00:00:00 --> 00:00:02 welcome to Astronomy Daily your source
00:00:02 --> 00:00:04 for the latest space and astronomy news
00:00:04 --> 00:00:06 i'm your host Anna and today we'll be
00:00:06 --> 00:00:07 diving into some fascinating stories
00:00:08 --> 00:00:10 from across the cosmos we have quite a
00:00:10 --> 00:00:12 lineup of cosmic discoveries and
00:00:12 --> 00:00:14 developments to explore we'll begin with
00:00:14 --> 00:00:16 an intriguing road map for potential
00:00:16 --> 00:00:18 sample return missions from our solar
00:00:18 --> 00:00:20 systems most inhospitable planets
00:00:20 --> 00:00:22 Mercury and Venus these ambitious
00:00:22 --> 00:00:24 missions could help fill critical gaps
00:00:24 --> 00:00:26 in our understanding of the inner solar
00:00:26 --> 00:00:29 system then we'll examine a surprising
00:00:29 --> 00:00:31 new theory about the origins of Earth's
00:00:31 --> 00:00:33 water that challenges conventional
00:00:33 --> 00:00:35 wisdom about asteroid impacts delivering
00:00:35 --> 00:00:38 our planet's life-giving resource we'll
00:00:38 --> 00:00:40 also explore the dawn of a new space age
00:00:40 --> 00:00:42 that some are comparing to the
00:00:42 --> 00:00:45 revolutionary age of sale in the 1600s
00:00:45 --> 00:00:46 with all its opportunities and
00:00:46 --> 00:00:48 challenges for humanity's expansion
00:00:48 --> 00:00:51 beyond Earth the James Web Space
00:00:51 --> 00:00:53 Telescope continues to amaze us with its
00:00:53 --> 00:00:55 observations and we'll look at its
00:00:55 --> 00:00:58 latest examination of a complex nebula
00:00:58 --> 00:01:00 with a fascinating history that dates
00:01:00 --> 00:01:02 back to William Hershel's observations
00:01:02 --> 00:01:03 in
00:01:03 --> 00:01:06 1790 finally we'll provide a helpful
00:01:06 --> 00:01:08 guide to spotting two upcoming meteor
00:01:08 --> 00:01:11 showers the Lids and Aquarids that will
00:01:11 --> 00:01:13 grace our night skies beginning in late
00:01:13 --> 00:01:15 April so buckle up for a journey through
00:01:15 --> 00:01:17 the latest astronomical discoveries that
00:01:17 --> 00:01:20 are expanding our understanding of the
00:01:20 --> 00:01:22 universe for our first story today
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 ponder this how can we successfully
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 collect and return samples from the two
00:01:26 --> 00:01:29 innermost planets of our solar system
00:01:29 --> 00:01:32 Mercury and Venus this fascinating
00:01:32 --> 00:01:33 question was recently tackled by
00:01:33 --> 00:01:35 researchers at the California Institute
00:01:35 --> 00:01:37 of Technology in a study presented at
00:01:37 --> 00:01:40 the 56th Lunar and Planetary Science
00:01:40 --> 00:01:43 Conference the team outlined potential
00:01:43 --> 00:01:44 road maps for what would be
00:01:44 --> 00:01:46 groundbreaking missions to these
00:01:46 --> 00:01:47 challenging
00:01:47 --> 00:01:49 destinations these aren't just academic
00:01:49 --> 00:01:51 exercises sample return missions from
00:01:52 --> 00:01:53 Mercury and Venus could help scientists
00:01:54 --> 00:01:56 fill a significant knowledge gap in our
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 understanding of the solar systems
00:01:58 --> 00:02:00 formation what makes this particularly
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 interesting is that despite the
00:02:02 --> 00:02:03 thousands of meteorites in our
00:02:03 --> 00:02:05 collections we don't have a single
00:02:05 --> 00:02:08 confirmed meteorite that originated from
00:02:08 --> 00:02:10 either Mercury or Venus when you think
00:02:10 --> 00:02:13 about it this is quite remarkable we
00:02:13 --> 00:02:16 have meteorites from Mars from asteroids
00:02:16 --> 00:02:18 and even from the Kyper belt beyond
00:02:18 --> 00:02:20 Neptune but nothing from our closest
00:02:20 --> 00:02:23 planetary neighbors this absence creates
00:02:23 --> 00:02:25 a substantial blind spot in our
00:02:25 --> 00:02:26 understanding of the planetary building
00:02:26 --> 00:02:29 materials of the inner solar system
00:02:29 --> 00:02:32 tangi Tony Yap the PhD student who led
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 the study explained that their research
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 emerged from a workshop at Caltech's KEK
00:02:36 --> 00:02:39 Institute of Space Studies the workshop
00:02:39 --> 00:02:40 brought together experts in
00:02:40 --> 00:02:43 geocchemistry orbital dynamics and
00:02:43 --> 00:02:45 mission science to discuss high priority
00:02:45 --> 00:02:47 scientific objectives that could be
00:02:47 --> 00:02:49 achieved through sample returns from
00:02:49 --> 00:02:51 various bodies throughout the solar
00:02:51 --> 00:02:53 system one of the most compelling
00:02:53 --> 00:02:54 reasons for pursuing these challenging
00:02:54 --> 00:02:57 missions is to understand what materials
00:02:57 --> 00:02:59 existed in the inner solar system during
00:02:59 --> 00:03:01 its early formation billions of years
00:03:01 --> 00:03:04 ago without samples from Mercury and
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 Venus we lack crucial data on the
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 carbonatous and non-carbonatous
00:03:08 --> 00:03:11 materials that formed these planets the
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 researchers made their case by building
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 on knowledge gained from previous
00:03:15 --> 00:03:16 missions like NASA's Messenger to
00:03:16 --> 00:03:19 Mercury and looking ahead to active
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 missions like the European Space Ay's
00:03:21 --> 00:03:23 Bey Columbo currently in route to
00:03:23 --> 00:03:26 Mercury they also considered proposed
00:03:26 --> 00:03:29 future NASA missions to Venus like Da
00:03:29 --> 00:03:31 Vinci and Varadus as potential
00:03:31 --> 00:03:34 precursors to eventual sample return
00:03:34 --> 00:03:37 missions but the challenges are immense
00:03:37 --> 00:03:39 mercury's proximity to the sun makes it
00:03:39 --> 00:03:41 extraordinarily difficult to reach while
00:03:41 --> 00:03:43 Venus has a crushing atmosphere and
00:03:43 --> 00:03:45 surface temperatures hot enough to melt
00:03:45 --> 00:03:48 lead these conditions make landing
00:03:48 --> 00:03:50 collecting samples and returning them to
00:03:50 --> 00:03:53 Earth technologically daunting despite
00:03:53 --> 00:03:55 these obstacles the Caltech team
00:03:55 --> 00:03:57 believes that with the development of
00:03:57 --> 00:03:59 advanced propulsion technologies
00:03:59 --> 00:04:01 particularly nuclear thermal propulsion
00:04:01 --> 00:04:04 a Mercury sample return mission might
00:04:04 --> 00:04:07 eventually become feasible venus
00:04:07 --> 00:04:08 presents even greater challenges with
00:04:08 --> 00:04:10 its massive gravity while making it
00:04:10 --> 00:04:12 particularly difficult to launch
00:04:12 --> 00:04:14 anything from its surface back to Earth
00:04:14 --> 00:04:17 the researchers emphasize a critical gap
00:04:17 --> 00:04:19 in our understanding of our solar system
00:04:19 --> 00:04:21 we simply don't have any physical
00:04:21 --> 00:04:24 samples from Mercury or Venus tony Yap
00:04:24 --> 00:04:26 the Caltech PhD student leading the
00:04:26 --> 00:04:29 study puts it bluntly we do not have a
00:04:29 --> 00:04:31 single sample in the form of a meteorite
00:04:31 --> 00:04:34 from Mercury and Venus this absence
00:04:34 --> 00:04:35 creates a significant blind spot in
00:04:36 --> 00:04:38 planetary science the building blocks of
00:04:38 --> 00:04:40 both planets derived from the innermost
00:04:40 --> 00:04:43 solar system remain largely theoretical
00:04:43 --> 00:04:45 understanding these materials
00:04:45 --> 00:04:46 geochemically would provide crucial
00:04:46 --> 00:04:48 insights into the evolution of the early
00:04:48 --> 00:04:51 solar system approximately 4.6 billion
00:04:52 --> 00:04:54 years ago what makes these potential
00:04:54 --> 00:04:56 sample return missions particularly
00:04:56 --> 00:04:58 significant is that they might represent
00:04:58 --> 00:05:01 the missing component needed to explain
00:05:01 --> 00:05:04 Earth's composition currently scientists
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 cannot fully account for our planet's
00:05:06 --> 00:05:08 composition using known meteorite
00:05:08 --> 00:05:10 materials there's a piece of the puzzle
00:05:10 --> 00:05:12 missing and Mercury or Venus samples
00:05:12 --> 00:05:14 might provide it the technical
00:05:14 --> 00:05:17 challenges however are formidable for
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 Mercury the team believes nuclear
00:05:19 --> 00:05:21 thermal propulsion could eventually make
00:05:21 --> 00:05:24 a sample return mission feasible this
00:05:24 --> 00:05:25 advanced propulsion technology would
00:05:26 --> 00:05:27 provide the necessary power to escape
00:05:27 --> 00:05:29 Mercury's gravity well while managing
00:05:29 --> 00:05:32 the extreme heat near the sun venus
00:05:32 --> 00:05:34 presents even greater obstacles its
00:05:34 --> 00:05:36 massive size creates a much deeper
00:05:36 --> 00:05:38 gravity well than Mercury making it
00:05:38 --> 00:05:40 extraordinarily difficult to launch
00:05:40 --> 00:05:42 anything from its surface with enough
00:05:42 --> 00:05:44 velocity to return to Earth the planet's
00:05:44 --> 00:05:46 crushing atmospheric pressure and
00:05:46 --> 00:05:48 extreme surface temperatures hot enough
00:05:48 --> 00:05:51 to melt lead further complicate any
00:05:51 --> 00:05:53 sample collection mission given these
00:05:53 --> 00:05:55 challenges researchers are exploring
00:05:55 --> 00:05:57 alternative approaches for Venus
00:05:58 --> 00:05:59 balloonbased technologies that could
00:05:59 --> 00:06:01 float in the more temperate upper
00:06:01 --> 00:06:03 atmosphere are being considered these
00:06:03 --> 00:06:05 floating laboratories might collect
00:06:05 --> 00:06:08 atmospheric samples or potentially even
00:06:08 --> 00:06:10 surface material without requiring a
00:06:10 --> 00:06:12 traditional landing and return
00:06:12 --> 00:06:15 mission moving forward the scientists
00:06:15 --> 00:06:16 emphasize the need to develop these
00:06:16 --> 00:06:18 advanced technologies while
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 simultaneously building stronger
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 scientific cases for sample returns from
00:06:22 --> 00:06:25 the inner planets as Yap notes figuring
00:06:25 --> 00:06:28 out how to maximize scientific value
00:06:28 --> 00:06:30 from even a single gram of material
00:06:30 --> 00:06:32 scraped or drilled from these hostile
00:06:32 --> 00:06:35 planetary surfaces will be crucial to
00:06:35 --> 00:06:37 justifying such ambitious
00:06:37 --> 00:06:41 missions next on today's story list a
00:06:41 --> 00:06:42 fascinating new study published in the
00:06:42 --> 00:06:44 journal Icarus challenges the prevailing
00:06:44 --> 00:06:46 notion that Earth's water came from
00:06:46 --> 00:06:48 asteroid impacts for decades the
00:06:48 --> 00:06:50 scientific consensus has suggested that
00:06:50 --> 00:06:52 water or its components arrived on our
00:06:52 --> 00:06:55 planet via asteroid bombardment after
00:06:55 --> 00:06:57 Earth had already formed but now
00:06:57 --> 00:06:59 University of Oxford researchers have
00:06:59 --> 00:07:01 uncovered compelling evidence that the
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 building blocks for water may have been
00:07:03 --> 00:07:06 here all along the team examined a rare
00:07:06 --> 00:07:09 type of meteorite known as an Enstatite
00:07:09 --> 00:07:10 condrite which is particularly
00:07:10 --> 00:07:12 significant because it shares similar
00:07:12 --> 00:07:14 composition with the materials that
00:07:14 --> 00:07:17 formed early Earth approximately 4.5
00:07:17 --> 00:07:19 billion years ago what they discovered
00:07:19 --> 00:07:22 was surprising hydrogen present within
00:07:22 --> 00:07:24 the meteorites chemical structure this
00:07:24 --> 00:07:26 finding suggests that if this meteorite
00:07:26 --> 00:07:28 material could naturally contain
00:07:28 --> 00:07:30 hydrogen then the primordial Earth
00:07:30 --> 00:07:33 likely did too perhaps most convincing
00:07:33 --> 00:07:35 about this research is how carefully the
00:07:35 --> 00:07:37 scientists worked to determine that the
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 hydrogen they found was original to the
00:07:39 --> 00:07:42 meteorite not the result of terrestrial
00:07:42 --> 00:07:44 contamination after it landed this
00:07:44 --> 00:07:47 distinction is crucial if the hydrogen
00:07:47 --> 00:07:48 was merely from Earth exposure it
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 wouldn't tell us anything about our
00:07:50 --> 00:07:52 planet's early composition to
00:07:52 --> 00:07:54 investigate this the researchers
00:07:54 --> 00:07:56 employed a massive machine called a
00:07:56 --> 00:07:59 synretron that produces powerful X-rays
00:07:59 --> 00:08:01 to probe the meteorites chemical
00:08:01 --> 00:08:03 structure they initially expected any
00:08:03 --> 00:08:05 hydrogen to be linked with sulfur
00:08:05 --> 00:08:07 molecules and targeted their analysis
00:08:07 --> 00:08:09 accordingly to their surprise they found
00:08:09 --> 00:08:12 areas rich in hydrogen sulfide just
00:08:12 --> 00:08:14 outside where they anticipated with the
00:08:14 --> 00:08:16 highest concentration locked within
00:08:16 --> 00:08:19 crystalline structures the smoking gun
00:08:19 --> 00:08:21 came when they examined areas of the
00:08:21 --> 00:08:23 meteorite showing signs of earthly
00:08:23 --> 00:08:26 contamination cracks and rust these
00:08:26 --> 00:08:27 sections had little to no hydrogen
00:08:27 --> 00:08:30 present strongly suggesting the hydrogen
00:08:30 --> 00:08:32 elsewhere was native to the meteorite
00:08:32 --> 00:08:34 itself this evidence points to a
00:08:34 --> 00:08:36 revolutionary conclusion the proto Earth
00:08:36 --> 00:08:38 likely already contained sufficient
00:08:38 --> 00:08:40 hydrogen to explain our planet's current
00:08:40 --> 00:08:42 water supply by the time the young
00:08:42 --> 00:08:43 planet had grown large enough to be
00:08:43 --> 00:08:45 struck by asteroids the essential
00:08:45 --> 00:08:47 ingredients for water were already
00:08:47 --> 00:08:50 present as Oxford professor James Bryson
00:08:50 --> 00:08:52 one of the study's authors explained "We
00:08:52 --> 00:08:54 now think that the material that built
00:08:54 --> 00:08:56 our planet was far richer in hydrogen
00:08:56 --> 00:08:59 than we thought previously this finding
00:08:59 --> 00:09:01 supports the idea that the formation of
00:09:01 --> 00:09:03 water on Earth was a natural process
00:09:03 --> 00:09:05 rather than a fluke of hydrated
00:09:05 --> 00:09:07 asteroids bombarding our planet after it
00:09:07 --> 00:09:10 formed while this research may not
00:09:10 --> 00:09:11 completely resolve the debate over
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 Earth's original water source it
00:09:13 --> 00:09:15 significantly strengthens the case for
00:09:15 --> 00:09:18 an internal origin rather than an
00:09:18 --> 00:09:19 external delivery system the
00:09:20 --> 00:09:22 implications extend beyond Earth
00:09:22 --> 00:09:23 potentially helping us understand water
00:09:24 --> 00:09:25 formation throughout our solar system
00:09:25 --> 00:09:28 and beyond the Oxford team's
00:09:28 --> 00:09:30 investigation methods were particularly
00:09:30 --> 00:09:31 ingenious in their pursuit to determine
00:09:32 --> 00:09:34 whether the hydrogen was truly original
00:09:34 --> 00:09:37 to the meteorite to precisely pinpoint
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 hydrogen's presence they utilized a
00:09:39 --> 00:09:42 powerful X-ray beam from a synretron
00:09:42 --> 00:09:43 essentially a massive particle
00:09:43 --> 00:09:45 accelerator that produces incredibly
00:09:45 --> 00:09:48 intense light used to examine the atomic
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 structure of materials when they aimed
00:09:50 --> 00:09:52 this sophisticated equipment at the
00:09:52 --> 00:09:54 Antarctic meteorite named
00:09:54 --> 00:09:56 LR12252 they discovered something
00:09:56 --> 00:09:59 remarkable the hydrogen wasn't
00:09:59 --> 00:10:00 distributed randomly throughout the
00:10:00 --> 00:10:02 sample but was specifically concentrated
00:10:02 --> 00:10:04 in hydrogen sulfide locked within
00:10:04 --> 00:10:07 crystalline structures of the meteorite
00:10:07 --> 00:10:09 this specific positioning is significant
00:10:09 --> 00:10:11 because it suggests the hydrogen was
00:10:11 --> 00:10:13 incorporated during the meteorite's
00:10:13 --> 00:10:16 formation not afterward what makes their
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 evidence particularly compelling is the
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 comparison between different areas of
00:10:20 --> 00:10:23 the same meteorite the sections showing
00:10:23 --> 00:10:26 clear signs of terrestrial contamination
00:10:26 --> 00:10:28 like cracks or rust formations that
00:10:28 --> 00:10:30 developed after the meteorite landed on
00:10:30 --> 00:10:33 Earth contained virtually no hydrogen if
00:10:34 --> 00:10:36 contamination were the source of all the
00:10:36 --> 00:10:38 hydrogen we would expect to see higher
00:10:38 --> 00:10:40 concentrations in these damaged areas
00:10:40 --> 00:10:42 where Earth materials could more easily
00:10:42 --> 00:10:43 penetrate
00:10:44 --> 00:10:46 instead the pristine uncontaminated
00:10:46 --> 00:10:48 sections held the hydrogen creating a
00:10:48 --> 00:10:50 strong case that this element was part
00:10:50 --> 00:10:52 of the meteorite's original
00:10:52 --> 00:10:55 composition tom Barrett an Oxford
00:10:55 --> 00:10:57 graduate student who worked on the study
00:10:57 --> 00:10:58 described their excitement at this
00:10:59 --> 00:11:01 discovery we were incredibly excited
00:11:01 --> 00:11:03 when the analysis told us the sample
00:11:03 --> 00:11:05 contained hydrogen sulfide just not
00:11:05 --> 00:11:07 where we expected this finding
00:11:07 --> 00:11:09 fundamentally shifts our understanding
00:11:09 --> 00:11:12 of Earth's water origins since instatite
00:11:12 --> 00:11:13 condondrites are believed to represent
00:11:13 --> 00:11:16 the building blocks of our early planet
00:11:16 --> 00:11:18 their hydrogen content suggests Earth
00:11:18 --> 00:11:19 naturally contained the essential
00:11:19 --> 00:11:22 ingredients for water from its very
00:11:22 --> 00:11:24 beginning rather than requiring a cosmic
00:11:24 --> 00:11:26 delivery service of water- richch
00:11:26 --> 00:11:28 asteroids our planet had the necessary
00:11:28 --> 00:11:31 components all along the implications
00:11:31 --> 00:11:34 extend beyond Earth this research could
00:11:34 --> 00:11:35 help explain water formation throughout
00:11:35 --> 00:11:38 our solar system and may even inform our
00:11:38 --> 00:11:39 search for potentially habitable
00:11:39 --> 00:11:41 exoplanets
00:11:41 --> 00:11:43 if water formation is a natural
00:11:43 --> 00:11:45 byproduct of planetary development
00:11:45 --> 00:11:47 rather than depending on chance asteroid
00:11:47 --> 00:11:49 impacts the potential for waterbearing
00:11:49 --> 00:11:51 worlds might be much higher than
00:11:51 --> 00:11:52 previously
00:11:52 --> 00:11:55 estimated next if you've ever felt like
00:11:55 --> 00:11:57 becoming an entrepreneur of some note
00:11:57 --> 00:11:58 you may have picked a good time to be
00:11:58 --> 00:12:01 alive let me explain now imagine it's
00:12:01 --> 00:12:03 1625 and you're an ambitious young
00:12:04 --> 00:12:06 entrepreneur the world's most powerful
00:12:06 --> 00:12:07 nations have pushed wooden shipb
00:12:08 --> 00:12:10 building technology to unprecedented
00:12:10 --> 00:12:12 heights the oceans are no longer the
00:12:12 --> 00:12:15 barrier to commerce they once were new
00:12:15 --> 00:12:17 continents have been discovered with
00:12:17 --> 00:12:19 gold to be found spices to trade and
00:12:19 --> 00:12:22 fortunes to be made of course there were
00:12:22 --> 00:12:25 risks violent storms shipwrecks and
00:12:25 --> 00:12:27 pirates lurking in wait for merchant
00:12:27 --> 00:12:30 vessels fast forward 400 years and we
00:12:30 --> 00:12:32 find ourselves at a remarkably similar
00:12:32 --> 00:12:35 threshold instead of wooden ships we
00:12:35 --> 00:12:37 have advanced spacecraft instead of
00:12:37 --> 00:12:39 crossing oceans we're venturing beyond
00:12:39 --> 00:12:40 our
00:12:40 --> 00:12:42 atmosphere the comparison between these
00:12:42 --> 00:12:44 two eras of exploration is not just
00:12:44 --> 00:12:47 poetic it's profoundly accurate in terms
00:12:47 --> 00:12:49 of the opportunities and challenges we
00:12:49 --> 00:12:49 now
00:12:49 --> 00:12:52 face space launch technology has evolved
00:12:52 --> 00:12:55 at a breathtaking pace particularly in
00:12:55 --> 00:12:57 the last decade what was once the
00:12:57 --> 00:12:59 exclusive domain of powerful nation
00:12:59 --> 00:13:01 states is now accessible to private
00:13:01 --> 00:13:04 companies and ambitious startups Earth's
00:13:04 --> 00:13:06 atmosphere which for millennia
00:13:06 --> 00:13:08 represented an absolute barrier to human
00:13:08 --> 00:13:10 exploration is now regularly traversed
00:13:10 --> 00:13:13 by both crude and uncrrewed missions the
00:13:13 --> 00:13:15 potential rewards of this new frontier
00:13:15 --> 00:13:17 dwarf even the riches sought by those
00:13:17 --> 00:13:20 early maritime explorers we're not just
00:13:20 --> 00:13:21 talking about discovering new trading
00:13:21 --> 00:13:23 routes or finding gold we're
00:13:23 --> 00:13:26 contemplating mining asteroids rich in
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28 precious metals harnessing unprecedented
00:13:28 --> 00:13:31 energy sources and potentially even
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 finding the answers to humanity's oldest
00:13:33 --> 00:13:36 questions about our origins and whether
00:13:36 --> 00:13:37 we're alone in the
00:13:37 --> 00:13:40 universe space traffic is projected to
00:13:40 --> 00:13:42 grow exponentially over the next 5 to 10
00:13:42 --> 00:13:45 years it's not unreasonable to imagine
00:13:45 --> 00:13:47 regular trips to the moon by the end of
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 this decade with Mars and even the
00:13:49 --> 00:13:51 asteroid belt becoming accessible in the
00:13:51 --> 00:13:54 following years currently we use space
00:13:54 --> 00:13:56 primarily for communications and Earth
00:13:56 --> 00:13:58 observation but that's merely scratching
00:13:58 --> 00:14:01 the surface of possibilities just as the
00:14:01 --> 00:14:03 age of sale brought risks alongside its
00:14:03 --> 00:14:05 rewards our venture into space comes
00:14:05 --> 00:14:07 with inherent dangers the space
00:14:07 --> 00:14:09 environment itself is incredibly hostile
00:14:09 --> 00:14:13 to human life vacuum radiation
00:14:13 --> 00:14:15 micrometeorites these are the modern
00:14:15 --> 00:14:17 equivalents of the storms and reefs that
00:14:17 --> 00:14:19 threatened early sailors and as space
00:14:19 --> 00:14:21 becomes more commercialized we'll likely
00:14:21 --> 00:14:23 face new challenges in terms of security
00:14:23 --> 00:14:24 and competition for
00:14:24 --> 00:14:27 resources for every entrepreneur who
00:14:27 --> 00:14:29 sees opportunity in mining asteroids
00:14:29 --> 00:14:31 there may be those who see opportunity
00:14:31 --> 00:14:34 in piracy or sabotage nations with early
00:14:34 --> 00:14:37 advantages in space capability will have
00:14:37 --> 00:14:39 tremendous economic and strategic
00:14:39 --> 00:14:41 benefits over those who lag behind the
00:14:41 --> 00:14:43 dynamics of power and wealth that shaped
00:14:43 --> 00:14:46 Earth's colonial era may find new
00:14:46 --> 00:14:48 expression in our expansion beyond our
00:14:48 --> 00:14:50 planet yet unlike our ancestors who
00:14:50 --> 00:14:52 sailed into the unknown with limited
00:14:52 --> 00:14:55 knowledge and primitive tools we venture
00:14:55 --> 00:14:56 forth with the accumulated wisdom and
00:14:56 --> 00:14:59 technology of our entire civilization
00:14:59 --> 00:15:01 the possibilities before us are limited
00:15:01 --> 00:15:04 only by our imagination our courage and
00:15:04 --> 00:15:06 our ability to cooperate across national
00:15:06 --> 00:15:07 boundaries for the benefit of all
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 humanity space traffic is expected to
00:15:10 --> 00:15:12 grow exponentially in the coming years
00:15:12 --> 00:15:14 as humans explore new worlds and seek
00:15:14 --> 00:15:17 fortune beyond Earth while the concept
00:15:17 --> 00:15:19 of space tourism gets plenty of
00:15:19 --> 00:15:21 attention it's merely the tip of an
00:15:21 --> 00:15:23 iceberg of commercial possibilities
00:15:23 --> 00:15:25 whose depths we have yet to fully
00:15:25 --> 00:15:28 comprehend the initial focus of space
00:15:28 --> 00:15:30 commerce will likely center around three
00:15:30 --> 00:15:33 key areas: resource acquisition energy
00:15:33 --> 00:15:36 production and advanced manufacturing
00:15:36 --> 00:15:38 these aren't just speculative ventures
00:15:38 --> 00:15:39 they represent logical extensions of
00:15:39 --> 00:15:41 existing needs coupled with emerging
00:15:41 --> 00:15:44 technological capabilities asteroids
00:15:44 --> 00:15:45 present perhaps the most tantalizing
00:15:46 --> 00:15:48 near-term opportunity many contain vast
00:15:48 --> 00:15:50 quantities of rare earth minerals and
00:15:50 --> 00:15:52 precious metals in concentrations far
00:15:52 --> 00:15:54 exceeding those found in Earth's most
00:15:54 --> 00:15:57 productive mines a single asteroid with
00:15:57 --> 00:15:59 the right composition could yield
00:15:59 --> 00:16:01 trillions of dollars worth of materials
00:16:01 --> 00:16:03 critical to advanced technologies and
00:16:03 --> 00:16:05 manufacturing processes
00:16:05 --> 00:16:08 meanwhile the moon has drawn renewed
00:16:08 --> 00:16:10 interest not just as a stepping stone to
00:16:10 --> 00:16:12 deeper space but as a valuable resource
00:16:12 --> 00:16:15 in its own right its surface contains
00:16:15 --> 00:16:17 abundant helium 3 an isotope extremely
00:16:17 --> 00:16:20 rare on Earth but potentially ideal as
00:16:20 --> 00:16:23 fuel for future nuclear fusion reactors
00:16:23 --> 00:16:25 if fusion power becomes commercially
00:16:25 --> 00:16:28 viable lunar helium 3 could become one
00:16:28 --> 00:16:30 of the most valuable commodities in the
00:16:30 --> 00:16:33 solar system the unique environment of
00:16:33 --> 00:16:34 space also creates opportunities for
00:16:34 --> 00:16:37 manufacturing processes impossible on
00:16:37 --> 00:16:39 Earth zero gravity conditions allow for
00:16:39 --> 00:16:41 the creation of perfect crystals ultra
00:16:42 --> 00:16:44 pure pharmaceuticals and exotic alloys
00:16:44 --> 00:16:45 that cannot be produced under
00:16:45 --> 00:16:48 terrestrial conditions as launch costs
00:16:48 --> 00:16:50 continue to decrease the economic case
00:16:50 --> 00:16:52 for orbital manufacturing becomes
00:16:52 --> 00:16:55 increasingly compelling for ambitious
00:16:55 --> 00:16:57 companies looking to stake their claim
00:16:57 --> 00:16:59 in this new frontier several market
00:16:59 --> 00:17:01 niches are emerging manufacturing will
00:17:02 --> 00:17:04 be crucial not just for Earth-based
00:17:04 --> 00:17:05 customers but for the infrastructure of
00:17:06 --> 00:17:09 space itself long range transports
00:17:09 --> 00:17:12 mining systems and lunar bases will all
00:17:12 --> 00:17:14 need to be constructed potentially on
00:17:14 --> 00:17:16 orbit to avoid the limitations of
00:17:16 --> 00:17:19 Earth-tospace launch systems logistics
00:17:19 --> 00:17:21 presents another massive opportunity
00:17:21 --> 00:17:23 we'll need transfer stations refueling
00:17:23 --> 00:17:26 depots and efficient transport networks
00:17:26 --> 00:17:28 the companies that develop reliable
00:17:28 --> 00:17:30 cost-effective ways to move people
00:17:30 --> 00:17:32 equipment and resources throughout cys
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 lunar space and beyond will be the
00:17:34 --> 00:17:36 equivalent of the shipping companies
00:17:36 --> 00:17:39 that dominated oceanic trade of course
00:17:39 --> 00:17:41 all this activity will generate
00:17:41 --> 00:17:43 unprecedented demand for information
00:17:43 --> 00:17:45 management communication systems
00:17:45 --> 00:17:47 navigation networks and security
00:17:48 --> 00:17:50 services the data infrastructure needed
00:17:50 --> 00:17:53 to support operations across the solar
00:17:53 --> 00:17:55 system will dwarf our current internet
00:17:55 --> 00:17:57 in both complexity and capacity the
00:17:57 --> 00:17:59 countries and companies that master
00:17:59 --> 00:18:01 these challenges will enjoy economic
00:18:01 --> 00:18:03 advantages comparable to those gained by
00:18:03 --> 00:18:05 maritime powers during the age of
00:18:05 --> 00:18:08 exploration but unlike Earth's resources
00:18:08 --> 00:18:10 the resources of space are virtually
00:18:10 --> 00:18:12 limitless offering the potential for
00:18:12 --> 00:18:14 growth and prosperity without the zero
00:18:14 --> 00:18:16 sum competition that has characterized
00:18:16 --> 00:18:19 much of human history
00:18:19 --> 00:18:22 next time to check in with the
00:18:22 --> 00:18:25 JWST the James Web Space Telescope has
00:18:25 --> 00:18:26 recently turned its powerful infrared
00:18:26 --> 00:18:30 eyes toward NGC 1514 a fascinating
00:18:30 --> 00:18:33 planetary nebula sitting about 1
00:18:33 --> 00:18:35 lighty years away from Earth this
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 celestial object has a particularly
00:18:37 --> 00:18:39 intriguing history in the annals of
00:18:39 --> 00:18:41 astronomy when William Hershel first
00:18:41 --> 00:18:44 discovered it in 1790 the nebula's
00:18:44 --> 00:18:45 unique appearance forced him to
00:18:45 --> 00:18:47 reconsider fundamental assumptions about
00:18:47 --> 00:18:50 the nature of nebula prior to this
00:18:50 --> 00:18:52 discovery Hershel had believed that all
00:18:52 --> 00:18:55 nebuli were simply masses of stars too
00:18:55 --> 00:18:57 distant to be resolved individually but
00:18:57 --> 00:19:00 NGC 1514 presented something different
00:19:00 --> 00:19:03 what he described as a lone star
00:19:03 --> 00:19:04 surrounded with a faintly luminous
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 atmosphere
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 this observation marked a significant
00:19:08 --> 00:19:10 shift in astronomical understanding
00:19:10 --> 00:19:12 suggesting that not all nebulous objects
00:19:12 --> 00:19:15 were comprised of stars fast forward to
00:19:15 --> 00:19:18 modern times and this curious nebula
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 continues to yield new insights with
00:19:20 --> 00:19:22 each technological advance nasa's
00:19:22 --> 00:19:26 Widefield Infrared Survey Explorer WISE
00:19:26 --> 00:19:27 previously detected a pair of rings
00:19:27 --> 00:19:29 around the nebula that are only visible
00:19:29 --> 00:19:33 in infrared wavelengths now the JWSD's
00:19:33 --> 00:19:35 unparalleled capabilities have allowed
00:19:35 --> 00:19:37 astronomers to examine these structures
00:19:37 --> 00:19:40 in unprecedented detail led by Michael
00:19:40 --> 00:19:42 Wrestler a researcher and project
00:19:42 --> 00:19:43 scientist for WEB's mid-infrared
00:19:43 --> 00:19:45 instrument at NASA's Jet Propulsion
00:19:45 --> 00:19:47 Laboratory the new observations reveal
00:19:47 --> 00:19:50 the complex and turbulent nature of NGC
00:19:50 --> 00:19:54 1514 the JWST's mid-infrared imager and
00:19:54 --> 00:19:56 mediumresolution spectrometer have
00:19:56 --> 00:19:58 clearly resolved the nebula's
00:19:58 --> 00:20:00 distinctive rings showing them to be
00:20:00 --> 00:20:02 relatively distinct structures with both
00:20:02 --> 00:20:05 filament and clumpy details throughout
00:20:05 --> 00:20:07 what makes these new observations
00:20:07 --> 00:20:08 particularly valuable is how they've
00:20:08 --> 00:20:10 enabled astronomers to peer through the
00:20:10 --> 00:20:12 nebula's history tracing its evolution
00:20:12 --> 00:20:15 over approximately 4 years as
00:20:15 --> 00:20:18 Wrestler noted before web we weren't
00:20:18 --> 00:20:20 able to detect most of this material let
00:20:20 --> 00:20:22 alone observe it so clearly the
00:20:22 --> 00:20:25 telescope's infrared sensitivity has
00:20:25 --> 00:20:27 provided a comprehensive view of the
00:20:27 --> 00:20:29 nebula's turbulent nature allowing
00:20:29 --> 00:20:32 scientists to examine features that were
00:20:32 --> 00:20:35 previously impossible to detect the
00:20:35 --> 00:20:37 detail revealed by these observations
00:20:37 --> 00:20:39 offers a time capsule of sorts recording
00:20:39 --> 00:20:41 the dramatic processes of stellar
00:20:41 --> 00:20:43 evolution as they've unfolded over
00:20:43 --> 00:20:46 millennia by studying the intricate
00:20:46 --> 00:20:50 structures within NGC 1514 astronomers
00:20:50 --> 00:20:51 can better understand the complex
00:20:51 --> 00:20:53 interactions that occur when stars reach
00:20:53 --> 00:20:56 the end of their main sequence lives and
00:20:56 --> 00:20:58 begin shedding their outer layers into
00:20:58 --> 00:21:01 space a pair of binary stars reside at
00:21:02 --> 00:21:05 the center of NGC 1514 appearing as a
00:21:05 --> 00:21:06 single purple star with bright
00:21:06 --> 00:21:09 diffraction spikes in JDUSD images this
00:21:09 --> 00:21:11 central system is actually what powers
00:21:11 --> 00:21:14 and shapes the entire nebula one of
00:21:14 --> 00:21:16 these stars was originally several times
00:21:16 --> 00:21:19 more massive than our sun and as it
00:21:19 --> 00:21:21 evolved into a red giant it cast off its
00:21:21 --> 00:21:23 outer layers of gas which formed the
00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 distinctive nebular structure we see
00:21:25 --> 00:21:28 today david Jones a senior scientist at
00:21:28 --> 00:21:29 the Institute of Astrophysics on the
00:21:30 --> 00:21:31 Canary Islands who proved there is a
00:21:32 --> 00:21:35 binary star system at the center in 2017
00:21:35 --> 00:21:36 explains this
00:21:36 --> 00:21:39 process as it evolved it puffed up
00:21:39 --> 00:21:41 throwing off layers of gas and dust in a
00:21:41 --> 00:21:43 very slow dense stellar wind that once
00:21:43 --> 00:21:45 massive star has now collapsed to become
00:21:45 --> 00:21:47 a white dwarf while its companion is
00:21:48 --> 00:21:49 currently a giant star on what
00:21:49 --> 00:21:52 astronomers call the horizontal branch
00:21:52 --> 00:21:53 what appears from our viewing angle to
00:21:53 --> 00:21:55 look like a can being poured out is
00:21:55 --> 00:21:57 actually an hourglass shape there are
00:21:57 --> 00:21:59 hints of a pinched waist near the top
00:21:59 --> 00:22:01 left and bottom right of the nebula and
00:22:01 --> 00:22:03 at these locations the dust appears
00:22:03 --> 00:22:06 orange and drifts into shallow Vshapes
00:22:06 --> 00:22:08 this unusual configuration likely
00:22:08 --> 00:22:10 results from the interaction between the
00:22:10 --> 00:22:13 binary stars when this star was at its
00:22:13 --> 00:22:15 peak of losing material the companion
00:22:16 --> 00:22:18 could have gotten very very close jones
00:22:18 --> 00:22:21 notes that interaction can lead to
00:22:21 --> 00:22:23 shapes that you wouldn't expect instead
00:22:23 --> 00:22:25 of producing a sphere this interaction
00:22:25 --> 00:22:28 might have formed these rings the JWSD
00:22:28 --> 00:22:30 observations have allowed researchers to
00:22:30 --> 00:22:32 dig more deeply into the nebula's
00:22:32 --> 00:22:34 composition revealing something quite
00:22:34 --> 00:22:36 unexpected unlike many other planetary
00:22:36 --> 00:22:39 nebula the brightness of NGC 1514's
00:22:39 --> 00:22:41 rings doesn't come from line emissions
00:22:41 --> 00:22:43 from elements like atomic hydrogen
00:22:43 --> 00:22:46 polyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or
00:22:46 --> 00:22:49 shocked molecular hydrogen instead the
00:22:49 --> 00:22:51 brightness primarily comes from thermal
00:22:51 --> 00:22:53 emission from dust grains with
00:22:54 --> 00:22:55 researchers calculating that only about
00:22:56 --> 00:22:58 1.5% of the ring flux comes from line
00:22:58 --> 00:22:59 emissions
00:23:00 --> 00:23:02 this composition is particularly unusual
00:23:02 --> 00:23:04 since carbon and polyyclic aromatic
00:23:04 --> 00:23:06 hydrocarbons are common features in
00:23:06 --> 00:23:09 planetary nebula the lack of emissions
00:23:09 --> 00:23:11 from molecular hydrogen indicates that
00:23:11 --> 00:23:13 the ring structures weren't formed by
00:23:13 --> 00:23:14 material shocked from collisions with
00:23:14 --> 00:23:17 the interstellar medium while the new
00:23:17 --> 00:23:18 observations provide unprecedented
00:23:18 --> 00:23:21 clarity about what the rings are made of
00:23:21 --> 00:23:22 they haven't yet fully explained how
00:23:22 --> 00:23:25 they formed researchers suggest that a
00:23:25 --> 00:23:27 strong thermal pulse from the binary
00:23:27 --> 00:23:29 stars common envelope may have created
00:23:29 --> 00:23:31 pronounced changes in density in the
00:23:31 --> 00:23:34 surrounding material alternatively a
00:23:34 --> 00:23:36 period of heavy mass loss followed by
00:23:36 --> 00:23:38 fast jets or winds could have carved out
00:23:38 --> 00:23:40 material along the poles to create the
00:23:40 --> 00:23:43 ring-like structure as the researchers
00:23:43 --> 00:23:45 concluded the new data do complete the
00:23:46 --> 00:23:47 picture of the rings being cool dusty
00:23:48 --> 00:23:50 structures embedded in the tenuous outer
00:23:50 --> 00:23:53 shell of a very complex but fascinating
00:23:53 --> 00:23:57 planetary nebula finally today shifting
00:23:57 --> 00:23:59 our gaze from distant nebuli to events
00:23:59 --> 00:24:02 much closer to home skygazers have an
00:24:02 --> 00:24:04 exciting opportunity coming up with not
00:24:04 --> 00:24:06 one but two meteor showers visible in
00:24:06 --> 00:24:09 our night skies beginning in late April
00:24:09 --> 00:24:11 these celestial light shows offer
00:24:11 --> 00:24:12 everyone a chance to witness the beauty
00:24:12 --> 00:24:15 of space without the need for expensive
00:24:15 --> 00:24:17 equipment the Lid's meteor shower will
00:24:17 --> 00:24:20 be the first to grace our skies active
00:24:20 --> 00:24:23 from April 17th to 26 these meteors are
00:24:23 --> 00:24:25 actually tiny pieces of debris from the
00:24:25 --> 00:24:27 Thatcher comet that interact with
00:24:27 --> 00:24:30 Earth's atmosphere and disintegrate
00:24:30 --> 00:24:31 creating those beautiful streaks of
00:24:31 --> 00:24:34 light we associate with shooting stars
00:24:34 --> 00:24:36 the lids take their name from the
00:24:36 --> 00:24:39 constellation Lyra which contains the
00:24:39 --> 00:24:42 bright star Vega this is the region of
00:24:42 --> 00:24:44 the sky from which the meteors appear to
00:24:44 --> 00:24:46 radiate what makes the Lirids
00:24:46 --> 00:24:49 particularly special is their long
00:24:49 --> 00:24:51 observational history people have been
00:24:51 --> 00:24:53 spotting these meteors for at least
00:24:53 --> 00:24:56 2 years making them one of the
00:24:56 --> 00:24:59 oldest recorded meteor showers while
00:24:59 --> 00:25:01 they may not produce the highest rates
00:25:01 --> 00:25:03 compared to other major showers they
00:25:03 --> 00:25:05 often compensate with numerous bright
00:25:05 --> 00:25:07 meteors this year the peak activity
00:25:07 --> 00:25:10 occurs on the night of April 21st with
00:25:10 --> 00:25:12 the best viewing just before dawn on
00:25:12 --> 00:25:15 April 22nd hot on the heels of the Lids
00:25:15 --> 00:25:18 comes the Aquarids meteor shower these
00:25:18 --> 00:25:20 meteors have a more famous parent
00:25:20 --> 00:25:22 they're the icy and rocky debris
00:25:22 --> 00:25:25 originally shed by the renowned comet
00:25:25 --> 00:25:27 when these particles eventually reach
00:25:27 --> 00:25:29 Earth's atmosphere they create their own
00:25:29 --> 00:25:32 fiery nighttime display the Eta Aquarids
00:25:32 --> 00:25:34 can be seen between April 20th and May
00:25:34 --> 00:25:36 28th with optimal viewing between
00:25:36 --> 00:25:39 midnight and dawn on May 5th the Eta
00:25:39 --> 00:25:41 Aquarids are named after one of the
00:25:41 --> 00:25:43 brightest stars in the constellation
00:25:43 --> 00:25:45 Aquarius Eta Aquari which is near the
00:25:46 --> 00:25:47 point from which the meteors appear to
00:25:47 --> 00:25:50 originate astronomers note that the
00:25:50 --> 00:25:52 itaids are particularly interesting
00:25:52 --> 00:25:54 because they sometimes produce strong
00:25:54 --> 00:25:56 outbursts in certain years though this
00:25:56 --> 00:25:58 year is expected to show more moderate
00:25:58 --> 00:26:00 activity there's an interesting
00:26:00 --> 00:26:02 hemispheric divide when it comes to
00:26:02 --> 00:26:05 viewing these showers the Lids are best
00:26:05 --> 00:26:07 observed from the northern hemisphere
00:26:07 --> 00:26:08 while the southern hemisphere provides
00:26:08 --> 00:26:11 superior viewing conditions for the ITA
00:26:11 --> 00:26:13 aquarids
00:26:13 --> 00:26:15 that said both can be seen from either
00:26:15 --> 00:26:18 hemisphere just with varying degrees of
00:26:18 --> 00:26:20 visibility while the lids might produce
00:26:20 --> 00:26:22 around 10 to 20 meteors per hour during
00:26:22 --> 00:26:25 their peak the Eta Aquarids can display
00:26:25 --> 00:26:27 about 30 meteors per hour from the
00:26:27 --> 00:26:29 southern hemisphere and between 10 to 30
00:26:29 --> 00:26:31 from the northern
00:26:31 --> 00:26:34 hemisphere the Eta Aquarids sometimes
00:26:34 --> 00:26:36 leave glowing dust trains in their wake
00:26:36 --> 00:26:38 that remain visible for several seconds
00:26:38 --> 00:26:40 or even minutes adding an extra
00:26:40 --> 00:26:42 dimension to the spectacle
00:26:42 --> 00:26:44 if you're hoping to catch either of
00:26:44 --> 00:26:46 these meteor showers location and timing
00:26:46 --> 00:26:49 are everything for the lids northern
00:26:49 --> 00:26:51 hemisphere viewers have the advantage
00:26:51 --> 00:26:53 head out in the dark hours just before
00:26:53 --> 00:26:57 dawn particularly on April 22nd and look
00:26:57 --> 00:26:59 up you won't need any special equipment
00:26:59 --> 00:27:01 just your naked eyes and a bit of
00:27:01 --> 00:27:03 patience the meteors will appear as fast
00:27:03 --> 00:27:05 streaks of light across the sky and
00:27:05 --> 00:27:06 occasionally you might spot an
00:27:06 --> 00:27:09 especially bright flash during peak
00:27:09 --> 00:27:10 activity you could be rewarded with
00:27:10 --> 00:27:13 anywhere from 10 to 20 meteors per hour
00:27:13 --> 00:27:15 for those in the southern hemisphere
00:27:15 --> 00:27:16 while you won't have the best view of
00:27:16 --> 00:27:19 the Lid since the constellation Lyra
00:27:19 --> 00:27:21 stays below the horizon for most
00:27:21 --> 00:27:23 southern viewers you'll have the prime
00:27:23 --> 00:27:26 seats for the ETA aquarids in early May
00:27:26 --> 00:27:28 this shower favors southern hemisphere
00:27:28 --> 00:27:31 observers who can expect to see around
00:27:31 --> 00:27:34 30 meteors per hour during peak activity
00:27:34 --> 00:27:36 northern hemisphere sky watchers needn't
00:27:36 --> 00:27:38 feel left out though you can still catch
00:27:38 --> 00:27:40 about 10 to 30 meters hourly but you'll
00:27:40 --> 00:27:42 need to look toward the horizon as the
00:27:42 --> 00:27:44 radiant point remains lower in your
00:27:44 --> 00:27:47 sky one challenge for northern viewers
00:27:47 --> 00:27:49 of the EDA aquarids is the limited
00:27:49 --> 00:27:52 viewing window the showers radiant only
00:27:52 --> 00:27:54 rises a couple of hours before dawn and
00:27:54 --> 00:27:56 daylight arrives before it climbs high
00:27:56 --> 00:27:58 in the sky this gives you just a brief
00:27:58 --> 00:28:01 opportunity to spot these meteors making
00:28:01 --> 00:28:04 proper preparation even more important
00:28:04 --> 00:28:05 for optimal viewing of either meteor
00:28:05 --> 00:28:08 shower astronomy experts recommend
00:28:08 --> 00:28:09 finding a location with minimal light
00:28:09 --> 00:28:12 pollution far away from city lights if
00:28:12 --> 00:28:14 possible bring along a star map to help
00:28:14 --> 00:28:16 locate the relevant constellations
00:28:16 --> 00:28:18 though the meteors themselves can appear
00:28:18 --> 00:28:21 anywhere in the sky a reclining lawn
00:28:21 --> 00:28:22 chair or camping mattress will make the
00:28:22 --> 00:28:25 experience much more comfortable as
00:28:25 --> 00:28:27 you'll be looking up for extended
00:28:27 --> 00:28:29 periods dress warmly even if the spring
00:28:29 --> 00:28:32 night doesn't seem that cold initially
00:28:32 --> 00:28:33 when you're sitting still for long
00:28:33 --> 00:28:35 periods temperatures can feel much
00:28:35 --> 00:28:37 chillier than expected remember that
00:28:37 --> 00:28:39 your eyes need about 20 to 30 minutes to
00:28:39 --> 00:28:42 fully adapt to the darkness so avoid
00:28:42 --> 00:28:44 looking at your phone or other bright
00:28:44 --> 00:28:46 lights once you've settled in keep in
00:28:46 --> 00:28:48 mind that patience is key not every
00:28:48 --> 00:28:50 meteor you see will necessarily be from
00:28:50 --> 00:28:53 these specific showers but the ultimate
00:28:53 --> 00:28:54 experience of watching the night sky
00:28:54 --> 00:28:56 come alive with streaks of light is well
00:28:56 --> 00:28:59 worth the wait
00:28:59 --> 00:29:00 and that's all for today's episode of
00:29:00 --> 00:29:03 Astronomy Daily from sample return
00:29:03 --> 00:29:05 missions to our solar systems most
00:29:05 --> 00:29:07 challenging planets to the surprising
00:29:07 --> 00:29:09 origins of Earth's water the new
00:29:09 --> 00:29:12 frontier of space commerce the JWST's
00:29:12 --> 00:29:15 stunning observations of NGC 1514 and
00:29:15 --> 00:29:17 the upcoming meteor light shows in our
00:29:17 --> 00:29:19 night skies the universe continues to
00:29:19 --> 00:29:22 amaze and inspire us i'm Anna and it's
00:29:22 --> 00:29:23 been my pleasure to bring you these
00:29:23 --> 00:29:26 cosmic stories today if your curiosity
00:29:26 --> 00:29:28 about our universe has been peaked
00:29:28 --> 00:29:29 there's always more to discover at our
00:29:29 --> 00:29:32 website
00:29:32 --> 00:29:34 astronomydaily.io there you can catch up
00:29:34 --> 00:29:36 on all the latest space and astronomy
00:29:36 --> 00:29:37 news and listen to our complete library
00:29:38 --> 00:29:40 of past episodes we're also active
00:29:40 --> 00:29:42 across social media making it easy to
00:29:42 --> 00:29:44 stay connected with our cosmic community
00:29:44 --> 00:29:46 just search for Astro Daily Pod on
00:29:46 --> 00:29:49 Facebook X YouTube YouTube Music Tumblr
00:29:49 --> 00:29:52 Instagram and Tik Tok remember that
00:29:52 --> 00:29:53 whether you're scanning the night sky
00:29:53 --> 00:29:55 for meteors or contemplating the origins
00:29:55 --> 00:29:58 of Earth's water we're all explorers of
00:29:58 --> 00:30:01 this vast and wondrous cosmos the
00:30:01 --> 00:30:03 universe is full of mysteries waiting to
00:30:03 --> 00:30:05 be unraveled and we'll continue bringing
00:30:05 --> 00:30:07 them to you right here thanks for
00:30:07 --> 00:30:09 joining me today on this journey through
00:30:09 --> 00:30:11 space i'm Anna and until next time keep
00:30:11 --> 00:30:13 looking up and wondering about the
00:30:13 --> 00:30:17 magnificent universe we call home
00:30:18 --> 00:30:20 the stories we told
00:30:20 --> 00:30:36 [Music]