrantic meteor shower is an annual
00:08:43 --> 00:08:45 shower of meteors and meteors are
00:08:45 --> 00:08:48 basically the result of small pieces of
00:08:48 --> 00:08:49 Dey coming into the Earth's atmosphere
00:08:49 --> 00:08:52 at high speed and but by small I mean
00:08:52 --> 00:08:54 anything grains of sand up to Marble
00:08:54 --> 00:08:56 size not very big at all but they come
00:08:56 --> 00:09:00 in so fast up to 70 km each second many
00:09:00 --> 00:09:01 times the speed of the bullet that they
00:09:01 --> 00:09:04 heat the atmosphere around them and that
00:09:04 --> 00:09:07 hot air glows and that's what we see as
00:09:07 --> 00:09:09 shooting star or meteor and typically
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 they only ask a fraction of a second if
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 you're very lucky you might see them
00:09:13 --> 00:09:15 lasting longer than that but you know
00:09:15 --> 00:09:17 normally they're very very fleeting
00:09:17 --> 00:09:19 showers happen because the Earth runs
00:09:19 --> 00:09:21 into a stream of debris rather than just
00:09:21 --> 00:09:23 random bits that are coming in all over
00:09:23 --> 00:09:24 the sky and that's what the quadrantid
00:09:24 --> 00:09:26 is it's a shower that happens more or
00:09:26 --> 00:09:28 less at the same time every year It's
00:09:28 --> 00:09:30 associated with the particular part in
00:09:30 --> 00:09:31 the sky and that's because the Earth is
00:09:31 --> 00:09:34 running into a particular stream of Dey
00:09:34 --> 00:09:37 now the name comes from the fact that
00:09:37 --> 00:09:40 it's associated with the now defunct
00:09:40 --> 00:09:42 constellation quadron Morales which
00:09:42 --> 00:09:43 basically means a quadrant that was
00:09:43 --> 00:09:45 mounted on a wall and this was a
00:09:45 --> 00:09:47 constellation that was created as many
00:09:47 --> 00:09:49 were in the 17th and 18th centuries but
00:09:49 --> 00:09:51 it wasn't adopted in the present day
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 it's actually in the part of the sky
00:09:53 --> 00:09:55 between Ursa Major which includes the
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 plow if you're familiar with that in the
00:09:57 --> 00:09:59 UK and the constellation of both B the
00:09:59 --> 00:10:01 herdsman so it's in that region of the
00:10:01 --> 00:10:03 sky not far from the poar the
00:10:03 --> 00:10:05 quadrantids are unusual and that they
00:10:05 --> 00:10:07 appear to be Associated uh not
00:10:07 --> 00:10:09 necessarily with a Comal maybe an
00:10:09 --> 00:10:12 extinct one but with a an asteroid
00:10:12 --> 00:10:15 called 2003 eh1 which means it was
00:10:15 --> 00:10:17 discovered in 2003 now it passes
00:10:17 --> 00:10:19 reasonably near the Earth it's called a
00:10:19 --> 00:10:21 near Earth object and we appear to be
00:10:21 --> 00:10:23 running into a trail of Deb associated
00:10:23 --> 00:10:25 with it so the thinking is that might
00:10:25 --> 00:10:27 actually be an extinct com so no longer
00:10:27 --> 00:10:30 anything generating a tail doesn't look
00:10:30 --> 00:10:31 like a comet these days just looks like
00:10:31 --> 00:10:33 a DOT on even images on the LA from the
00:10:33 --> 00:10:34 largest
00:10:34 --> 00:10:38 telescopes but 500 years ago there was a
00:10:38 --> 00:10:41 com seen back in 1490 more than 500
00:10:41 --> 00:10:43 years ago there was a comment seen by
00:10:43 --> 00:10:46 the Chinese and it may be connected with
00:10:46 --> 00:10:48 that so it may be that this Comet was
00:10:48 --> 00:10:51 once active there left a lot of Dey in
00:10:51 --> 00:10:52 an orbit around the C system which the
00:10:52 --> 00:10:55 Earth runs into once a year and that
00:10:55 --> 00:10:57 leads to the quadrantid meteos well the
00:10:57 --> 00:10:59 quadrantids are not bad as meteor
00:10:59 --> 00:11:03 showers go they have a pretty strong
00:11:03 --> 00:11:05 intensity if you happen to be in the
00:11:05 --> 00:11:06 right place at the right time so if you
00:11:06 --> 00:11:08 are on the you know the west coast of
00:11:08 --> 00:11:10 the US and the Pacific region you could
00:11:10 --> 00:11:13 see maybe 70 or 80 an hour if you're in
00:11:13 --> 00:11:14 the UK you're going to see somewhat
00:11:14 --> 00:11:16 fewer than that or is it's likely that's
00:11:16 --> 00:11:19 the case but but but it's still a strong
00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 shower the great Advantage this year is
00:11:21 --> 00:11:23 that the moon isn't interfering with it
00:11:23 --> 00:11:24 so you haven't got a full moon in the
00:11:24 --> 00:11:26 sky it's a very thin cresant that means
00:11:26 --> 00:11:27 the light from the moon will not be a
00:11:27 --> 00:11:29 big problem and if you get out of the
00:11:29 --> 00:11:32 city into a dark place away from sources
00:11:32 --> 00:11:34 of light pollution then you have a
00:11:34 --> 00:11:36 chance maybe of seeing a few up to a few
00:11:36 --> 00:11:37 tens of meteors an hour maybe
00:11:37 --> 00:11:39 realistically perhaps 20 to
00:11:39 --> 00:11:41 25 they won't be the brightest meteors
00:11:41 --> 00:11:44 on the whole but they it does include a
00:11:44 --> 00:11:45 fair number of fireable is quite
00:11:46 --> 00:11:47 typically a fireable is dramatic
00:11:47 --> 00:11:49 sounding thing what it really means is a
00:11:49 --> 00:11:51 really bright meteor and the quadrantids
00:11:51 --> 00:11:52 is a meteor shower that produces that
00:11:52 --> 00:11:55 kind of event so for that reason alone
00:11:55 --> 00:11:56 if you have the time to look out and the
00:11:56 --> 00:11:58 weather is good then do take a look the
00:11:58 --> 00:12:01 really nice thing about a meteor shower
00:12:01 --> 00:12:02 is that you don't need any special
00:12:02 --> 00:12:04 equipment you just basically need to
00:12:04 --> 00:12:06 have half decent eyesight uh if you have
00:12:06 --> 00:12:08 a telescope or binocular you try to
00:12:08 --> 00:12:09 watch a meteor show you're going to make
00:12:09 --> 00:12:11 it harder because you'll only be seeing
00:12:11 --> 00:12:13 a tiny part of the sky what you need to
00:12:13 --> 00:12:16 do is go out be prepared to wait outside
00:12:16 --> 00:12:18 for a bit and just watch the sky they
00:12:18 --> 00:12:20 could be anywhere in the sky so the the
00:12:20 --> 00:12:21 biggest piece of the best piece of
00:12:21 --> 00:12:23 advice rather that I would give is just
00:12:23 --> 00:12:26 to look up look at the sky get an
00:12:26 --> 00:12:27 uncluttered view be away from the lights
00:12:27 --> 00:12:30 of towns and cities and see what you see
00:12:30 --> 00:12:32 but do be patient don't go outside and
00:12:32 --> 00:12:33 if you don't see one in the first five
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 minutes be disappointed I think the
00:12:35 --> 00:12:36 thing to do is to give it maybe half an
00:12:36 --> 00:12:38 hour or something you i' be very
00:12:38 --> 00:12:39 surprised if you didn't see any in that
00:12:39 --> 00:12:42 time photographing meteor showers uh
00:12:42 --> 00:12:45 requires patience if you take your say
00:12:45 --> 00:12:46 your mobile phone camera up and you just
00:12:46 --> 00:12:48 click at the sky you're unlikely to
00:12:48 --> 00:12:49 capture anything because they're so
00:12:49 --> 00:12:51 fleeing they only last perhaps a
00:12:51 --> 00:12:53 fraction of a second your reactions are
00:12:53 --> 00:12:54 not going to be good enough to
00:12:54 --> 00:12:56 photograph it so what people tend to do
00:12:56 --> 00:12:57 that are used to photographing is they
00:12:57 --> 00:12:59 do what I called long exposure so they
00:12:59 --> 00:13:02 open up the the lens the the shutter or
00:13:03 --> 00:13:04 the the electronic shutter depending on
00:13:04 --> 00:13:06 how you define it to say something like
00:13:06 --> 00:13:08 a phone and leave it running actually
00:13:09 --> 00:13:10 for as long at least in total as a
00:13:10 --> 00:13:13 period of minutes anything up to half an
00:13:13 --> 00:13:15 hour in some cases people have all Sky
00:13:15 --> 00:13:17 cameras that run all night and you have
00:13:17 --> 00:13:18 to do that because you never know
00:13:19 --> 00:13:21 exactly when the m is coming and so you
00:13:21 --> 00:13:23 need a long period of time to see them
00:13:23 --> 00:13:25 if you do it well and I guess people
00:13:25 --> 00:13:28 with dslrs that can run for hours or
00:13:28 --> 00:13:30 anything the best place to do this
00:13:30 --> 00:13:31 that's another option just a more
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 sophisticated digital camera what you'll
00:13:33 --> 00:13:36 see is star Trails these are the result
00:13:36 --> 00:13:38 of the Earth turning and then the stars
00:13:38 --> 00:13:41 appear to Trail across the sky as they
00:13:41 --> 00:13:42 they appear to move and then
00:13:42 --> 00:13:44 superimposed on that we'll see streaks
00:13:44 --> 00:13:46 of light bright streaks and those are
00:13:46 --> 00:13:49 the meteors those will be the quadrantic
00:13:49 --> 00:13:51 so it's not as simple as say holding up
00:13:51 --> 00:13:52 your camera and taking a picture of the
00:13:52 --> 00:13:54 Northern Lights uh my advice would be to
00:13:54 --> 00:13:56 read up on it beforehand don't try and
00:13:56 --> 00:13:58 do it on the night because I think it'll
00:13:58 --> 00:14:00 be a struggle but if you've got the
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 right kind of setup a decent tripod an
00:14:02 --> 00:14:04 ability to open up your camera for a
00:14:04 --> 00:14:06 long period of time then you should see
00:14:06 --> 00:14:08 something that's the deputy director of
00:14:08 --> 00:14:10 the Royal Astronomical Society Dr Robert
00:14:10 --> 00:14:13 Massie and this is spacetime
00:14:14 --> 00:14:29 [Music]
00:14:30 --> 00:14:31 and time now to take another brief look
00:14:31 --> 00:14:33 at some of the other stories making news
00:14:33 --> 00:14:35 and science this week with a science
00:14:35 --> 00:14:38 report a new study warns that a quarter
00:14:38 --> 00:14:40 of the world's freshwater animals are
00:14:40 --> 00:14:42 now at risk of Extinction the findings
00:14:42 --> 00:14:44 reported in the journal Nature based on
00:14:44 --> 00:14:47 a study of more than 23 fish
00:14:47 --> 00:14:49 crustations and insects scientists
00:14:49 --> 00:14:52 classify the species Extinction risks
00:14:52 --> 00:14:55 finding 24% were vulnerable or Worse
00:14:55 --> 00:14:57 similar to the proportion of high-risk
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 freshwater mammals birds amphibians and
00:14:59 --> 00:15:01 reptiles however the two groups have
00:15:01 --> 00:15:03 different habitats and face different
00:15:03 --> 00:15:05 threats with those in this study most
00:15:05 --> 00:15:08 threatened by pollution dams water
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 extraction land use change and invasive
00:15:11 --> 00:15:13 species the authors stress that the
00:15:13 --> 00:15:15 needs of this group of animals should
00:15:15 --> 00:15:17 also be considered when it comes to any
00:15:17 --> 00:15:19 forms of freshwater
00:15:19 --> 00:15:22 management a new study has confirmed
00:15:22 --> 00:15:24 that eating a diet of plant-based Foods
00:15:24 --> 00:15:26 could help increase your microbiome that
00:15:26 --> 00:15:29 favors human health a report in the
00:15:29 --> 00:15:31 journal Nature microbiology looked into
00:15:31 --> 00:15:33 the diets of over
00:15:33 --> 00:15:35 21 people and investigated what
00:15:35 --> 00:15:37 microbiomes were present depending on
00:15:37 --> 00:15:40 their food intake a microbiome simply
00:15:40 --> 00:15:42 refers to the gut microbes in your
00:15:42 --> 00:15:45 intestines the authors then compared the
00:15:45 --> 00:15:47 diets of omnivores against vegetarians
00:15:47 --> 00:15:50 and against vegans they suggested those
00:15:50 --> 00:15:52 who ate high amounts of healthy
00:15:52 --> 00:15:54 plant-based and fiber rich foods had
00:15:54 --> 00:15:56 larger colonies of good microbes those
00:15:56 --> 00:15:58 related to Good Health compared to their
00:15:58 --> 00:16:00 peers
00:16:00 --> 00:16:02 a new study has shown that all that
00:16:02 --> 00:16:04 scrolling and posting you're doing might
00:16:04 --> 00:16:06 well end up causing you to become far
00:16:06 --> 00:16:08 more irritable a report in the Journal
00:16:08 --> 00:16:10 of the American Medical Association
00:16:10 --> 00:16:12 surveyed over 40 people about their
00:16:12 --> 00:16:15 social media habits and the potential
00:16:15 --> 00:16:17 effect it has on their emotions they
00:16:17 --> 00:16:19 found that people who frequently use
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 social media especially those who post
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 it frequently scored significantly
00:16:23 --> 00:16:25 higher on an arability test compared to
00:16:25 --> 00:16:28 the social media free or infrequent use
00:16:28 --> 00:16:30 of peers now this kind of static can't
00:16:30 --> 00:16:32 prove that your hours of Doom scrolling
00:16:33 --> 00:16:35 are directly making you ticked off but
00:16:35 --> 00:16:37 in the light of known associations of
00:16:37 --> 00:16:39 irritability and mental health issues
00:16:39 --> 00:16:41 maybe you should put down your phones
00:16:41 --> 00:16:42 just a little
00:16:42 --> 00:16:45 more well there's been massive news and
00:16:45 --> 00:16:47 Technology this week with Facebook boss
00:16:47 --> 00:16:49 Mark zugerberg admitting what we've been
00:16:49 --> 00:16:51 telling you for years fact Checkers
00:16:51 --> 00:16:53 can't be trusted with the truth they're
00:16:53 --> 00:16:55 dishonest and they lie to push a
00:16:55 --> 00:16:57 political agenda from the corrupt and
00:16:57 --> 00:16:59 scientifically stupid fact Checkers of
00:16:59 --> 00:17:01 YouTube through to the Socialist fact
00:17:01 --> 00:17:04 Checkers of the rmit fact lab never
00:17:04 --> 00:17:06 trust what they say always do your own
00:17:06 --> 00:17:09 research and always go to the original
00:17:09 --> 00:17:11 Source The Babylon B probably put it
00:17:12 --> 00:17:13 best when they wrote that the guy who
00:17:13 --> 00:17:15 said Facebook was not suppressing Free
00:17:15 --> 00:17:17 Speech has now announced that Facebook
00:17:17 --> 00:17:20 will stop suppressing free speech with
00:17:20 --> 00:17:22 the details we're joined by technology
00:17:22 --> 00:17:24 editor Alex saharov Roy from Tech advice
00:17:24 --> 00:17:26 start life it was very surprising to see
00:17:26 --> 00:17:28 Mark Zuckerberg with extremely curly ha
00:17:28 --> 00:17:31 coming out and saying on video that he
00:17:31 --> 00:17:32 was getting rid of fact Checkers
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 Zuckerberg's admitted that his fact
00:17:34 --> 00:17:36 Checkers are phony and he was going to
00:17:36 --> 00:17:38 implement Community notes in a system
00:17:38 --> 00:17:40 that's similar to X which does appear to
00:17:40 --> 00:17:42 be the fairest system the whole idea is
00:17:42 --> 00:17:43 is that people are checking up on other
00:17:43 --> 00:17:45 people and you're not relying upon the
00:17:45 --> 00:17:47 single source of Truth be the government
00:17:47 --> 00:17:49 or rmit university you know socialist
00:17:49 --> 00:17:51 scumbag fact Checkers who are trying to
00:17:51 --> 00:17:54 shut down all sorts of views that don't
00:17:54 --> 00:17:55 align with their views and Mark
00:17:55 --> 00:17:57 Zuckerberg is doing this because he's
00:17:57 --> 00:17:59 trying to save his political skin well
00:17:59 --> 00:18:02 of course admitted that he was taking
00:18:02 --> 00:18:03 instructions from the White House well
00:18:03 --> 00:18:05 in one sense he would have probably not
00:18:05 --> 00:18:06 had much Choice he would have become a
00:18:06 --> 00:18:07 bit of an enemy himself but the thing is
00:18:07 --> 00:18:09 Mark Zuckerberg did not appear to fight
00:18:09 --> 00:18:11 back and given the fact he's had a
00:18:11 --> 00:18:13 20year apology tour I don't trust Mark
00:18:13 --> 00:18:15 Zuckerberg and him to come out it's uh
00:18:16 --> 00:18:17 great to see that he's finally done it
00:18:17 --> 00:18:19 but it's probably about 20 years too
00:18:19 --> 00:18:20 late and of course when it comes to
00:18:20 --> 00:18:23 trust Apple have had to do a bigab about
00:18:23 --> 00:18:26 face $95 million in payouts after it was
00:18:26 --> 00:18:29 found that Siri really was listening in
00:18:29 --> 00:18:31 yes now the the problem here is that
00:18:31 --> 00:18:33 whether it's Google whether it's Amazon
00:18:33 --> 00:18:35 Alexa or Siri if you say Hey Siri or
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 Siri or the Wake word then the system is
00:18:38 --> 00:18:39 listening and the problem is that when
00:18:39 --> 00:18:41 the system thinks it has heard the word
00:18:41 --> 00:18:43 Siri because you said sorry or because
00:18:43 --> 00:18:45 you said some other word that sounded
00:18:45 --> 00:18:47 like that it starts listening and starts
00:18:48 --> 00:18:50 recording now terrible if you run an
00:18:50 --> 00:18:52 Indian clothing store well what about
00:18:52 --> 00:18:54 Tom Cruz's daughter sui oh and I've
00:18:54 --> 00:18:56 heard the same sort of story for young
00:18:56 --> 00:18:57 people called you know young girls
00:18:57 --> 00:18:58 called alexe in school their friends
00:18:58 --> 00:19:00 like Alex so do this and do that and
00:19:00 --> 00:19:01 haha it's very funny but clearly the
00:19:01 --> 00:19:03 joke does wear off after a while but the
00:19:03 --> 00:19:05 short version is that because these
00:19:05 --> 00:19:08 interactions normally not direct where
00:19:08 --> 00:19:10 you're giving the assistant an
00:19:10 --> 00:19:12 instruction what was happening is that
00:19:12 --> 00:19:14 the system would listen and it would
00:19:14 --> 00:19:16 then send these conversations off to
00:19:16 --> 00:19:18 humans to listen and try and figure out
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 and try and train the system to do
00:19:20 --> 00:19:21 better now sometimes people were being
00:19:21 --> 00:19:24 recorded making love or having arguments
00:19:24 --> 00:19:26 or getting beaten up even murders and
00:19:26 --> 00:19:28 private business information was being
00:19:28 --> 00:19:29 unveil and that's why some people refuse
00:19:29 --> 00:19:32 to have any smart speakers in their
00:19:32 --> 00:19:34 homes yeah well it is also possible to
00:19:34 --> 00:19:37 have Siri only be activated by pushing
00:19:37 --> 00:19:39 the button on the side of your phone I
00:19:39 --> 00:19:40 use Siri a lot I use it to set
00:19:41 --> 00:19:42 appointments and make calls and set
00:19:42 --> 00:19:44 timers and remind me to do things and
00:19:44 --> 00:19:46 take notes so it does have its uses and
00:19:46 --> 00:19:48 you can tell your systems now they
00:19:48 --> 00:19:49 brought this in over the past couple of
00:19:49 --> 00:19:52 years to not send your recordings not
00:19:52 --> 00:19:54 share your recordings with Apple so I
00:19:54 --> 00:19:56 never want my recordings to be shared or
00:19:56 --> 00:19:58 any of the diagnostic information or
00:19:58 --> 00:19:59 always turn that off because I'm worried
00:19:59 --> 00:20:02 about it too anyway this lawsuit saw
00:20:02 --> 00:20:04 Apple not admitting any liability and
00:20:04 --> 00:20:06 it's hard to know how they're going to
00:20:06 --> 00:20:07 avoid this in the future I do know that
00:20:07 --> 00:20:09 if I say hey Siri or Siri that another
00:20:09 --> 00:20:12 iPhone I have lights up for a second but
00:20:12 --> 00:20:13 it instantly it turns off because it
00:20:13 --> 00:20:15 knows that I haven't given it a command
00:20:15 --> 00:20:16 and it was just sort of an accidental
00:20:17 --> 00:20:18 wake word so this is a problem where we
00:20:18 --> 00:20:20 need to trust the companies to do what
00:20:20 --> 00:20:21 they say they're going to do and if not
00:20:21 --> 00:20:22 they'll get caught out by some
00:20:22 --> 00:20:24 enterprising hacker and find hundreds of
00:20:24 --> 00:20:25 millions of dollars trusting companies
00:20:25 --> 00:20:27 is like trusting governments mate they
00:20:27 --> 00:20:30 famous last words CES is wrapped up in
00:20:30 --> 00:20:33 Las Vegas once again lots of gadgets how
00:20:33 --> 00:20:35 many of them do we really need is the
00:20:35 --> 00:20:37 big question but there' have been some
00:20:37 --> 00:20:39 fantastic products as well such as what
00:20:39 --> 00:20:41 Nidia are doing yeah they've launched a
00:20:41 --> 00:20:43 whole series of updates to their AI
00:20:43 --> 00:20:45 chips the ones that we use when we talk
00:20:45 --> 00:20:48 to chat GPT but also launched a $33
00:20:48 --> 00:20:50 supercomputer that you can hold in your
00:20:50 --> 00:20:52 hand a bit like an Apple Mac Mini that's
00:20:52 --> 00:20:55 meant to have 1 times the power of
00:20:55 --> 00:20:57 your existing laptop computer and
00:20:57 --> 00:20:58 although you know most people people are
00:20:58 --> 00:21:00 not using a computer powered by an
00:21:00 --> 00:21:03 Nvidia chip to do their Computing many
00:21:03 --> 00:21:05 people do have an Nvidia graphics card
00:21:05 --> 00:21:06 and and some of the graphics card
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 capabilities I mean we will soon have
00:21:08 --> 00:21:10 movies that look photorealistically
00:21:10 --> 00:21:13 human but are completely designed on a
00:21:13 --> 00:21:15 computer and it's going to put certain
00:21:15 --> 00:21:16 actors and actresses out of work if you
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 don't have to have humans and it can all
00:21:18 --> 00:21:19 be done by a computer why not but that's
00:21:19 --> 00:21:21 just one of the many things there BMW
00:21:21 --> 00:21:23 who launched their iDrive 24 years ago
00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 there's a little system and a screen now
00:21:25 --> 00:21:28 the entire windscreen windshield can be
00:21:28 --> 00:21:30 a display one giant heads up display
00:21:31 --> 00:21:32 just like a fire that's right and
00:21:32 --> 00:21:34 that'll keep they said your eyes on the
00:21:34 --> 00:21:35 road and your hands on the wheel there
00:21:35 --> 00:21:38 was a concept of a uh system that like a
00:21:38 --> 00:21:40 mirror that you stood on it could weigh
00:21:40 --> 00:21:43 you could look at your weight your your
00:21:43 --> 00:21:44 height your heart your metabolic health
00:21:44 --> 00:21:47 I mean like a giant Tri quar Robo Rock
00:21:47 --> 00:21:49 one of the vacuum cleaner makers where
00:21:49 --> 00:21:50 the vacuum cleaners Scurry around your
00:21:50 --> 00:21:52 house finds a teddy bear or something in
00:21:52 --> 00:21:54 the way normally it stops or it has to
00:21:54 --> 00:21:55 go around it in with this particular
00:21:55 --> 00:21:58 robot an arm pops out of the top of the
00:21:58 --> 00:22:00 unit and it can physically lift items
00:22:00 --> 00:22:03 out of the way like yeah Ros of the
00:22:03 --> 00:22:05 robot and like Jensen hang did at one of
00:22:05 --> 00:22:06 his previous Keynotes where he had a
00:22:06 --> 00:22:08 whole stack of robots behind him that
00:22:08 --> 00:22:09 just rose out of the stage when he did
00:22:09 --> 00:22:12 it again at CES he had all these robots
00:22:12 --> 00:22:14 that just popped out from behind him and
00:22:14 --> 00:22:15 these robots are incredibly Advanced
00:22:15 --> 00:22:17 there was even a robot that's sort of
00:22:17 --> 00:22:18 the size of a child that was filmed
00:22:18 --> 00:22:20 wandering around CES walking quite
00:22:20 --> 00:22:23 naturally so the age of the robots truly
00:22:23 --> 00:22:26 is upon us and the trick will be to get
00:22:26 --> 00:22:28 them to the price of smartphones you
00:22:28 --> 00:22:30 know if you can afford to buy a robot
00:22:30 --> 00:22:32 that can mine the kids wash the dishes
00:22:32 --> 00:22:33 do various things around the home for
00:22:33 --> 00:22:35 you and it's B the cost of a mobile
00:22:35 --> 00:22:37 phone who wouldn't get one Elon Musk
00:22:37 --> 00:22:40 sees a market for billions of them at
00:22:40 --> 00:22:41 least one for every human in the future
00:22:41 --> 00:22:43 there are plenty of cing smart glasses
00:22:43 --> 00:22:46 that can have a little 3.5 in monochrome
00:22:46 --> 00:22:48 display that you're looking at but that
00:22:48 --> 00:22:50 can also have an AI agent that's
00:22:50 --> 00:22:51 listening to conversations answering
00:22:51 --> 00:22:53 questions during meetings doing live
00:22:53 --> 00:22:55 translations that's technology editor
00:22:55 --> 00:22:57 Alex Sahara Roy from Tech advis start
00:22:57 --> 00:23:00 life
00:23:00 --> 00:23:08 [Music]
00:23:13 --> 00:23:16 and that's the show for now SpaceTime is
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00:24:04 --> 00:24:07 Stewart gary.com for full details you've
00:24:07 --> 00:24:09 been listening to SpaceTime with Stuart
00:24:09 --> 00:24:12 Gary this has been another quality
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