SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 31
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Beaches on Mars, Water's Early Emergence in the Universe, and Voyager's Power Conservation
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the groundbreaking confirmation by China's Zhurong Mars rover, which has revealed that ancient ocean beaches once graced Mars' northern hemisphere. Using advanced ground-penetrating radar, scientists have discovered sedimentary structures resembling Earth's coastal deposits, suggesting that the Red Planet once harbored a significant body of water, potentially creating habitable environments for microbial life.
Water's Early Role in the Universe
We also discuss a new study indicating that water may have formed in the universe much earlier than previously thought, just 100 to 200 million years after the Big Bang. This discovery suggests that habitable planets could have begun forming before the first galaxies, with primordial supernovae playing a crucial role in producing the necessary oxygen for water molecules.
Navigating Voyager's Future
Additionally, we cover NASA's difficult decision to turn off several scientific instruments aboard the Voyager spacecraft to conserve energy and extend their missions. With Voyager 1 and 2 now over 23 and 19 light hours away from Earth, respectively, these measures are essential to prolonging the iconic spacecraft's ability to collect unique data from interstellar space.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 31 for broadcast on 12 March 2025
00:49 Confirmation of ancient beaches on Mars
06:30 Implications for Martian habitability
12:15 Water's early emergence in the universe
18:00 Role of supernovae in water formation
22:45 Voyager spacecraft power conservation efforts
27:00 Overview of the latest scientific studies
30:15 Discussion on gender differences in romantic relationships
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov (https://www.nasa.gov/)
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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Nature Astronomy
https://www.nature.com/natureastronomy/ (https://www.nature.com/natureastronomy/)
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Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/26026813?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 28 episode 31
00:00:03 --> 00:00:05 for broadcast on the 12th of March
00:00:05 --> 00:00:09 2025 coming up on SpaceTime confirmation
00:00:09 --> 00:00:12 of beaches on the red planet Mars a new
00:00:12 --> 00:00:14 study shows that water Central for Life
00:00:14 --> 00:00:16 as we know it appeared much earlier in
00:00:16 --> 00:00:18 the history of the universe than
00:00:18 --> 00:00:20 previously thought and NASA's been
00:00:20 --> 00:00:22 forced to turn off instruments the
00:00:22 --> 00:00:24 Voyer spacecraft in order to keep the
00:00:24 --> 00:00:27 mission alive all that and more coming
00:00:27 --> 00:00:30 up on SpaceTime
00:00:30 --> 00:00:49 welcome to SpaceTime with Stuart
00:00:49 --> 00:00:52 Gary China's jurang Mars Rover is now
00:00:52 --> 00:00:54 confirmed that ocean beaches once
00:00:54 --> 00:00:56 covered the red planet's Northern
00:00:56 --> 00:00:58 Hemisphere orbital images have long
00:00:58 --> 00:01:00 suggested that the Martian Northern and
00:01:00 --> 00:01:02 hemisphere lowlands are the seabed of a
00:01:02 --> 00:01:04 long gone ancient ocean and that this
00:01:04 --> 00:01:07 ocean was surrounded by beaches and
00:01:07 --> 00:01:09 shorelines now a report in the Journal
00:01:09 --> 00:01:10 of proceedings of the National Academy
00:01:10 --> 00:01:12 of Sciences claims a ground penetrating
00:01:12 --> 00:01:15 radar instrument aboard Beijing jurang
00:01:15 --> 00:01:17 Mars rovera as identified hidden layers
00:01:17 --> 00:01:19 of rock under the planet's surface that
00:01:19 --> 00:01:21 strongly suggest the presence of an
00:01:21 --> 00:01:24 ancient Beach it means the red planet
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 May once have been home to Sun soaked
00:01:26 --> 00:01:29 sandy beaches with gently lapping waves
00:01:29 --> 00:01:31 the new res SE Arch offers the clearest
00:01:31 --> 00:01:33 evidence yet that the red planet once
00:01:33 --> 00:01:35 contained a significant body of water
00:01:35 --> 00:01:37 and consequently a more habitable
00:01:37 --> 00:01:40 environment for Life jurang landed on
00:01:40 --> 00:01:42 Mars in 2021 in an area known as the
00:01:42 --> 00:01:45 Utopia plena and sent back data on the
00:01:45 --> 00:01:47 geology of its surroundings in search of
00:01:47 --> 00:01:50 Science of ancient water or ice
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 importantly unlike other Rovers shirong
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 came equipped with the ground
00:01:54 --> 00:01:56 penetrating radar that allowed it to
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 explore the planet's subsurface using
00:01:58 --> 00:02:00 both low and high frequency Radars to
00:02:00 --> 00:02:03 penetrate the Martian soil and identify
00:02:03 --> 00:02:06 buried rock formations by studying the
00:02:06 --> 00:02:07 underground sedimentary deposits
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 scientists are able to piece together a
00:02:09 --> 00:02:10 more complete picture of the red
00:02:11 --> 00:02:13 planet's history and the radar data has
00:02:13 --> 00:02:15 revealed a similar layered structure to
00:02:15 --> 00:02:18 what we find at beaches on Earth these
00:02:18 --> 00:02:20 are formations known as foreshore
00:02:20 --> 00:02:23 deposits they slope downwards towards
00:02:23 --> 00:02:25 the ocean and form when sediments are
00:02:25 --> 00:02:27 carried by tides and waves into a large
00:02:27 --> 00:02:30 body of water it all suggests there were
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 waves that means there was a dynamic
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 interface of air and water now all this
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 is important because when scientists
00:02:36 --> 00:02:38 look back at where the earliest life on
00:02:38 --> 00:02:39 Earth developed it's thought to have
00:02:39 --> 00:02:41 been in the interaction between oceans
00:02:41 --> 00:02:44 and land so this paints a picture of
00:02:44 --> 00:02:46 ancient habitable environments capable
00:02:46 --> 00:02:48 of harboring the sorts of conditions
00:02:48 --> 00:02:49 which would be friendly towards the
00:02:49 --> 00:02:51 establishment and continued survival of
00:02:51 --> 00:02:54 microbial life after all that's what we
00:02:54 --> 00:02:56 find here on Earth when the authors
00:02:56 --> 00:02:59 compared the Mars data with r images of
00:02:59 --> 00:03:01 coastal deposits on Earth they found
00:03:01 --> 00:03:03 striking similarities the dip angles
00:03:03 --> 00:03:06 found on Mars fell right within the same
00:03:06 --> 00:03:07 range as those seen in coastal
00:03:07 --> 00:03:10 sedimentary deposits here on Earth the
00:03:10 --> 00:03:11 researchers also ruled out other
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 possible Origins for the dipping
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 reflectors such as ancient river flows
00:03:16 --> 00:03:19 winds or ancient volcanic activity they
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 suggested the consistent dipping shape
00:03:21 --> 00:03:22 of the formations as well as the
00:03:22 --> 00:03:24 thickness of the sediments all points to
00:03:24 --> 00:03:27 a coastal origin they were seeing what
00:03:27 --> 00:03:29 were definitely shorelines in this body
00:03:29 --> 00:03:31 of water which had evolved over long
00:03:31 --> 00:03:34 periods of time the discoveries further
00:03:34 --> 00:03:36 evidence that Mars was once a much
00:03:36 --> 00:03:38 warmer and wetter place than the freeze
00:03:38 --> 00:03:41 dry desert it's become today Aaron cersi
00:03:41 --> 00:03:43 from cirtain University says the study
00:03:43 --> 00:03:45 provides new information on the
00:03:45 --> 00:03:47 evolution of the Martian environment
00:03:47 --> 00:03:48 suggesting that a life-friendly warm and
00:03:48 --> 00:03:51 wet period must have spanned potentially
00:03:51 --> 00:03:53 tens of millions of years on the surface
00:03:53 --> 00:03:55 of the red planet well this is really
00:03:56 --> 00:03:58 the first time that someone has put
00:03:58 --> 00:04:00 boots on the ground so to week and been
00:04:00 --> 00:04:05 able to do some Inu observations to test
00:04:05 --> 00:04:08 the Northern Hemisphere ocean model that
00:04:08 --> 00:04:10 has been proposed for a couple of
00:04:11 --> 00:04:13 decades now and so it really is a
00:04:13 --> 00:04:14 GameChanger to be able to make
00:04:14 --> 00:04:17 measurements on the ground and the radar
00:04:17 --> 00:04:19 that they use really was unprecedented
00:04:19 --> 00:04:22 in terms of what it showed it was able
00:04:22 --> 00:04:25 to go um relatively close to one of the
00:04:25 --> 00:04:27 shorelines and you know there's been
00:04:28 --> 00:04:30 this proposal that there's from space
00:04:30 --> 00:04:33 imagery satellite imagery there's a
00:04:33 --> 00:04:35 almost a girdle around about the
00:04:35 --> 00:04:37 northern third of the Northern
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 Hemisphere and this has been interpreted
00:04:39 --> 00:04:41 to be a shoreline where the the ocean
00:04:41 --> 00:04:43 would have been to the north in the the
00:04:43 --> 00:04:46 northern lowlands as they're called and
00:04:46 --> 00:04:49 the Rover was able to actually go along
00:04:49 --> 00:04:53 a transect meaning a perpendicular line
00:04:53 --> 00:04:56 away from this Shoreline and imaged the
00:04:56 --> 00:04:59 Rocks underground along this transect to
00:04:59 --> 00:05:02 see if they met the right kind of
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 characteristics in a couple of different
00:05:04 --> 00:05:05 aspects that they looked at that one
00:05:06 --> 00:05:08 would predict or rocks deposited in an
00:05:08 --> 00:05:10 ocean Basin so that was what they set
00:05:10 --> 00:05:12 out to do and it was a a quite
00:05:13 --> 00:05:15 fascinating result do we know how deep
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 this oan could have reached it's
00:05:17 --> 00:05:18 interesting there have been some studies
00:05:18 --> 00:05:20 that have looked at that and I'm going
00:05:20 --> 00:05:22 to be careful with any numbers I site
00:05:22 --> 00:05:24 because I haven't consulted that
00:05:24 --> 00:05:27 recently but my sense was these were on
00:05:27 --> 00:05:29 the order of a few hundred meters rather
00:05:29 --> 00:05:31 than many kilometers then there's over
00:05:31 --> 00:05:33 the life of the ocean how that depth may
00:05:34 --> 00:05:36 change I kind of like that you're asking
00:05:36 --> 00:05:39 that question because that sort of
00:05:39 --> 00:05:42 presupposes that an ocean did indeed
00:05:42 --> 00:05:44 exist if we're talking about what the
00:05:44 --> 00:05:46 depth of it might have been it kind of
00:05:46 --> 00:05:47 means that we're at a state where the
00:05:47 --> 00:05:50 data for the existence of an ocean are
00:05:50 --> 00:05:52 pretty good and uh and I agree with that
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 I think I think we're approaching a
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 point where questions about the ocean
00:05:56 --> 00:05:58 depth and its longevity are important to
00:05:58 --> 00:06:00 address C certainly there had to be a
00:06:00 --> 00:06:03 fair depth of standing water over time
00:06:03 --> 00:06:06 to develop the types of deposits that
00:06:06 --> 00:06:08 were imaged by the Rover and that's
00:06:08 --> 00:06:10 about as far as I want to go on the
00:06:10 --> 00:06:12 depth of water because um pretty much
00:06:12 --> 00:06:14 any number you put out there I think
00:06:14 --> 00:06:15 someone's going to find some issues with
00:06:15 --> 00:06:18 until we have better constraints on that
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 value I guess the other big question has
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 to be what took place at the uh Rock
00:06:22 --> 00:06:25 ocean interface here on Earth this is
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 where a lot of biologists believe life
00:06:27 --> 00:06:29 began well that's the that's the
00:06:29 --> 00:06:32 question that uh is is now rising to the
00:06:32 --> 00:06:34 top of the list I think if the
00:06:34 --> 00:06:36 suggestion or the proposal or the model
00:06:36 --> 00:06:39 for standing water through this time
00:06:39 --> 00:06:42 period of Mars that is called the
00:06:42 --> 00:06:45 hesperion the Hesperian period goes from
00:06:45 --> 00:06:48 about 3.7 down to about 3 billion years
00:06:48 --> 00:06:51 ago and again the kind of canonical
00:06:51 --> 00:06:54 wisdom on this time period when we're
00:06:54 --> 00:06:57 not talking about the notion of an ocean
00:06:57 --> 00:06:59 is that this is a time period where
00:06:59 --> 00:07:01 there's not a lot of other types of
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 evidence for standing water and so it's
00:07:04 --> 00:07:05 thought to be the kind of a
00:07:05 --> 00:07:08 transitionary period where Mars got cold
00:07:08 --> 00:07:10 and dried up and surface water was no
00:07:10 --> 00:07:12 longer stable there are spectacular
00:07:12 --> 00:07:15 images starting from Mariner 9 in the
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 70s and much more recent data that show
00:07:17 --> 00:07:20 spectacular uh channels large Canyons
00:07:20 --> 00:07:23 cut across Mars during this time period
00:07:23 --> 00:07:24 but they're all thought to be uh
00:07:24 --> 00:07:27 reflective of catastrophic releases of
00:07:27 --> 00:07:29 groundwater rather than standing water
00:07:29 --> 00:07:30 and and all of a sudden we're talking
00:07:30 --> 00:07:32 about an ocean at this time period so
00:07:32 --> 00:07:35 that's a it's a really different concept
00:07:35 --> 00:07:37 or interpretation for water on Mars
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 during the Hesperian the question back
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 to your question which is spoton
00:07:41 --> 00:07:44 anywhere you see water and kind of at
00:07:44 --> 00:07:46 the Rock interface the shoreline
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 interface if you will let's even call it
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 a beach because these are coastal
00:07:50 --> 00:07:52 deposits and hence Beach deposits those
00:07:52 --> 00:07:54 are environments that are absolutely
00:07:54 --> 00:07:57 right for exploration for anything that
00:07:57 --> 00:08:00 might have found habitability within
00:08:00 --> 00:08:01 that environment if there were things
00:08:01 --> 00:08:04 living on Mars the shallow Waters along
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 the coast would be a spectacular place
00:08:06 --> 00:08:08 to look for evidence of what that
00:08:08 --> 00:08:10 environment may have contained and so I
00:08:10 --> 00:08:12 think it's breathtaking really if you
00:08:13 --> 00:08:16 think about this Global Ocean on the
00:08:16 --> 00:08:18 Northern third of Mars in the lowlands
00:08:18 --> 00:08:21 if indeed that was a pool plane size
00:08:21 --> 00:08:24 pool for harboring life potentially
00:08:24 --> 00:08:27 there would be many many locations along
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 that Shoreline that could be examined to
00:08:29 --> 00:08:32 see if there's any evidence of organisms
00:08:32 --> 00:08:34 that um might be entrained in the rocks
00:08:34 --> 00:08:36 that are unique to that environment
00:08:36 --> 00:08:38 that's pretty bloody exciting if you ask
00:08:38 --> 00:08:40 me Mars and Earth have been swapping
00:08:40 --> 00:08:43 rocks for billions of years so who knows
00:08:43 --> 00:08:46 the famous Allen Hills meteorite from
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 Antarctica the Martian meteorite the one
00:08:48 --> 00:08:51 that has unusual crystals inside
00:08:51 --> 00:08:54 microscopic Siz crystals inside it if
00:08:54 --> 00:08:56 you didn't know it came from Mars and
00:08:56 --> 00:08:58 instead thought it came from Earth what
00:08:58 --> 00:09:01 would you say those crystals were
00:09:01 --> 00:09:03 alh84001
00:09:03 --> 00:09:06 is definitively one of the most famous
00:09:06 --> 00:09:09 Martian rocks that's uh sitting in
00:09:09 --> 00:09:10 collections on Earth for all of the
00:09:10 --> 00:09:13 reasons you just mentioned it galvanized
00:09:13 --> 00:09:15 thinking and science it really perhaps
00:09:15 --> 00:09:18 in one sense almost created the field of
00:09:18 --> 00:09:20 astrobiology on Earth because it brought
00:09:20 --> 00:09:23 up a simple question uh that was a giant
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 important question how do we know how to
00:09:25 --> 00:09:29 recognize life in rocks particularly the
00:09:29 --> 00:09:32 scale what tools are effective what's
00:09:32 --> 00:09:35 the efficacy of the methods what's the
00:09:35 --> 00:09:37 veracity of this approach how is it that
00:09:38 --> 00:09:39 we can come up with a compelling
00:09:40 --> 00:09:42 scientifically rigorous conclusion that
00:09:42 --> 00:09:43 was the problem with the first mass
00:09:43 --> 00:09:46 Landers wasn't it well indeed uh it's I
00:09:46 --> 00:09:49 would say let's let's change it from
00:09:49 --> 00:09:52 problem to a challenge in how do you
00:09:52 --> 00:09:55 make detections that are definitive
00:09:55 --> 00:09:58 whether it's uh measuring gas from
00:09:58 --> 00:10:01 biking or whether it's a a photo
00:10:01 --> 00:10:03 observation or a chemical measurement of
00:10:03 --> 00:10:05 an isotope how do you make definitive
00:10:05 --> 00:10:07 measurements I'll try to be honest I
00:10:07 --> 00:10:09 think if that rock the Allen Hills Rock
00:10:09 --> 00:10:11 were put in front of me today and no one
00:10:11 --> 00:10:13 told me it was from Mars and I first
00:10:13 --> 00:10:16 looked at it and I saw the carbonates
00:10:16 --> 00:10:19 and the the magnetite grains that were
00:10:19 --> 00:10:21 um a lot of people were excited about
00:10:21 --> 00:10:23 and spent quite a long time discussing I
00:10:23 --> 00:10:26 probably my first bet reaction probably
00:10:26 --> 00:10:27 would have been to interpret them as
00:10:27 --> 00:10:29 some type of biological form everyone
00:10:29 --> 00:10:31 I've spoken to is given exactly the same
00:10:31 --> 00:10:34 answer by the way so this this isn't a a
00:10:34 --> 00:10:37 litigation of the the initial study
00:10:37 --> 00:10:39 authors this was McKay and and
00:10:39 --> 00:10:41 colleagues at Nasa this is just a
00:10:41 --> 00:10:43 response as a microscopist and a
00:10:44 --> 00:10:45 geologist that looks at Rock for a
00:10:45 --> 00:10:47 living and what's in those images is
00:10:47 --> 00:10:50 unusual it it it doesn't look like a an
00:10:50 --> 00:10:54 an inorganic object so the conclusions
00:10:54 --> 00:10:56 of that initial study or the proposal
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 rather that this is evidence of life in
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 a martian Rock it got everyone's
00:11:00 --> 00:11:03 attention I'll tell you that and the I
00:11:03 --> 00:11:06 would say ensuing decade or probably two
00:11:06 --> 00:11:09 or more cuz that was uh let's see 1996
00:11:09 --> 00:11:11 that proposal was put forth I remember
00:11:11 --> 00:11:14 the press conference that uh that really
00:11:14 --> 00:11:16 galvanized the community to say okay
00:11:16 --> 00:11:19 buckle up um get your seat belt on let's
00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 figure out how ways to actually test
00:11:21 --> 00:11:23 this idea with this raw and going
00:11:23 --> 00:11:25 forward what new methodologies do we
00:11:25 --> 00:11:28 need my sense and I'll try to again say
00:11:28 --> 00:11:30 this with a transparent and some honesty
00:11:30 --> 00:11:32 but my sense is that there may be some
00:11:32 --> 00:11:34 people from that still adhere to the
00:11:34 --> 00:11:37 original interpretation that the initial
00:11:37 --> 00:11:39 evidence represent some type of
00:11:39 --> 00:11:41 biological activity but I would say that
00:11:41 --> 00:11:43 the majority of people I interact with
00:11:43 --> 00:11:46 or encounter look at that and say it's a
00:11:46 --> 00:11:49 series of non diagnostic types of
00:11:49 --> 00:11:51 evidence that are circumstantial they
00:11:51 --> 00:11:54 all are consistent with but there wasn't
00:11:54 --> 00:11:57 a single one that was a diagnostic gold
00:11:57 --> 00:11:59 standard signature of life so it was a
00:11:59 --> 00:12:01 bunch of different types of information
00:12:01 --> 00:12:04 from morphologic to organic chemistry
00:12:04 --> 00:12:07 that were put all together and really
00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 are very strongly suggestive I would say
00:12:09 --> 00:12:12 but the the emphasis here is on
00:12:12 --> 00:12:15 identification of that gold standard
00:12:15 --> 00:12:16 evidence what is that one bit of
00:12:17 --> 00:12:19 evidence that does not have another
00:12:19 --> 00:12:22 explanation and therefore is sort of in
00:12:22 --> 00:12:24 a category of its own it does not need a
00:12:24 --> 00:12:26 bunch of other lines of evidence because
00:12:26 --> 00:12:28 that observation or that measurement or
00:12:28 --> 00:12:30 whatever whatever the data are are
00:12:30 --> 00:12:33 sufficiently unique and diagnostic of
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 the process of life I think it's
00:12:35 --> 00:12:36 fascinating that's one of the most
00:12:36 --> 00:12:38 studied meteorites ever and it has
00:12:38 --> 00:12:41 really I would say changed the community
00:12:41 --> 00:12:43 and changed the perspective of science
00:12:43 --> 00:12:45 to really address this issue of how do
00:12:45 --> 00:12:47 we look for life elsewhere and what do
00:12:47 --> 00:12:49 we need to find to to be confident that
00:12:49 --> 00:12:51 we found it when indeed we do or when we
00:12:51 --> 00:12:54 think we do at any rate so it's a it's a
00:12:54 --> 00:12:55 fascinating adventure and a fascinating
00:12:55 --> 00:12:57 Journey that started with this with this
00:12:57 --> 00:13:00 lonely Rock collected in Antarctica Carl
00:13:00 --> 00:13:02 San I think it was who said
00:13:02 --> 00:13:03 extraordinary claims require
00:13:03 --> 00:13:06 extraordinary proof but Mr Spock from
00:13:06 --> 00:13:08 Star Trek probably said it best when he
00:13:08 --> 00:13:08 said
00:13:09 --> 00:13:11 fascinating thank indeed to live long
00:13:11 --> 00:13:13 and prosper that's Aaron cersi from
00:13:13 --> 00:13:17 curtain University and this is spacetime
00:13:17 --> 00:13:19 still to come a new study shows water
00:13:19 --> 00:13:21 appeared earlier in the history of the
00:13:21 --> 00:13:23 universe than previously thought and
00:13:23 --> 00:13:25 NASA has been forced to turn off several
00:13:25 --> 00:13:27 instruments aboard its voyous spacecraft
00:13:27 --> 00:13:29 in order to keep the mission going going
00:13:29 --> 00:13:47 all that and more still to come on
00:13:47 --> 00:13:50 SpaceTime a new study shows that water
00:13:50 --> 00:13:52 essential for Life as we know it could
00:13:52 --> 00:13:54 have emerged far earlier in the history
00:13:54 --> 00:13:56 of the universe than previously thought
00:13:56 --> 00:13:58 the new findings reported in the journal
00:13:58 --> 00:14:00 Nature of omy show that water was
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 already present in the universe just 100
00:14:02 --> 00:14:05 to 200 million years after the big bang
00:14:05 --> 00:14:08 13.8 billion years ago the discovery
00:14:08 --> 00:14:10 means habitable planets could well have
00:14:10 --> 00:14:11 started forming much earlier in fact
00:14:11 --> 00:14:13 before the first galaxies formed and
00:14:13 --> 00:14:15 billions of years earlier than what was
00:14:15 --> 00:14:17 previously thought the study's lead
00:14:17 --> 00:14:19 author Daniel whan from the University
00:14:19 --> 00:14:21 of Portsmouth says it's the first time
00:14:21 --> 00:14:22 that water has been modeled in the
00:14:22 --> 00:14:25 primordial Universe now according to the
00:14:25 --> 00:14:27 new simulations water molecules began
00:14:27 --> 00:14:29 forming shortly after the first
00:14:29 --> 00:14:31 Supernova explosions these are known as
00:14:31 --> 00:14:34 population 3 Supernova these Cosmic
00:14:34 --> 00:14:36 events only occurred during the first
00:14:36 --> 00:14:38 generation of stars and they are
00:14:39 --> 00:14:40 essential for creating all the heavy
00:14:40 --> 00:14:42 elements of the universe including
00:14:42 --> 00:14:45 oxygen which is required for water to
00:14:45 --> 00:14:47 exist see when the universe formed and
00:14:47 --> 00:14:49 things cooled enough for the first atoms
00:14:49 --> 00:14:51 to come together there was only hydrogen
00:14:51 --> 00:14:54 and helium with only tiny Trace Amounts
00:14:54 --> 00:14:57 of lithium and brillium and so hydrogen
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 and helium became the ingredients for
00:14:59 --> 00:15:02 for the first Stars weird monsters known
00:15:02 --> 00:15:05 as population three stars these were
00:15:05 --> 00:15:08 massive super luminous blue giants tens
00:15:08 --> 00:15:11 to hundreds of times larger than our sun
00:15:11 --> 00:15:12 but being so big means they burnt
00:15:12 --> 00:15:14 through their nuclear fuel supplies
00:15:14 --> 00:15:16 really quickly consequently only had
00:15:16 --> 00:15:19 very short lifespans exploding as
00:15:19 --> 00:15:21 Supernova during their lives and when
00:15:21 --> 00:15:24 they exploded they produced all the
00:15:24 --> 00:15:26 other elements on the periodic table
00:15:26 --> 00:15:28 including oxygen which is required for
00:15:28 --> 00:15:31 water to exist the key finding of this
00:15:31 --> 00:15:34 new study is that primordial Supernova
00:15:34 --> 00:15:36 from these population three stars formed
00:15:36 --> 00:15:39 water in a universe that predated the
00:15:39 --> 00:15:41 first galaxies whan points out that
00:15:41 --> 00:15:43 before the first Stars exploded there
00:15:43 --> 00:15:44 couldn't have been any water in the
00:15:44 --> 00:15:47 universe because there was no oxygen
00:15:47 --> 00:15:48 oxygen forged in the hearts of these
00:15:48 --> 00:15:51 Supernova combined with hydrogen to form
00:15:51 --> 00:15:53 water Paving the way for the creation of
00:15:53 --> 00:15:55 the Essential Elements needed for Life
00:15:55 --> 00:15:57 as We Know It the researchers examined
00:15:57 --> 00:16:00 two types of super no cor collapse
00:16:00 --> 00:16:02 Supernova which produce a modest amount
00:16:02 --> 00:16:04 of heavy elements and the much more
00:16:04 --> 00:16:06 energetic population 3 Supernova which
00:16:06 --> 00:16:09 eject tens of solar masses of metals
00:16:09 --> 00:16:12 into space for astronomers all elements
00:16:12 --> 00:16:14 other than hydrogen and helium the
00:16:14 --> 00:16:16 elements created at the Big Bang are
00:16:16 --> 00:16:18 considered Metals their models show that
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 both types of supernova form dense
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 clumps of gas enriched with water
00:16:23 --> 00:16:25 although the total water masses were
00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 modest they were highly concentrated in
00:16:27 --> 00:16:29 the only structures capable of forming
00:16:29 --> 00:16:31 stars and planets and that suggests that
00:16:31 --> 00:16:33 planetary discs rich in water could well
00:16:33 --> 00:16:37 have formed during the cosmic Dawn this
00:16:37 --> 00:16:40 SpaceTime still to come NASA forced to
00:16:40 --> 00:16:42 turn off instruments aboard its voyous
00:16:42 --> 00:16:44 spacecraft in order to keep the mission
00:16:44 --> 00:16:46 going and later in the science report a
00:16:46 --> 00:16:49 new study destroys the common stereotype
00:16:49 --> 00:16:51 that women are more romantic than men
00:16:51 --> 00:16:54 all that and more still to come on
00:16:54 --> 00:17:09 SpaceTime
00:17:09 --> 00:17:11 NASA has been forced to turn off two
00:17:11 --> 00:17:13 science instruments aboard the voyous
00:17:13 --> 00:17:15 spacecraft the decision allows the
00:17:15 --> 00:17:18 probes to conserve energy consequently
00:17:18 --> 00:17:21 extend their missions launched back in
00:17:21 --> 00:17:24 1977 the twin voia spacecraft are the
00:17:24 --> 00:17:26 most distant man-made objects in
00:17:26 --> 00:17:28 existence both are flying through
00:17:28 --> 00:17:30 interst space will beyond our solar
00:17:30 --> 00:17:33 system with Voyager 1 now more than 23
00:17:33 --> 00:17:35 light hours away from Earth and Voyager
00:17:35 --> 00:17:38 2 some 192 light hours away Mission
00:17:38 --> 00:17:40 managers at NASA's jet proportion
00:17:40 --> 00:17:42 laboratory in pasadina California turned
00:17:42 --> 00:17:44 off the cosmic ray subsystem experiment
00:17:44 --> 00:17:47 on Voyager 1 on February the 25th and is
00:17:47 --> 00:17:49 shutting down Voyager 2's low energy
00:17:50 --> 00:17:52 charge particle experiment next week
00:17:52 --> 00:17:54 that means just three science
00:17:54 --> 00:17:56 instruments will continue to operate on
00:17:56 --> 00:17:58 each spacecraft the moves all part of on
00:17:58 --> 00:18:00 Ong goinging efforts to manage the
00:18:00 --> 00:18:02 gradually diminishing power supplies
00:18:02 --> 00:18:04 aboard the probes see voyages 1 and two
00:18:04 --> 00:18:08 each rely on radioisotope Power Systems
00:18:08 --> 00:18:10 they generate electricity from the heat
00:18:10 --> 00:18:12 of decaying plutonium and each of these
00:18:12 --> 00:18:14 systems lose about 4 watts of power a
00:18:14 --> 00:18:18 year JPL voer project manager Suzanne
00:18:18 --> 00:18:20 dud says the electrical power systems
00:18:20 --> 00:18:22 are now running low if an instrument
00:18:22 --> 00:18:24 isn't turned off on each Voyager now
00:18:24 --> 00:18:25 they' probably only have a few more
00:18:25 --> 00:18:27 months of power before NASA would be
00:18:27 --> 00:18:30 forced to declare end of Mission the two
00:18:30 --> 00:18:32 spacecraft carry identical sets of 10
00:18:32 --> 00:18:34 scientific instruments some of the
00:18:34 --> 00:18:36 instruments geared towards collecting
00:18:36 --> 00:18:38 data during planetary flybys were turned
00:18:38 --> 00:18:40 off after the two spacecraft completed
00:18:40 --> 00:18:42 their grand Tours of the outer solar
00:18:42 --> 00:18:44 system and its gas giants the
00:18:44 --> 00:18:46 instruments that remain powered on well
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 beyond the last planetary flybys are
00:18:48 --> 00:18:49 those the science team considered
00:18:49 --> 00:18:51 important for studying the Solar
00:18:51 --> 00:18:53 System's heliosphere the protective
00:18:53 --> 00:18:55 bubble of the solar wind and magnetic
00:18:55 --> 00:18:57 fields created by the sun separating it
00:18:57 --> 00:19:00 from interal space the region outside
00:19:00 --> 00:19:02 the heliosphere Voyager 1 reached the
00:19:02 --> 00:19:04 edge of the heliosphere and the
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 beginning of interstellar space back in
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 2012 and Voyager 2 reached the same
00:19:08 --> 00:19:10 boundary in
00:19:10 --> 00:19:13 2018 so far no other spacecraft has
00:19:13 --> 00:19:15 reached Interstellar
00:19:15 --> 00:19:17 space last October Mission managers
00:19:17 --> 00:19:19 turned off Voyer 2's plasma science
00:19:19 --> 00:19:21 experiment it measures the amount of
00:19:21 --> 00:19:23 plasma that's electrically charged
00:19:23 --> 00:19:25 particles and the direction they're
00:19:25 --> 00:19:27 flowing that instrument had collected
00:19:27 --> 00:19:29 only limited data in recent years years
00:19:29 --> 00:19:31 due to its orientation relative to the
00:19:31 --> 00:19:32 direction that plasma was flowing in
00:19:32 --> 00:19:35 interstellar space Voyer 1's plasma
00:19:35 --> 00:19:36 science instrument was turned off years
00:19:36 --> 00:19:38 ago that was because of degraded
00:19:38 --> 00:19:41 performance the cosmic ray subsystem
00:19:41 --> 00:19:42 that was shut down last week aboard
00:19:42 --> 00:19:45 Voyager 1 is a site of three telescopes
00:19:45 --> 00:19:47 designed to study cosmic rays including
00:19:47 --> 00:19:49 protons both from the Galaxy and the Sun
00:19:49 --> 00:19:52 by measuring their energy and flux data
00:19:52 --> 00:19:54 from these telescopes helped the Voyer
00:19:54 --> 00:19:56 science team determine exactly where and
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 when voy one exited the heliosphere
00:19:59 --> 00:20:01 Voyer 2's low energy charged particle
00:20:01 --> 00:20:03 instrument measures various ions
00:20:03 --> 00:20:05 electrons and cosmic rays originating
00:20:05 --> 00:20:07 from our solar system and from the
00:20:07 --> 00:20:10 Galaxy Beyond it consists of two
00:20:10 --> 00:20:12 subsystems the low energy particle
00:20:12 --> 00:20:13 telescope for broader energy
00:20:14 --> 00:20:15 measurements and a low energy
00:20:15 --> 00:20:17 magnetospheric particle analyzer for
00:20:17 --> 00:20:20 more focused magnetospheric studies both
00:20:20 --> 00:20:22 these systems use a rotating platform
00:20:22 --> 00:20:26 providing a 360° field of view the
00:20:26 --> 00:20:28 platform is powered by a steom motor
00:20:28 --> 00:20:31 providing a 15.7 watt pulse every 192
00:20:31 --> 00:20:34 seconds that murtle was tested to half a
00:20:34 --> 00:20:36 million steps enough to guarantee
00:20:36 --> 00:20:37 continuous operation through the
00:20:38 --> 00:20:39 mission's encounters with sattin which
00:20:39 --> 00:20:43 occurred in August 1984 voyet 2 by the
00:20:43 --> 00:20:45 time it's deactivated on Voyager 2 that
00:20:45 --> 00:20:47 murder will have completed more than 8.5
00:20:47 --> 00:20:50 million steps Mission Engineers have
00:20:50 --> 00:20:52 gone to great efforts to avoid turning
00:20:52 --> 00:20:53 off science instruments as long as
00:20:53 --> 00:20:55 possible because the science data being
00:20:55 --> 00:20:57 collected by the twin probes is so
00:20:57 --> 00:20:59 unique and after all they're the only
00:20:59 --> 00:21:02 machines operating Interstellar space
00:21:02 --> 00:21:04 but with these two instruments turned
00:21:04 --> 00:21:05 off the Voyages should have enough power
00:21:05 --> 00:21:07 to operate for roughly another year
00:21:07 --> 00:21:09 before the team needs to shut off
00:21:09 --> 00:21:11 another instrument on each spacecraft
00:21:11 --> 00:21:13 meanwhile voer one will continue to
00:21:13 --> 00:21:15 operate its magnetometer and plasma wave
00:21:15 --> 00:21:18 subsystem the spacecraft's low energy
00:21:18 --> 00:21:19 charged particle instrument will operate
00:21:19 --> 00:21:21 through the remainder of 2025 but it too
00:21:21 --> 00:21:24 will be shut down next year Voyager 2
00:21:24 --> 00:21:26 meanwhile will continue to operate its
00:21:26 --> 00:21:27 magnetic field and plasma wave
00:21:27 --> 00:21:30 instruments for the foreseeable future
00:21:30 --> 00:21:31 but its cosmic ray subsystem is
00:21:31 --> 00:21:34 scheduled to be shut off in
00:21:34 --> 00:21:36 2026 with the implementation of this
00:21:36 --> 00:21:38 latest power conservation plan Engineers
00:21:38 --> 00:21:39 believe the probes have enough
00:21:40 --> 00:21:41 electricity to continue operating with
00:21:41 --> 00:21:43 at least one science instrument well
00:21:43 --> 00:21:44 into the
00:21:44 --> 00:21:47 2030s but they're also mindful that the
00:21:47 --> 00:21:49 Voyages have been weathering deep space
00:21:49 --> 00:21:52 for 47 years now and that unforeseen
00:21:52 --> 00:21:54 challenges could shorten that lifespan
00:21:54 --> 00:21:57 voyages 1 and two Remain the most
00:21:57 --> 00:22:00 distant man-made object ever built right
00:22:00 --> 00:22:03 now Voyer 1 is more than 25 billion kilm
00:22:03 --> 00:22:06 away and Voyer 2 is over 21 billion km
00:22:06 --> 00:22:24 from Earth this is
00:22:24 --> 00:22:26 spacetime and time now for another brief
00:22:26 --> 00:22:27 look at some of the other stories making
00:22:27 --> 00:22:30 news inside s this week with a science
00:22:30 --> 00:22:33 report a new study has destroyed the
00:22:33 --> 00:22:35 common stereotype that women are more
00:22:35 --> 00:22:38 romantic than men research by the hbal
00:22:38 --> 00:22:40 University of Berlin has shown that it's
00:22:40 --> 00:22:42 actually men who tend to be more focused
00:22:42 --> 00:22:44 on entering into a romantic relationship
00:22:44 --> 00:22:46 than the female of the species the
00:22:46 --> 00:22:48 findings show that relative to women men
00:22:48 --> 00:22:50 expect and receive greater lifestyle
00:22:50 --> 00:22:52 benefits from entering into a romantic
00:22:52 --> 00:22:54 relationship and they're also more
00:22:54 --> 00:22:57 likely to take breakups worse the
00:22:57 --> 00:22:59 authors say the data clearly shows that
00:22:59 --> 00:23:01 steady relationships are psychologically
00:23:01 --> 00:23:03 more important to men than women and
00:23:03 --> 00:23:05 this demonstrates differences in how men
00:23:05 --> 00:23:07 and women navigate social networks and
00:23:07 --> 00:23:09 their emotional needs the research is
00:23:09 --> 00:23:11 based on more than 50 scientific studies
00:23:11 --> 00:23:13 on gender differences in heterosexual
00:23:13 --> 00:23:15 relationships future studies in
00:23:15 --> 00:23:18 homosexual ones are yet to be undertaken
00:23:18 --> 00:23:20 the work also found that not only are
00:23:20 --> 00:23:22 men more focused on entering into steady
00:23:22 --> 00:23:24 relationships their well-being and
00:23:24 --> 00:23:26 health benefit more from such
00:23:26 --> 00:23:28 relationships than women even the life
00:23:28 --> 00:23:30 expectancy of men is more strongly
00:23:30 --> 00:23:32 associated with being in a steady
00:23:32 --> 00:23:34 relationship than that of women
00:23:34 --> 00:23:36 researchers also found that men are less
00:23:36 --> 00:23:38 likely to initiate a breakup and they're
00:23:38 --> 00:23:40 more likely to experience loneliness
00:23:40 --> 00:23:41 following a
00:23:42 --> 00:23:43 breakup well we thought it had
00:23:43 --> 00:23:45 disappeared in the middle of the last
00:23:45 --> 00:23:46 century but doctors have undertaken
00:23:47 --> 00:23:49 electroshock therapy focusing on kids
00:23:49 --> 00:23:50 with
00:23:50 --> 00:23:52 ADHD but the research reported in the
00:23:52 --> 00:23:54 Journal of the American Medical
00:23:54 --> 00:23:57 Association has returned mixed results
00:23:57 --> 00:23:59 technically known as trans cranial
00:23:59 --> 00:24:01 direct current stimulation therapy the
00:24:01 --> 00:24:03 work on 69 children involved chocking an
00:24:03 --> 00:24:05 area of the brain called the left dorsal
00:24:05 --> 00:24:08 lateral prefrontal cortex but they found
00:24:08 --> 00:24:10 it lowered the accuracy of children's
00:24:10 --> 00:24:12 working memory the part of the
00:24:12 --> 00:24:13 short-term memory that processes
00:24:13 --> 00:24:16 perceptions and language in the moment
00:24:16 --> 00:24:18 however shocking another area the right
00:24:18 --> 00:24:20 inferior frontal gyrus improved
00:24:20 --> 00:24:22 children's interference control which is
00:24:23 --> 00:24:25 the ability to resist distractions and
00:24:25 --> 00:24:27 ignore irrelevant information the
00:24:27 --> 00:24:29 authors say the results suggest targeted
00:24:29 --> 00:24:32 electroshock therapy can affect brain
00:24:32 --> 00:24:34 regions relative to ADHD in kids and
00:24:34 --> 00:24:36 future work should explore as a
00:24:36 --> 00:24:37 treatment option or carefully
00:24:37 --> 00:24:40 controlling for any adverse
00:24:40 --> 00:24:43 effects a new study claims eating
00:24:43 --> 00:24:45 walnuts for breakfast could improve
00:24:45 --> 00:24:47 brain function throughout the day a
00:24:47 --> 00:24:49 report in the journal food and function
00:24:49 --> 00:24:51 found eating just 50 gam that's a
00:24:51 --> 00:24:53 generous handful of walnuts mixed into
00:24:53 --> 00:24:56 musle and yogurt led to faster reaction
00:24:56 --> 00:24:57 times throughout the day and better
00:24:57 --> 00:24:59 memory performance later in the day when
00:24:59 --> 00:25:01 compared to eating an equivalent calorie
00:25:01 --> 00:25:03 matched breakfast but without the
00:25:03 --> 00:25:06 walnuts the study involved 32 healthy
00:25:06 --> 00:25:08 adults aged 18 to 30 who consume both a
00:25:08 --> 00:25:11 walnut Rich breakfast and a matched non-
00:25:11 --> 00:25:13 Walnut breakfast on separate occasions
00:25:13 --> 00:25:15 participants then completed several
00:25:15 --> 00:25:17 cognitive tests while their brain
00:25:17 --> 00:25:18 activity was monitored in the 6 hours
00:25:18 --> 00:25:21 after eating each breakfast the findings
00:25:21 --> 00:25:23 buil on previous research showing the
00:25:23 --> 00:25:25 cognitive impacts of regular nut
00:25:25 --> 00:25:27 consumption including walnuts brain
00:25:27 --> 00:25:30 activity recordings reveal changes in
00:25:30 --> 00:25:32 neural activity that suggest wallnuts
00:25:32 --> 00:25:34 may help the brain work more efficiently
00:25:34 --> 00:25:36 during challenging mental tasks while
00:25:36 --> 00:25:38 blood samples revealed positive changes
00:25:38 --> 00:25:40 in glucose and fatty acid levels both
00:25:40 --> 00:25:42 factors that could influence brain
00:25:42 --> 00:25:44 function researchers suggest that
00:25:44 --> 00:25:46 walnut's mix of nutrients including
00:25:46 --> 00:25:49 omega-3 Alpha linic fatty acids proteins
00:25:49 --> 00:25:51 and plant compounds called polyphenols
00:25:51 --> 00:25:54 May enhance cognitive performance now
00:25:54 --> 00:25:56 it's important to note that the research
00:25:56 --> 00:25:58 carried out by the University of reading
00:25:58 --> 00:26:00 was funded by the California Walnut
00:26:00 --> 00:26:02 commission however the funders had no
00:26:02 --> 00:26:04 role in conducting the study or
00:26:04 --> 00:26:06 interpreting the
00:26:06 --> 00:26:08 results Apple has just launched their
00:26:08 --> 00:26:11 latest iPad with the details we're
00:26:11 --> 00:26:13 joined by technology editor Alex Sahara
00:26:13 --> 00:26:16 Roy from Tech advice. life the 11th
00:26:16 --> 00:26:19 generation Bas level iPad has now been
00:26:19 --> 00:26:21 launched uh the 10th Generation actually
00:26:21 --> 00:26:23 from a couple of years ago was the one
00:26:23 --> 00:26:26 that took the base level iPad and made
00:26:26 --> 00:26:28 it have the swi interface not the home
00:26:28 --> 00:26:30 button but the newest one that was
00:26:30 --> 00:26:32 launched this year continues in that
00:26:32 --> 00:26:35 vein but instead of being 449 us it's
00:26:35 --> 00:26:38 back to 349 which is only $20 more than
00:26:38 --> 00:26:41 the 329 that the iPad launched at all
00:26:41 --> 00:26:43 those years ago in fact I can't even
00:26:43 --> 00:26:44 remember it might have been cheaper but
00:26:44 --> 00:26:46 it certainly fell to$ 329 and it was a
00:26:46 --> 00:26:48 bit of a shock when it Rose in price now
00:26:48 --> 00:26:49 a lot of people thought have one of
00:26:50 --> 00:26:52 those original iPads yeah yeah I've got
00:26:52 --> 00:26:54 one too and I haven't turned on in many
00:26:54 --> 00:26:56 years but they certainly were they were
00:26:57 --> 00:26:58 incredible at the time Giant iPhone as
00:26:58 --> 00:27:00 people call them at time now this
00:27:00 --> 00:27:03 particular iPad unlike every other iPad
00:27:03 --> 00:27:05 doesn't have apple intelligence it's got
00:27:05 --> 00:27:08 the A6 processor which I think is about
00:27:08 --> 00:27:11 30% faster than the previous processor
00:27:11 --> 00:27:13 but no apple intelligence even the iPad
00:27:13 --> 00:27:15 Mini which came out late last year has
00:27:15 --> 00:27:17 Apple intelligence so Apple has chosen
00:27:18 --> 00:27:19 not to put that in but that's because
00:27:19 --> 00:27:21 they'll sell gazillions of these and a
00:27:21 --> 00:27:23 lot of people are not going to use those
00:27:23 --> 00:27:25 AI features they'll use this as an
00:27:25 --> 00:27:27 entertainment device it can still run
00:27:27 --> 00:27:29 pages and word and Google Docs and all
00:27:29 --> 00:27:30 the different apps and games that are
00:27:30 --> 00:27:32 available but they did not put in apple
00:27:33 --> 00:27:34 intelligence so it clearly doesn't have
00:27:34 --> 00:27:36 8 gig of RAM but what they have done is
00:27:36 --> 00:27:39 they've doubled the storage to 128 gig
00:27:39 --> 00:27:41 minimum and they've lowered the price
00:27:41 --> 00:27:43 from the 449 from a couple of years ago
00:27:43 --> 00:27:45 so clearly Apple's decided that it's
00:27:45 --> 00:27:47 just not worth putting Apple
00:27:47 --> 00:27:48 intelligence in at this price point and
00:27:48 --> 00:27:50 if you do want that and other features
00:27:50 --> 00:27:52 like a laminated screen which makes the
00:27:52 --> 00:27:54 uh the screen look closer and sharper
00:27:54 --> 00:27:56 and nicer and better that will come you
00:27:56 --> 00:27:57 know in next year's iPad or the one in a
00:27:57 --> 00:27:59 couple of years's time Apple also
00:27:59 --> 00:28:03 launched the iPad Air with the M3 chip
00:28:03 --> 00:28:05 they launched it with the M2 Chip last
00:28:05 --> 00:28:07 year and this is clearly a more powerful
00:28:07 --> 00:28:10 device but moving on to the MacBook Air
00:28:10 --> 00:28:12 they launched the M4 version of the
00:28:12 --> 00:28:15 MacBook Air and it's got 12 megapixel
00:28:15 --> 00:28:16 camera with center stage and it can do
00:28:16 --> 00:28:18 the desk view where it looks as though
00:28:18 --> 00:28:19 it's looking at your desk also launched
00:28:19 --> 00:28:22 a new Mac Studio one that can take up to
00:28:22 --> 00:28:24 eight monitors at the same time so we've
00:28:24 --> 00:28:27 had the new 16e a couple of weeks ago
00:28:27 --> 00:28:30 new iPad ads Max now we have to wait
00:28:30 --> 00:28:32 till April to get ios
00:28:32 --> 00:28:34 18.4 where we will get hopefully some
00:28:34 --> 00:28:36 more Siri improvements that's Alex
00:28:36 --> 00:28:53 Sahara from Tech advice.
00:28:54 --> 00:28:57 life and that's the show for now
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