SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 37
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Exciting New Exoplanet Discovery, Evolving Dark Energy, and Insights into the Moon's Magnetic Field
In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover the discovery of a potential new exoplanet, TOI 2818C, located over a thousand light years away in the constellation Papus. This intriguing planetary candidate is estimated to be 10 to 16 times the size of Earth and orbits its host star in less than 16 Earth days. We delve into the innovative transit timing variations method employed by astronomers, which revealed the presence of this companion planet alongside the hot Jupiter TOI 2818b, and discuss the implications for our understanding of planetary formation in hot Jupiter systems.
Dark Energy's Mysterious Evolution
We also explore a groundbreaking study suggesting that dark energy may be evolving over cosmic time scales. Utilizing data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), scientists are piecing together the largest three-dimensional map of the universe, revealing hints that dark energy's influence could be changing. This discovery could challenge current cosmological models and reshape our understanding of the universe's fate.
Dynamic Lunar Magnetic Field
Additionally, we examine findings from China's Chang'e 6 mission, which indicate that the Moon's magnetic field has been more dynamic and lasted longer than previously thought. The analysis of lunar samples reveals a resurgence of the magnetic field around 2.8 billion years ago, suggesting that the Moon's interior remains geologically active, challenging earlier beliefs about its magnetic history.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 37 for broadcast on 26 March 2025
00:49 Discovery of exoplanet TOI 2818C
06:30 Transit timing variations method explained
12:15 Implications for hot Jupiter planetary systems
18:00 Evolving dark energy and the DESI findings
22:45 Insights into the Moon's magnetic field dynamics
27:00 Summary of recent astronomical discoveries
30:15 Discussion on the health impacts of sugary beverages
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✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1538-4357 (https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1538-4357)
Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument
https://www.desi.lbl.gov/ (https://www.desi.lbl.gov/)
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov (https://www.nasa.gov/)
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Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/26285332?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is Spaceime Series 28 episode 37
00:00:03 --> 00:00:05 for broadcast on the 26th of March
00:00:05 --> 00:00:08 2025 coming up on Spaceime a new
00:00:08 --> 00:00:12 exoplanet discovery using a new system a
00:00:12 --> 00:00:14 new study claims dark energy could be
00:00:14 --> 00:00:17 evolving over cosmic time scales and
00:00:17 --> 00:00:19 claims the moon's magnetic field is more
00:00:19 --> 00:00:21 dynamic and lasted far longer than
00:00:21 --> 00:00:24 previously thought all that and more
00:00:24 --> 00:00:27 coming up on Spaceime
00:00:27 --> 00:00:31 welcome to Space Time with Stuart
00:00:31 --> 00:00:39 [Music]
00:00:45 --> 00:00:48 Garry astronomers have discovered a
00:00:48 --> 00:00:50 potential new exoplanet the new
00:00:50 --> 00:00:53 planetary candidate cataloged as TOI
00:00:53 --> 00:00:56 2818C is estimated to be between 10 and
00:00:56 --> 00:00:58 16 times the size of the Earth but with
00:00:58 --> 00:01:01 an orbital period less than 16 Earth
00:01:01 --> 00:01:03 days it was found just over a thousand
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 lighty years away in the planetary
00:01:05 --> 00:01:08 system in the constellation Papus a
00:01:08 --> 00:01:09 report in the Astrophysical Journal
00:01:09 --> 00:01:12 claims the new discovery was made using
00:01:12 --> 00:01:15 transit timing variations these involved
00:01:15 --> 00:01:17 using the timing of a known planet
00:01:17 --> 00:01:19 transiting across the host star to infer
00:01:20 --> 00:01:21 the presence of a second exoplanet in
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 the system after identifying an unusual
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 trend in the movement of the hot Jupiter
00:01:26 --> 00:01:29 planet TOI 2818b the authors ran a
00:01:29 --> 00:01:30 series of model
00:01:30 --> 00:01:33 simulations they pointed to the presence
00:01:33 --> 00:01:35 of a small planetary companion the
00:01:35 --> 00:01:37 study's lead author Ben Monte from the
00:01:37 --> 00:01:39 University of New South Wales says it's
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 rare for hot Jupiters to have other
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 planets near them so this new planet
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 could have serious implications for how
00:01:45 --> 00:01:47 hot Jupiters form and in turn it could
00:01:47 --> 00:01:49 help astronomers understand other
00:01:49 --> 00:01:52 systems an exoplanet is any planet
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 outside our solar system like the
00:01:54 --> 00:01:56 planets in our solar system which orbit
00:01:56 --> 00:01:59 the sun most exoplanets orbit a host
00:01:59 --> 00:02:03 star so far over 5 exoplanets have
00:02:03 --> 00:02:05 been confirmed by NASA but there are
00:02:05 --> 00:02:07 trillions more expected to be out there
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 waiting to be discovered and that's just
00:02:09 --> 00:02:12 in our Milky Way galaxy of the known
00:02:12 --> 00:02:14 exoplanets around 500 are known to be
00:02:14 --> 00:02:17 hot Jupiters these are hot gaseous
00:02:17 --> 00:02:19 worlds like Jupiter but orbiting
00:02:19 --> 00:02:21 extremely close to their host stars
00:02:21 --> 00:02:23 usually each orbit takes just a few
00:02:23 --> 00:02:26 hours or a couple of days at most even
00:02:26 --> 00:02:28 lesser known are companion planets the
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 hot Jupiters planets orbiting the same
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 star as the hot Jupiter one way of
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 hunting exoplanets is known as the
00:02:34 --> 00:02:37 transit method it involves monitoring
00:02:37 --> 00:02:38 planets as they pass in front of a star
00:02:38 --> 00:02:41 as seen from Earth when this happens the
00:02:41 --> 00:02:43 planet briefly blocks out some of the
00:02:43 --> 00:02:46 stars light that dip in stellar light
00:02:46 --> 00:02:47 the regularity of the dip and its
00:02:47 --> 00:02:49 duration can tell astronomers a lot
00:02:49 --> 00:02:52 about the planet's orbit and size and if
00:02:52 --> 00:02:54 it's close enough for a spectra to be
00:02:54 --> 00:02:56 taken scientists can also find out about
00:02:56 --> 00:02:58 the planet's atmosphere possibly even
00:02:58 --> 00:03:01 its composition m says planets usually
00:03:01 --> 00:03:03 make good clocks and an exoplanet's
00:03:03 --> 00:03:05 orbit around a star should remain
00:03:05 --> 00:03:07 reasonably stable ensuring consistent
00:03:07 --> 00:03:10 timing between transits however if you
00:03:10 --> 00:03:12 have more than one planet at play in the
00:03:12 --> 00:03:13 system then the planets will tend to
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 push each other around with their
00:03:15 --> 00:03:17 gravity and that will make each of the
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 planets speed up and slow down just a
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 little bit this means the transits will
00:03:21 --> 00:03:23 arrive slightly earlier or slightly
00:03:23 --> 00:03:25 later than normal and you can then use
00:03:25 --> 00:03:27 that to infer another planet is causing
00:03:27 --> 00:03:30 these timing variations monte colleagues
00:03:30 --> 00:03:31 made their discovery by going through
00:03:32 --> 00:03:33 three years of data from the NASA
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 transiting exoplanet survey satellite
00:03:36 --> 00:03:40 tests one known exoplanet is TOI
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 2818b it was discovered using the
00:03:42 --> 00:03:45 transit method however when analyzing
00:03:45 --> 00:03:46 the data the authors noticed that its
00:03:46 --> 00:03:49 transit dips were not evenly spaced they
00:03:49 --> 00:03:52 were occurring closer together over time
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 something must have been influencing
00:03:54 --> 00:03:56 this planet's orbit and that prompted a
00:03:56 --> 00:03:59 closer investigation the tricky thing is
00:03:59 --> 00:04:00 there are a number of plausible
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 explanations as to why a planet should
00:04:02 --> 00:04:05 arrive early for example tides of the
00:04:05 --> 00:04:07 star itself can impact the gravitational
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 pull on the planet exactly the same as
00:04:09 --> 00:04:10 what we see between the moon and the
00:04:10 --> 00:04:12 earth but when this is the case the
00:04:12 --> 00:04:14 planet is typically spiraling inwards
00:04:14 --> 00:04:17 about to get swallowed by the star that
00:04:17 --> 00:04:18 would make the transits of this planet
00:04:18 --> 00:04:21 arrive earlier and earlier so Monte and
00:04:21 --> 00:04:23 colleagues needed to work through all
00:04:23 --> 00:04:25 the possible variations of explanations
00:04:25 --> 00:04:27 that could cause the timing variation
00:04:27 --> 00:04:30 seen in the data after extensive
00:04:30 --> 00:04:32 examination the only option that fitted
00:04:32 --> 00:04:34 all the observations was the existence
00:04:34 --> 00:04:36 of another planet in the system the
00:04:36 --> 00:04:38 first exoplanets were discovered back in
00:04:38 --> 00:04:41 the mid1 1990s while scientists haven't
00:04:41 --> 00:04:43 yet found an exoplanet that can support
00:04:43 --> 00:04:45 life like the Earth they have identified
00:04:45 --> 00:04:48 a number of Earth-sized rocky exoplanets
00:04:48 --> 00:04:49 some of which are in the habitable zones
00:04:49 --> 00:04:52 of their host stars that's the region
00:04:52 --> 00:04:53 around the star where temperatures would
00:04:53 --> 00:04:56 allow liquid water essential for life as
00:04:56 --> 00:04:58 we know it to exist on a planet's
00:04:58 --> 00:05:01 surface monte says whenever astronomers
00:05:01 --> 00:05:03 find new planets they throw up new
00:05:03 --> 00:05:04 puzzles about how these planets are
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 formed and hot Jupiters are a great
00:05:06 --> 00:05:09 example of that hot Jupiters were the
00:05:09 --> 00:05:11 first exoplanets discovered but
00:05:11 --> 00:05:13 scientists really don't fully understand
00:05:13 --> 00:05:15 exactly how they form or even why
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 they're there we know that when stars
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 have planets and these planets are
00:05:19 --> 00:05:21 transiting so they pass along our line
00:05:21 --> 00:05:22 of sight blocking the star these planets
00:05:22 --> 00:05:25 make excellent clocks they orbit their
00:05:25 --> 00:05:27 stars perfectly in motion every time
00:05:27 --> 00:05:29 they come back around they block the
00:05:29 --> 00:05:31 star in the same way for the same amount
00:05:31 --> 00:05:33 of time and so when that doesn't happen
00:05:33 --> 00:05:35 if these transits are occurring early or
00:05:35 --> 00:05:36 late we know something else is going on
00:05:36 --> 00:05:38 there's something else in the system
00:05:38 --> 00:05:39 that's causing some sort of dynamics to
00:05:39 --> 00:05:41 occur and that's affecting the planet
00:05:41 --> 00:05:43 that we see and so that's exactly what
00:05:43 --> 00:05:44 happened here this is one star that we
00:05:44 --> 00:05:47 knew had a planet already a hot Jupiter
00:05:47 --> 00:05:49 so every 4 days this giant planet went
00:05:49 --> 00:05:51 around the star blocked the light but in
00:05:51 --> 00:05:53 our team working with a PhD student here
00:05:53 --> 00:05:55 Brendan McKe we found that this hot
00:05:55 --> 00:05:57 Jupiter was arriving earlier and earlier
00:05:57 --> 00:05:58 and earlier so it looked like it was
00:05:58 --> 00:06:00 almost spiraling into its host star
00:06:00 --> 00:06:01 which led us to think something else was
00:06:02 --> 00:06:03 going on here to look at the system more
00:06:03 --> 00:06:05 closely and ultimately we're able to
00:06:05 --> 00:06:07 determine that the thing that's going on
00:06:07 --> 00:06:08 is that there's another planet in the
00:06:08 --> 00:06:11 system now this is not unusual a lot of
00:06:11 --> 00:06:14 exoplanets that we find have siblings
00:06:14 --> 00:06:16 orbiting the host star but uh we don't
00:06:16 --> 00:06:18 see that very often with hot Jupiters
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 yeah that's right so we know that most
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 planets are in multiple systems like the
00:06:22 --> 00:06:23 solar system right there's eight planets
00:06:23 --> 00:06:27 here and about 10% of all of the planet
00:06:27 --> 00:06:29 systems that we see have these timing
00:06:29 --> 00:06:31 variations so we see the interactions
00:06:31 --> 00:06:33 between two planets these are typically
00:06:33 --> 00:06:35 planets near what we call a resonance
00:06:35 --> 00:06:38 and so they orbit each other in some
00:06:38 --> 00:06:40 ratio of periods so say 10 days and 20
00:06:40 --> 00:06:42 days or something like that so you get
00:06:42 --> 00:06:44 the same effect of pushing a child on a
00:06:44 --> 00:06:45 swing that every time the two planets
00:06:45 --> 00:06:47 come to each other at the same point in
00:06:47 --> 00:06:48 the orbit they give each other a little
00:06:48 --> 00:06:50 kick and so these little kicks add up
00:06:50 --> 00:06:51 and all of a sudden you get a big
00:06:51 --> 00:06:53 perturbation what is rare is to see this
00:06:54 --> 00:06:56 in a hot Jupiter system there's only
00:06:56 --> 00:06:59 about five or so hot Jupiters that have
00:06:59 --> 00:07:00 any sort of companion that has been
00:07:00 --> 00:07:02 detected meaning another planet and so
00:07:02 --> 00:07:04 this is a fairly small sample that we've
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 added to and these are important because
00:07:06 --> 00:07:07 they help us understand how these hot
00:07:07 --> 00:07:08 Jupiters form we're talking about
00:07:08 --> 00:07:10 something near the hot Jupiter not
00:07:10 --> 00:07:12 something much further out I take it
00:07:12 --> 00:07:14 that's right so we weren't able to
00:07:14 --> 00:07:16 uniquely say exactly where the other
00:07:16 --> 00:07:19 planet is there's a solution at 8 days
00:07:19 --> 00:07:20 so the hot Jupiter goes around every 4
00:07:20 --> 00:07:22 days this other planet could be at 8
00:07:22 --> 00:07:24 days or 12 days or inside of the hot
00:07:24 --> 00:07:26 Jupiter even at 2 days and there's a
00:07:26 --> 00:07:27 solution that works with all of these we
00:07:27 --> 00:07:29 need more data to figure out in which of
00:07:29 --> 00:07:31 these orbits it is but we know that yeah
00:07:31 --> 00:07:33 in a resonance with the hot Jupiter
00:07:33 --> 00:07:35 there's a planet that's probably between
00:07:35 --> 00:07:37 about 5 and 10 Earth masses and that's
00:07:37 --> 00:07:38 all you need to create these
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 pertabbations so it's a small thing it
00:07:40 --> 00:07:41 could have even started perhaps as a
00:07:41 --> 00:07:44 moon of this hot Jupiter and got pulled
00:07:44 --> 00:07:45 away by the tidal forces from the host
00:07:46 --> 00:07:47 star over time it's possible we don't
00:07:47 --> 00:07:48 really know where how where it's formed
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 from there are a lot of questions which
00:07:50 --> 00:07:52 are being raised as a result of this
00:07:52 --> 00:07:54 such as a sort of dynamical forces that
00:07:54 --> 00:07:56 could be involved and you looked at two
00:07:56 --> 00:07:59 hot excitations and another one called
00:07:59 --> 00:08:00 cold migration yeah that's right so
00:08:00 --> 00:08:02 there's two main theories for how hot
00:08:02 --> 00:08:04 Jupiters form we think that in almost
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 all cases they would have formed much
00:08:06 --> 00:08:08 further away from their star like where
00:08:08 --> 00:08:10 Jupiter is in our solar system there's
00:08:10 --> 00:08:12 just not enough material close to a star
00:08:12 --> 00:08:14 early in it life to create a Jupiter so
00:08:14 --> 00:08:15 it forms further away and it moves in
00:08:16 --> 00:08:17 and there's two different ways that
00:08:17 --> 00:08:19 could happen one is that it moves very
00:08:19 --> 00:08:21 smoothly through the protolanetary disc
00:08:21 --> 00:08:22 when the system is young and just
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 migrates in in a very calm way we call
00:08:24 --> 00:08:26 this cold migration and the second one
00:08:26 --> 00:08:28 is warm or hot migration where there's
00:08:28 --> 00:08:30 some sort of interaction and say two
00:08:30 --> 00:08:32 giant planets nearly collide with each
00:08:32 --> 00:08:34 other kicks one into a big orbit that
00:08:34 --> 00:08:36 eventually spirals inwards towards a
00:08:36 --> 00:08:38 star and so that's a much more dynamic
00:08:38 --> 00:08:40 process probably perturbs everything
00:08:40 --> 00:08:42 else in the disc we would expect if that
00:08:42 --> 00:08:45 was common then these planets typically
00:08:45 --> 00:08:46 wouldn't have other planets in the
00:08:46 --> 00:08:47 system they would all get ejected
00:08:48 --> 00:08:50 through this exciting process where cold
00:08:50 --> 00:08:52 migration would preserve planets along
00:08:52 --> 00:08:53 the way they just kind of smoothly
00:08:53 --> 00:08:55 migrated with a hot Jupiter and so the
00:08:55 --> 00:08:57 more hot Jupiters we can find with
00:08:57 --> 00:08:59 companions or rule out companions with
00:09:00 --> 00:09:02 that can help us understand how common
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 these two different methods are we don't
00:09:04 --> 00:09:05 think it's strictly one or strictly the
00:09:05 --> 00:09:07 other we think both happen at different
00:09:07 --> 00:09:08 amounts of time it's just a matter of
00:09:08 --> 00:09:10 then trying to figure out how common
00:09:10 --> 00:09:12 each one is and so this and other
00:09:12 --> 00:09:14 planets like this will help us really
00:09:14 --> 00:09:15 understand how common cold migration is
00:09:16 --> 00:09:17 that doesn't just work for distant
00:09:17 --> 00:09:19 exoplanets we can employ that same
00:09:19 --> 00:09:21 technique to try and find out more about
00:09:21 --> 00:09:22 our own solar system because if you look
00:09:22 --> 00:09:25 at the nice model we think that's how
00:09:25 --> 00:09:28 our Jupiter and behind it Saturn acted
00:09:28 --> 00:09:29 in the early days of the solar system
00:09:30 --> 00:09:31 they moved inwards a little bit and then
00:09:31 --> 00:09:33 migrated back outwards again yeah
00:09:33 --> 00:09:35 absolutely this isn't a theory that was
00:09:35 --> 00:09:37 developed recently the theory that goes
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 back to our own solar system and a lot
00:09:39 --> 00:09:40 of what we think we understand about
00:09:40 --> 00:09:41 planet formation comes from our solar
00:09:41 --> 00:09:43 system the nice model and then the grand
00:09:43 --> 00:09:45 tac model which kind of built on the
00:09:45 --> 00:09:47 niece model both predict that Jupiter
00:09:47 --> 00:09:49 and Saturn all that the planets would
00:09:49 --> 00:09:51 have moved around quite a bit in the
00:09:51 --> 00:09:52 early solar system because of
00:09:52 --> 00:09:54 interactions with the protolanetary disc
00:09:54 --> 00:09:56 when the system was young we're talking
00:09:56 --> 00:09:58 the first 10 20 30 million years of the
00:09:58 --> 00:10:00 solar systems life and so that is
00:10:00 --> 00:10:02 certainly something that the exos solar
00:10:02 --> 00:10:04 systems resemble in many ways and as
00:10:04 --> 00:10:07 Jupiter moved inwards it did two things
00:10:07 --> 00:10:09 one it flung a lot of material into the
00:10:09 --> 00:10:11 outer part of the solar system but at
00:10:11 --> 00:10:12 the same time it also caused the
00:10:12 --> 00:10:15 compression of protolanetary material
00:10:15 --> 00:10:16 that was already in front of it that is
00:10:16 --> 00:10:19 towards the sun and that helped form
00:10:19 --> 00:10:21 Mercury Venus Mars and the Earth yeah
00:10:21 --> 00:10:23 what what we really need for planets to
00:10:23 --> 00:10:26 form is a change in density if you have
00:10:26 --> 00:10:28 everything just in a disc and it's all
00:10:28 --> 00:10:29 uniform you don't really get the
00:10:30 --> 00:10:31 interactions that you need for stuff to
00:10:31 --> 00:10:32 clump together to start forming a planet
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 you need stuff to move past each other
00:10:34 --> 00:10:35 and then thing you know different
00:10:35 --> 00:10:37 material gets caught either just through
00:10:37 --> 00:10:39 electrostatic forces or through gravity
00:10:39 --> 00:10:40 and then you start building little
00:10:40 --> 00:10:42 clumps that get bigger and bigger in
00:10:42 --> 00:10:43 time and so anything you can do to speed
00:10:43 --> 00:10:45 up that process helps this the
00:10:45 --> 00:10:47 protolanetary disc only lasts a few
00:10:47 --> 00:10:48 million years so you need to form your
00:10:48 --> 00:10:50 planets quickly and so if you can have
00:10:50 --> 00:10:52 giant planets moving around causing
00:10:52 --> 00:10:54 clumps causing over dense regions
00:10:54 --> 00:10:56 causing material to just shift its orbit
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 a little bit to bump into new stuff that
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 really helps you form planets more
00:11:00 --> 00:11:02 quickly and more effectively before your
00:11:02 --> 00:11:04 protolanetary disc dissipates so where
00:11:04 --> 00:11:07 to now with this research so uh there's
00:11:07 --> 00:11:10 still a lot of planets to be
00:11:10 --> 00:11:12 characterized with TESS tess has now
00:11:12 --> 00:11:14 been observe observing for just over
00:11:14 --> 00:11:17 five years so the baseline how long we
00:11:17 --> 00:11:19 have data for is longer than the Kepler
00:11:19 --> 00:11:20 mission so we can start looking at
00:11:20 --> 00:11:22 systems and seeing more subtle dynamical
00:11:22 --> 00:11:23 effects that you couldn't see with
00:11:23 --> 00:11:25 Kepler because the time scale wasn't
00:11:25 --> 00:11:26 long enough the machine the the mission
00:11:26 --> 00:11:28 only went for four years uh we can now
00:11:28 --> 00:11:31 start seeing in TESS it also is all sky
00:11:31 --> 00:11:33 so where Kepler was only one field of
00:11:33 --> 00:11:35 view tess is reobserving across the
00:11:35 --> 00:11:37 whole sky and so there's a lot of data a
00:11:37 --> 00:11:38 lot of hot Jupiters that haven't even
00:11:38 --> 00:11:40 been discovered yet in test because
00:11:40 --> 00:11:41 there's just so much data to sift
00:11:41 --> 00:11:43 through that not only will we be able to
00:11:43 --> 00:11:45 find thousands of these things they're
00:11:45 --> 00:11:47 big signals giant planets close to their
00:11:47 --> 00:11:48 stars but we're going to have this
00:11:48 --> 00:11:50 manyear baseline to start looking at the
00:11:50 --> 00:11:51 dynamics of these so it's a really
00:11:51 --> 00:11:54 exciting time to be working on this
00:11:54 --> 00:11:56 because the data is just so rich and
00:11:56 --> 00:11:58 every month becomes richer so that's one
00:11:58 --> 00:11:59 aspect that we're excited about we're
00:11:59 --> 00:12:03 also going on into the dynamics of
00:12:03 --> 00:12:05 planets around binary stars so in the
00:12:05 --> 00:12:07 same way that we can have perturbations
00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 when a planet interacts with another
00:12:09 --> 00:12:10 planet if there's two stars like
00:12:10 --> 00:12:13 canonically Tatooine from Star Wars if
00:12:13 --> 00:12:14 you have two stars with a planet going
00:12:14 --> 00:12:16 around it you'll see interactions
00:12:16 --> 00:12:18 between those three objects together and
00:12:18 --> 00:12:21 so we can measure the two eclipses very
00:12:21 --> 00:12:23 well over lots of different telescopes
00:12:23 --> 00:12:24 lots of different data sets going back
00:12:24 --> 00:12:26 decades combining those together to look
00:12:26 --> 00:12:27 for really subtle signals that are the
00:12:27 --> 00:12:29 sign of a planet and so our next big
00:12:29 --> 00:12:31 project is trying to find circum planets
00:12:31 --> 00:12:33 around binary stars that's senior
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 lecturer Ben Monte from the University
00:12:35 --> 00:12:39 of New South Wales and this is spacetime
00:12:39 --> 00:12:41 still to come a new study claims dark
00:12:41 --> 00:12:43 energy could be evolving over cosmic
00:12:43 --> 00:12:45 time and the reclaims the moon's
00:12:45 --> 00:12:48 magnetic field has lasted far longer
00:12:48 --> 00:12:50 than expected all that and more still to
00:12:50 --> 00:12:59 come on Spaceime
00:12:59 --> 00:13:07 [Music]
00:13:07 --> 00:13:09 A new study suggests that the mysterious
00:13:09 --> 00:13:11 force known as dark energy may be
00:13:11 --> 00:13:14 evolving changing how it will affect the
00:13:14 --> 00:13:16 ultimate fate of our universe the
00:13:16 --> 00:13:18 findings come from the dark energy
00:13:18 --> 00:13:20 spectroscopic instrument DESI a survey
00:13:20 --> 00:13:22 putting together the largest
00:13:22 --> 00:13:23 three-dimensional map of the universe
00:13:23 --> 00:13:26 ever made it's designed to track dark
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28 energy's influence over the past 11
00:13:28 --> 00:13:31 billion years the new observations
00:13:31 --> 00:13:32 reported on the pre-press physics
00:13:32 --> 00:13:35 website archive.org are showing hints
00:13:35 --> 00:13:37 that dark energy widely thought to be a
00:13:37 --> 00:13:39 cosmological constant might actually be
00:13:39 --> 00:13:41 evolving over time and in unexpected
00:13:41 --> 00:13:44 ways desi is an international experiment
00:13:44 --> 00:13:46 with more than 900 scientists from over
00:13:46 --> 00:13:49 70 institutions around the world and
00:13:49 --> 00:13:50 it's managed by the United States
00:13:50 --> 00:13:52 Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley
00:13:52 --> 00:13:55 National Laboratory desi scientist Alexi
00:13:55 --> 00:13:57 Laund from the University of California
00:13:57 --> 00:13:59 Santa Cruz says the findings are
00:13:59 --> 00:14:02 extremely intriguing they suggest that
00:14:02 --> 00:14:04 science is on the cusp of a major
00:14:04 --> 00:14:05 discovery about dark energy and the
00:14:05 --> 00:14:08 fundamental nature of the universe taken
00:14:08 --> 00:14:11 alone Desi's data are consistent with
00:14:11 --> 00:14:13 the standard model of the universe the
00:14:13 --> 00:14:16 so-called lambda cold dark matter theory
00:14:16 --> 00:14:17 however when paired with other
00:14:18 --> 00:14:19 measurements there are mounting
00:14:19 --> 00:14:21 indications that the impact of dark
00:14:21 --> 00:14:23 energy may be weakening over time and
00:14:23 --> 00:14:25 that other models may actually be a
00:14:25 --> 00:14:27 better fit now those other measurements
00:14:27 --> 00:14:29 include the light left over from the
00:14:29 --> 00:14:31 dawn of the universe known as the cosmic
00:14:31 --> 00:14:34 microwave background radiation or CMB
00:14:34 --> 00:14:36 others include exploding stars known as
00:14:37 --> 00:14:39 supernova and how light from distant
00:14:39 --> 00:14:42 galaxies warp by gravity known as weak
00:14:42 --> 00:14:44 lensing the findings suggest astronomers
00:14:44 --> 00:14:46 need to modify their standard model of
00:14:46 --> 00:14:48 cosmology in order to make these
00:14:48 --> 00:14:51 different data sets make sense together
00:14:51 --> 00:14:53 so far the preference for evolving dark
00:14:53 --> 00:14:55 energy hasn't risen to five sigma that's
00:14:56 --> 00:14:57 the gold standard in physics that
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 represents the threshold of a new
00:14:59 --> 00:15:01 discovery however different combinations
00:15:01 --> 00:15:03 of the desi data with the cosmic
00:15:03 --> 00:15:05 microwave background weak lensing and
00:15:05 --> 00:15:08 supernova data sets range from 2.8 to
00:15:08 --> 00:15:11 4.2 sigma and anything above a three
00:15:11 --> 00:15:14 sigma event has a 0.3% chance of being a
00:15:14 --> 00:15:17 statistical fluke nevertheless many
00:15:17 --> 00:15:19 three sigma events do fade away as more
00:15:19 --> 00:15:22 data becomes available desi is one of
00:15:22 --> 00:15:24 the most extensive surveys of the cosmos
00:15:24 --> 00:15:26 ever conducted the state-of-the-art
00:15:26 --> 00:15:28 instrument which captured light from
00:15:28 --> 00:15:31 5 galaxies simultaneously is now in
00:15:31 --> 00:15:33 its fourth of 5 years of surveying the
00:15:33 --> 00:15:35 skies and there are plans to measure
00:15:35 --> 00:15:37 approximately 50 million galaxies and
00:15:37 --> 00:15:40 quazars by the time the project ends the
00:15:40 --> 00:15:43 new analysis uses data from the first 3
00:15:43 --> 00:15:44 years of observations and includes
00:15:44 --> 00:15:47 nearly 15 million of the best measured
00:15:47 --> 00:15:50 galaxies and quazars it's a major leap
00:15:50 --> 00:15:51 forward improving the experiment's
00:15:51 --> 00:15:53 precision with a data set that more than
00:15:53 --> 00:15:55 doubles what was used in Desi's first
00:15:55 --> 00:15:57 analysis which also hinted at an
00:15:57 --> 00:16:00 evolving dark energy and it's not just
00:16:00 --> 00:16:02 that the data continues to show a
00:16:02 --> 00:16:04 preference for evolving dark energy but
00:16:04 --> 00:16:06 that the evidence is becoming stronger
00:16:06 --> 00:16:09 and stronger now than what it was before
00:16:09 --> 00:16:11 desi tracks dark energy's influence by
00:16:11 --> 00:16:14 studying how matter is spread across the
00:16:14 --> 00:16:16 universe see events in the very early
00:16:16 --> 00:16:19 universe left subtle patterns in how the
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 matter is distributed through space it's
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 a feature which scientists refer to as
00:16:23 --> 00:16:25 barionic acoustic
00:16:25 --> 00:16:28 oscillations that pattern is providing a
00:16:28 --> 00:16:30 cosmic scale standard ruler with its
00:16:30 --> 00:16:32 size at different times directly
00:16:32 --> 00:16:35 affecting how the universe is expanding
00:16:35 --> 00:16:36 by measuring the ruler at different
00:16:36 --> 00:16:38 distances it shows scientists the
00:16:38 --> 00:16:41 strength of dark energy through history
00:16:41 --> 00:16:42 as the data is getting more and more
00:16:42 --> 00:16:44 precise astronomers are finding
00:16:44 --> 00:16:46 potential cracks in the model and
00:16:46 --> 00:16:47 they're realizing they may need
00:16:47 --> 00:16:50 something new in order to explain all
00:16:50 --> 00:16:52 the results when they're put together
00:16:52 --> 00:16:54 it's a fascinating puzzle and needless
00:16:54 --> 00:16:56 to say we'll keep you informed with what
00:16:56 --> 00:17:00 they find this is spaceime still to come
00:17:00 --> 00:17:03 claims the moon's magnetic field lasted
00:17:03 --> 00:17:04 longer than expected and later in the
00:17:04 --> 00:17:06 science report a new study warns that
00:17:06 --> 00:17:08 sugary beverages may be increasing a
00:17:08 --> 00:17:11 woman's risk of mouth cancer all that
00:17:11 --> 00:17:29 and more still to come on Spaceime
00:17:29 --> 00:17:31 new data released by Beijing from its
00:17:31 --> 00:17:33 Changi 6 sample return mission to the
00:17:33 --> 00:17:35 far side of the moon has shown evidence
00:17:35 --> 00:17:36 of what appears to have been a
00:17:36 --> 00:17:38 significant resurgence of the moon's
00:17:38 --> 00:17:41 magnetic field about 2.8 billion years
00:17:41 --> 00:17:43 ago the findings are offering new
00:17:43 --> 00:17:45 insights into the dynamic history of the
00:17:45 --> 00:17:47 lunar magnetic field and consequently
00:17:47 --> 00:17:50 its impact on the moon's interior and
00:17:50 --> 00:17:53 surface evolution china's Changi 6
00:17:53 --> 00:17:54 mission was launched back on May the 3rd
00:17:54 --> 00:17:56 last year from the Wing Chang satellite
00:17:56 --> 00:17:59 launch center on Hinan Island its lander
00:17:59 --> 00:18:02 and rover touched down on the lunar far
00:18:02 --> 00:18:04 side on June the 1st the lander's
00:18:04 --> 00:18:06 robotic scoop and drill then took
00:18:06 --> 00:18:08 samples of the lunar regular total mass
00:18:08 --> 00:18:10 of
00:18:10 --> 00:18:13 1.3 g these were placed into an
00:18:13 --> 00:18:15 ascent module which was then launched
00:18:15 --> 00:18:17 back into lunar orbit where it rendevous
00:18:17 --> 00:18:18 with the orbiter module and was
00:18:18 --> 00:18:20 transferred to an atmospheric re-entry
00:18:20 --> 00:18:22 module for the return to earth the
00:18:22 --> 00:18:24 samples have provided the first basaltic
00:18:24 --> 00:18:26 rocks and regular from the moon's far
00:18:26 --> 00:18:29 side in the process filling a crucial
00:18:29 --> 00:18:30 gap in science's understanding of the
00:18:30 --> 00:18:33 lunar magnetic field's history see
00:18:33 --> 00:18:35 previous studies based on samples from
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 the lunar knee side were able to put
00:18:37 --> 00:18:39 together a general timeline of the
00:18:39 --> 00:18:41 moon's magnetic field but they left out
00:18:41 --> 00:18:44 key uncertainties about its evolution
00:18:44 --> 00:18:46 the new research has undertaken
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 paleomagnetic analysis of the samples
00:18:48 --> 00:18:49 measuring the ancient magnetic field
00:18:50 --> 00:18:52 strength ranging from 5 to 21
00:18:52 --> 00:18:54 microteslas the findings show a
00:18:54 --> 00:18:56 resurgence in magnetic field intensity
00:18:56 --> 00:19:00 at 2.8 billion years that follows a
00:19:00 --> 00:19:02 decline around 3.1 billion years ago the
00:19:02 --> 00:19:04 findings challenge the previous
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 hypothesis that the lunar dynamo
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 weakened after 3 billion years and the
00:19:08 --> 00:19:10 lunar core solidified and has remained
00:19:10 --> 00:19:12 inactive ever since the authors believe
00:19:12 --> 00:19:14 the magnetic revival could have been
00:19:14 --> 00:19:16 driven by a basaltic magma ocean or
00:19:16 --> 00:19:18 possibly processional forces with
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 potential contributions from core
00:19:20 --> 00:19:22 crystallization
00:19:22 --> 00:19:24 now it all suggests that the moon's
00:19:24 --> 00:19:25 interior has remained geologically
00:19:25 --> 00:19:27 active for far longer than originally
00:19:27 --> 00:19:29 thought and that suggests significant
00:19:29 --> 00:19:31 fluctuations in the lunar magnetic field
00:19:31 --> 00:19:34 between 3.5 and 2.8 billion years ago
00:19:34 --> 00:19:37 all as a result of a highly unstable
00:19:37 --> 00:19:39 dynamo during this period it's a
00:19:40 --> 00:19:42 fascinating discovery and changes our
00:19:42 --> 00:19:45 understanding of the moon's history this
00:19:45 --> 00:19:46 is spaceime
00:19:46 --> 00:20:02 [Music]
00:20:02 --> 00:20:04 and time now to take another brief look
00:20:04 --> 00:20:05 at some of the other stories making news
00:20:05 --> 00:20:07 in science this week with the science
00:20:07 --> 00:20:09 report a new study has found that
00:20:09 --> 00:20:11 consuming lots of sugary beverages may
00:20:11 --> 00:20:13 increase a woman's risk of mouth cancer
00:20:13 --> 00:20:16 regardless of whether or not they smoke
00:20:16 --> 00:20:18 the findings reported in the Journal of
00:20:18 --> 00:20:20 the American Medical Association looked
00:20:20 --> 00:20:22 at data on
00:20:22 --> 00:20:25 162,62 women 124 of whom developed mouth
00:20:25 --> 00:20:27 cancer over 30 years of follow-up
00:20:27 --> 00:20:30 studies overall women who drank one or
00:20:30 --> 00:20:33 more sugary beverages per day were 4.87
00:20:33 --> 00:20:35 times more likely to develop mouth
00:20:35 --> 00:20:37 cancer than those who consumed less than
00:20:37 --> 00:20:40 one sugary drink a month now that's
00:20:40 --> 00:20:41 equivalent to an extra three cases of
00:20:42 --> 00:20:44 mouth cancer for every 100 people
00:20:44 --> 00:20:46 when heavy smokers were excluded the
00:20:46 --> 00:20:48 increased risk from sugary drinks was
00:20:48 --> 00:20:50 even higher with women who drank one or
00:20:50 --> 00:20:53 more drinks per day at 5.46 times the
00:20:53 --> 00:20:55 risk of mouth cancer compared to women
00:20:55 --> 00:20:57 who drank less than one drink per month
00:20:57 --> 00:20:59 the authors say the findings may reveal
00:20:59 --> 00:21:01 a previously unknown cause of mouth
00:21:01 --> 00:21:03 cancer in women and so further studies
00:21:03 --> 00:21:05 should look to see if the same thing is
00:21:05 --> 00:21:07 true among men
00:21:08 --> 00:21:10 a new study claims agricultural drought
00:21:10 --> 00:21:12 is likely to become harder to predict as
00:21:12 --> 00:21:14 the world continues to heat up the
00:21:14 --> 00:21:16 findings reported in the journal Nature
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 Climate Change is based on statistics
00:21:18 --> 00:21:20 and computer simulations showing that
00:21:20 --> 00:21:23 predictability of droughts may decrease
00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 by more than 70% if the world warms to
00:21:25 --> 00:21:29 either 2° or 3° C above pre-industrial
00:21:29 --> 00:21:32 levels it shows Australia is one of the
00:21:32 --> 00:21:34 most affected regions in the world along
00:21:34 --> 00:21:37 with North America Amazonia Europe and
00:21:37 --> 00:21:39 both Eastern and Southern Asia the
00:21:39 --> 00:21:40 authors say this decrease in
00:21:40 --> 00:21:43 predictability is due to changes in the
00:21:43 --> 00:21:44 soil as well as the interactions between
00:21:44 --> 00:21:46 the land and the air and increasingly
00:21:46 --> 00:21:49 dry conditions more
00:21:49 --> 00:21:51 generally a new study warns that less
00:21:51 --> 00:21:54 than half the claims made about ADHD
00:21:54 --> 00:21:56 symptoms in popular Tik Tok videos align
00:21:56 --> 00:21:58 with current scientific and clinical
00:21:58 --> 00:22:00 standards the findings are reported in
00:22:00 --> 00:22:02 the journal plus one assessed the
00:22:02 --> 00:22:04 content of more than a 100 of the most
00:22:04 --> 00:22:06 popular Tik Tok videos with a hashtag
00:22:06 --> 00:22:09 ADHD they found that less than half of
00:22:09 --> 00:22:11 the videos claims about ADHD were
00:22:11 --> 00:22:14 accurate they then asked 843
00:22:14 --> 00:22:16 undergraduate students about their Tik
00:22:16 --> 00:22:18 Tok ADHD viewing habits and what videos
00:22:18 --> 00:22:21 they would recommend students either
00:22:21 --> 00:22:23 formally or self-dagnosed with ADHD
00:22:23 --> 00:22:26 reported watching #ADHD Tik Toks more
00:22:26 --> 00:22:28 frequently than students who didn't have
00:22:28 --> 00:22:30 ADHD and those who watched those videos
00:22:30 --> 00:22:32 were more likely to say they would
00:22:32 --> 00:22:33 recommend them regardless of how
00:22:34 --> 00:22:36 accurate they really were while the
00:22:36 --> 00:22:37 authors acknowledge social media can
00:22:37 --> 00:22:39 provide useful information and a sense
00:22:39 --> 00:22:42 of community for those with ADHD they
00:22:42 --> 00:22:44 often don't match expert opinion and
00:22:44 --> 00:22:47 could lead to people overestimating ADHD
00:22:47 --> 00:22:49 prevalence and think more negatively
00:22:49 --> 00:22:50 about their own
00:22:50 --> 00:22:53 symptoms lg and Samsung have just
00:22:53 --> 00:22:56 released their latest high-tech TVs with
00:22:56 --> 00:22:57 the details we're joined by technology
00:22:57 --> 00:23:01 editor Alex Harro from techadvice.life
00:23:01 --> 00:23:04 i just saw LG's 2025 range that go from
00:23:04 --> 00:23:05 smaller TVs that also work beautifully
00:23:05 --> 00:23:08 as monitors you know 32 in all the way
00:23:08 --> 00:23:10 through to 100in TVs i mean there was an
00:23:10 --> 00:23:13 80in transparent LED all that stuff
00:23:13 --> 00:23:15 we've seen in science fiction but one of
00:23:15 --> 00:23:17 the TVs that LG has been working on for
00:23:17 --> 00:23:18 some years as well as their market
00:23:18 --> 00:23:21 leading OLED where each pixel is its own
00:23:22 --> 00:23:23 light source and you can have ultimate
00:23:23 --> 00:23:25 blacks because everything is switched
00:23:25 --> 00:23:27 off there's no light shining through a
00:23:27 --> 00:23:29 liquid crystal display that then has to
00:23:29 --> 00:23:31 show black and then also have light
00:23:31 --> 00:23:33 going through it qet is quantum dot and
00:23:33 --> 00:23:36 nano cell technologies and these use
00:23:36 --> 00:23:39 mini LED backlighting to create a um
00:23:39 --> 00:23:41 vibrant picture now there are different
00:23:41 --> 00:23:44 levels of this QNET technology lg uses a
00:23:44 --> 00:23:46 branding called EVO to denote the higher
00:23:46 --> 00:23:48 quality versions of its technologies and
00:23:48 --> 00:23:52 when I saw a QLED and then an QLED Evo
00:23:52 --> 00:23:53 side by side well you can see that the
00:23:53 --> 00:23:56 EVO version had even more rich colors it
00:23:56 --> 00:23:58 was able to display even more colors
00:23:58 --> 00:24:00 than the cheaper version but this is all
00:24:00 --> 00:24:03 in the aim of giving consumers a modern
00:24:03 --> 00:24:05 television with all the streaming and
00:24:05 --> 00:24:07 all the apps that you expect now one of
00:24:07 --> 00:24:09 the things that LG is doing is they're
00:24:09 --> 00:24:12 offering 5 years of updates for the
00:24:12 --> 00:24:15 television operating system this is
00:24:15 --> 00:24:16 important because just like when you buy
00:24:16 --> 00:24:18 a phone it has all sorts of security and
00:24:18 --> 00:24:20 feature updates and you know you get the
00:24:20 --> 00:24:22 next version of iOS or the next version
00:24:22 --> 00:24:24 of Android and you've got new features
00:24:24 --> 00:24:25 and also as we were saying before
00:24:26 --> 00:24:28 importantly security updates so this is
00:24:28 --> 00:24:29 important for TVs because if your TV's
00:24:29 --> 00:24:31 stuck you had it for 5 years and you
00:24:31 --> 00:24:32 can't update it anymore maybe
00:24:32 --> 00:24:34 vulnerabilities i mean there's a reason
00:24:34 --> 00:24:35 why they don't have the little cameras
00:24:35 --> 00:24:37 on televisions anymore now they have
00:24:37 --> 00:24:38 microphones now again because you can
00:24:38 --> 00:24:40 now talk to your TVs and get it to
00:24:40 --> 00:24:41 change channels or change brightness or
00:24:42 --> 00:24:44 improve the vocal track so the voices
00:24:44 --> 00:24:46 are louder but if your TV is several
00:24:46 --> 00:24:48 years old can have vulnerabilities now
00:24:48 --> 00:24:51 Samsung has also come out with its new
00:24:51 --> 00:24:53 range of OLED TVs and Samsung is the
00:24:53 --> 00:24:55 other company that's making OLEDs and
00:24:55 --> 00:24:58 these TVs come with 7 years of security
00:24:58 --> 00:25:00 and OS updates it's really sad but isn't
00:25:00 --> 00:25:02 it in the olden days in the days of
00:25:02 --> 00:25:05 cathode ray tubes you'd buy a TV it last
00:25:05 --> 00:25:07 you 20 years or so and uh you'd only
00:25:07 --> 00:25:10 upgrade when color TV came out or when
00:25:10 --> 00:25:12 we moved to flat screens well in a way
00:25:12 --> 00:25:14 it's the same because flat screens from
00:25:14 --> 00:25:16 10 years ago a lot of them wouldn't
00:25:16 --> 00:25:17 necessarily have had internet
00:25:17 --> 00:25:18 connections or you would have had to
00:25:18 --> 00:25:21 have plugged in an Ethernet cable or
00:25:21 --> 00:25:23 Wi-Fi and that can be turned off so the
00:25:23 --> 00:25:25 TV the flat screen TV is still a flat
00:25:25 --> 00:25:27 screen TV it'll still pick up free toear
00:25:27 --> 00:25:29 channels it might have some measure of
00:25:29 --> 00:25:30 internet connectivity but if that is
00:25:30 --> 00:25:33 turned off the TV cannot be hacked into
00:25:33 --> 00:25:35 so it still can do what it can do but it
00:25:35 --> 00:25:37 just misses out on the newer features it
00:25:37 --> 00:25:39 does and the benefit of being able to
00:25:39 --> 00:25:41 plug an Amazon Fire Stick or a Google
00:25:41 --> 00:25:44 Stream Box or an Apple TV is that that
00:25:44 --> 00:25:46 is then on HDMI 1 or whichever HDMI
00:25:46 --> 00:25:47 you've got and this could also be like
00:25:47 --> 00:25:50 for a Fox box as well and you are using
00:25:50 --> 00:25:52 that as the TV operating system because
00:25:52 --> 00:25:54 it's plugged into an HDMI source so
00:25:54 --> 00:25:56 you're sort of bypassing any of the
00:25:56 --> 00:25:58 smarts in the TV at all and you're
00:25:58 --> 00:25:59 offloading it all to whatever's plugged
00:25:59 --> 00:26:01 into the HDMI port and that device is
00:26:01 --> 00:26:03 connected to the internet and that
00:26:03 --> 00:26:04 device is getting updates that's Alex
00:26:04 --> 00:26:09 Aarov from techadvice.life
00:26:09 --> 00:26:22 [Music]
00:26:22 --> 00:26:25 and that's the show for now spacetime is
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