Source:
https://www.spreaker.com/episode/galactic-giants-ancient-microbes-and-vulcan-s-triumphant-flight--62355591
SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 124
*Galaxies: Bigger Than We Ever Imagined
Recent findings suggest that galaxies are far larger than previously thought, with gaseous halos extending much further into intergalactic space. This study, published in Nature Astronomy, focuses on the circumgalactic medium of a starburst galaxy 270 million light-years away. These halos, accounting for about 70% of a galaxy's mass excluding dark matter, may already be interacting with neighboring galaxies like Andromeda and the Milky Way. The research offers fresh insights into galaxy evolution, gas cycling, and the cosmic web.
*Ancient Microbes Found in Billion-Year-Old Rocks
Scientists have discovered living microbes in 2 billion-year-old rocks from South Africa's Bushveld Igneous Complex. This groundbreaking find, published in Microbial Ecology, represents the oldest known living microorganisms. The study utilized advanced imaging techniques to confirm the microbes were native to the ancient rock, offering a glimpse into early life on Earth and potential clues for extraterrestrial life on Mars.
*Vulcan Centaur Rocket's Successful Launch
The United Launch Alliance's new Vulcan Centaur rocket overcame a faulty booster to successfully place its payload into orbit. Despite the anomaly, the mission proceeded from Cape Canaveral, marking an important step towards using Vulcan for high-priority payloads. This launch follows Vulcan's maiden voyage and highlights the transition from older Atlas V and Delta IV rockets.
The Science Report
00:00:00 - This is spacetime series 27, episode 124 for broadcast on the 14 October 2024
00:00:48 - New study finds that galaxies are much larger than previously thought
00:06:25 - Galaxy is 270 million light years away and is a star bursting galaxy
00:17:18 - United Launch Alliance's Vulcan rocket has overcome a faulty strap on booster
00:22:12 - The 2024 Nobel Prizes for Science were awarded this week
00:24:56 - A new study finds two diametrically opposed personalities enjoy magic the most
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00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 27 episode 124
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 14th of October
00:00:06 --> 00:00:10 2024 coming up on SpaceTime it turns out
00:00:10 --> 00:00:12 galaxies are much much bigger than we
00:00:12 --> 00:00:15 thought the discovery of live microbes
00:00:16 --> 00:00:19 living inside 2 billion year old rocks
00:00:19 --> 00:00:21 and the United launch Alliance Vulcan
00:00:21 --> 00:00:23 spacecraft snatches Victory out of the
00:00:24 --> 00:00:26 jaws of defeat all that and more coming
00:00:26 --> 00:00:28 up on
00:00:28 --> 00:00:31 SpaceTime well welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:31 --> 00:00:33 Stuart
00:00:33 --> 00:00:40 [Music]
00:00:47 --> 00:00:50 Gary a new study has concluded that
00:00:50 --> 00:00:53 galaxies are actually much much bigger
00:00:53 --> 00:00:55 than what we thought they were the key
00:00:55 --> 00:00:58 to their true size apparently lies in
00:00:58 --> 00:01:00 the amount of gas surrounding them which
00:01:00 --> 00:01:03 it now appears extends far further into
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 Intergalactic space than previously
00:01:05 --> 00:01:07 thought the findings reported in the
00:01:07 --> 00:01:09 journal Nature astronomy based on
00:01:09 --> 00:01:11 detailed measurements of the circum
00:01:11 --> 00:01:13 Galactic medium of a star bursting
00:01:13 --> 00:01:16 galaxy located some 270 million light
00:01:16 --> 00:01:18 years away the observations made using
00:01:18 --> 00:01:21 new deep space Imaging techniques were
00:01:21 --> 00:01:23 able to detect The Cloud of gas glowing
00:01:23 --> 00:01:26 outside the Galaxy 100 light years
00:01:26 --> 00:01:29 into Intergalactic space now if this
00:01:29 --> 00:01:31 galaxy is Ty typical then our own galaxy
00:01:31 --> 00:01:33 The Milky Way is already interacting
00:01:33 --> 00:01:35 with our large and neighboring Galaxy
00:01:35 --> 00:01:37 Andromeda astronomers had previously
00:01:37 --> 00:01:39 figured the two wouldn't Collide and
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 merge for at least another 3.7 billion
00:01:42 --> 00:01:44 years the study's lead author associate
00:01:44 --> 00:01:46 professor Nicole neelson from swinburn
00:01:46 --> 00:01:49 University Astro 3D and the University
00:01:49 --> 00:01:52 of Oklahoma says it begs the question
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 where does a Galaxy end and deep space
00:01:54 --> 00:01:57 begin now that seems like a simple
00:01:57 --> 00:01:59 question until you look more closely at
00:01:59 --> 00:02:01 the gas surround ing galaxies known as
00:02:01 --> 00:02:04 the circum Galactic medium it turns out
00:02:04 --> 00:02:05 this Halo of gas surrounding the
00:02:06 --> 00:02:08 galactic disc accounts for about 70% of
00:02:08 --> 00:02:11 the total mass of the Galaxy excluding
00:02:11 --> 00:02:13 dark matter but until now it's always
00:02:13 --> 00:02:15 remained something of a mystery in the
00:02:15 --> 00:02:17 past astronomers have only been able to
00:02:17 --> 00:02:19 observe the gas by measuring the light
00:02:19 --> 00:02:22 from background objects but that limits
00:02:22 --> 00:02:24 the picture of the cloud to a
00:02:24 --> 00:02:26 pencil-like beam through it it doesn't
00:02:26 --> 00:02:28 give you a true sense of the she
00:02:28 --> 00:02:31 vastness involved to envisage the true
00:02:31 --> 00:02:33 size of this gas cloud the astronomers
00:02:33 --> 00:02:35 needed to consider all the Galaxy
00:02:35 --> 00:02:37 staright that's what you typically view
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 is the galactic disc of the Galaxy in
00:02:39 --> 00:02:42 this case it extended around 7 light
00:02:42 --> 00:02:45 years from the galactic center what this
00:02:45 --> 00:02:47 current study did was observe the
00:02:47 --> 00:02:48 physical connection of hydrogen and
00:02:48 --> 00:02:50 oxygen from the center of the galaxy far
00:02:50 --> 00:02:53 into space and it clearly showed that as
00:02:53 --> 00:02:55 you went further from the center of the
00:02:55 --> 00:02:57 Galaxy the physical conditions of this
00:02:57 --> 00:03:00 gas changed nson says put simply these
00:03:00 --> 00:03:03 are usually fuzzy boundaries but in this
00:03:03 --> 00:03:04 case the authors seem to have found a
00:03:04 --> 00:03:07 fairly clear boundary in this galaxy
00:03:07 --> 00:03:08 between its interstellar medium and at
00:03:08 --> 00:03:11 circum Galactic medium the study
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 observed Stars ionizing gas with their
00:03:13 --> 00:03:16 photons within the galaxy in the circum
00:03:16 --> 00:03:18 Galactic medium the gas was being heed
00:03:18 --> 00:03:20 by something other than typical
00:03:20 --> 00:03:23 conditions inside stars now this likely
00:03:23 --> 00:03:24 includes heating from the diffuse
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 emissions of the collective galaxies in
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 the universe and possibly some
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 contribution due to shock fr
00:03:30 --> 00:03:32 and it's this change which provides some
00:03:32 --> 00:03:34 of the answers as to where a Galaxy
00:03:34 --> 00:03:37 really ends this study is adding another
00:03:37 --> 00:03:38 piece to the puzzle that's one of the
00:03:38 --> 00:03:40 big questions in astronomy and Galactic
00:03:40 --> 00:03:43 Evolution how do galaxies evolve how do
00:03:43 --> 00:03:45 they get their gas how do they process
00:03:45 --> 00:03:47 that gas and where does that gas
00:03:47 --> 00:03:50 eventually go Nelson says the circum
00:03:50 --> 00:03:52 Galactic medium plays a huge role in the
00:03:52 --> 00:03:55 cycling of that gas so being able to
00:03:55 --> 00:03:56 understand what it looks like around
00:03:56 --> 00:03:58 galaxies of different types ones that
00:03:58 --> 00:04:00 are Star form and those that are no
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 longer star forming and those that are
00:04:02 --> 00:04:04 transitioning between the two will allow
00:04:04 --> 00:04:06 astronomers to observe differences in
00:04:06 --> 00:04:08 this gas and that might be driving the
00:04:08 --> 00:04:10 differences between the galaxies
00:04:10 --> 00:04:12 themselves it seems like with this gas
00:04:12 --> 00:04:14 that we observed around this particular
00:04:14 --> 00:04:17 Galaxy the ionized gas seems to actually
00:04:17 --> 00:04:19 be shocked at that boundary that we
00:04:19 --> 00:04:21 found in the the surface brightness of
00:04:21 --> 00:04:23 this gas and so yeah the physical
00:04:23 --> 00:04:25 conditions are are are changing it's
00:04:25 --> 00:04:27 being ionized by the stars and then it's
00:04:27 --> 00:04:29 being shocked at that boundary and then
00:04:29 --> 00:04:31 beyond that it's being ionized by other
00:04:31 --> 00:04:33 galaxies Instead This has to bring us to
00:04:33 --> 00:04:36 the cosmic web of the universe itself
00:04:36 --> 00:04:38 the filaments and strands that contain
00:04:38 --> 00:04:40 the stars and galaxies and Galaxy
00:04:40 --> 00:04:42 clusters and super clusters around vast
00:04:42 --> 00:04:44 voids and this is all part of that
00:04:44 --> 00:04:47 mechanism yep definitely it's part of
00:04:47 --> 00:04:49 the all those fuzzy boundaries between
00:04:49 --> 00:04:50 all the different things that make up
00:04:50 --> 00:04:52 that Cosmic web and so how did you
00:04:52 --> 00:04:54 actually make this discovery so we we
00:04:54 --> 00:04:57 used the kek 10 met telescopes with a
00:04:57 --> 00:04:59 fairly new instrument called The kek
00:04:59 --> 00:05:01 Cosmic we imager it's absolutely named
00:05:01 --> 00:05:04 and so it's this very sensitive integral
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 field Spector graph so what it does is
00:05:06 --> 00:05:08 it t basically an image or like like a a
00:05:08 --> 00:05:11 region of the sky and it splits it up
00:05:11 --> 00:05:12 into different parts of the sky and then
00:05:12 --> 00:05:15 it splits it up into the Spectrum so it
00:05:15 --> 00:05:16 spreads out the light and it does it in
00:05:16 --> 00:05:19 a way that it can detect very faint
00:05:19 --> 00:05:21 glowing emission from very distant
00:05:21 --> 00:05:23 things so we used it and we found
00:05:23 --> 00:05:26 blowing hydrogen and oxygen gas with
00:05:26 --> 00:05:28 temperatures of about 10 the 5 Kelvin
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 and we saw it everywhere we look which
00:05:30 --> 00:05:32 was really exciting and you can use this
00:05:32 --> 00:05:34 to provide you with an insight into the
00:05:34 --> 00:05:36 structure of galaxies overall and how
00:05:36 --> 00:05:38 they interact with each other yeah so
00:05:38 --> 00:05:41 just understanding where all of that gas
00:05:41 --> 00:05:43 is and and finding like where it's
00:05:43 --> 00:05:46 located its distribution its temperature
00:05:46 --> 00:05:48 and and physical condition and how it
00:05:48 --> 00:05:51 connects to the galaxies themselves were
00:05:51 --> 00:05:53 you're able to determine what types of
00:05:53 --> 00:05:54 gas were involved what the actual
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 Elemental composition is uh it's mostly
00:05:56 --> 00:05:58 hydrogen and oxygen so it's ionized
00:05:58 --> 00:06:00 hydrogen and oy o those are the only
00:06:00 --> 00:06:02 elements we were able to detect just
00:06:02 --> 00:06:04 because we were limited in what
00:06:04 --> 00:06:06 wavelengths we're able to observe so the
00:06:06 --> 00:06:08 other elements that we might be able to
00:06:08 --> 00:06:10 observe are either too faint or they're
00:06:10 --> 00:06:11 not covered by the instrument at the
00:06:11 --> 00:06:13 time but if we were to go back and
00:06:13 --> 00:06:15 observe this galaxy again with the same
00:06:15 --> 00:06:17 instrument it's now got a much wider
00:06:17 --> 00:06:19 wavelength range and so we'd get a
00:06:19 --> 00:06:20 little bit more information about say
00:06:21 --> 00:06:23 like sulfur and nitrogen as well which
00:06:23 --> 00:06:25 we expect to be there as well tell us
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 about the Galaxy itself what's it called
00:06:27 --> 00:06:30 how far away is it yeah so the nickname
00:06:30 --> 00:06:32 we given it is RS8 so it's just a
00:06:32 --> 00:06:35 catalog name the catalog is RS and then
00:06:35 --> 00:06:38 it o08 is part of the declination and AR
00:06:38 --> 00:06:40 and declination but the Galaxy itself so
00:06:41 --> 00:06:43 it's 270 million light years away so
00:06:43 --> 00:06:46 it's actually quite a close Galaxy for
00:06:46 --> 00:06:48 most of the work that I tend to do with
00:06:48 --> 00:06:51 this gas but it's quite small so it's
00:06:51 --> 00:06:53 about 8 Lighty years in radius and
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 it's a starbursting Galaxy so it's
00:06:55 --> 00:06:57 forming about 10 solar masses per year
00:06:57 --> 00:06:59 in contrast like the Milky Way is only
00:06:59 --> 00:07:02 forming one solar mass per year so one
00:07:02 --> 00:07:04 star like our Sun every year and this
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 galaxy was really exciting because we
00:07:06 --> 00:07:08 know it forming stars and we can see
00:07:08 --> 00:07:11 evidence of those Stars ejecting lots of
00:07:11 --> 00:07:14 processed material out of the Galaxy
00:07:14 --> 00:07:16 towards us as the Observer and then we
00:07:16 --> 00:07:18 also knew that there was a lot of
00:07:18 --> 00:07:20 neutral hydrogen outside of this Galaxy
00:07:21 --> 00:07:23 and kind of the plume of gas that's kind
00:07:23 --> 00:07:25 of either coming off of the Galaxy or
00:07:25 --> 00:07:27 falling onto the Galaxy so we thought
00:07:27 --> 00:07:29 maybe all of that neutral hydrogen which
00:07:29 --> 00:07:33 is like 70% of the neutr hydrogen in the
00:07:33 --> 00:07:34 whole system itself we thought that
00:07:34 --> 00:07:36 maybe that was falling on to the Galaxy
00:07:36 --> 00:07:39 to provide fuel for that star burst and
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 all those stars that are being formed so
00:07:41 --> 00:07:43 yeah we we observed it to look for all
00:07:43 --> 00:07:44 of this ionized gas to see if we could
00:07:44 --> 00:07:47 see it also accreting onto the Galaxy
00:07:47 --> 00:07:49 and um but yeah this galaxy is quite an
00:07:49 --> 00:07:51 interesting one and it's very beautiful
00:07:51 --> 00:07:53 in the Hubble Space Telescope Imaging as
00:07:53 --> 00:07:56 well is it is it very isolated or is it
00:07:56 --> 00:07:58 got lots of Galactic companions around
00:07:58 --> 00:08:02 it s Galaxy it does have a smaller
00:08:02 --> 00:08:05 companion about well I can tell you in
00:08:05 --> 00:08:07 kilop parex it's about 60 kilop parex
00:08:07 --> 00:08:09 away so twice as far as we observed the
00:08:09 --> 00:08:12 gas this galaxy this companion Galaxy is
00:08:12 --> 00:08:14 about a tenth of the mass so it's quite
00:08:14 --> 00:08:16 a bit smaller so it's not doing any
00:08:16 --> 00:08:19 really strong interacting just yet with
00:08:19 --> 00:08:21 the Galaxy we observe so the Galaxy we
00:08:21 --> 00:08:24 observe still has its Grand spiral arm
00:08:24 --> 00:08:27 structure and there doesn't seem to be
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 any clear evidence that it's being torn
00:08:30 --> 00:08:31 apart by the other Galaxy yet but
00:08:31 --> 00:08:34 otherwise it seems to be fairly isolated
00:08:34 --> 00:08:36 and extrapolating that to our own Milky
00:08:36 --> 00:08:38 Way galaxy you point out that it could
00:08:38 --> 00:08:40 mean that our interaction let's be
00:08:40 --> 00:08:42 honest our collision with Andromeda may
00:08:42 --> 00:08:44 already have started yeah I mean this
00:08:44 --> 00:08:46 circum Galactic medium all of this gas
00:08:46 --> 00:08:49 that's around galaxies it extends out to
00:08:49 --> 00:08:51 hundreds of kilop parex and Andromeda
00:08:51 --> 00:08:54 and the Milky Way are about thousand
00:08:54 --> 00:08:56 kilop parcs away from each other and so
00:08:56 --> 00:08:59 this gas is likely already starting to
00:08:59 --> 00:09:01 touch between the two galaxies and
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 starting to interact and mix over the
00:09:04 --> 00:09:06 next few thousand years millions of
00:09:06 --> 00:09:09 years oh probably million billion 3.5 to
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 4 billion years okay what will
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 astronomers of the future be seeing as
00:09:13 --> 00:09:15 the gas from the two galaxies interacts
00:09:15 --> 00:09:17 more are we going to be seeing something
00:09:17 --> 00:09:20 like The Helio pores the the shock front
00:09:20 --> 00:09:22 or something oh I imagine there might be
00:09:22 --> 00:09:25 some Shock fronts a a little bit maybe
00:09:26 --> 00:09:28 but not sure actually we haven't really
00:09:28 --> 00:09:30 studied this gas in this circum Galactic
00:09:30 --> 00:09:33 medium and how it interacts between
00:09:33 --> 00:09:35 galaxies very much yet um so we we're
00:09:35 --> 00:09:36 not quite sure what it's going to look
00:09:36 --> 00:09:38 like at that boundary but I imagine
00:09:38 --> 00:09:40 there might be some some Shock
00:09:40 --> 00:09:42 interaction here is that sort of where
00:09:42 --> 00:09:44 this research will now head what do you
00:09:44 --> 00:09:47 hope to do with it yeah so we found this
00:09:48 --> 00:09:49 boundary of this Galaxy and it's only
00:09:50 --> 00:09:52 one Galaxy and so what what we hope to
00:09:52 --> 00:09:54 do is to do this for more galaxies that
00:09:55 --> 00:09:56 not only are similar so they're also
00:09:56 --> 00:09:59 starbursting just to see if our galaxy
00:09:59 --> 00:10:01 is special in some way but also to look
00:10:01 --> 00:10:04 at galaxies that are not forming as many
00:10:04 --> 00:10:07 stars because their gaseous reservoirs
00:10:07 --> 00:10:09 might actually be quite different and
00:10:09 --> 00:10:11 understanding what this circum Galactic
00:10:11 --> 00:10:12 medium looks like around these different
00:10:12 --> 00:10:14 galaxies will help us understand how
00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 galaxies evolve to go from these star
00:10:16 --> 00:10:19 bursting galaxies to something that's
00:10:19 --> 00:10:21 more red and dead and no longer forming
00:10:21 --> 00:10:24 stars and has used up all of its gas so
00:10:24 --> 00:10:25 yeah we've already obtained more
00:10:25 --> 00:10:27 observations with the K Cosmic web
00:10:27 --> 00:10:29 images of other galaxies they just need
00:10:29 --> 00:10:32 to be analyzed and put together and and
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 hopefully we'll get some other galaxies
00:10:34 --> 00:10:36 that are not as star forming and start
00:10:36 --> 00:10:38 to really put together this picture of
00:10:38 --> 00:10:40 what this gas looks like around a wide
00:10:40 --> 00:10:43 variety of objects I guess because each
00:10:43 --> 00:10:45 galaxy has its own history it's going to
00:10:45 --> 00:10:46 be very different for each Galaxy our
00:10:46 --> 00:10:48 Milky Way for example we've got the
00:10:48 --> 00:10:50 Sagittarius dwarf Galaxy plowing through
00:10:50 --> 00:10:52 it we've got two other galaxies the
00:10:53 --> 00:10:55 large and small melanic clouds having
00:10:55 --> 00:10:58 their stars and and gas being sucked
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 into the Milky way already through
00:11:00 --> 00:11:02 definitely uh so all these interactions
00:11:02 --> 00:11:04 are going to be very individual for each
00:11:04 --> 00:11:07 Galaxy yep and in fact RS8 the Galaxy we
00:11:07 --> 00:11:09 studied when I look at the the Hubble
00:11:09 --> 00:11:11 Space Telescope Imaging of it that I
00:11:11 --> 00:11:13 have and look very close to the Galaxy
00:11:13 --> 00:11:15 it looks like there's a very similar
00:11:15 --> 00:11:18 sort of very small dwarf Galaxy that is
00:11:18 --> 00:11:21 plunging through it and so yeah that
00:11:21 --> 00:11:23 probably influences a little bit of the
00:11:23 --> 00:11:26 results as well it's fascinating work
00:11:26 --> 00:11:27 what does it tell you about the cosmic
00:11:27 --> 00:11:30 web oh that maybe the boundaries aren't
00:11:30 --> 00:11:32 as fuzzy as we thought yeah the cosmic
00:11:33 --> 00:11:35 web there's so much gap between galaxies
00:11:35 --> 00:11:37 that we just don't see when we take
00:11:37 --> 00:11:39 images with like Hubble Space Telescope
00:11:40 --> 00:11:41 or the James web Space Telescope when we
00:11:41 --> 00:11:44 just take pictures we're missing so much
00:11:44 --> 00:11:47 of the non-d Dark Matter mass in the
00:11:47 --> 00:11:49 universe that we really just need to go
00:11:49 --> 00:11:52 deeper and fer and and really understand
00:11:52 --> 00:11:54 where all all this material is because I
00:11:54 --> 00:11:56 mean like I said it's hydrogen and
00:11:56 --> 00:11:58 oxygen gas that we've observed and those
00:11:58 --> 00:12:00 are some of the building blocks of life
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 it makes water so we need to understand
00:12:02 --> 00:12:04 where where all of our elements are
00:12:04 --> 00:12:07 coming from so um normally when we
00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 observe this gas the way we do it is we
00:12:09 --> 00:12:11 do it indirectly like I said it's it's
00:12:11 --> 00:12:14 this very faint very faint gas and so we
00:12:14 --> 00:12:16 have to normally we've done it for like
00:12:16 --> 00:12:18 the last I don't know 40 years we've
00:12:18 --> 00:12:20 done it uh by looking at it in
00:12:20 --> 00:12:22 absorption so you use a bright
00:12:22 --> 00:12:25 background object like a quazar as a
00:12:25 --> 00:12:27 flashlight and then we see this
00:12:27 --> 00:12:29 absorption from this gas and only in
00:12:29 --> 00:12:32 this very small like pencil beam sized
00:12:32 --> 00:12:35 region for a single Galaxy and so these
00:12:35 --> 00:12:38 new observations have kind of helps move
00:12:38 --> 00:12:40 the field forward pretty significantly
00:12:41 --> 00:12:43 because now we're able to get basically
00:12:43 --> 00:12:45 thousands of these data points around
00:12:45 --> 00:12:48 galaxies and so I'm really excited to
00:12:48 --> 00:12:50 see what other astronomers come up with
00:12:51 --> 00:12:52 with their observations as well as our
00:12:52 --> 00:12:54 new observations coming out as well
00:12:54 --> 00:12:56 because now we're able to map out all of
00:12:56 --> 00:12:58 this Gap around a single Galaxy and like
00:12:58 --> 00:13:00 you said every galaxy has its own
00:13:01 --> 00:13:02 history and so if you're only getting
00:13:02 --> 00:13:05 one pinpoint of uh data from a Galaxy
00:13:05 --> 00:13:08 you're missing a whole host of history
00:13:08 --> 00:13:10 and detail that these new observations
00:13:10 --> 00:13:12 are hopefully going to be able to
00:13:12 --> 00:13:15 illuminate kind of literally that's
00:13:15 --> 00:13:17 associate professor Nicole neelsen from
00:13:17 --> 00:13:20 swinburn University Astro 3D and the
00:13:20 --> 00:13:21 University of
00:13:21 --> 00:13:26 Oklahoma this SpaceTime still to come
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28 live microbes discovered inside 2
00:13:28 --> 00:13:30 billion year old rocks and the United
00:13:30 --> 00:13:32 launch alliance's new Vulcan centor
00:13:32 --> 00:13:35 rocket has literally snatched Victory
00:13:35 --> 00:13:37 out of the jaws of the defeat overcoming
00:13:37 --> 00:13:39 a faulty strap-on booster to
00:13:39 --> 00:13:40 successfully Place its payload into
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 orbit all that and more still to come on
00:13:43 --> 00:13:48 SpaceTime
00:13:48 --> 00:13:57 [Music]
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 scientists have discovered pockets of
00:14:02 --> 00:14:05 microbes living within a sealed fracture
00:14:05 --> 00:14:08 in 2 billion year old Rock The Rock was
00:14:08 --> 00:14:09 excavated from the bushville ignas
00:14:10 --> 00:14:12 complex in South Africa an area well
00:14:12 --> 00:14:14 known for its rich or deposits the
00:14:14 --> 00:14:16 findings reported in the journal
00:14:16 --> 00:14:18 microbial ecology found the sample to be
00:14:18 --> 00:14:20 the oldest examples of living microbes
00:14:20 --> 00:14:23 ever discovered scientists under took
00:14:23 --> 00:14:25 infrared spectroscopy electron
00:14:25 --> 00:14:27 microscopy and fluorescent microscopy
00:14:27 --> 00:14:29 Imaging to confirm that the microbes
00:14:29 --> 00:14:31 were indigenous to the ancient core
00:14:31 --> 00:14:33 sample and not simply caused by
00:14:33 --> 00:14:35 contamination during the retrieval and
00:14:35 --> 00:14:38 study process research on these microbes
00:14:38 --> 00:14:40 could help scientists better understand
00:14:40 --> 00:14:43 the very earliest evolutions of life as
00:14:43 --> 00:14:45 well as the search for extraterrestrial
00:14:45 --> 00:14:47 life in similarly aged rocks such as
00:14:47 --> 00:14:49 samples which hopefully will soon be
00:14:49 --> 00:14:52 brought back from Mars it's fascinating
00:14:52 --> 00:14:54 when you think about it deep deep inside
00:14:54 --> 00:14:56 the earth lies something ancient and
00:14:56 --> 00:14:59 Alive colonies of microbes living rocks
00:14:59 --> 00:15:02 far beneath the surface somehow managing
00:15:02 --> 00:15:04 to survive for thousands even millions
00:15:04 --> 00:15:06 or in this case billions of years now
00:15:06 --> 00:15:09 these tiny resilient organisms appear to
00:15:09 --> 00:15:11 live life at a slower Pace scarcely
00:15:11 --> 00:15:14 evolving over geological time spans and
00:15:14 --> 00:15:16 so offering researchers a chance to
00:15:16 --> 00:15:18 literally look back in time the study's
00:15:18 --> 00:15:20 lead author Yohi zuzuki from the
00:15:20 --> 00:15:22 University of Tokyo says the previous
00:15:23 --> 00:15:24 oldest geological layer in which living
00:15:25 --> 00:15:27 microorganisms have been found was a
00:15:27 --> 00:15:29 mere 100 million year old dep beneath
00:15:29 --> 00:15:32 the ocean floor the bushveld ignas
00:15:32 --> 00:15:34 complex is a rocky intrusion in
00:15:34 --> 00:15:36 northeastern South Africa formed when
00:15:36 --> 00:15:38 magma slowly cooled below the Earth's
00:15:38 --> 00:15:41 surface it covers an area of roughly
00:15:41 --> 00:15:44 66 Square kilm it's about the size
00:15:44 --> 00:15:46 of Ireland and varies in thickness by up
00:15:46 --> 00:15:49 to 9 km it contains some of the richest
00:15:49 --> 00:15:52 a deposits on Earth including about 70%
00:15:52 --> 00:15:55 of the world's mind Platinum due to the
00:15:55 --> 00:15:57 way it was formed and the minimal
00:15:57 --> 00:15:59 deformation or change occurring to it
00:15:59 --> 00:16:00 since then the Rocks believed to have
00:16:00 --> 00:16:03 provided a stable habitat for ancient
00:16:03 --> 00:16:05 microbial life allowing it to continue
00:16:05 --> 00:16:07 to thrive until today the authors
00:16:07 --> 00:16:10 obtained a 30 cm long Rock hor sample
00:16:10 --> 00:16:13 from about 15 M below ground The Rock
00:16:13 --> 00:16:15 was then cut into thin slices and
00:16:15 --> 00:16:17 analyzed which is when the team
00:16:17 --> 00:16:19 discovered the living microbial cells
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 densely packed into cracks in the Rock
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 any gaps near these cracks were clogged
00:16:23 --> 00:16:26 with Clay making it impossible for these
00:16:26 --> 00:16:28 organisms to leave or for other things
00:16:28 --> 00:16:31 to enter by staining the DNA of these
00:16:31 --> 00:16:33 microbial cells and using infrared
00:16:33 --> 00:16:35 spectroscopy to look at the proteins in
00:16:35 --> 00:16:37 the microbes and surrounding clay the
00:16:37 --> 00:16:39 authors could confirm that these
00:16:39 --> 00:16:42 microbes were both alive and not
00:16:42 --> 00:16:44 contaminated this is
00:16:44 --> 00:16:46 spacetime still to come the United
00:16:47 --> 00:16:49 launch alliance's new Vulcan sent to a
00:16:49 --> 00:16:51 rocket snatches Victory out of the jaws
00:16:51 --> 00:16:53 of defeat and later in the science
00:16:53 --> 00:16:56 report we look at the 2024 Nobel prizes
00:16:56 --> 00:16:58 for science which have just been awarded
00:16:58 --> 00:17:01 in Stockholm all that and more still to
00:17:01 --> 00:17:07 come on
00:17:07 --> 00:17:15 [Music]
00:17:17 --> 00:17:19 SpaceTime the United launch alliance's
00:17:19 --> 00:17:22 new Vulcan cental rocket has managed to
00:17:22 --> 00:17:24 snatch Victory out of the jaws of defeat
00:17:24 --> 00:17:26 overcoming a faulty strap-on solid
00:17:26 --> 00:17:29 rocket booster to successfully play it's
00:17:29 --> 00:17:31 payload into orbit the mission from
00:17:31 --> 00:17:33 space launch complex 41 at the cape
00:17:33 --> 00:17:35 canaval space for space in Florida was
00:17:35 --> 00:17:37 the second of two certification test
00:17:37 --> 00:17:39 flights needed before the new Vulcan
00:17:39 --> 00:17:41 booster could be used to carry high
00:17:41 --> 00:17:43 priority payloads for the national
00:17:43 --> 00:17:51 reconnaissance office in 10 9 8 7 6 5 4
00:17:51 --> 00:17:56 3 B4 ignition 2 one and liftoff of
00:17:57 --> 00:18:00 Vulcan c 2 for the second time and for
00:18:00 --> 00:18:02 the first time under the light of the
00:18:02 --> 00:18:05 Rising Sun Vulcan has lifted off from
00:18:05 --> 00:18:08 slick 41 at Cape canaval space force
00:18:08 --> 00:18:10 station all temperatures and pressures
00:18:10 --> 00:18:13 look good has begun his progam we have
00:18:13 --> 00:18:16 two good be4 and we've ended the
00:18:16 --> 00:18:21 progress now at 1.5 or 0.5 the B4 is now
00:18:21 --> 00:18:23 thring down in preparation for Burnout
00:18:23 --> 00:18:26 and vehicle pass one to Supersonic and
00:18:26 --> 00:18:28 maximum Dynamic pressure however during
00:18:28 --> 00:18:31 the loan SRB number one one of two
00:18:31 --> 00:18:33 northr Grumman solid rocket boosters
00:18:33 --> 00:18:35 strapped onto the core stage suffered an
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 anomaly limiting performance and
00:18:37 --> 00:18:38 affecting the balance of the rocket
00:18:38 --> 00:18:40 coming up on SRB burnout and we have
00:18:40 --> 00:18:43 indication of SRB burnout up next is SRB
00:18:43 --> 00:18:45 jison body rates continue to look
00:18:45 --> 00:18:48 nominal trending toward zero standing by
00:18:48 --> 00:18:49 for SRB jettison according to the
00:18:49 --> 00:18:52 timeline it should have happened by now
00:18:52 --> 00:18:55 uh B4 is now throttling down amazingly
00:18:55 --> 00:18:57 the Vulcans 2 blue origin built methane
00:18:57 --> 00:18:59 burning B4 in enges and the remaining
00:18:59 --> 00:19:02 SRB managed to continue its climb to
00:19:02 --> 00:19:04 orbit successfully compensating for the
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 failure the booster anomaly could be
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 clearly seen in Long Range tracking
00:19:08 --> 00:19:10 camera views as a shower of Sparks and
00:19:10 --> 00:19:12 what looked like debris falling away
00:19:12 --> 00:19:16 from the SRB 37 seconds after liftoff
00:19:16 --> 00:19:18 the problem appeared to originate near
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 the nozzle at the base of the booster
00:19:20 --> 00:19:21 the exhaust plume changing shape
00:19:21 --> 00:19:23 dramatically but the Vulcan was able to
00:19:23 --> 00:19:26 compensate continuing its climb to orbit
00:19:26 --> 00:19:28 the strapon boosters continued to burn
00:19:28 --> 00:19:30 out out but with jettison 20 seconds
00:19:30 --> 00:19:33 later than planned separation of those
00:19:33 --> 00:19:35 srbs a little bit later than according
00:19:35 --> 00:19:38 to the plan timeline Mission managers
00:19:38 --> 00:19:40 say the trajectory was normal throughout
00:19:40 --> 00:19:42 the climb Next Step we're anticipating
00:19:42 --> 00:19:44 here on the timeline is booster engine
00:19:44 --> 00:19:46 cut off just before the five minute Mark
00:19:46 --> 00:19:48 into flight excellent work from our
00:19:48 --> 00:19:50 tracking team this morning continue have
00:19:50 --> 00:19:52 two good engines body rate trending
00:19:52 --> 00:19:54 toward zero and we're now about 1 minute
00:19:54 --> 00:19:57 to nominal Eco Vulcan is now 1 qu of its
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 liftoff weight and is now passing the
00:19:59 --> 00:20:01 Carman line fulcon now in space we're
00:20:01 --> 00:20:03 about 30 seconds away from booster
00:20:03 --> 00:20:06 engine cut off or Boo and we started
00:20:06 --> 00:20:07 boost space chill down on the second
00:20:07 --> 00:20:10 stage engine and the b4s are throttling
00:20:10 --> 00:20:12 to maintain a constant acceleration and
00:20:12 --> 00:20:14 we've concluded our boost space Chown
00:20:14 --> 00:20:17 and pu has gone to open loop and we have
00:20:17 --> 00:20:19 Eco booster engine cut off and we have
00:20:19 --> 00:20:21 Vulcan Centaur separation and pre-art on
00:20:21 --> 00:20:24 lh2 and lo2 and we have full thrust on
00:20:25 --> 00:20:27 the rl1 and bearing jettison has been
00:20:27 --> 00:20:29 indicated and we've begun thermal Loop
00:20:29 --> 00:20:31 conditioning on the RCs and fixed angles
00:20:31 --> 00:20:35 on Cent rpu vehicle is now 123 m in
00:20:35 --> 00:20:38 altitude 340 5 miles down range and
00:20:38 --> 00:20:40 traveling at 10 mph and we're
00:20:40 --> 00:20:41 getting indications that booster
00:20:41 --> 00:20:44 performance was within expectation rl1
00:20:44 --> 00:20:46 continues to perform nominally and we
00:20:46 --> 00:20:48 are partway through a 10 and a half
00:20:48 --> 00:20:49 minute burn the mission which carried a
00:20:49 --> 00:20:51 dummy payload was originally slated to
00:20:51 --> 00:20:53 launch the first Sierra space
00:20:53 --> 00:20:56 Dreamchaser wing space plane Dreamchaser
00:20:56 --> 00:20:58 will eventually Ferry supplies to the
00:20:58 --> 00:21:00 internet National Space Station but
00:21:00 --> 00:21:02 delays during testing at Nasa forced
00:21:02 --> 00:21:04 United launch Alliance to use a
00:21:04 --> 00:21:06 substitute Mass simulator loaded with
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 extra flight data instrumentation as
00:21:08 --> 00:21:09 well as a couple of Technology
00:21:09 --> 00:21:11 demonstrator experiments designed to
00:21:11 --> 00:21:13 help enable future long duration space
00:21:13 --> 00:21:16 flights this latest launch follows
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 vulcan's Flawless Maiden flight back on
00:21:18 --> 00:21:20 January the 8th which sent a Luna Lander
00:21:20 --> 00:21:23 onto the moon the new Vulcan booster
00:21:23 --> 00:21:26 replaces the earlier Atlas 5 and Delta 4
00:21:26 --> 00:21:28 family of rockets they date back to the
00:21:28 --> 00:21:31 early days of the US Space Program the
00:21:31 --> 00:21:33 DOTA Four's now been formally retired
00:21:33 --> 00:21:35 however United launch still has 15 Atlas
00:21:35 --> 00:21:38 fives in its inventory one of the
00:21:38 --> 00:21:40 problems is the Atlas 5 uses the Russian
00:21:40 --> 00:21:43 built Rd 180 engines in its core stage
00:21:43 --> 00:21:45 and with the West's boycott of Moscow
00:21:45 --> 00:21:47 following the kremlin's invasion of
00:21:47 --> 00:21:49 Ukraine once those engines are all used
00:21:49 --> 00:21:52 up there'll be no more eight of the
00:21:52 --> 00:21:54 remaining Atlas 5 Rockets will be used
00:21:54 --> 00:21:56 to launch Amazon's new Kyer internet
00:21:56 --> 00:21:59 satellites a further six is sled the fly
00:21:59 --> 00:22:01 Boeing's trouble plag Starliner ATS once
00:22:01 --> 00:22:03 its returned to flight status they'll be
00:22:03 --> 00:22:04 used to transport crew to the
00:22:04 --> 00:22:06 International Space Station and the
00:22:06 --> 00:22:09 remaining Atlas 5 is sled to carry a
00:22:09 --> 00:22:11 vset telecommunication satellite into
00:22:11 --> 00:22:16 space this is spacetime
00:22:16 --> 00:22:30 [Music]
00:22:30 --> 00:22:31 and time now for a brief look at some of
00:22:31 --> 00:22:33 the other stories making USS in science
00:22:33 --> 00:22:36 this week with the science report and of
00:22:36 --> 00:22:38 course the big news in the past week has
00:22:38 --> 00:22:40 been the awarding of the 2024 Nobel
00:22:40 --> 00:22:43 prizes for science in Stockholm Sweden
00:22:44 --> 00:22:45 the Nobel Prize in physics has been
00:22:45 --> 00:22:47 awarded to John hopfield and Jeffrey
00:22:47 --> 00:22:49 Hinton for their work in developing the
00:22:49 --> 00:22:51 tools for understanding the neural
00:22:51 --> 00:22:53 networks that underpin artificial
00:22:53 --> 00:22:56 intelligence back in 1982 theoretical
00:22:56 --> 00:22:58 biologist hopefield who was a background
00:22:59 --> 00:23:01 in physics came up with a network that
00:23:01 --> 00:23:03 described connections between virtal and
00:23:03 --> 00:23:06 neurons as physical forces it became
00:23:06 --> 00:23:08 known as associative memory that's
00:23:08 --> 00:23:10 because it evokes the process of trying
00:23:10 --> 00:23:12 to remember a word or concept based on
00:23:12 --> 00:23:15 related information meanwhile Hendon a
00:23:15 --> 00:23:17 computer scientist later used principles
00:23:17 --> 00:23:19 from statistical physics which are used
00:23:19 --> 00:23:21 to collectively describe systems made up
00:23:21 --> 00:23:23 of too many parts to track individually
00:23:23 --> 00:23:25 to further develop herb Field's work
00:23:25 --> 00:23:27 these artificial neural networks were
00:23:27 --> 00:23:28 different from other types of
00:23:28 --> 00:23:30 computation because they learn from
00:23:30 --> 00:23:33 examples including from complex data
00:23:33 --> 00:23:34 that would have been challenging for
00:23:34 --> 00:23:36 conventional software based on
00:23:36 --> 00:23:38 stepbystep
00:23:38 --> 00:23:41 calculations the 2024 Nobel Prize in
00:23:41 --> 00:23:43 physiology or medicine has been awarded
00:23:43 --> 00:23:45 to geneticist Victor Ambrose and Gary
00:23:45 --> 00:23:49 rofkin for their discovery of micro RNA
00:23:49 --> 00:23:51 this is a class of tiny RNA molecules
00:23:51 --> 00:23:53 that help control how genes are
00:23:53 --> 00:23:56 expressed in multicellular organisms
00:23:56 --> 00:23:58 during the 1990s the pair identified
00:23:58 --> 00:24:01 genes that encoded four micro rnas in
00:24:01 --> 00:24:03 round worms now for years that Discovery
00:24:03 --> 00:24:05 was considered just a quirk unique to
00:24:05 --> 00:24:08 round worms but the later discovery that
00:24:08 --> 00:24:10 micro RNA is conserved across the Tree
00:24:10 --> 00:24:14 of Life caused this research field to
00:24:14 --> 00:24:16 explode the Nobel priz in chemistry was
00:24:17 --> 00:24:18 split between computer scientist Demis
00:24:19 --> 00:24:21 aabus and theoretical chemist John
00:24:21 --> 00:24:23 jumper they wanton it for their work on
00:24:23 --> 00:24:25 the Deep Mind artificial intelligence
00:24:25 --> 00:24:28 and the ai2 alpha fold which can predict
00:24:28 --> 00:24:30 the rure of nearly every artificial
00:24:30 --> 00:24:32 protein in the process transforming
00:24:32 --> 00:24:35 biology the pair share the prize with
00:24:35 --> 00:24:37 computational biophysicist David Baker
00:24:37 --> 00:24:38 who led the development of the First
00:24:38 --> 00:24:41 proteam with an entirely novel structure
00:24:41 --> 00:24:43 called top seven his team are now
00:24:43 --> 00:24:45 redesigning proteins to do things like
00:24:45 --> 00:24:48 catalyzing specific chemical reactions
00:24:48 --> 00:24:49 by specifying the amino acids
00:24:50 --> 00:24:52 responsible for specific functions and
00:24:52 --> 00:24:55 letting the AI dream up the
00:24:55 --> 00:24:57 rest a new study has found that two
00:24:57 --> 00:25:00 diamond metrically opposed personalities
00:25:00 --> 00:25:03 both enjoy magic tricks the most first
00:25:03 --> 00:25:05 they're are skeptical rational folk the
00:25:05 --> 00:25:07 category where most of our listeners fit
00:25:07 --> 00:25:10 into we love magic tricks and the second
00:25:10 --> 00:25:11 group are those who believe in
00:25:11 --> 00:25:13 superstitions and the Paranormal they
00:25:13 --> 00:25:16 love magic too and it seems the rest
00:25:16 --> 00:25:17 when it comes to magic tricks I guess
00:25:17 --> 00:25:19 you'd call the Muggles can take it or
00:25:19 --> 00:25:21 leave it Tim mendum from Australian
00:25:21 --> 00:25:23 skeptic says it's best to simply enjoy
00:25:23 --> 00:25:25 the magic that's all that matters a lot
00:25:25 --> 00:25:27 of people like magic right and but
00:25:27 --> 00:25:29 someone did a ser because you scientists
00:25:29 --> 00:25:30 do they can't keep their hands off
00:25:30 --> 00:25:31 anything and they do a survey of the
00:25:31 --> 00:25:33 sort of people who like magic now there
00:25:33 --> 00:25:35 was a number of people who don't like
00:25:35 --> 00:25:36 magic and apparently they built another
00:25:36 --> 00:25:38 paper that they wrote looking at the
00:25:38 --> 00:25:41 loathing of lger domain which is Magic
00:25:41 --> 00:25:42 slide of hand and of course they chose
00:25:42 --> 00:25:44 that because it's lol ha makes you
00:25:44 --> 00:25:46 wonder how serious the the research is
00:25:46 --> 00:25:48 but anyway this particular study they
00:25:48 --> 00:25:50 did it was quite scientific and they
00:25:50 --> 00:25:51 looked at a lot of people looked at
00:25:51 --> 00:25:53 their beliefs and their backgrounds and
00:25:53 --> 00:25:54 all that sort of stuff and ask them if
00:25:54 --> 00:25:56 they like magic and it turns out that
00:25:56 --> 00:25:58 there were two particular groups who
00:25:58 --> 00:25:59 really like magic and one is the
00:25:59 --> 00:26:02 skeptical rational folk which is like
00:26:02 --> 00:26:04 like me anyone don't was like you I love
00:26:04 --> 00:26:06 magic but I also like I love magic too I
00:26:06 --> 00:26:08 love magic but I'd like to know how the
00:26:08 --> 00:26:10 trick was done as well I find that just
00:26:10 --> 00:26:11 as fascinating yeah the other group that
00:26:11 --> 00:26:13 like it are the superstitious and the
00:26:13 --> 00:26:15 Paranormal so you almost get get
00:26:15 --> 00:26:17 extremes on the on the on the
00:26:17 --> 00:26:18 rationality front although the
00:26:18 --> 00:26:20 Superstition would probably say they're
00:26:20 --> 00:26:21 rational as well but yeah there's a lot
00:26:21 --> 00:26:22 of people in between who are not that
00:26:22 --> 00:26:24 interested but they're the two strongest
00:26:24 --> 00:26:26 groups based on their attitude towards
00:26:26 --> 00:26:28 magic now the trouble is the skeptical
00:26:28 --> 00:26:30 rational people would say that I like
00:26:30 --> 00:26:32 you I enjoy magic and I want to know how
00:26:32 --> 00:26:34 it's done right the critical thinking
00:26:34 --> 00:26:35 and they do their research or just try
00:26:35 --> 00:26:37 and figure it out on the spot and the
00:26:37 --> 00:26:38 people who believe in paranormal who
00:26:38 --> 00:26:40 might actually believe it's true that
00:26:40 --> 00:26:42 that magic is real and most magicians
00:26:42 --> 00:26:43 will tell you they can make a lot more
00:26:43 --> 00:26:45 money if they pretended that what they
00:26:45 --> 00:26:47 were doing is real as we know and call
00:26:47 --> 00:26:48 themselves psychics or whatever
00:26:48 --> 00:26:50 telekinesis that sort of stuff moving
00:26:50 --> 00:26:52 objects sort of stuff that magicians do
00:26:52 --> 00:26:53 all the time and magicians are therefore
00:26:53 --> 00:26:55 very good at debunking a lot of people
00:26:55 --> 00:26:57 with these particular claims yri G being
00:26:57 --> 00:26:59 a faing point for being debunked and
00:26:59 --> 00:27:01 Houdini being a case in point of someone
00:27:01 --> 00:27:02 who like to go around and debunk them so
00:27:02 --> 00:27:04 there these two groups but one of them
00:27:04 --> 00:27:06 is a believer in all the magic and the
00:27:06 --> 00:27:07 other ones are saying I wonder know how
00:27:07 --> 00:27:08 we're done interesting thing is that
00:27:08 --> 00:27:10 when you get Skeptics together in a
00:27:10 --> 00:27:12 sexual magic trick they do come up with
00:27:12 --> 00:27:14 explanations for how a trick is done and
00:27:14 --> 00:27:15 I've spoken with magicians about it and
00:27:15 --> 00:27:16 they love it because they say that the
00:27:17 --> 00:27:18 Skeptics come up with the most
00:27:18 --> 00:27:20 convoluted explanation whereas the
00:27:20 --> 00:27:21 simplest explanation is the one which is
00:27:21 --> 00:27:23 most likely it's a trick it's a slight
00:27:23 --> 00:27:25 of hand it's distraction it's all sorts
00:27:25 --> 00:27:26 of things like that which are the
00:27:26 --> 00:27:28 techniques that magicians use it's not
00:27:28 --> 00:27:29 something particularly hugely
00:27:29 --> 00:27:31 complicated technological Etc which is
00:27:31 --> 00:27:33 you'd wonder if Skeptics are trying to
00:27:33 --> 00:27:35 sort of say I can't be filled easily
00:27:35 --> 00:27:37 therefore the reason must be complicated
00:27:37 --> 00:27:39 whereas the Paranormal superstitious
00:27:39 --> 00:27:40 person would say I can't be filled
00:27:40 --> 00:27:42 easily but this is so nice that it must
00:27:42 --> 00:27:44 be true so they tend to believe it that
00:27:44 --> 00:27:47 that's true and the others say it's fun
00:27:47 --> 00:27:48 but I don't know how it's done but I
00:27:48 --> 00:27:50 like to figure out and it's these two
00:27:50 --> 00:27:52 extremes that are looking at the way
00:27:52 --> 00:27:54 that's a belief in Magic that's Tim mum
00:27:54 --> 00:27:58 from Australian Skeptics
00:27:58 --> 00:28:12 [Music]
00:28:12 --> 00:28:15 and that's the show for now SpaceTime is
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00:29:36 --> 00:29:38 facebook.com/ SpaceTime with Stewart
00:29:38 --> 00:29:40 Gary you've been listening to SpaceTime
00:29:40 --> 00:29:43 with Stewart Gary this has been another
00:29:43 --> 00:29:45 quality podcast production from
00:29:45 --> 00:29:48 bites.com