SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 154
* The Moon's Age: A New Perspectiv e
New research suggests the Moon may be much older than previously believed. Evidence indicates the Moon's crust underwent extensive remelting around 4.35 billion years ago, obscuring its true age. This study proposes the Moon could be as old as 4.53 billion years, challenging past estimates and offering a new understanding of its formation.
* Perseverance Rover's New Horizons
NASA's Perseverance rover has reached the top of Jezero Crater's rim, marking a significant milestone in its mission. With the climb complete, the rover is set to explore new geological terrains, potentially uncovering some of the oldest rocks in the solar system. This new phase promises to deepen our understanding of Mars' ancient history.
* Unveiling South Australia's Pink Sands Mystery
The discovery of deep pink sands on South Australian beaches has provided insights into the tectonic history of the region. These findings, published in Communications Earth and Environment, suggest the existence of an ancient Antarctic mountain range, offering clues about the geological past of the supercontinent Gondwana.
00:00 This is space Time Series 27, Episode 154 for broadcast on 23 December 2024
00:47 New research suggests Earth's moon may be an awful lot older than previously thought
07:05 NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover has completed its long climb to summit
10:51 Deep pink sands washing up on South Australian beaches reveal previously unknown mountain range
19:05 Garnets are a metamorphic mineral which grows when deep in crust
20:51 Ambulance and taxi drivers have lowest death rate from Alzheimer's
22:57 New study finds men are quicker to buy drinks when women are scarce
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✍️ Episode References
NASA Perseverance Rover
https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/
University of California, Santa Cruz
https://www.ucsc.edu/
University of Adelaide
https://www.adelaide.edu.au/
Communications Earth and Environment Journal
https://www.nature.com/commsenv/
ANSTO's Opal Nuclear Research Reactor
https://www.ansto.gov.au/research/facilities/opal-multipurpose-reactor
British Medical Journal
https://www.bmj.com/
Biological Letters Journal
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rsbl
Australian Sceptics
https://www.skeptics.com.au/
Space Time with Stuart Gary
https://spacetimewithstuartgary.com/
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support (https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rss) .
Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/24762807?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 27 episode 154
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 23rd of December
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 2024 coming up on SpaceTime new studies
00:00:09 --> 00:00:11 showing the moon's actually a lot older
00:00:11 --> 00:00:13 than we thought nessa's perseverance
00:00:13 --> 00:00:16 Rover finally crests the top of jro
00:00:16 --> 00:00:19 crater's rim and understanding the
00:00:19 --> 00:00:21 tectonic mystery behind South
00:00:21 --> 00:00:24 Australia's strange pink beat Sands all
00:00:24 --> 00:00:27 that and more coming up on
00:00:27 --> 00:00:30 SpaceTime welcome to space time with
00:00:30 --> 00:00:40 steuart
00:00:40 --> 00:00:46 [Music]
00:00:47 --> 00:00:49 Gary new researchers discovered that the
00:00:49 --> 00:00:52 Earth's Moon may be an awful lot older
00:00:52 --> 00:00:54 than we thought scientists found
00:00:54 --> 00:00:55 evidence suggesting that the moon's
00:00:55 --> 00:00:58 crust underwent extensive remelting
00:00:58 --> 00:01:01 around 4.35 billion years ago and that
00:01:01 --> 00:01:04 would have masked a far older history
00:01:04 --> 00:01:06 the moon thought to have been formed
00:01:06 --> 00:01:08 when a mars-sized planet which
00:01:08 --> 00:01:10 scientists have named Thea collided with
00:01:10 --> 00:01:12 the early Proto Earth around 4 and A2
00:01:12 --> 00:01:15 billion years ago the Colossal impact
00:01:15 --> 00:01:17 turned both bodies into a magma ocean of
00:01:17 --> 00:01:20 melted rocks which eventually coales and
00:01:20 --> 00:01:23 solidified to form the Earth however
00:01:23 --> 00:01:25 some of the ejected debris from that
00:01:25 --> 00:01:26 impact was thrown up into orbit around
00:01:27 --> 00:01:29 the Earth and it gradually accreted and
00:01:29 --> 00:01:32 sidif fight to form the moon however
00:01:32 --> 00:01:33 this new research argues that there was
00:01:33 --> 00:01:35 a period Well after that when the moon's
00:01:35 --> 00:01:38 surface was melted again and changed the
00:01:38 --> 00:01:39 appearance of certain Rock samples that
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 made them look younger than what they
00:01:41 --> 00:01:44 really were now if this evidence is
00:01:44 --> 00:01:45 accurate it means the Earth's moons
00:01:46 --> 00:01:49 actually around 4.53 billion years old
00:01:49 --> 00:01:52 it's all very confusing previous
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 attempts to uncover the moon's true age
00:01:54 --> 00:01:56 have vied at estimates that lie several
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 hundred million years apart while some
00:01:58 --> 00:02:00 researchers suggest that our Cosmic
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 companion was formed 4.35 billion years
00:02:03 --> 00:02:06 ago others date the birth at 4.51 and
00:02:06 --> 00:02:07 now
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 4.53 one of the most striking
00:02:09 --> 00:02:12 inconsistencies is of a Stony nature you
00:02:12 --> 00:02:14 see almost all the lunar Rock samples we
00:02:14 --> 00:02:16 have here on Earth point to the younger
00:02:16 --> 00:02:19 age in the millions of years that
00:02:19 --> 00:02:20 followed the giant impact the newly
00:02:21 --> 00:02:23 formed Moon cooled and moved further and
00:02:23 --> 00:02:25 further away from the earth until it
00:02:25 --> 00:02:26 reached its current orbit at a distance
00:02:26 --> 00:02:30 of around 384 km
00:02:30 --> 00:02:31 it's still moving away from the earth
00:02:31 --> 00:02:33 today at a couple of centimeters every
00:02:33 --> 00:02:36 year the study's lead author Francis
00:02:36 --> 00:02:38 neemo from the University of California
00:02:38 --> 00:02:40 Santa Cruz says his team were especially
00:02:40 --> 00:02:42 interested in the phase when the
00:02:42 --> 00:02:43 distance between the Earth and the moon
00:02:43 --> 00:02:46 was just a third of today's distance now
00:02:46 --> 00:02:48 at that time there were various
00:02:48 --> 00:02:50 differences in the position and shape of
00:02:50 --> 00:02:52 the moon's orbit now among other things
00:02:52 --> 00:02:55 it became far more elliptical so that
00:02:55 --> 00:02:56 the orbital speed of the moon at its
00:02:56 --> 00:02:58 distance from the earth varied
00:02:58 --> 00:03:01 considerably within each orbit and the
00:03:01 --> 00:03:02 thing is that would have generated an
00:03:02 --> 00:03:05 awful lot of gravitational tidal heating
00:03:05 --> 00:03:08 partially melting the lunar interior now
00:03:08 --> 00:03:09 all this is similar to what we see today
00:03:10 --> 00:03:12 with Jupiter's moon IO which travels
00:03:12 --> 00:03:13 around the gas giant in a slightly
00:03:13 --> 00:03:16 elliptical orbit the enormous tidal
00:03:16 --> 00:03:18 forces of Jupiter together with that of
00:03:18 --> 00:03:20 io's other companion moons causes the
00:03:20 --> 00:03:22 moon to be constantly stretched and
00:03:22 --> 00:03:24 squeezed generating friction and
00:03:24 --> 00:03:27 consequently heat and all that makes IO
00:03:27 --> 00:03:29 the most volcanically active body in the
00:03:29 --> 00:03:30 solar system
00:03:30 --> 00:03:33 and based on this new study Earth's Moon
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 went through a similar phase Nemo and
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 colleagues calculations suggested the
00:03:37 --> 00:03:39 heat flow from the lunar interior was
00:03:39 --> 00:03:41 sufficient to melt and churn through the
00:03:41 --> 00:03:44 entire mantle now while a magma ocean
00:03:44 --> 00:03:46 never covered the entire lunar surface
00:03:46 --> 00:03:48 over the course of several million years
00:03:48 --> 00:03:50 the heat from the interior gradually
00:03:50 --> 00:03:51 reached pretty well every part of the
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 surface liquefying most of the crust
00:03:54 --> 00:03:56 possibly several times over now the
00:03:56 --> 00:03:58 authors say that in some places the hot
00:03:58 --> 00:04:00 lava penetrated right through to the
00:04:00 --> 00:04:03 surface in others magma was injected
00:04:03 --> 00:04:05 beneath the surface heating the Rocks
00:04:05 --> 00:04:08 around it and this volcanic history is
00:04:08 --> 00:04:10 decisive for determining the age of
00:04:10 --> 00:04:13 crustal rocks now when they form rocks
00:04:13 --> 00:04:15 including those on the moon contain
00:04:15 --> 00:04:17 various radioactive isotopes Isotopes
00:04:17 --> 00:04:19 are variations of certain atoms that
00:04:19 --> 00:04:21 differ in the number of neutrons they
00:04:21 --> 00:04:23 have in their nucleus now as long as the
00:04:23 --> 00:04:26 Rock's hot it can exchange isotopes with
00:04:26 --> 00:04:28 its surroundings but as it cools those
00:04:28 --> 00:04:30 Isotopes become locked in and the
00:04:30 --> 00:04:33 composition becomes set then the trapped
00:04:33 --> 00:04:36 Isotopes begin to radioactively Decay
00:04:36 --> 00:04:38 and so the geological clock starts
00:04:38 --> 00:04:41 ticking lunar Rock samples therefore
00:04:41 --> 00:04:43 don't reveal their original age but only
00:04:43 --> 00:04:45 the age when they were last strongly
00:04:45 --> 00:04:48 heated however there are some unique
00:04:48 --> 00:04:50 crystals in rocks known as zircons that
00:04:50 --> 00:04:52 are extremely tough and heat resistant
00:04:52 --> 00:04:55 and uranium atoms trapped inside these
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 crystals Decay into lead atoms at a set
00:04:57 --> 00:05:00 rate so by comparing the ratio of
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 uranium to Le inside ziron crystals
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 astronomers can determine the exact age
00:05:05 --> 00:05:06 when the ziron crystals were first
00:05:06 --> 00:05:09 formed and they showing a more distant
00:05:09 --> 00:05:11 earlier history than other crustal rocks
00:05:11 --> 00:05:14 and so are telling a different story the
00:05:14 --> 00:05:16 violent volcanism shaped the moon's
00:05:16 --> 00:05:19 crust around 4.35 billion years ago but
00:05:19 --> 00:05:22 the zircons are much older at 4.53
00:05:22 --> 00:05:25 billion years and the story doesn't end
00:05:25 --> 00:05:27 there these new findings are also
00:05:27 --> 00:05:29 resolving many other contradictions that
00:05:29 --> 00:05:32 had previously puzzled astronomers for
00:05:32 --> 00:05:34 example the comparatively few crators on
00:05:34 --> 00:05:37 the moon argues against the to age in
00:05:37 --> 00:05:39 such a long time astronomers think our
00:05:39 --> 00:05:40 Cosmic neighbor should have witnessed
00:05:40 --> 00:05:44 more impacts Luna volcanism now offers
00:05:44 --> 00:05:46 an explanation lava from the moon's
00:05:46 --> 00:05:48 interior would have filled the early
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 impact creators and thus made them
00:05:50 --> 00:05:52 unrecognizable the composition of the
00:05:52 --> 00:05:55 lunar mantle also posed a problem this
00:05:55 --> 00:05:57 is the layer of rock that lies directly
00:05:57 --> 00:05:59 beneath the moon's crust and its
00:05:59 --> 00:06:01 composition I differs from that of the
00:06:01 --> 00:06:03 Earth in several key aspects however if
00:06:03 --> 00:06:06 the moon's interior melted a second time
00:06:06 --> 00:06:08 round as this new study would indicate
00:06:08 --> 00:06:10 some substances could have sunk from the
00:06:10 --> 00:06:13 metal down to the iron core below and
00:06:13 --> 00:06:14 that would explain the compositional
00:06:14 --> 00:06:16 differences between the Moon's mantle
00:06:16 --> 00:06:19 and parts of the Earth the new results
00:06:19 --> 00:06:21 mean that all the pieces of the puzzle
00:06:21 --> 00:06:23 that previously didn't fit together are
00:06:23 --> 00:06:25 now forming a coherent overall picture
00:06:25 --> 00:06:29 of our Luna Partners formation it puts a
00:06:29 --> 00:06:32 full stop at the end of the story this
00:06:32 --> 00:06:35 is spacetime still to come NASA's
00:06:35 --> 00:06:37 perseverance Rover finally crested the
00:06:37 --> 00:06:40 top of jezo crater's rim and planetary
00:06:40 --> 00:06:43 plate tectonics are solving the mystery
00:06:43 --> 00:06:45 of South Australia's strange pink Beach
00:06:45 --> 00:06:48 Sands all that and more still to come on
00:06:48 --> 00:06:53 SpaceTime
00:06:53 --> 00:07:05 [Music]
00:07:05 --> 00:07:07 there are celebrations at JPL today with
00:07:07 --> 00:07:09 NASA's M perseverance Rover finally
00:07:09 --> 00:07:12 cresting the very top of gzro crater's
00:07:12 --> 00:07:15 rim and Mission managers say the road
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 ahead will be even more scientifically
00:07:17 --> 00:07:19 intriguing and the good news is it'll
00:07:19 --> 00:07:22 probably somewhat easier going now that
00:07:22 --> 00:07:24 the six whe car siiz mobile laboratory
00:07:24 --> 00:07:27 has completed its long climb to the top
00:07:27 --> 00:07:29 perseverance crested the top of gzro Rim
00:07:29 --> 00:07:32 at a location known as Lookout Hill and
00:07:32 --> 00:07:33 it's now rolling towards what will be
00:07:33 --> 00:07:35 its first new science stop following its
00:07:35 --> 00:07:38 monthlong climb the Rover made the
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 ascent in order to explore a region of
00:07:40 --> 00:07:43 Mars unlike anywhere it had investigated
00:07:43 --> 00:07:45 before taking about 3 and a half months
00:07:45 --> 00:07:47 and ascending over half a kilometer in
00:07:47 --> 00:07:50 elevation the Rover climbed 20° grades
00:07:50 --> 00:07:53 often in Slippery Sandy conditions
00:07:53 --> 00:07:55 making stops along the way for
00:07:55 --> 00:07:56 scientific
00:07:56 --> 00:07:59 observations since Landing in jro crat
00:07:59 --> 00:08:01 back February 2021 the mass perseverance
00:08:01 --> 00:08:04 Rovers completed four science campaigns
00:08:04 --> 00:08:07 there was the crater floor then the fan
00:08:07 --> 00:08:09 front the fan being the buildup of river
00:08:09 --> 00:08:11 DOTA sediment then the upper fan and
00:08:11 --> 00:08:14 finally the margin unit the science team
00:08:14 --> 00:08:16 are calling what will be perseverance
00:08:16 --> 00:08:18 fifth scientific campaign the northern
00:08:18 --> 00:08:20 Rim that's because the route will cover
00:08:20 --> 00:08:22 the northern part of the southwestern
00:08:22 --> 00:08:25 section of jrose Rim perseverance Deputy
00:08:25 --> 00:08:27 project manager Steven Lee from nass's
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 jet propulsion laboratory in Pas
00:08:29 --> 00:08:31 California says that over the first year
00:08:31 --> 00:08:33 of the northern Rim campaign The Rovers
00:08:33 --> 00:08:35 expected to visit four sites of
00:08:35 --> 00:08:37 geological interest take several samples
00:08:37 --> 00:08:41 and drive about 6.4 km the northern Rim
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 campaign brings completely new
00:08:43 --> 00:08:46 scientific riches as perseverance robes
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 into fundamentally new geology that's
00:08:48 --> 00:08:50 because it marks the transition from
00:08:50 --> 00:08:52 rocks that were partially filled in jro
00:08:52 --> 00:08:54 Crater when it was formed by a massive
00:08:54 --> 00:08:56 impact about 3.9 billion years ago to
00:08:57 --> 00:08:59 the rocks from deep inside Mars there
00:08:59 --> 00:09:01 ejected upwards from the Crater Rim as a
00:09:01 --> 00:09:04 result of that impact scientists believe
00:09:04 --> 00:09:06 that these new rocks will represent
00:09:06 --> 00:09:08 pieces of the early Martian crust and
00:09:08 --> 00:09:10 therefore will be among the oldest rocks
00:09:10 --> 00:09:12 found anywhere in the solar system
00:09:12 --> 00:09:15 investigating them could help science
00:09:15 --> 00:09:16 understand what Mars and for that matter
00:09:16 --> 00:09:18 the Earth may have looked like just
00:09:18 --> 00:09:20 after the solar system formed and
00:09:20 --> 00:09:23 planets began to solidify 4.6 billion
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 years ago with Lookout hill now in its
00:09:26 --> 00:09:27 rear viw mirror perseverance is headed
00:09:27 --> 00:09:29 for a scientifically significant Rock
00:09:29 --> 00:09:32 outcrop about 450 M down the other side
00:09:32 --> 00:09:34 of the rim known as witch hazel Hill
00:09:34 --> 00:09:37 witch hazel Hill represents over 100 m
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 of layered outcrop where each layer is
00:09:39 --> 00:09:41 like a page in a martian geological
00:09:41 --> 00:09:44 history book so as perseverance drives
00:09:44 --> 00:09:46 down the hill it's sort of going back in
00:09:46 --> 00:09:48 time investigating the ancient
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 environments of Mars recorded in the
00:09:50 --> 00:09:53 Crater Rim then after a steep descent
00:09:53 --> 00:09:54 perseverance will turn its Wheels away
00:09:54 --> 00:09:56 from the Crater Rim and head towards
00:09:57 --> 00:10:00 lact shames about 3 km further south
00:10:00 --> 00:10:03 like the shamz intrigued scientists
00:10:03 --> 00:10:04 because being located on the planes
00:10:04 --> 00:10:06 Beyond The Rim it's far less likely to
00:10:06 --> 00:10:08 have been significantly affected by the
00:10:08 --> 00:10:11 formation of jezzro crater after leaving
00:10:11 --> 00:10:13 lactic chames the Rover will Traverse
00:10:13 --> 00:10:16 about 1.6 km back to the rim in order to
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 investigate a stunning outcrop of large
00:10:18 --> 00:10:21 blocks known as Mega breia these blocks
00:10:21 --> 00:10:24 may represent ancient Bedrock broken up
00:10:24 --> 00:10:26 during the acidious impact a planet
00:10:26 --> 00:10:28 altering event that likely excavated
00:10:28 --> 00:10:30 deep into the Martian C trust as it
00:10:30 --> 00:10:32 created an impact Basin some 1200 km
00:10:32 --> 00:10:36 wide 3.9 billion years ago needless to
00:10:36 --> 00:10:39 say it means interesting times ahead
00:10:39 --> 00:10:42 this is spacetime still to come the
00:10:42 --> 00:10:44 mystery of South Australia's strange
00:10:44 --> 00:10:46 Pink Sands and later in the science
00:10:46 --> 00:10:48 report a new study shows that guys tend
00:10:48 --> 00:10:50 to head to the bar faster when the women
00:10:50 --> 00:10:53 are scarce all that and more still to
00:10:53 --> 00:11:07 come on SpaceTime
00:11:07 --> 00:11:10 [Music]
00:11:10 --> 00:11:12 deposits of strange deep pink sand
00:11:12 --> 00:11:15 washing up on South Australian beaches
00:11:15 --> 00:11:16 is shedding new light on when the
00:11:17 --> 00:11:19 Australian tectonic plate began to
00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 subduct beneath the Pacific Plate and
00:11:21 --> 00:11:23 the findings reported in the journal
00:11:23 --> 00:11:25 Communications Earth and environment are
00:11:25 --> 00:11:27 also exposing the existence of a
00:11:27 --> 00:11:29 previously unknown ancient anti IC
00:11:29 --> 00:11:32 mountain range the Pink Sands are
00:11:32 --> 00:11:34 composed of a mineral called Garnet now
00:11:34 --> 00:11:36 garnets known to have formed locally
00:11:36 --> 00:11:39 during the Delian orogy an event which
00:11:39 --> 00:11:42 created the Adelaide fold Bel around 514
00:11:42 --> 00:11:44 to 490 million years ago and also during
00:11:44 --> 00:11:46 the formation of the Galler Craton in
00:11:46 --> 00:11:49 Western South Australia between 3.3 and
00:11:49 --> 00:11:52 1.4 billion years ago the problem is
00:11:52 --> 00:11:53 these ages don't match up with the
00:11:53 --> 00:11:56 garnet Sands now being found on South
00:11:56 --> 00:11:58 Australian seash Shores one of the
00:11:58 --> 00:12:00 studies's authors show jine verad from
00:12:00 --> 00:12:01 the University of Adelaide says new
00:12:02 --> 00:12:04 dating shows that the garnet grains are
00:12:04 --> 00:12:07 around 590 million years old it's too
00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 young to have come from the garet Craton
00:12:09 --> 00:12:11 and far too old to have come from the
00:12:11 --> 00:12:14 eroding Adelaide fold belt the authors
00:12:14 --> 00:12:15 were able to establish the new date
00:12:15 --> 00:12:18 using a new Lum hafnium laser Mass
00:12:18 --> 00:12:20 spectrometer technique gner requires
00:12:20 --> 00:12:22 high temperatures to form and is usually
00:12:22 --> 00:12:24 associated with the formation of large
00:12:24 --> 00:12:27 mountain belts but the 590 million year
00:12:27 --> 00:12:29 old age window was a time when the South
00:12:29 --> 00:12:32 Australian crust was comparatively cool
00:12:32 --> 00:12:34 and non-mountainous and vattan
00:12:34 --> 00:12:35 colleagues wrote to establish that this
00:12:35 --> 00:12:37 Garnet didn't originate from local
00:12:37 --> 00:12:40 Source rocks the thing is it must have
00:12:40 --> 00:12:42 originated nearby because Garnet is
00:12:42 --> 00:12:43 typically destroyed through prolonged
00:12:44 --> 00:12:46 exposure to Marine environments now the
00:12:46 --> 00:12:48 authors have discovered that the glacial
00:12:48 --> 00:12:50 sedimentary deposits of the cape Jervis
00:12:50 --> 00:12:52 formation outcropping along the South
00:12:52 --> 00:12:54 Australian shorelines contains layers of
00:12:54 --> 00:12:56 sand which also contain garard that's
00:12:56 --> 00:12:59 also around 590 million years old
00:12:59 --> 00:13:02 and Ice Flow indicators in these glacial
00:13:02 --> 00:13:03 sedimentary deposits suggest that the
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 garnet Rich glacial Sands were brought
00:13:05 --> 00:13:08 to Australia by a northwesterly moving
00:13:08 --> 00:13:10 ice sheet during the late Paleozoic Ice
00:13:10 --> 00:13:13 Age when Australia and Antarctica were
00:13:13 --> 00:13:15 attached as part of the supercon
00:13:15 --> 00:13:17 gondwana and here's where it gets really
00:13:17 --> 00:13:19 interesting Ghana dating back to the
00:13:20 --> 00:13:22 same period has also been found in an
00:13:22 --> 00:13:24 outcrop in the transantarctic mountains
00:13:24 --> 00:13:26 in East Antarctica right at the edge of
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28 a colossal area completely concealed by
00:13:28 --> 00:13:31 a thick ice sheet and researchers
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 believe that this area contains evidence
00:13:33 --> 00:13:36 for a 590 milliony Old Mountain belt
00:13:36 --> 00:13:39 hiding below the Antarctic ice now while
00:13:39 --> 00:13:40 it's not currently possible to sample
00:13:40 --> 00:13:42 directly under this ice sheet it's
00:13:42 --> 00:13:44 conceivable that millions of years of
00:13:44 --> 00:13:46 ice transport eroded the Bedrock
00:13:46 --> 00:13:48 underneath and transported the garnet
00:13:48 --> 00:13:50 northwestwards towards the conjugate
00:13:50 --> 00:13:53 Antarctic Australian margin the garnet
00:13:53 --> 00:13:55 deposits werein locally stored in
00:13:55 --> 00:13:57 glacial sedimentary deposits along the
00:13:57 --> 00:13:59 southern Australian margin until fresh
00:13:59 --> 00:14:01 erosion liberated them and waves and
00:14:01 --> 00:14:03 Tides concentrated them on South
00:14:03 --> 00:14:06 Australian beaches so these findings are
00:14:06 --> 00:14:08 suggesting the discovery of a major
00:14:08 --> 00:14:10 mountain building event that redefines
00:14:11 --> 00:14:13 the timing of the onset of convergence
00:14:13 --> 00:14:15 in the Pacific Ocean the Hut says it's
00:14:15 --> 00:14:17 fascinating to think scientists were
00:14:17 --> 00:14:19 able to trace tiny grains of sand on a
00:14:19 --> 00:14:21 beach in Australia to a previously
00:14:21 --> 00:14:23 undiscovered mountain range buried deep
00:14:23 --> 00:14:26 below the Antarctic Ice usually if we
00:14:26 --> 00:14:29 see pink Beach Sands that con of garnets
00:14:29 --> 00:14:31 the garnets must have been eroded from
00:14:31 --> 00:14:34 somewhere it could be if there's like a
00:14:34 --> 00:14:36 mountain belt close by for example if
00:14:36 --> 00:14:38 you would go to the Himalayas and you
00:14:38 --> 00:14:39 would walk through the Himalayan
00:14:39 --> 00:14:41 florland Basin and you'd be walking
00:14:41 --> 00:14:43 along the rivers and the beaches you
00:14:43 --> 00:14:44 might find a lot of gars in there
00:14:45 --> 00:14:47 because they usually occur in highly
00:14:47 --> 00:14:50 metamorphic mountain ranges such as the
00:14:50 --> 00:14:52 Himalayas so in the case of South
00:14:52 --> 00:14:54 Australia and we were walking along the
00:14:54 --> 00:14:56 beaches and we saw that the beaches
00:14:56 --> 00:14:58 contain a lot of those pink garet we
00:14:58 --> 00:15:00 were just wondering where could they be
00:15:00 --> 00:15:01 coming from because we don't really have
00:15:02 --> 00:15:04 a big existing mountain range nearby
00:15:04 --> 00:15:06 here in South Australia we do have the
00:15:06 --> 00:15:09 adelade small belt which contains garnet
00:15:09 --> 00:15:12 and um it it has some form of topography
00:15:12 --> 00:15:14 but it isn't really a big impressive
00:15:14 --> 00:15:16 mountain range or anything and there
00:15:16 --> 00:15:19 isn't a large volume of gret in the
00:15:19 --> 00:15:21 elade fall belt not large enough for it
00:15:21 --> 00:15:24 to erode that many Gs along all the
00:15:24 --> 00:15:26 beaches around South Australia so we're
00:15:26 --> 00:15:29 like how can we try to solve this
00:15:29 --> 00:15:31 problem and at the time when we found
00:15:31 --> 00:15:34 those P garnets on the beach we actually
00:15:35 --> 00:15:38 were developing a new dating method that
00:15:38 --> 00:15:41 we could apply to garet as well so at
00:15:41 --> 00:15:42 the time when we found those garnets we
00:15:42 --> 00:15:44 were like why don't we just try to
00:15:44 --> 00:15:47 analyze those GRS and see what age we
00:15:47 --> 00:15:49 get from them because that's the easiest
00:15:49 --> 00:15:52 way to match certain grars to certain
00:15:52 --> 00:15:55 basement blck once we got our ages back
00:15:55 --> 00:15:58 from our laser sessions we realized that
00:15:59 --> 00:16:00 that just gave us another question
00:16:00 --> 00:16:02 because the ages we got from those Gars
00:16:02 --> 00:16:04 didn't line up with anything so they
00:16:04 --> 00:16:06 were too young to be from the aday G
00:16:06 --> 00:16:09 crat and then they were too old to come
00:16:09 --> 00:16:11 from the F belt so we were wondering
00:16:11 --> 00:16:13 what could be another source for those
00:16:13 --> 00:16:16 garnets and the only possible option
00:16:16 --> 00:16:19 close by was the buring glacial
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 sediments that are also cropping out
00:16:21 --> 00:16:24 along South Australia which we found out
00:16:24 --> 00:16:27 also contain a lot of G so we decided to
00:16:27 --> 00:16:30 sample those glacial Sands as well so we
00:16:30 --> 00:16:32 scooped some sand from the gracial Sands
00:16:32 --> 00:16:34 which had a lot of granet in them and we
00:16:34 --> 00:16:36 tried to analyze those as well and then
00:16:36 --> 00:16:38 when we got our results back we realized
00:16:38 --> 00:16:41 that the garnets from the glacial sand
00:16:41 --> 00:16:42 had the same age as the garet on the
00:16:42 --> 00:16:44 beach so we found our mat and where
00:16:44 --> 00:16:45 would they have come from that's the
00:16:45 --> 00:16:47 problem with glacial sediments so we
00:16:47 --> 00:16:49 know that glacial sediments if there's
00:16:49 --> 00:16:51 indicators that they were deposited by
00:16:51 --> 00:16:54 large ey sheet we know that they aren't
00:16:54 --> 00:16:56 originally from this location so a big
00:16:56 --> 00:16:58 massive eye sheep must have brought them
00:16:58 --> 00:17:01 to South Australia during the glaciation
00:17:01 --> 00:17:03 of that ice sheet so the glaciation
00:17:03 --> 00:17:06 we're talking about is the late bosic I
00:17:06 --> 00:17:08 age which occurred around the Buran
00:17:08 --> 00:17:11 carbonis first time zon so at that time
00:17:11 --> 00:17:13 looking at all BL tectonic
00:17:13 --> 00:17:15 reconstructions we know that South
00:17:15 --> 00:17:17 Australia was connected to East
00:17:17 --> 00:17:19 Antarctica back in the days so if we're
00:17:19 --> 00:17:21 thinking about ey sheet movement you can
00:17:21 --> 00:17:23 look at the Sands and you can look at
00:17:23 --> 00:17:25 the Pebbles and see what the lithologies
00:17:25 --> 00:17:27 of these Pebbles are so are they
00:17:27 --> 00:17:30 Sandstone are they metamorphic rocks
00:17:30 --> 00:17:31 where could they be coming from and then
00:17:31 --> 00:17:33 those Pebbles they can have marks in
00:17:33 --> 00:17:36 them G marks or troughs that can
00:17:36 --> 00:17:38 indicate what way the eye sheet was
00:17:38 --> 00:17:40 flowing so in this case we found out
00:17:40 --> 00:17:42 that through other researchers who had
00:17:42 --> 00:17:44 been studying this before they concluded
00:17:44 --> 00:17:47 that the ey sheet must have come from a
00:17:47 --> 00:17:49 source somewhere Southeast to us so if
00:17:49 --> 00:17:51 you would look back at the play tectonic
00:17:51 --> 00:17:53 reconstruction and you would go
00:17:53 --> 00:17:56 Southeast from the El area you would end
00:17:56 --> 00:17:58 up in East Antartica wow that sort of
00:17:59 --> 00:18:01 puts the cherry on the cake doesn't it
00:18:01 --> 00:18:03 yeah it's a detective story isn't it it
00:18:03 --> 00:18:05 is it kind of is and we didn't expect to
00:18:05 --> 00:18:08 find an outcome as exciting as this one
00:18:08 --> 00:18:10 because once we figured out that they
00:18:10 --> 00:18:12 might have been coming from e c AR and
00:18:12 --> 00:18:14 we're pretty certain they are we
00:18:14 --> 00:18:15 realized that there isn't really
00:18:15 --> 00:18:17 anything of the same age so we're
00:18:17 --> 00:18:20 talking about an age around 590 million
00:18:20 --> 00:18:22 years ago which is in the edurent time
00:18:22 --> 00:18:25 period you don't really find any
00:18:25 --> 00:18:27 mountains or outcrops in East anartica
00:18:27 --> 00:18:29 with that age because OB viously e
00:18:29 --> 00:18:31 Antarctica is covered by a large eyce
00:18:31 --> 00:18:33 sheep and most of the geology in E
00:18:33 --> 00:18:35 Antartica is hidden beneath that ice
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 sheet and based on I think there was one
00:18:37 --> 00:18:39 small outcrop in the transantarctic
00:18:39 --> 00:18:41 mountains where they got a similar age
00:18:41 --> 00:18:44 for the gr but it's so far away so we
00:18:44 --> 00:18:46 assume or we suspect that there might be
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 a large geological Pro Province
00:18:48 --> 00:18:50 underneath the a sheep an old ancient
00:18:51 --> 00:18:52 Mountain belt that was eroded by the I
00:18:53 --> 00:18:55 sheep in the late philic I age that we
00:18:55 --> 00:18:58 now find back in South Australia but
00:18:58 --> 00:19:00 that's now here in the eyes other eyes
00:19:00 --> 00:19:02 in eica and we don't know if he'd ever
00:19:02 --> 00:19:04 be able to drill into it or find it if
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 it wasn't for this study garet when the
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 average person thinks of garnets they
00:19:08 --> 00:19:10 think of a gemstone something pretty to
00:19:10 --> 00:19:12 put in a ring or on a necklace tell me
00:19:12 --> 00:19:14 about garnets how are they made yeah so
00:19:14 --> 00:19:16 garnets are in fact really pretty
00:19:16 --> 00:19:19 minerals so you often find them in color
00:19:19 --> 00:19:22 red or pink and they're translucent so
00:19:22 --> 00:19:24 if you find a very clear mineral that
00:19:24 --> 00:19:26 doesn't really have inclusions it's
00:19:26 --> 00:19:28 really nice to put them in jewelry as
00:19:28 --> 00:19:31 you you just said so G is a metamorphic
00:19:31 --> 00:19:34 mineral which means that it grows when
00:19:34 --> 00:19:36 deep in the Earth's crust you've got
00:19:36 --> 00:19:38 very high temperatures and pressures
00:19:38 --> 00:19:40 pushing all the Rocks together and
00:19:40 --> 00:19:42 because of this heat and this pressure
00:19:42 --> 00:19:44 your rocks will start melting and they
00:19:44 --> 00:19:47 will start forming another rock so in
00:19:47 --> 00:19:50 this case for ghas it's usually when you
00:19:50 --> 00:19:53 have old mudstones or sedimentary rocks
00:19:53 --> 00:19:55 that get buried very deep into the crust
00:19:55 --> 00:19:57 of the earth and you have an ongoing
00:19:58 --> 00:19:59 mountain building process which is
00:19:59 --> 00:20:01 pushing everything together so we've got
00:20:01 --> 00:20:04 two continents trying to mix each other
00:20:04 --> 00:20:06 that's when you start forming garet so
00:20:06 --> 00:20:08 we need pressure and temperature
00:20:08 --> 00:20:10 conditions that are high enough for gret
00:20:10 --> 00:20:12 to form and then after some time when
00:20:12 --> 00:20:14 the gr has been sitting in the Rock
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 it'll start getting eroded so when
00:20:16 --> 00:20:19 everything or all the Rocks above the
00:20:19 --> 00:20:21 unit with the garnets is eroded away
00:20:21 --> 00:20:23 that's when you will see Garnet at the
00:20:23 --> 00:20:25 Earth's surface which isn't very common
00:20:25 --> 00:20:26 that's Charmaine verh from the
00:20:26 --> 00:20:29 University of Adelaide and this
00:20:29 --> 00:20:44 [Music]
00:20:44 --> 00:20:46 SpaceTime and time now to take a brief
00:20:46 --> 00:20:47 look at some of the other stories making
00:20:47 --> 00:20:50 news in science this week with a science
00:20:50 --> 00:20:52 report a new study has shown that
00:20:52 --> 00:20:54 ambulance and taxi drivers have the
00:20:54 --> 00:20:55 lowest levels of death due to
00:20:55 --> 00:20:57 Alzheimer's disease compared to other
00:20:57 --> 00:20:59 occupations
00:20:59 --> 00:21:00 the findings reported in the British
00:21:00 --> 00:21:02 medical journal suggest that frequent
00:21:02 --> 00:21:05 spatial processing tasks might offer
00:21:05 --> 00:21:08 some protection against the illness
00:21:08 --> 00:21:09 scientists analyzed death certificates
00:21:09 --> 00:21:12 for 443 different occupations between
00:21:12 --> 00:21:15 2020 and 2023 including cause of death
00:21:15 --> 00:21:19 usual occupation and sood demographic
00:21:19 --> 00:21:21 information after adjusting for age and
00:21:21 --> 00:21:23 sociodemographic factors the authors
00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 found that taxi drivers and ambulance
00:21:26 --> 00:21:27 drivers have the lowest proportion of
00:21:27 --> 00:21:29 deaths from Al Alzheimer of all
00:21:29 --> 00:21:31 occupations examined and also when
00:21:31 --> 00:21:34 compared with the general population but
00:21:34 --> 00:21:35 interestingly the authors noted that
00:21:35 --> 00:21:37 this trend wasn't seen in other
00:21:37 --> 00:21:39 transport related jobs such as bus
00:21:39 --> 00:21:41 drivers or aircraft Pilots possibly due
00:21:41 --> 00:21:44 to their Reliance on predetermined
00:21:44 --> 00:21:47 routes ano's opal nuclear research
00:21:47 --> 00:21:49 reactor at Lucas Heights in Sydney
00:21:49 --> 00:21:51 Southern suburbs has officially powered
00:21:51 --> 00:21:55 back on and recomen general operations
00:21:55 --> 00:21:57 it follows a several monthl long planed
00:21:57 --> 00:21:58 shutdown to carry out a Central
00:21:58 --> 00:22:01 maintenance and upgrades Central to
00:22:01 --> 00:22:02 these upgrades was the replacement of
00:22:02 --> 00:22:05 opal's cold Neutron Source located next
00:22:05 --> 00:22:08 to the reactor's core the 3M toall
00:22:08 --> 00:22:10 device slows down neutrons as they
00:22:10 --> 00:22:12 travel from the opal reactor through to
00:22:12 --> 00:22:14 the large scientific Neutron beam
00:22:14 --> 00:22:16 instruments allowing researchers to look
00:22:16 --> 00:22:18 at the structure of materials in atomic
00:22:18 --> 00:22:21 detail the plan shutdown also enabled
00:22:21 --> 00:22:23 extensive software and Hardware upgrades
00:22:23 --> 00:22:24 to opel's First reactor protection
00:22:24 --> 00:22:26 system a digital system that monitors
00:22:26 --> 00:22:29 The reactor's crucial parameters
00:22:29 --> 00:22:31 the system is the first line of defense
00:22:31 --> 00:22:33 for opal to automatically shut down
00:22:33 --> 00:22:36 safely if the parameters are exceeded as
00:22:36 --> 00:22:38 Australia's only operational nuclear
00:22:38 --> 00:22:41 reactor opal produces neutrons that form
00:22:41 --> 00:22:43 the radioisotopes required for nuclear
00:22:43 --> 00:22:45 medicines and they're used to diagnose a
00:22:45 --> 00:22:48 range of medical conditions and Cancers
00:22:48 --> 00:22:50 Opel also supplies more than half of the
00:22:50 --> 00:22:53 world's demand for IR radiated silicon
00:22:53 --> 00:22:56 that's used in electronics and green
00:22:56 --> 00:22:58 technologies now here's something that
00:22:58 --> 00:23:01 may not come as a surprise a new study
00:23:01 --> 00:23:03 has found that guys tend to head to the
00:23:03 --> 00:23:06 bar faster when women are scarce the
00:23:06 --> 00:23:08 findings reported in the journal
00:23:08 --> 00:23:10 biological letters shows that if you're
00:23:10 --> 00:23:12 out at the pub with a group of mates
00:23:12 --> 00:23:14 which include both males and females
00:23:14 --> 00:23:15 then the men will be quicker to head to
00:23:15 --> 00:23:18 the bar and buy drinks if they outnumber
00:23:18 --> 00:23:20 the women in your group the authors
00:23:20 --> 00:23:23 monitored 163 mixed sex groups out for
00:23:23 --> 00:23:25 drinks at three taverns in the Boston
00:23:25 --> 00:23:27 area over a period of seven nights good
00:23:27 --> 00:23:30 work if you can get it they found that
00:23:30 --> 00:23:31 when males outnumbered females in the
00:23:31 --> 00:23:33 group the alpha male would take less
00:23:33 --> 00:23:35 time to stride up to the bar make
00:23:35 --> 00:23:37 physical contact with it and offer to
00:23:37 --> 00:23:39 pay for the first round of drinks the
00:23:39 --> 00:23:41 researchers said that the findings
00:23:41 --> 00:23:43 suggest that just like other animals
00:23:43 --> 00:23:45 male humans tend to invest more
00:23:45 --> 00:23:47 resources when the competition for a
00:23:47 --> 00:23:49 mate is
00:23:49 --> 00:23:51 higher a recent study has been looking
00:23:51 --> 00:23:53 at the fascinating case of people who
00:23:53 --> 00:23:56 suffer from a Fantasia a characteristic
00:23:56 --> 00:23:58 some people have related to how they
00:23:58 --> 00:24:00 mind and Imagination work having a
00:24:00 --> 00:24:03 Fantasia means you either don't have or
00:24:03 --> 00:24:04 have a reduced level of visual
00:24:04 --> 00:24:06 imagination keeping you from picturing
00:24:06 --> 00:24:09 things in your mind the research by the
00:24:09 --> 00:24:12 University of Sussex found that 0.8% of
00:24:12 --> 00:24:15 the population is unable to form visual
00:24:15 --> 00:24:18 mental images and 3.9% of the population
00:24:18 --> 00:24:20 were either unable to form mental images
00:24:20 --> 00:24:22 or had only a very dim or vague mental
00:24:22 --> 00:24:25 imagery Tim menum from a strali skeptic
00:24:25 --> 00:24:27 says it's like asking someone not to
00:24:27 --> 00:24:29 think of a pink El El an well of course
00:24:29 --> 00:24:30 that's the first thing in fact the only
00:24:30 --> 00:24:32 thing you think of that is unless you
00:24:33 --> 00:24:35 suffer from a Fantasia the Pink Elephant
00:24:35 --> 00:24:37 test is basically the old story of that
00:24:37 --> 00:24:39 if I say don't think of a pink elephant
00:24:39 --> 00:24:41 you instantly do think of a pink
00:24:41 --> 00:24:42 elephant which is you know pretty normal
00:24:43 --> 00:24:45 actually don't think of a rocus please
00:24:45 --> 00:24:46 and you do think of a rhinoceros or
00:24:46 --> 00:24:48 anything else for that matter so so
00:24:48 --> 00:24:50 people sort of iMed immediately call up
00:24:50 --> 00:24:53 a visual memory and they respond in kind
00:24:53 --> 00:24:55 it's very hard to stop doing that except
00:24:55 --> 00:24:56 for people apparently who have a thing
00:24:57 --> 00:24:59 called a Fantasia who apparently cannot
00:24:59 --> 00:25:02 visualize things they cannot call up a
00:25:02 --> 00:25:04 visual image or memory or whatever of
00:25:04 --> 00:25:06 something just because it's not in their
00:25:06 --> 00:25:08 brain to do so which is interesting this
00:25:08 --> 00:25:10 is basically the whole Spectrum idea
00:25:10 --> 00:25:12 there everything that affects humans you
00:25:12 --> 00:25:14 run from people with very strong visual
00:25:14 --> 00:25:17 imagery skills or proclivities down to
00:25:17 --> 00:25:19 someone who has no visual privity at all
00:25:19 --> 00:25:20 certainly not just looking at something
00:25:20 --> 00:25:22 but actually remembering something or
00:25:22 --> 00:25:24 calling it up in their head so a
00:25:24 --> 00:25:26 Fantasia is this Condition it's like if
00:25:26 --> 00:25:28 you're reading a book and you have
00:25:28 --> 00:25:31 normal visual imagery skills you can
00:25:31 --> 00:25:32 sort of see a character doing something
00:25:32 --> 00:25:33 you have a picture of someone if you
00:25:33 --> 00:25:35 have a Fantasia you can't visualize
00:25:35 --> 00:25:38 something so basically it very difficult
00:25:38 --> 00:25:41 to survive it well they survive often
00:25:41 --> 00:25:43 quite well just as good as anybody else
00:25:43 --> 00:25:45 half the time they would not know they
00:25:45 --> 00:25:47 can't do this because they don't know
00:25:47 --> 00:25:48 what they can't do until they gradually
00:25:48 --> 00:25:49 realize that other people are calling up
00:25:49 --> 00:25:51 an image in their head it's not looking
00:25:51 --> 00:25:52 at something you can still cross the
00:25:52 --> 00:25:53 road but it's actually calling up an
00:25:53 --> 00:25:55 image in your head sometimes these
00:25:55 --> 00:25:57 people have better audio memory they can
00:25:57 --> 00:25:59 call up a someone says a trumpet so
00:25:59 --> 00:26:01 they're hearing where someone with a
00:26:01 --> 00:26:02 visual thinge might be seeing a trumpet
00:26:02 --> 00:26:04 in their head so it's a bit of swings
00:26:04 --> 00:26:05 and roundabouts and they're also
00:26:05 --> 00:26:08 suggesting that some people perhaps and
00:26:08 --> 00:26:10 this is very much perhaps people with
00:26:10 --> 00:26:12 aphantasia or aphasics as they call them
00:26:12 --> 00:26:14 might be resistant to trauma for
00:26:14 --> 00:26:16 reliving events they can't see it in
00:26:16 --> 00:26:18 their head it's like do people who have
00:26:18 --> 00:26:21 had anas Fantasia Daydream do they see
00:26:21 --> 00:26:23 things in their head Etc a memory call
00:26:23 --> 00:26:25 it up Etc so maybe it's a painful memory
00:26:26 --> 00:26:27 but they can't relive it because they
00:26:27 --> 00:26:29 can't see it in their head and they
00:26:29 --> 00:26:30 might have a better time but it's an
00:26:30 --> 00:26:32 interesting situation some people see
00:26:32 --> 00:26:34 colors they hear a word or they hear a
00:26:34 --> 00:26:36 thing a sound and they can they can see
00:26:36 --> 00:26:37 colors this is something else in the
00:26:37 --> 00:26:39 head that people can't see imagery we've
00:26:39 --> 00:26:41 got a current feature in our Magazine on
00:26:41 --> 00:26:43 psychology and all the aberations that
00:26:43 --> 00:26:45 people have and aberation might be the
00:26:45 --> 00:26:47 wrong word it's just a variation across
00:26:47 --> 00:26:49 the Spectrum in so many different areas
00:26:49 --> 00:26:50 and uh this is just one of them that's
00:26:50 --> 00:26:55 timendum from Australian Skeptics
00:26:55 --> 00:27:09 [Music]
00:27:09 --> 00:27:11 and that's the show for now SpaceTime is
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00:27:59 --> 00:28:03 Stewart gary.com for full details you've
00:28:03 --> 00:28:05 been listening to SpaceTime with Stewart
00:28:05 --> 00:28:07 Gary this has been another quality
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