SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 21
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Shifting Dynamics of Earth's Inner Core, China's Lunar South Pole Mission, and Insights into Hot Jupiter Exoplanets
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore groundbreaking research revealing that Earth's inner core may be less solid than previously believed. A new study indicates that the near surface of the inner core is undergoing structural transformations, influenced by interactions with the turbulent outer core. This discovery provides fresh insights into the dynamics of Earth's core and its impact on the planet's magnetic field and rotation.
China's Chang'e 7 Mission: A Quest for Lunar Water Ice
We also discuss China's upcoming Chang'e 7 mission, set to launch next year, which aims to search for water ice at the lunar south pole. This mission will employ advanced technologies to locate and analyze water ice deposits, crucial for supporting future manned missions to the Moon and beyond. The Chang'e 7 mission will include an orbiter, lander, rover, and a mobile hopper designed for traversing shadowed craters.
Hot Jupiter Progenitor: New Discoveries in Exoplanet Research
Additionally, we delve into the fascinating discovery of a hot Jupiter exoplanet with an eccentric orbit, shedding light on the formation processes of these gas giants. The research indicates that this planet has likely been influenced by a binary star system, providing new evidence for the mechanisms behind hot Jupiter migration and evolution.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 21 for broadcast on 17 February 2025
00:49 New findings on Earth's inner core
06:30 Overview of China's Chang'e 7 mission
12:15 Insights from the discovery of a hot Jupiter exoplanet
18:00 Implications for planetary formation theories
22:45 The significance of lunar water ice for future missions
27:00 Understanding the dynamics of celestial bodies
30:15 The impact of climate change on global temperatures
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
Nature Geoscience
Journal of Nature Climate Change
https://www.nature.com/nclimate/
Macquarie University
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Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/25626767?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:02 this is spacetime series 28 episode 21
00:00:03 --> 00:00:05 for broadcast on the 17th of February
00:00:05 --> 00:00:09 2025 coming up on SpaceTime new research
00:00:09 --> 00:00:11 suggest the Earth's interc cor could be
00:00:11 --> 00:00:13 far less solid than previously thought
00:00:13 --> 00:00:16 China's new Luna South Pole Mission
00:00:16 --> 00:00:18 designed to search for water ice and the
00:00:18 --> 00:00:20 hot Jupiter exoplanet that could provide
00:00:20 --> 00:00:24 new insights into how these bodies form
00:00:24 --> 00:00:27 all that and more coming up on
00:00:27 --> 00:00:30 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:30 --> 00:00:39 Stuart
00:00:39 --> 00:00:46 [Music]
00:00:46 --> 00:00:48 Gary a new study has found that the
00:00:49 --> 00:00:50 Earth's inner core is undergoing
00:00:50 --> 00:00:52 structural transformation and May in
00:00:52 --> 00:00:55 fact be far less solid than previously
00:00:55 --> 00:00:57 thought planet Earth's core consists of
00:00:57 --> 00:01:00 a molten metallic outer layer Runing
00:01:00 --> 00:01:02 what was thought to be a spherical solid
00:01:02 --> 00:01:04 mostly iron nickel alloy in a core with
00:01:04 --> 00:01:08 a radius of about 1 km making at
00:01:08 --> 00:01:10 about 20% of the entire planet and with
00:01:10 --> 00:01:12 a temperature of around
00:01:12 --> 00:01:16 5 de C the characteristics of the
00:01:16 --> 00:01:18 core have been deduced mostly from
00:01:18 --> 00:01:19 measurements of seismic waves in the
00:01:20 --> 00:01:23 Earth's magnetic field but now a report
00:01:23 --> 00:01:25 in the journal Nature geoscience suggest
00:01:25 --> 00:01:27 that the surface of the inner core may
00:01:27 --> 00:01:30 be changing the study's lead author John
00:01:30 --> 00:01:32 videll from dwn college says changes to
00:01:32 --> 00:01:34 the inner core have long been the topic
00:01:34 --> 00:01:37 of debate among scientists however most
00:01:37 --> 00:01:39 of the research has been focused on
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 assessing the course rotation what
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 theale and colleagues ended up
00:01:43 --> 00:01:44 discovering is evidence that the near
00:01:45 --> 00:01:46 surface of the inner core undergo
00:01:46 --> 00:01:49 structural change the finding shed new
00:01:49 --> 00:01:51 light on the role that topographical
00:01:51 --> 00:01:53 activity plays in the rotational changes
00:01:53 --> 00:01:55 in the inner cor changes that have
00:01:55 --> 00:01:57 minutely altered the length of a day and
00:01:57 --> 00:02:00 may relate to the ongoing slowing of the
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 incourse rotation the original aim of
00:02:02 --> 00:02:04 the research was to further chart that
00:02:04 --> 00:02:07 slowing of the incourse rotation but as
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 they analyzed multiple Decades of
00:02:09 --> 00:02:11 seismographs one data set of seismic
00:02:11 --> 00:02:14 waves curiously stood out from the rest
00:02:14 --> 00:02:17 Fidel says he realized he was staring at
00:02:17 --> 00:02:19 evidence that the inner core wasn't
00:02:19 --> 00:02:21 solid the study utilized seismic
00:02:21 --> 00:02:24 waveform data including 121 repeating
00:02:24 --> 00:02:26 earthquakes from 42 locations near
00:02:26 --> 00:02:28 Antarctica's South Sandwich Islands
00:02:28 --> 00:02:31 which occurred between 1991 and 2024
00:02:31 --> 00:02:33 providing a glimpse of what takes place
00:02:33 --> 00:02:36 in the inner core as the authors
00:02:36 --> 00:02:38 analyzed the wave forms from receiver
00:02:38 --> 00:02:40 array stations located near Fairbanks in
00:02:40 --> 00:02:42 Alaska and Yellow knife in Canada one
00:02:42 --> 00:02:44 set of seismic waves from the latter
00:02:44 --> 00:02:46 station included uncharacteristic
00:02:46 --> 00:02:48 properties which the team had never seen
00:02:48 --> 00:02:51 before at first the data set confounded
00:02:51 --> 00:02:53 Vale but once his research team were
00:02:53 --> 00:02:55 able to improve the resolution of the
00:02:55 --> 00:02:57 data it became clear that these seismic
00:02:57 --> 00:02:59 waveforms represented additional
00:02:59 --> 00:03:02 physical activity in the inner core and
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 this physical activity can best be
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 explained as temporal changes in the
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 shape of the inner core the new study
00:03:08 --> 00:03:10 suggests that the near surface of the
00:03:10 --> 00:03:12 inner core may be undergoing viscous
00:03:12 --> 00:03:14 deformation in other words changing its
00:03:14 --> 00:03:16 shape and shifting at the inner core
00:03:16 --> 00:03:18 shallow boundary now the clearest cause
00:03:18 --> 00:03:20 of this structural change would be
00:03:20 --> 00:03:22 interaction between the inner and outer
00:03:22 --> 00:03:24 cores the molten outer core is widely
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 known to be highly turbulent this
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 turbulence hasn't been known to disrupt
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 the inner core at least not on human
00:03:30 --> 00:03:33 time scales until now Videl says what
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 we're observing in this study for the
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 first time is likely the outer core
00:03:37 --> 00:03:40 disturbing the inner core this discovery
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 is opening a new door revealing
00:03:42 --> 00:03:44 previously hidden Dynamics deep within
00:03:44 --> 00:03:46 the Earth's core and it will lead to a
00:03:46 --> 00:03:47 better understanding of the Earth's
00:03:47 --> 00:03:51 thermal and magnetic field this is
00:03:51 --> 00:03:53 spacetime still to come China's new Luna
00:03:54 --> 00:03:56 South Pole Mission Changi 7 which will
00:03:56 --> 00:03:58 do a surface search for water ice and
00:03:58 --> 00:04:00 the hot Jupiter X planet that could
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 provide new insights into how these
00:04:02 --> 00:04:05 bodies form all that and more still to
00:04:05 --> 00:04:10 come on
00:04:10 --> 00:04:21 [Music]
00:04:21 --> 00:04:24 SpaceTime beijing's issued a new press
00:04:24 --> 00:04:26 release saying it's onrack to launch its
00:04:26 --> 00:04:28 Changi 7 Mission next year to search for
00:04:28 --> 00:04:31 water ice deposit at the Luna South Pole
00:04:31 --> 00:04:33 and once they're identified Mission
00:04:33 --> 00:04:35 managers will trial new technologies
00:04:35 --> 00:04:38 designed to help taken notes extend man
00:04:38 --> 00:04:41 operations on the lunar surface Changi 7
00:04:41 --> 00:04:42 will include a new type of molecular
00:04:43 --> 00:04:45 analyzer specifically designed to verify
00:04:45 --> 00:04:47 the presence and extent of water ice in
00:04:47 --> 00:04:49 South Pole craters whose floors are in
00:04:49 --> 00:04:51 permanent Shadow never receiving
00:04:51 --> 00:04:54 sunlight while beijing's earlier changy
00:04:54 --> 00:04:56 3 and 5 missions landed on the Luna near
00:04:56 --> 00:04:59 side changes 4 and six both touch down
00:04:59 --> 00:05:02 on the Luna Far Side Changi 7 will build
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 on that success uncovering usable lunar
00:05:04 --> 00:05:07 water ice which can then be broken down
00:05:07 --> 00:05:09 and used to make rocket fuel water for
00:05:09 --> 00:05:11 drinking and air for breathing this
00:05:11 --> 00:05:13 would dramatically lower costs reducing
00:05:13 --> 00:05:15 the logistics needed to establish a
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 permanent base on the lunar surface and
00:05:17 --> 00:05:20 support future man missions to the Moon
00:05:20 --> 00:05:23 Mars and Beyond Beijing says China plans
00:05:23 --> 00:05:26 to land tyut on the lunar surface before
00:05:26 --> 00:05:29 2030 and shortly afterwards commence
00:05:29 --> 00:05:30 Construction with the Russians of a
00:05:30 --> 00:05:33 Joint Base next year's changy 7 Mission
00:05:33 --> 00:05:36 will consist of an Orbiter a Lander a
00:05:36 --> 00:05:38 Rover and a mobile Hopper designed to
00:05:38 --> 00:05:40 jump from sunlet areas to shadowed
00:05:40 --> 00:05:43 craters using a new type of active
00:05:43 --> 00:05:45 suspension system as well as Gathering
00:05:45 --> 00:05:47 data about its surroundings the mission
00:05:47 --> 00:05:49 will also use a Landmark Image
00:05:49 --> 00:05:51 navigation system in order to determine
00:05:51 --> 00:05:53 its location something NASA's been doing
00:05:53 --> 00:05:56 for a while but which will be new for
00:05:56 --> 00:06:00 China this is spacetime still to come
00:06:00 --> 00:06:02 the hot Jupiter exoplanet that could
00:06:02 --> 00:06:04 provide new insights into how these
00:06:04 --> 00:06:06 bodies form and later in the science
00:06:06 --> 00:06:07 report the World Meteorological
00:06:07 --> 00:06:10 organization has now confirmed that 2024
00:06:10 --> 00:06:13 was the first year where average global
00:06:13 --> 00:06:16 temperatures were greater than the 1.5°
00:06:16 --> 00:06:18 above pre-industrial levels specified by
00:06:18 --> 00:06:21 the Paris agreements all that and more
00:06:21 --> 00:06:35 still to come on SpaceTime
00:06:35 --> 00:06:38 [Music]
00:06:38 --> 00:06:40 when you study astronomy at University
00:06:40 --> 00:06:42 you quickly become proficient in
00:06:42 --> 00:06:43 classical mechanics and capillarian
00:06:43 --> 00:06:46 orbits they allow you to accurately
00:06:46 --> 00:06:48 predict the Motions of two bodies say
00:06:48 --> 00:06:50 planets or a planet and a star based on
00:06:50 --> 00:06:53 their masses velocities and distances
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 trouble is astronomy is not always that
00:06:55 --> 00:06:58 simple in the real world other bodies
00:06:58 --> 00:07:00 and their added gravitation influences
00:07:00 --> 00:07:02 add additional complexity to these
00:07:02 --> 00:07:04 problems and this is the basis of the
00:07:04 --> 00:07:07 three body problem once you add a third
00:07:07 --> 00:07:09 variable in physics you need to take
00:07:09 --> 00:07:11 into account the initial positions and
00:07:11 --> 00:07:13 velocities that is momenta of all three
00:07:13 --> 00:07:15 point masses that orbit each other in
00:07:15 --> 00:07:16 space and then calculate their
00:07:16 --> 00:07:18 subsequent trajectories using Newton's
00:07:18 --> 00:07:21 law of motion universal gravitation but
00:07:21 --> 00:07:23 unlike the two body problem which uses a
00:07:23 --> 00:07:25 very simple equation the three body
00:07:25 --> 00:07:28 problem has no General closed form
00:07:28 --> 00:07:31 solution you see when three bodies orbit
00:07:31 --> 00:07:32 each other the resulting dynamical
00:07:32 --> 00:07:35 system is chaotic for most initial
00:07:35 --> 00:07:37 conditions now astronomers have found an
00:07:37 --> 00:07:40 unexpected three body problem in the
00:07:40 --> 00:07:41 discovery of a hot Jupiter's eccentric
00:07:42 --> 00:07:44 orbit the authors were analyzing data
00:07:44 --> 00:07:46 from a newly discovered massive planet
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 on an extreme orbit in order to
00:07:48 --> 00:07:51 understand how hot Jupiter planets form
00:07:51 --> 00:07:52 the discovery of the strangely acting
00:07:53 --> 00:07:55 exop Planet 1 light years away has
00:07:55 --> 00:07:57 helped astronomers better understand the
00:07:57 --> 00:07:59 formation of a class of planets known as
00:07:59 --> 00:08:02 hot Jupiters these are gas giants
00:08:02 --> 00:08:05 orbiting close to their H Stars the new
00:08:05 --> 00:08:10 discovery known as tic 24124 953b is a
00:08:10 --> 00:08:12 gas giant about five times the size of
00:08:12 --> 00:08:16 Jupiter it was discovered by NASA's Tess
00:08:16 --> 00:08:18 that's the transiting exoplanet survey
00:08:18 --> 00:08:20 satellite A Space Telescope gathering
00:08:20 --> 00:08:22 information about exoplanets that is
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 planets orbiting Stars other than the
00:08:24 --> 00:08:28 Sun so far over 5 exoplanets have
00:08:28 --> 00:08:31 been found and many others are suspected
00:08:31 --> 00:08:33 but not yet confirmed that's part of
00:08:33 --> 00:08:36 what Tess is doing mcari University
00:08:36 --> 00:08:39 astronomers Dr Jamie Alvarado montz and
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 associate professor Christian swab were
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 among a team of 60 researchers from
00:08:43 --> 00:08:45 eight countries and more than 35
00:08:45 --> 00:08:47 institutions studying this fascinating
00:08:47 --> 00:08:49 system their findings reported in the
00:08:49 --> 00:08:51 journal Nature show that the exoplanet
00:08:51 --> 00:08:54 strange orbit indicates that it's under
00:08:54 --> 00:08:55 the influence of a second star
00:08:56 --> 00:08:58 indicating a binary system now binary
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 systems are aren't that uncommon in fact
00:09:00 --> 00:09:02 most Stellar systems in the Milky Way
00:09:02 --> 00:09:05 are multiple star systems even our
00:09:05 --> 00:09:07 nearest Stellar neighbor Alpha centori
00:09:07 --> 00:09:10 is actually a triple star system Schwab
00:09:10 --> 00:09:12 designed the optics for NASA's extreme
00:09:12 --> 00:09:14 procession radio velocity spectrograph a
00:09:14 --> 00:09:16 crucial part of the groundbased
00:09:16 --> 00:09:18 equipment used to home in on the target
00:09:18 --> 00:09:20 planet after test first spotted an
00:09:20 --> 00:09:22 indication that a planet could be
00:09:22 --> 00:09:25 orbiting the star TI 24124
00:09:25 --> 00:09:28 9530 the spectrometer was fitted to the
00:09:28 --> 00:09:31 3.5 m a wind telescope making over 50
00:09:31 --> 00:09:33 High Precision observations spanning
00:09:33 --> 00:09:36 some 2 and 1/2 years Schwab says the
00:09:36 --> 00:09:38 observations measured the planet's mass
00:09:38 --> 00:09:40 and revealed its extreme orbit based on
00:09:40 --> 00:09:42 this work he was able to determine that
00:09:42 --> 00:09:46 tic 24124 953b experiences radical
00:09:46 --> 00:09:48 temperature changes during the six
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 months it takes to orbit its main host
00:09:50 --> 00:09:52 star when closest to the star the
00:09:53 --> 00:09:54 planet's atmosphere would expand and
00:09:54 --> 00:09:56 partially evaporate from the intense
00:09:56 --> 00:09:58 heat and radiation and the side of the
00:09:58 --> 00:10:00 planet facing the star would be hot
00:10:00 --> 00:10:03 enough to melt rock or vaporized Metals
00:10:03 --> 00:10:05 but as the planet orbits away from the
00:10:05 --> 00:10:07 Star it would cool dramatically as the
00:10:07 --> 00:10:09 constant Heating and Cooling Cycles
00:10:09 --> 00:10:11 create powerful storm systems far more
00:10:11 --> 00:10:13 extreme than anything seen on Jupiter
00:10:13 --> 00:10:15 and certainly heaps more than anything
00:10:15 --> 00:10:17 seen on the earth once the orbital
00:10:17 --> 00:10:19 parameters were precisely known Alvarado
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 Montes got to work on computer modeling
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 simulating how the planet's orbit would
00:10:24 --> 00:10:27 change over time the models suggest that
00:10:27 --> 00:10:29 this planet did initially form as a hold
00:10:29 --> 00:10:32 Jupiter far from its host star but the
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 influence of gravity from that star and
00:10:34 --> 00:10:36 from the star's binary partner caused it
00:10:36 --> 00:10:38 to gradually migrate inwards and
00:10:38 --> 00:10:42 eventually become a hot Jupiter Alvarado
00:10:42 --> 00:10:44 Montes says that several billion years
00:10:44 --> 00:10:46 ago the planet formed as a cold Jupiter
00:10:46 --> 00:10:49 far from its star in a region cold
00:10:49 --> 00:10:51 enough to condense and Take Shape then
00:10:51 --> 00:10:53 gravitational forces from the second
00:10:53 --> 00:10:55 binary star in the system caused the
00:10:55 --> 00:10:57 planet's orbit to gradually stretch and
00:10:57 --> 00:10:59 grow more eccentric and it began to Swit
00:10:59 --> 00:11:02 ever closer to the primary star the
00:11:02 --> 00:11:03 authors have dubbed this newly
00:11:03 --> 00:11:05 discovered planet a hot Jupiter
00:11:05 --> 00:11:06 progenitor and have modeled the
00:11:06 --> 00:11:09 exoplanet slow Evolution to its current
00:11:09 --> 00:11:12 highly eccentric 166 Earth Day orbit
00:11:12 --> 00:11:14 from very close to its host star 10
00:11:14 --> 00:11:16 times closer the Mercury is to the sun
00:11:16 --> 00:11:19 the planet moves in an egg-shaped orbit
00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 swinging further out to about as far as
00:11:21 --> 00:11:23 Earth is from the Sun few exoplanets
00:11:23 --> 00:11:25 have orbits this extreme in fact it's
00:11:26 --> 00:11:27 more eccentric than any other known
00:11:27 --> 00:11:30 transiting exoplanet hot Jupiters are
00:11:30 --> 00:11:32 fascinating because they challenge our
00:11:32 --> 00:11:34 understanding of planetary formation and
00:11:34 --> 00:11:37 evolution in fact the very first
00:11:37 --> 00:11:40 exoplanet ever discovered 51 pagi was a
00:11:40 --> 00:11:43 hot Jupiter Alvarado montz says that in
00:11:43 --> 00:11:46 our own solar system Mercury is a tiny
00:11:46 --> 00:11:48 Rocky marble orbiting the Sun every 88
00:11:48 --> 00:11:50 Earth days while the gas giant Jupiter
00:11:50 --> 00:11:52 the king of planets in our solar system
00:11:52 --> 00:11:54 takes around 12 Earth years to complete
00:11:54 --> 00:11:57 each orbit Now by contrast hot Jupiters
00:11:57 --> 00:11:59 a gas planets like Jupiter or even
00:11:59 --> 00:12:01 bigger but so close to their host Stars
00:12:01 --> 00:12:03 the robits can take less than 10 Earth
00:12:03 --> 00:12:06 days sometimes just a matter of hours
00:12:06 --> 00:12:07 now theoretically these planets should
00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 only be able to form at very far
00:12:09 --> 00:12:11 distances from a star that's because the
00:12:11 --> 00:12:14 gas making up more than 90% of their
00:12:14 --> 00:12:15 Mass shouldn't be able to accumulate or
00:12:15 --> 00:12:18 survive close to the Stars intense heat
00:12:18 --> 00:12:20 and radiation typically as planets form
00:12:20 --> 00:12:23 close to Young stars and grow from Tiny
00:12:23 --> 00:12:25 clouds of dust and gas a star's heat
00:12:25 --> 00:12:27 causes gas particles to evaporate or
00:12:27 --> 00:12:29 condense so that only only rocks and
00:12:29 --> 00:12:32 metal remain Nash's Galileo probe which
00:12:32 --> 00:12:35 gathered data about Jupiter back in 1995
00:12:35 --> 00:12:37 transmitted for an hour and reached a
00:12:37 --> 00:12:40 depth of about 160 kilm below the cloud
00:12:40 --> 00:12:42 tops before the planet's mounting
00:12:42 --> 00:12:44 atmospheric pressure crushed it out of
00:12:44 --> 00:12:46 existence although Jupiter could fit a
00:12:46 --> 00:12:48 thousand Earths within its atmosphere it
00:12:48 --> 00:12:50 only has a tiny core about the size of
00:12:50 --> 00:12:52 the Earth's core and that's buried under
00:12:52 --> 00:12:55 some 70 km of gas that results in
00:12:55 --> 00:12:57 pressures millions of times greater than
00:12:58 --> 00:13:00 what we see here on Earth surface this
00:13:00 --> 00:13:02 newly discovered exoplanet sheds light
00:13:02 --> 00:13:04 on the formation of hot Jupiters and
00:13:04 --> 00:13:06 provides a real world example of the
00:13:06 --> 00:13:08 mathematical puzzle of the three body
00:13:08 --> 00:13:10 problem the authors have modeled the
00:13:10 --> 00:13:12 history and likely progression of this
00:13:12 --> 00:13:15 planet and they predict a happy ending a
00:13:15 --> 00:13:17 ver Montes says that over the next
00:13:17 --> 00:13:19 million years or so the planet's likely
00:13:19 --> 00:13:21 to settle into a more stable close orbit
00:13:21 --> 00:13:23 around its primary star and fully
00:13:23 --> 00:13:26 transform into a hot Jupiter the First
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28 Data that we work on to confirm this
00:13:28 --> 00:13:31 planet was taken in 2020 so the initial
00:13:32 --> 00:13:35 data was Data taken by the test
00:13:35 --> 00:13:37 satellite is a mission from NASA to
00:13:37 --> 00:13:39 observe exoplanets before that we have
00:13:39 --> 00:13:41 Kepler that only observe very far stars
00:13:41 --> 00:13:44 but now we have Tess which is observing
00:13:44 --> 00:13:46 kind of like the nearby Universe what it
00:13:46 --> 00:13:47 does is just measure the change in the
00:13:47 --> 00:13:50 brightness of the star all right and
00:13:50 --> 00:13:52 detecting yeah the the transit using
00:13:52 --> 00:13:54 well the transit method and then based
00:13:54 --> 00:13:56 on that depending on what you observe
00:13:56 --> 00:13:59 then you do followup observations with
00:13:59 --> 00:14:01 ground based instruments or telescope so
00:14:01 --> 00:14:03 it's a planet that has a very large
00:14:03 --> 00:14:04 orbit so it's a planet that has an orbit
00:14:05 --> 00:14:07 of then observing with test continuously
00:14:07 --> 00:14:09 is not possible it's very hard because
00:14:09 --> 00:14:13 test only observes one sector so the way
00:14:13 --> 00:14:15 test observes is observing sectors of
00:14:15 --> 00:14:17 the sky and each sector it observes it
00:14:17 --> 00:14:20 only for 27 days so that means that in
00:14:20 --> 00:14:21 this in the case of this planet
00:14:21 --> 00:14:23 observing it with test is very
00:14:23 --> 00:14:25 complicated because to get to the same
00:14:25 --> 00:14:27 sector it will take almost a year or two
00:14:27 --> 00:14:29 years right to get back to the same SE
00:14:29 --> 00:14:32 so we need to do followup observations
00:14:32 --> 00:14:34 so the first observations were done with
00:14:34 --> 00:14:36 test but then after a Transit was
00:14:36 --> 00:14:38 detected like the transit signal was
00:14:38 --> 00:14:41 detect then the goal was to observe more
00:14:41 --> 00:14:45 Transit so the initial data that we have
00:14:45 --> 00:14:47 well the the the ephemeres of this
00:14:47 --> 00:14:49 planet were a bit complicated they
00:14:49 --> 00:14:50 weren't very well constrained so that
00:14:50 --> 00:14:53 means that some of the attempts that we
00:14:53 --> 00:14:55 did with groundbased telescopes were
00:14:55 --> 00:14:58 unsuccessful because we were observing
00:14:58 --> 00:15:00 supposedly the transit but no Transit
00:15:00 --> 00:15:02 was coming up in the observations just
00:15:02 --> 00:15:03 because we didn't have enough
00:15:03 --> 00:15:05 information to know with very good
00:15:05 --> 00:15:07 Precision at what time the observations
00:15:07 --> 00:15:08 were were like the transit was going to
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 happen so it took a couple of attempts
00:15:10 --> 00:15:13 until like we refine the the ephemerate
00:15:13 --> 00:15:15 of the planet and then once the Emirates
00:15:15 --> 00:15:17 of the planet were refined then we were
00:15:17 --> 00:15:19 able to do more Transit observation and
00:15:19 --> 00:15:21 also we did groundbased observations
00:15:21 --> 00:15:23 with instruments that are called spectr
00:15:23 --> 00:15:26 and that's where Chris comes into play
00:15:26 --> 00:15:29 because Chris is the main investigator
00:15:29 --> 00:15:31 and one of the people who designed and
00:15:31 --> 00:15:34 build the new spectrograph so the new
00:15:34 --> 00:15:36 spectrograph is an instrument that is
00:15:36 --> 00:15:38 located in the state like a big bunch of
00:15:38 --> 00:15:40 the observations like a lot of the data
00:15:40 --> 00:15:41 that was collected to do follow-up
00:15:41 --> 00:15:43 observations was were were taken with
00:15:43 --> 00:15:46 these instrument with new it what we did
00:15:46 --> 00:15:49 was observing now not just transits but
00:15:49 --> 00:15:51 we also did observe the radio velocities
00:15:51 --> 00:15:54 the the wobbling of of the planet so all
00:15:54 --> 00:15:57 of these combin combining photometric
00:15:57 --> 00:16:00 observations then we were able to
00:16:00 --> 00:16:02 constrain the size of the planet not
00:16:02 --> 00:16:04 just constrain like the radius of the
00:16:04 --> 00:16:07 planet but also the mass of the planet
00:16:07 --> 00:16:10 and there is something that you can get
00:16:10 --> 00:16:11 there's a piece of information that is
00:16:11 --> 00:16:13 actually quite quite valuable and that
00:16:13 --> 00:16:17 is only possible to obain Once You
00:16:17 --> 00:16:19 observe Transit and Radial velocities at
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 the same time so that's what we did with
00:16:21 --> 00:16:24 nuis and with other telescopes so by
00:16:24 --> 00:16:27 observing the transits and the radial
00:16:27 --> 00:16:28 velocities the wobbling at the same time
00:16:28 --> 00:16:30 time you're able to recover something
00:16:30 --> 00:16:33 that is called the projected obliquity
00:16:33 --> 00:16:35 of the orbit of the planet so this is
00:16:36 --> 00:16:39 how incline the orbit is with the
00:16:39 --> 00:16:42 equator of the star so this is an
00:16:42 --> 00:16:43 important piece of information because
00:16:44 --> 00:16:46 it can tell you a lot about the history
00:16:46 --> 00:16:48 of the planet like how the planet was
00:16:48 --> 00:16:50 formed so by doing all of these
00:16:50 --> 00:16:53 observations and the name of this method
00:16:53 --> 00:16:55 the name of this combination of
00:16:55 --> 00:16:58 photometric data and spectroscopic
00:16:58 --> 00:17:00 spectroscopic data that combination is
00:17:00 --> 00:17:02 called The Rosy M clouding effect and
00:17:02 --> 00:17:03 that's something that we did with new
00:17:03 --> 00:17:05 with the instrument that that chis buil
00:17:05 --> 00:17:07 how do you know where the equator of the
00:17:07 --> 00:17:09 star is are you looking at the star as
00:17:10 --> 00:17:12 it's rotating is that what's letting you
00:17:12 --> 00:17:14 see the different areas of the star
00:17:14 --> 00:17:17 different yeah basically yeah very good
00:17:17 --> 00:17:19 very good yeah it has to do it has to do
00:17:19 --> 00:17:23 with like how the star rotates so so if
00:17:23 --> 00:17:25 the stars are rotating so the equator is
00:17:25 --> 00:17:27 defined by the by the axis of the
00:17:27 --> 00:17:29 rotation and basically
00:17:29 --> 00:17:31 because these are very very big bodies
00:17:31 --> 00:17:33 then what You observe is that when the
00:17:33 --> 00:17:35 the star is rotating one side of the
00:17:35 --> 00:17:37 star is coming towards you and the other
00:17:37 --> 00:17:40 side is going away from you and so the
00:17:40 --> 00:17:42 side that is coming towards you that is
00:17:42 --> 00:17:45 getting closer that's called that's a a
00:17:45 --> 00:17:47 blue shift and the other side is a red
00:17:47 --> 00:17:50 shift so if you are able to measure this
00:17:50 --> 00:17:52 shifts this is called the Doppler effect
00:17:52 --> 00:17:54 so that's kind of like an optical
00:17:54 --> 00:17:56 Doppler effect so you're able to observe
00:17:56 --> 00:17:58 that Optical Doppler effect while the
00:17:58 --> 00:18:01 the planet is moving in front of the
00:18:01 --> 00:18:04 star then you are able to tell like how
00:18:04 --> 00:18:07 the planet is orbiting around the star
00:18:07 --> 00:18:09 if it's doing it in an aligned orbit or
00:18:09 --> 00:18:13 an orbit with 20° or with 40 or with 50
00:18:13 --> 00:18:16 so that's what we call the projected
00:18:16 --> 00:18:18 obliquity is like with respect to the
00:18:18 --> 00:18:20 star in the background the planet
00:18:20 --> 00:18:21 passing in front of the star and you
00:18:21 --> 00:18:25 observing from Earth how is the planet
00:18:25 --> 00:18:27 passing in front is it passing through a
00:18:27 --> 00:18:30 horizontal line completely flat or is it
00:18:30 --> 00:18:32 moving a little bit with an inclination
00:18:32 --> 00:18:34 so that's what we observe with this
00:18:34 --> 00:18:36 effect if it's moving horizontally with
00:18:36 --> 00:18:38 a rotation of the star that would tell
00:18:38 --> 00:18:40 you that it was formed in a planetary
00:18:40 --> 00:18:42 nebula when the star was exactly very
00:18:42 --> 00:18:44 good very at an angle what does that
00:18:44 --> 00:18:46 tell you so if it's moving at an angle
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 then different things there's different
00:18:48 --> 00:18:50 reasons for it but one of the like one
00:18:50 --> 00:18:53 of the best theories we have is called a
00:18:53 --> 00:18:56 high eccentricity tidal migration so
00:18:56 --> 00:18:58 basically when you find that planets are
00:18:58 --> 00:19:00 like set align with the orbit these are
00:19:00 --> 00:19:03 planets that probably like migrated with
00:19:03 --> 00:19:05 the dis so this is called dis migration
00:19:05 --> 00:19:06 which you described before with the
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 planetary of the dis but when you find
00:19:08 --> 00:19:11 that there is an obliquity then you have
00:19:11 --> 00:19:13 a planet that didn't migrate through dis
00:19:13 --> 00:19:16 migration but a planet that instead was
00:19:16 --> 00:19:18 excited by the presence of other bodies
00:19:18 --> 00:19:21 in the system and that that is one of
00:19:21 --> 00:19:22 the reasons why this planet is so
00:19:22 --> 00:19:25 important because so far we only have
00:19:25 --> 00:19:28 one planet that was kind of like a a
00:19:29 --> 00:19:31 potential member of this sample that is
00:19:31 --> 00:19:36 HD a606 B so this planet has a very high
00:19:36 --> 00:19:37 eccentricity to like
00:19:37 --> 00:19:40 0.93 has a very high mass and was the
00:19:40 --> 00:19:41 only one was the only one we didn't have
00:19:41 --> 00:19:43 any other planet in this sample so what
00:19:44 --> 00:19:45 now with this planet we have added an
00:19:45 --> 00:19:48 extra point in the sample showing that
00:19:48 --> 00:19:51 there is a trend between the mass of the
00:19:51 --> 00:19:53 planet and the excentricity of the
00:19:53 --> 00:19:55 planet so what we have found before is
00:19:55 --> 00:19:59 that low mass planets tend to be in
00:19:59 --> 00:20:02 like roughly circular orbits or orbits
00:20:02 --> 00:20:04 with very small eccentricity while
00:20:04 --> 00:20:07 massive planets like HD
00:20:07 --> 00:20:09 80606b or the one that we just found
00:20:09 --> 00:20:11 that are high eccentricity planets
00:20:11 --> 00:20:14 they're also very massive planets and
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 what happens is that this also proves
00:20:16 --> 00:20:19 another thing or it can help us study
00:20:19 --> 00:20:21 another effect of why this is happening
00:20:21 --> 00:20:25 like why why is this dir of planets with
00:20:25 --> 00:20:27 low orbits with a small orbit but that
00:20:27 --> 00:20:29 are not Migra
00:20:29 --> 00:20:31 or becoming hot Jupiters because at the
00:20:31 --> 00:20:32 end of the day that was the whole point
00:20:33 --> 00:20:34 of this investigation of This research
00:20:35 --> 00:20:36 right that these planet that are
00:20:36 --> 00:20:39 undergoing this High eccentricity tidal
00:20:39 --> 00:20:41 migration will eventually become hot
00:20:41 --> 00:20:45 Jupiters why because they are in such
00:20:45 --> 00:20:47 eccentric orbit that when they pass
00:20:47 --> 00:20:49 through the periastron which is the
00:20:49 --> 00:20:51 closest point in the orbit of a planet
00:20:51 --> 00:20:52 to the star when they pass through the
00:20:52 --> 00:20:55 periastron a lot of energy is lost this
00:20:55 --> 00:20:58 orbital energy is stolen by the star so
00:20:58 --> 00:21:00 happens is that with time then the
00:21:00 --> 00:21:02 planet will start processing and the
00:21:02 --> 00:21:04 orbit or the semi major axis of the
00:21:05 --> 00:21:07 planet will shrink so reaching final
00:21:07 --> 00:21:10 orbits of only 10 days or less than that
00:21:10 --> 00:21:12 which is the definition for how Jupiter
00:21:12 --> 00:21:14 so that's why the title of this paper is
00:21:14 --> 00:21:16 called like a a progenitor a hot Jupiter
00:21:16 --> 00:21:19 progenitor because it's a planet that
00:21:19 --> 00:21:22 will become a hot Jupiter eventually now
00:21:22 --> 00:21:24 we know about H Jupiters and we have a
00:21:24 --> 00:21:26 lot of information about them gassi 51
00:21:26 --> 00:21:29 is the best example isn't it yeah yeah
00:21:29 --> 00:21:31 but the problem the problem is that so
00:21:31 --> 00:21:34 far we didn't have a lot of evidence for
00:21:34 --> 00:21:36 this mechanism for the mechanism that I
00:21:36 --> 00:21:38 just described the high eccentricity tit
00:21:38 --> 00:21:40 of migration we didn't have enough
00:21:40 --> 00:21:41 evidence because the evidence for this
00:21:41 --> 00:21:43 mechanism is precisely that you need
00:21:43 --> 00:21:46 like very massive planets with very high
00:21:46 --> 00:21:48 eccentricities and then observing these
00:21:48 --> 00:21:50 planets well enough and long enough so
00:21:50 --> 00:21:52 you can constrain their ephemerate and
00:21:52 --> 00:21:54 then eventually knowing what's going to
00:21:54 --> 00:21:55 happen with this planet so the
00:21:55 --> 00:21:57 prediction that we have with this planet
00:21:57 --> 00:21:59 is that this is a planet that is started
00:21:59 --> 00:22:03 in a very very eccentric orbit also with
00:22:03 --> 00:22:06 a larger semi maor axis so very far from
00:22:06 --> 00:22:10 the Star and eventually because the star
00:22:10 --> 00:22:12 that the planet is orbiting has a binary
00:22:12 --> 00:22:14 companion so there is another star in
00:22:14 --> 00:22:17 the system so that's another requirement
00:22:17 --> 00:22:18 of this mechanism of the high
00:22:18 --> 00:22:20 eccentricity tidal migration mechanism
00:22:20 --> 00:22:23 is that you have a star you have a
00:22:23 --> 00:22:25 planet and there has to be another body
00:22:25 --> 00:22:28 perturbing the orbit of the planet in
00:22:28 --> 00:22:32 some cases that extra companion could be
00:22:32 --> 00:22:34 a planet but in this case it's a star
00:22:34 --> 00:22:36 it's the binary star of the system so
00:22:36 --> 00:22:38 what happens is that you have the star
00:22:38 --> 00:22:41 this planet started very far roughly 10
00:22:41 --> 00:22:44 astronomical units and eventually the
00:22:44 --> 00:22:47 orbit of the planet under goes a
00:22:47 --> 00:22:50 coupling with the binary companion so
00:22:50 --> 00:22:51 what that's what happened to this planet
00:22:51 --> 00:22:53 so the binary companion is starting
00:22:53 --> 00:22:55 perturbing the orbit of the planet so
00:22:55 --> 00:22:57 the planet starts becoming very
00:22:57 --> 00:22:59 eccentric the orbit of the planet
00:22:59 --> 00:23:01 becomes highly highly eccentric and when
00:23:01 --> 00:23:03 it becomes highly eccentric there is a
00:23:03 --> 00:23:05 quantity that decreases the orbital
00:23:05 --> 00:23:07 angular momentum of the planet decreases
00:23:07 --> 00:23:09 that's what we say that the binary
00:23:09 --> 00:23:11 companion is abstracting this angular
00:23:11 --> 00:23:14 momentum from the planet and the
00:23:14 --> 00:23:16 consequence of that is that when the
00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 orbit starts becoming super Ecentric
00:23:18 --> 00:23:21 then you have these close passages of
00:23:21 --> 00:23:23 the planet through the perast so before
00:23:23 --> 00:23:25 you didn't have that but once the orbit
00:23:25 --> 00:23:27 becomes super Ecentric then you have a
00:23:27 --> 00:23:29 planet that is passing really really
00:23:29 --> 00:23:33 close to the star so the star eventually
00:23:33 --> 00:23:35 starts extracting orbital energy and
00:23:35 --> 00:23:38 with each cycle with each pass of the
00:23:38 --> 00:23:40 planet through the periastron more
00:23:40 --> 00:23:43 energy is extracted and more and more
00:23:43 --> 00:23:45 and more and eventually the orbit of the
00:23:46 --> 00:23:48 planet shrinks and you end up with a hot
00:23:48 --> 00:23:51 Jupiter that's Dr Jamie Alvarado Montes
00:23:51 --> 00:23:53 from aquari University Schwab says this
00:23:53 --> 00:23:55 shows that pattern and predictability do
00:23:56 --> 00:23:57 emerge when we view the progress of
00:23:57 --> 00:24:00 celestial bodies over astronomical time
00:24:00 --> 00:24:04 scales Tess is looking for change of the
00:24:04 --> 00:24:06 brightness in the star and it finds
00:24:06 --> 00:24:08 planets by looking at stars and check
00:24:09 --> 00:24:10 you know if a planet goes in front of
00:24:10 --> 00:24:12 the star it will cast a shadow and so
00:24:12 --> 00:24:14 the star goes dimmer for short amount of
00:24:14 --> 00:24:16 time and that's exactly what we saw for
00:24:16 --> 00:24:18 the particular star that the planet that
00:24:18 --> 00:24:20 we're talking about is orbiting but in
00:24:20 --> 00:24:22 the initial Discovery data we only saw
00:24:22 --> 00:24:24 that once so just okay star got dimmer
00:24:24 --> 00:24:26 star got brighter we followed this up
00:24:26 --> 00:24:28 with a groundbased telescope with a
00:24:28 --> 00:24:30 spect I had built that spectrometer
00:24:30 --> 00:24:31 spectrometer is called New it mounted on
00:24:31 --> 00:24:34 the Wind telescope in Arizona I was very
00:24:34 --> 00:24:37 precise instrument and that spectrometer
00:24:37 --> 00:24:39 then looked at data that revealed oh
00:24:39 --> 00:24:41 there's indeed a planet orbiting that
00:24:41 --> 00:24:44 star and once we once we were sure that
00:24:44 --> 00:24:46 it's probably a planet we put more
00:24:46 --> 00:24:48 observing time behind it and started
00:24:48 --> 00:24:51 observing it regularly to really get to
00:24:51 --> 00:24:54 the parameters that planet is having and
00:24:54 --> 00:24:55 once we did this we realized that the
00:24:55 --> 00:24:58 planet is in a very unusual orbit
00:24:58 --> 00:25:00 normally planets in our solar system as
00:25:00 --> 00:25:01 you know they all go around the Sun
00:25:01 --> 00:25:03 basically in a circle little bit of an
00:25:03 --> 00:25:05 ellipse yeah in the plane that we call
00:25:05 --> 00:25:07 the ecliptics all in the same plane
00:25:07 --> 00:25:10 they're all nice and their orbits are
00:25:10 --> 00:25:12 all nice and around now what we saw when
00:25:12 --> 00:25:14 we when we got more data in on this
00:25:14 --> 00:25:16 planet we saw that it's orbiting its
00:25:16 --> 00:25:19 star on a very very elliptical orbit so
00:25:19 --> 00:25:21 it comes very close very fast and it
00:25:21 --> 00:25:23 goes out slows down and comes back goes
00:25:24 --> 00:25:26 very fast around the star very close by
00:25:26 --> 00:25:29 goes back out very far again the objects
00:25:29 --> 00:25:30 in our solar system that do this are
00:25:31 --> 00:25:33 Comet like comets have this thing where
00:25:33 --> 00:25:34 they get very close to the Sun on a very
00:25:34 --> 00:25:37 big orbit and then they leave again and
00:25:37 --> 00:25:38 we don't know planets in our solar
00:25:38 --> 00:25:40 system that do this and so finding one
00:25:40 --> 00:25:43 that is on an orbit that's elliptical as
00:25:43 --> 00:25:44 the one that we here looking at that
00:25:44 --> 00:25:46 comes so close to the star and then goes
00:25:46 --> 00:25:48 so far away again it's it's very rare
00:25:48 --> 00:25:50 and when it gets very close it gets very
00:25:50 --> 00:25:52 hot which is why we call this the hot
00:25:52 --> 00:25:53 Jupiter and we call it hot Jupiter
00:25:54 --> 00:25:55 because the size of the planet is about
00:25:55 --> 00:25:57 five times the size of Jupiter the
00:25:57 --> 00:25:59 largest planet in our own solar system
00:25:59 --> 00:26:02 and an intriguing Discovery there only
00:26:02 --> 00:26:04 two planets of that mass in such an
00:26:04 --> 00:26:06 orbit ever discovered this is the second
00:26:06 --> 00:26:08 one in our own solar system we've seen
00:26:08 --> 00:26:10 something similar with Pluto as it
00:26:10 --> 00:26:12 orbits the Sun at an highly elliptical
00:26:12 --> 00:26:14 and tilted angle and that's being caused
00:26:14 --> 00:26:16 by Neptune so that must have given you
00:26:16 --> 00:26:18 an idea that there was probably that
00:26:18 --> 00:26:20 this was a binary star system and the
00:26:20 --> 00:26:22 second star or or some other object was
00:26:22 --> 00:26:24 affecting the the orbit of the hot
00:26:24 --> 00:26:26 Jupiter yeah so we would call it the
00:26:26 --> 00:26:29 hierarchical triplet system indeed the
00:26:29 --> 00:26:31 host star has a has a companion star and
00:26:31 --> 00:26:33 the companion star with its
00:26:33 --> 00:26:35 gravitational forces with its tidal
00:26:35 --> 00:26:37 forces is disrupting the orbit of that
00:26:37 --> 00:26:39 planet you mention Pluto Pluto sees
00:26:39 --> 00:26:41 similar things from the gravitational
00:26:41 --> 00:26:43 influence of the the planets further in
00:26:43 --> 00:26:46 Neptune and Urus but the effect on this
00:26:46 --> 00:26:48 hot Jupiter here is way more extreme um
00:26:48 --> 00:26:50 Pluto is on a for a Solar System point
00:26:50 --> 00:26:52 of view elliptical orbit but if you look
00:26:52 --> 00:26:54 at this if you look at from Maps it
00:26:54 --> 00:26:57 looks a bit like an egg and not very
00:26:57 --> 00:26:59 very elongated but this one here is
00:26:59 --> 00:27:02 indeed very elongated so the effect is
00:27:02 --> 00:27:03 much more extreme hence the common
00:27:03 --> 00:27:05 analogy it comes in yeah yeah and it
00:27:05 --> 00:27:07 comes in very close to the star as well
00:27:07 --> 00:27:09 and gets very hot which Pluto of course
00:27:09 --> 00:27:11 doesn't do but yeah the we think or
00:27:11 --> 00:27:12 astronomers in general think that those
00:27:13 --> 00:27:14 elliptical orbits are caused by
00:27:14 --> 00:27:16 gravitational forces of the other
00:27:16 --> 00:27:19 heavier bodies in the system this case a
00:27:19 --> 00:27:22 second smaller star that also orbits the
00:27:22 --> 00:27:24 main star and that these gravitational
00:27:24 --> 00:27:26 forces these tidal forces drove the
00:27:26 --> 00:27:29 planet to such an extreme I like the
00:27:29 --> 00:27:31 headline the three body problem when I
00:27:31 --> 00:27:33 studied astronomy the three body problem
00:27:33 --> 00:27:36 terrified me as it does I think most
00:27:36 --> 00:27:40 post most posts this was a good test of
00:27:40 --> 00:27:42 that three body problem because you had
00:27:42 --> 00:27:44 these three primary masses one of them
00:27:44 --> 00:27:45 was being influenced by the other two
00:27:45 --> 00:27:48 yeah I mean the gravitational interplay
00:27:48 --> 00:27:50 between those in this really complex
00:27:50 --> 00:27:53 weird orbit scenario is a complicated
00:27:53 --> 00:27:55 thing and that is indeed the expertise
00:27:55 --> 00:27:58 of of himer who just graduated was my
00:27:58 --> 00:28:00 student he worked on on this so his
00:28:00 --> 00:28:01 expertise is looking at how orbits
00:28:01 --> 00:28:04 develop over time due to the
00:28:04 --> 00:28:06 gravitational pull of the bodies on on
00:28:06 --> 00:28:08 each other my expertise is actually
00:28:08 --> 00:28:10 building the instruments that we cover
00:28:10 --> 00:28:12 these with but but himer has looked at
00:28:12 --> 00:28:14 the orbit and the orbital Evolution so
00:28:14 --> 00:28:16 we don't think that this particular
00:28:16 --> 00:28:18 Planet will stay in this orbit for very
00:28:18 --> 00:28:21 long we think that the orbit we see and
00:28:21 --> 00:28:23 the fact that you know the gravitation
00:28:23 --> 00:28:25 from that second star in the system put
00:28:25 --> 00:28:27 the planet on an orbit that brings it
00:28:27 --> 00:28:29 very close to its is one of the
00:28:29 --> 00:28:30 mechanisms and this is this is
00:28:30 --> 00:28:32 scientifically the exciting part of that
00:28:32 --> 00:28:34 paper we think this is the Smoking Gun
00:28:34 --> 00:28:37 for the mechanism that brings large
00:28:37 --> 00:28:39 planets close to the star we have found
00:28:39 --> 00:28:42 these in fact the very first um Planet
00:28:42 --> 00:28:45 orbiting a main sequence solar type star
00:28:45 --> 00:28:47 is hot Jupiter is a jupiter-like planet
00:28:47 --> 00:28:50 heavy planet with a gas atmosphere that
00:28:50 --> 00:28:52 orbits its star in a very close orbit
00:28:52 --> 00:28:54 now again we don't see this in the solar
00:28:54 --> 00:28:55 system and for a while we didn't
00:28:55 --> 00:28:57 understand how can you form these so
00:28:57 --> 00:28:58 close to the star we actually don't
00:28:58 --> 00:29:00 think you can make these planets very
00:29:00 --> 00:29:02 close to their star it's just too hot it
00:29:02 --> 00:29:04 will evaporate the material off before
00:29:04 --> 00:29:07 you can form a planet that big and so
00:29:07 --> 00:29:09 current thinking is those planets form
00:29:09 --> 00:29:11 far away from their star and then
00:29:11 --> 00:29:13 something must happen that brings them
00:29:13 --> 00:29:15 closer call that orbital migration and
00:29:15 --> 00:29:18 we think that we see here the mechanism
00:29:18 --> 00:29:21 that forces this that the second St the
00:29:21 --> 00:29:23 a mechanism that forces the second star
00:29:23 --> 00:29:25 in the system push that planet on a
00:29:25 --> 00:29:27 weird orbit that brings it close to its
00:29:27 --> 00:29:29 whole star and and tidal forces will
00:29:29 --> 00:29:31 make that orbit less and less and less
00:29:31 --> 00:29:33 eccentric over time more and more and
00:29:33 --> 00:29:35 more around and then will eventually end
00:29:35 --> 00:29:38 up in a close tight orbit around the
00:29:38 --> 00:29:40 primary star the system being a hot
00:29:40 --> 00:29:42 Jupiter in a normal looking orbit and we
00:29:42 --> 00:29:44 see this pil it's happening and so this
00:29:44 --> 00:29:47 is this is exciting from a scientific
00:29:47 --> 00:29:49 standpoint because here we can see okay
00:29:49 --> 00:29:51 how does the orbit actually look like
00:29:51 --> 00:29:52 while this is happening and does it make
00:29:52 --> 00:29:55 sense from how we calculate these three
00:29:55 --> 00:29:57 body problems and how we calculate the
00:29:57 --> 00:29:58 gravitational index action between the
00:29:59 --> 00:30:01 bodies does that fit with what we think
00:30:01 --> 00:30:03 what's happening when those hot Jupiters
00:30:03 --> 00:30:06 are in a way being made that's associate
00:30:06 --> 00:30:08 professor Christian Schwab from mcari
00:30:08 --> 00:30:11 University and this is
00:30:11 --> 00:30:26 [Music]
00:30:26 --> 00:30:28 spacetime and time that is take a brief
00:30:28 --> 00:30:29 look at some of the other stories making
00:30:29 --> 00:30:32 use in science this week with a science
00:30:32 --> 00:30:34 report scientists have confirmed that
00:30:34 --> 00:30:37 2024 was the world's first year with an
00:30:37 --> 00:30:39 average global temperature greater than
00:30:39 --> 00:30:43 1.5° C above pre-industrial levels the
00:30:43 --> 00:30:45 findings reported in the journal Nature
00:30:45 --> 00:30:47 climate change are based on two
00:30:47 --> 00:30:49 independent studies the authors looked
00:30:49 --> 00:30:52 at averages over a 20 to 30e period in
00:30:52 --> 00:30:54 order to allow for exceptionally hot
00:30:54 --> 00:30:56 years they found that the climate data
00:30:56 --> 00:30:58 confirmed temperature average have now
00:30:58 --> 00:31:01 passed long-term historical thresholds
00:31:01 --> 00:31:03 in the first study the authors found
00:31:03 --> 00:31:04 that it was likely that the planet is
00:31:04 --> 00:31:06 currently somewhere in the middle of its
00:31:06 --> 00:31:10 first 20 years of 1.5° C warming the
00:31:10 --> 00:31:12 second study looked at month-to-month
00:31:12 --> 00:31:15 data they say models show 12 consecutive
00:31:15 --> 00:31:18 months above climate thresholds indicate
00:31:18 --> 00:31:20 the threshold had already been reached
00:31:20 --> 00:31:22 keeping planetary temperatures below
00:31:22 --> 00:31:25 1.5° above pre-industrial levels was
00:31:25 --> 00:31:27 also the primary target of the Paris
00:31:27 --> 00:31:30 climate change agreement however only
00:31:30 --> 00:31:32 two of the more than 100 Nations which
00:31:32 --> 00:31:33 signed that agreement have actually
00:31:33 --> 00:31:36 provided a progress report and Australia
00:31:36 --> 00:31:38 was not one of
00:31:38 --> 00:31:40 them meanwhile Australia's Bureau of
00:31:40 --> 00:31:42 meteorology has released its annual
00:31:42 --> 00:31:44 climate statement summarizing weather
00:31:44 --> 00:31:45 and climate in
00:31:45 --> 00:31:48 2024 the report found that last year was
00:31:48 --> 00:31:50 Australia's second hottest on land since
00:31:50 --> 00:31:52 records began back in 1910 and the
00:31:52 --> 00:31:55 hottest year on record globally sea
00:31:55 --> 00:31:57 surface temperatures in the Australian
00:31:57 --> 00:31:59 region as as well as globally were also
00:31:59 --> 00:32:02 the warmest on record interestingly it
00:32:02 --> 00:32:04 was also Australia's eighth wetest year
00:32:04 --> 00:32:07 on record with overall rainfall 28%
00:32:07 --> 00:32:09 above the average however while rainfall
00:32:09 --> 00:32:11 was high in the north partly due to
00:32:11 --> 00:32:13 Tropical Cyclones early in the year it
00:32:13 --> 00:32:15 was much drier than usual in Victoria
00:32:15 --> 00:32:17 parts of South Australia and some parts
00:32:17 --> 00:32:19 of the West leading to reduced water
00:32:19 --> 00:32:22 storage levels in parts of the South the
00:32:22 --> 00:32:24 report also found that Australia's total
00:32:24 --> 00:32:28 water storage volume was just under 73%
00:32:28 --> 00:32:30 at the end of 2024 that's similar to the
00:32:30 --> 00:32:33 previous year and the report also showed
00:32:33 --> 00:32:35 that Australia was affected by low
00:32:35 --> 00:32:37 intensity dis severe heat waves during
00:32:37 --> 00:32:40 both early and late
00:32:40 --> 00:32:42 2024 scientists have found that the best
00:32:42 --> 00:32:44 way to get your dog to pay attention to
00:32:44 --> 00:32:46 something is to both point and stare at
00:32:46 --> 00:32:49 it at the same time the authors track
00:32:49 --> 00:32:51 the Gaze of 20 pet dogs wearing
00:32:51 --> 00:32:53 eyetracking goggles while their owners
00:32:53 --> 00:32:55 tried to get them to pay attention to a
00:32:55 --> 00:32:57 hidden food reward using five different
00:32:57 --> 00:32:58 methods
00:32:58 --> 00:33:00 there was pointing pointing plus gazing
00:33:00 --> 00:33:02 gazing fake throwing and no action at
00:33:02 --> 00:33:05 all a report in the Journal of the
00:33:05 --> 00:33:07 proceedings of the raw Society B found
00:33:07 --> 00:33:09 gestures shifted dog's gazes towards the
00:33:09 --> 00:33:11 owner's hand but when combined with a
00:33:11 --> 00:33:13 directed gaze their attention then
00:33:13 --> 00:33:15 shifted towards the treat the results
00:33:15 --> 00:33:17 show that a combination of pointing and
00:33:17 --> 00:33:19 staring was the most effective way to
00:33:19 --> 00:33:22 alert dogs to a hidden treat of course
00:33:22 --> 00:33:23 accidentally dropping something anything
00:33:23 --> 00:33:26 really onto the kitchen floor works even
00:33:26 --> 00:33:29 better warnings about soothsayers and
00:33:29 --> 00:33:31 witches go back thousands of years to
00:33:31 --> 00:33:34 Biblical times the idea of witches as
00:33:34 --> 00:33:37 evil Servants of Satan was ingrained in
00:33:37 --> 00:33:40 judeo-christian belief the malus malarum
00:33:40 --> 00:33:42 usually translated as the hammer of
00:33:42 --> 00:33:44 witches is the best known treaties about
00:33:44 --> 00:33:46 Witchcraft and often described as the
00:33:46 --> 00:33:48 ultimate compendium of literature on
00:33:48 --> 00:33:51 demonology in the 15th century it was
00:33:51 --> 00:33:53 written by the German Catholic clergyman
00:33:53 --> 00:33:55 hinr Kramer in
00:33:55 --> 00:33:58 1486 years later the Puritans took their
00:33:58 --> 00:34:00 biblical views to colonial America and
00:34:00 --> 00:34:02 the Village of Salem the Salem Witch
00:34:02 --> 00:34:05 Trials were the most famous flasho
00:34:05 --> 00:34:07 culmination of religious extremism
00:34:07 --> 00:34:10 xenophobia social divides and rivalries
00:34:10 --> 00:34:13 between settlers but as Tim menum from
00:34:13 --> 00:34:15 Australian Skeptics points out ties to
00:34:15 --> 00:34:17 Witchcraft and the Supernatural are
00:34:17 --> 00:34:20 common throughout the world obviously
00:34:20 --> 00:34:23 the big witchcraft witch trials in the
00:34:23 --> 00:34:25 it was the 1700s or something in Salem
00:34:25 --> 00:34:27 Massachusetts became a hysteria there
00:34:27 --> 00:34:29 everyone was blaming everyone else
00:34:29 --> 00:34:30 everyone was accusing everyone else of
00:34:30 --> 00:34:31 being a witch and therefore sort of
00:34:31 --> 00:34:34 people did get punished the burning of
00:34:34 --> 00:34:36 witches in history is actually a lot
00:34:36 --> 00:34:38 less common than people often think it
00:34:38 --> 00:34:40 to be in the period of James the first
00:34:40 --> 00:34:42 of England which was what the early
00:34:42 --> 00:34:44 1600s there was a witch finder General
00:34:44 --> 00:34:45 and all this sort of stuff and there was
00:34:45 --> 00:34:46 stories that coming out of so many
00:34:47 --> 00:34:49 witches guy there was a book wasn't
00:34:49 --> 00:34:51 there that helped you find witches in
00:34:51 --> 00:34:53 ter who is a witch and who who yeah
00:34:53 --> 00:34:54 that's right that's right there there
00:34:54 --> 00:34:56 was the various books that that were
00:34:56 --> 00:34:57 around at the time but I mean there were
00:34:57 --> 00:34:59 few were people actually punished for
00:34:59 --> 00:35:01 being witches than the historical image
00:35:01 --> 00:35:02 would suggest and the same is actually
00:35:02 --> 00:35:04 Salem there was a few people involved
00:35:04 --> 00:35:06 but it became a classic story of
00:35:06 --> 00:35:08 Witchcraft then you get alternatives to
00:35:08 --> 00:35:10 Witchcraft like Voodoo and that sort of
00:35:10 --> 00:35:11 thing which you obviously find in
00:35:11 --> 00:35:13 different areas you find it in New
00:35:13 --> 00:35:15 Orleans with a lot of Cajun and
00:35:15 --> 00:35:17 Caribbean sort of religions and
00:35:17 --> 00:35:19 philosophies and those sort of places
00:35:19 --> 00:35:21 and they have Witchcraft and
00:35:21 --> 00:35:23 pins and dolls and all that sort of
00:35:23 --> 00:35:24 stuff so there are various places you
00:35:24 --> 00:35:26 can go to in America to find out about
00:35:26 --> 00:35:28 ancient or historic Witchcraft and
00:35:28 --> 00:35:30 existing current witchcraft witchcraft
00:35:30 --> 00:35:32 is there's white witches of course who
00:35:32 --> 00:35:35 supposedly do good and there's the Wise
00:35:35 --> 00:35:37 Women or wise woman sort of concept of
00:35:37 --> 00:35:39 someone you go see for advice whether
00:35:39 --> 00:35:41 it's herbal advice or whether a potion
00:35:41 --> 00:35:43 or something like that the image of a
00:35:43 --> 00:35:45 witch is like someone who's associated
00:35:45 --> 00:35:47 with Satan and flying broomsticks and
00:35:47 --> 00:35:50 that sort of thing wardian leosa but the
00:35:50 --> 00:35:52 idea of a satanic wit is more story than
00:35:52 --> 00:35:54 real well actually is story rather than
00:35:54 --> 00:35:56 reality and the numbers a lot lower than
00:35:57 --> 00:35:58 you think of off then you would be told
00:35:58 --> 00:36:00 of the movies but you can travel any
00:36:00 --> 00:36:01 place in the world you'll probably find
00:36:01 --> 00:36:03 examples of Witchcraft Australia has
00:36:03 --> 00:36:05 very few as far as I know some of the
00:36:05 --> 00:36:06 people are just called witch because
00:36:07 --> 00:36:08 they're rather unpleasant not because
00:36:08 --> 00:36:10 they do anything particularly magical
00:36:10 --> 00:36:12 but it's one of the examples of things
00:36:12 --> 00:36:14 that a nice myth a nice little Legend a
00:36:14 --> 00:36:17 nice story which is supported by media
00:36:17 --> 00:36:19 in one form or another to make it sound
00:36:19 --> 00:36:21 more exciting and more prevalent in most
00:36:21 --> 00:36:23 cases a which as you know wise woman was
00:36:23 --> 00:36:25 a pretty dull situation just going for
00:36:25 --> 00:36:28 advice hardly controversal woman who
00:36:28 --> 00:36:29 realized that if you had willow bark you
00:36:29 --> 00:36:31 could relieve pain with that and things
00:36:31 --> 00:36:33 like that that's right yeah and
00:36:33 --> 00:36:34 therefore yeah most witches are pretty
00:36:34 --> 00:36:35 mundane if you can call them which
00:36:35 --> 00:36:41 little that's Tim mum from Australian
00:36:41 --> 00:36:53 [Music]
00:36:53 --> 00:36:56 Skeptics and that's the show for now
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