This episode of SpaceTime is brought to you with the support of Incogni - take back control of your data online by getting Incogni for not very much money. To check our sprcial SpaceTime listeners deal, visit www,incogni.com/spacetime. (https://www.incogni.com/spacetime)
In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover groundbreaking discoveries and updates from the cosmos. First, NASA's Curiosity Rover has revealed evidence of a carbon cycle on Mars, with significant carbon deposits found in Gale Crater. This finding, detailed in the journal Science, brings researchers closer to understanding Mars's potential to support life in its past. We discuss the implications of these findings and what they mean for the Red Planet's climatic history and habitability.
Square Kilometer Array Update
Next, we provide an exciting update on the billion-dollar Square Kilometer Array (SKA) project, the world's largest radio telescope currently under construction in Australia and South Africa. We explore how this massive facility will revolutionize our understanding of the universe, operating at unprecedented speeds and sensitivities. With 132,000 antennas spread over vast distances, the SKA aims to answer fundamental questions about gravity, magnetism, and the evolution of galaxies.
Busy Times at the International Space Station
Finally, we take a look at the bustling activity aboard the International Space Station. With recent crew returns and new cargo deliveries, including groundbreaking experiments on time measurement and gravitational research, the ISS continues to be a hub of scientific advancement. We discuss the latest missions and what they mean for future exploration and research in space.
www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com (https://www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com/)
✍️ Episode References
Science
https://www.science.org/ (https://www.science.org/)
Square Kilometer Array
https://www.skao.int/ (https://www.skao.int/)
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov/ (https://www.nasa.gov/)
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support (https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rss) .
00:00 This is space Time Series 28, episode 53 for broadcast on 2 May 2025
00:25 NASA's Mars Curiosity Rover finds evidence of a carbon cycle on the Red Planet
03:51 Construction works well advanced on world's largest radio telescope, the SKA
07:40 Scientists are building the world's largest radio telescope to probe the deep universe
10:40 Three crew members from the International Space Station have successfully returned to Earth
13:44 Previous studies suggested H5N1 bird flu could spread easily between mammals
16:33 Australian Skeptics has debunked 15 popular supernatural claims
20:00 Some of the things people take seriously have since been proved to Be fake
24:23 Haunted locations are always dangerous. Are ghosts always dangerous?
Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/26909527?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 This is Spacetime Series 28, episode 53
00:00:03 --> 00:00:05 for broadcast on the 2nd of May
00:00:05 --> 00:00:09 2025. Coming up on Spaceime, large
00:00:09 --> 00:00:11 carbon deposits discovered on the red
00:00:11 --> 00:00:13 planet Mars. An update on the billion
00:00:14 --> 00:00:16 dollar square kilometer array project
00:00:16 --> 00:00:18 and it's like rush hour at Grand Central
00:00:18 --> 00:00:21 aboard the International Space Station.
00:00:21 --> 00:00:25 All that and more coming up on Spaceime.
00:00:25 --> 00:00:29 Welcome to Spaceime with Stuart Garry.
00:00:29 --> 00:00:37 [Music]
00:00:44 --> 00:00:47 NASA's Mars Curiosity rover has
00:00:47 --> 00:00:49 discovered evidence of a carbon cycle on
00:00:49 --> 00:00:51 the red planet. The new observations
00:00:51 --> 00:00:53 from three of Curiosity's drill sites
00:00:53 --> 00:00:56 found evidence of cyerite and iron
00:00:56 --> 00:00:58 carbonate material within sulfatri
00:00:58 --> 00:01:01 layers. The discovery reported in the
00:01:01 --> 00:01:03 journal science brings researchers
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 closer to answering that age-old
00:01:05 --> 00:01:06 question of whether the red planet was
00:01:06 --> 00:01:09 ever capable of supporting life. The car
00:01:10 --> 00:01:12 size six world rover has been climbing
00:01:12 --> 00:01:14 Mount Sharp, the central peak of Gal
00:01:14 --> 00:01:16 Crater as part of it effort to
00:01:16 --> 00:01:17 understand the red planet's climatic
00:01:17 --> 00:01:20 transitions and habitability. Mount
00:01:20 --> 00:01:22 Sharp is like a geological history book
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 with different layers representing
00:01:24 --> 00:01:25 different parts of the red planet's
00:01:25 --> 00:01:28 past. The study's lead author Ben
00:01:28 --> 00:01:30 Tatollo from the University of Calgary
00:01:30 --> 00:01:31 says the discovery of large carbon
00:01:31 --> 00:01:34 deposits in Gale Crater represents a
00:01:34 --> 00:01:36 surprising and important breakthrough in
00:01:36 --> 00:01:37 science's understanding of the
00:01:37 --> 00:01:39 geological and atmospheric evolution of
00:01:39 --> 00:01:42 Mars. He says reaching the strata was a
00:01:42 --> 00:01:45 long-term goal of the mission. The
00:01:45 --> 00:01:47 abundance of highly soluble salts in
00:01:47 --> 00:01:48 these rocks and similar deposits mapped
00:01:48 --> 00:01:51 all over much of Mars, has been used as
00:01:51 --> 00:01:53 evidence of the great drying of the red
00:01:53 --> 00:01:55 planet, all part of its dramatic shift
00:01:55 --> 00:01:57 from a warm, wet world capable of
00:01:57 --> 00:01:59 supporting life early in its history to
00:01:59 --> 00:02:01 the uninhabitable freeze-dried desert
00:02:01 --> 00:02:05 it's become today. Sedimentary carbonate
00:02:05 --> 00:02:06 had long been predicted to have been
00:02:06 --> 00:02:08 formed through a carbon dioxide rich
00:02:08 --> 00:02:11 ancient Martian atmosphere, but Tatalus
00:02:11 --> 00:02:13 says identifications had previously been
00:02:13 --> 00:02:16 sparse. Curiosity landed on Mars on
00:02:16 --> 00:02:18 August the 5th, 2012, and has traveled
00:02:18 --> 00:02:20 more than 34 kilometers across the red
00:02:20 --> 00:02:23 planet's surface. The discovery of
00:02:23 --> 00:02:25 carbonate suggests that the red planet
00:02:25 --> 00:02:27 contained enough carbon dioxide to
00:02:27 --> 00:02:28 support liquid water existing on the
00:02:28 --> 00:02:31 planet's surface. And as this atmosphere
00:02:31 --> 00:02:33 thinned, the carbon dioxide transformed
00:02:33 --> 00:02:36 into rock. NASA says future missions and
00:02:36 --> 00:02:38 analysis of other sulfatrich areas on
00:02:38 --> 00:02:40 Mars could confirm the findings and help
00:02:40 --> 00:02:42 to better understand the red planet's
00:02:42 --> 00:02:45 early history. and how it transformed as
00:02:45 --> 00:02:48 its atmosphere was lost. To say
00:02:48 --> 00:02:49 scientists are ultimately trying to
00:02:49 --> 00:02:51 determine whether Mars was ever capable
00:02:51 --> 00:02:54 of supporting life and these latest
00:02:54 --> 00:02:56 findings are bringing them a step closer
00:02:56 --> 00:02:58 to an answer. He says it's telling
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 scientists that the planet was habitable
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 and that the models for habitability are
00:03:02 --> 00:03:05 correct. The broader implications are
00:03:05 --> 00:03:07 that the planet was habitable until that
00:03:07 --> 00:03:09 time. But then as the carbon dioxide
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 that had been warming the planet started
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 to precipitate into ciderite, it likely
00:03:13 --> 00:03:16 impacted Mars's ability to stay warm.
00:03:16 --> 00:03:18 The question looking forward is how much
00:03:18 --> 00:03:20 of this carbon dioxide from the
00:03:20 --> 00:03:22 atmosphere was actually sequestered and
00:03:22 --> 00:03:24 was that a potential reason for Mars
00:03:24 --> 00:03:25 losing
00:03:25 --> 00:03:29 habitability. This is spaceime. Still to
00:03:29 --> 00:03:31 come, an update on the billion dollar
00:03:31 --> 00:03:33 square kilometer array project.
00:03:33 --> 00:03:34 Instructions now well underway how
00:03:34 --> 00:03:36 they're going. And it's like rush hour
00:03:36 --> 00:03:38 Grand Central aboard the International
00:03:38 --> 00:03:41 Space Station as times get busy. All
00:03:41 --> 00:03:45 that and more still to come on
00:03:45 --> 00:03:48 Spaceime. This episode of Spaceime is
00:03:48 --> 00:03:50 brought to you by Incogn. Because while
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00:04:57 --> 00:05:09 [Music]
00:05:09 --> 00:05:12 incogn well advanced on what will be the
00:05:12 --> 00:05:14 world's largest radio telescope. The
00:05:14 --> 00:05:16 massive square kilometer array project
00:05:16 --> 00:05:18 in outback Western Australia and
00:05:18 --> 00:05:21 southern Africa. Once fully operational,
00:05:21 --> 00:05:23 the SKA will explore the universe in
00:05:23 --> 00:05:26 unprecedented detail, doing so hundreds
00:05:26 --> 00:05:28 of times faster than any current
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 facility. In fact, its size and wide
00:05:30 --> 00:05:32 range of operating frequencies will make
00:05:32 --> 00:05:35 this observatory at least 50 times more
00:05:35 --> 00:05:37 sensitive than any other radio telescope
00:05:37 --> 00:05:39 instrument in the world. The project
00:05:40 --> 00:05:42 includes the SKA lowfrequency phased
00:05:42 --> 00:05:44 arrays of dipole antennas which will
00:05:44 --> 00:05:47 cover the 50 to 350 MHz range and which
00:05:47 --> 00:05:49 will be grouped in 100 m diameter
00:05:49 --> 00:05:51 stations each containing about 90
00:05:51 --> 00:05:54 elements. The SKA midfrequency array
00:05:54 --> 00:05:57 will include several,12 m diameter dish
00:05:57 --> 00:06:01 antennas. They'll cover the 350 MHz to
00:06:01 --> 00:06:04 14 GHz frequency range. And then there's
00:06:04 --> 00:06:06 the SKA survey array, which will use a
00:06:06 --> 00:06:09 compact array of 12 to 15 m diameter
00:06:09 --> 00:06:11 parabolic medium frequency dishes, each
00:06:11 --> 00:06:13 equipped with a multi-beam phased array
00:06:13 --> 00:06:17 covering the 350 MHz to 4 GHz range.
00:06:17 --> 00:06:19 Now, in order to gather and compute all
00:06:19 --> 00:06:22 this data that will be coming in, two of
00:06:22 --> 00:06:23 the world's biggest and fastest
00:06:23 --> 00:06:26 supercomputers have been built. The
00:06:26 --> 00:06:28 Australian facility for the SKA will be
00:06:28 --> 00:06:30 based at the Merchesen Radio Astronomy
00:06:30 --> 00:06:32 Observatory in Outback, Western
00:06:32 --> 00:06:34 Australia. and it already has two
00:06:34 --> 00:06:36 operational main instruments. There's
00:06:36 --> 00:06:38 the Australian square kilometer array
00:06:38 --> 00:06:41 pathfinder or ASCAP which uses 36 12 m
00:06:41 --> 00:06:44 parabolic dishes and there's the merchid
00:06:44 --> 00:06:46 wide field array of low frequency
00:06:46 --> 00:06:49 antennas arranged on 128 phase tiles
00:06:49 --> 00:06:53 each comprising 16 dipoles. A third
00:06:53 --> 00:06:54 separate instrument the experiment to
00:06:54 --> 00:06:56 detect the global epoch of reonization
00:06:56 --> 00:06:59 signature or edges is also located at
00:06:59 --> 00:07:01 the observatory across on the other side
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 of the Indian Ocean. The SKA South
00:07:03 --> 00:07:05 African facility already includes the
00:07:05 --> 00:07:08 Miat array of 64 13 1/.5 meter dishes
00:07:08 --> 00:07:11 covering the 580 MHz to 14 GHz frequency
00:07:11 --> 00:07:14 range as well as the seven dish CAT 7
00:07:14 --> 00:07:16 engineering science test bed instrument.
00:07:16 --> 00:07:20 Another precursor for the SKA. This
00:07:20 --> 00:07:22 report on the billiondoll project from
00:07:22 --> 00:07:25 the SKA consortium. Was Einstein right
00:07:25 --> 00:07:28 about gravity? What makes magnetic
00:07:28 --> 00:07:31 fields in space? And how have galaxies
00:07:31 --> 00:07:33 evolved over time? To answer these
00:07:34 --> 00:07:36 questions and more, a dozen countries
00:07:36 --> 00:07:38 are building the world's largest and
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 most sensitive radio telescope, the
00:07:40 --> 00:07:45 square km array or SKA in Australia and
00:07:45 --> 00:07:49 South Africa. It's taking 500 engineers
00:07:49 --> 00:07:51 and scientists from 20 countries to
00:07:51 --> 00:07:55 design the SKA, a truly global mega
00:07:55 --> 00:07:57 science project. Building the telescope
00:07:57 --> 00:08:01 will involve installing up to 132
00:08:01 --> 00:08:04 antennas spread over 2 km of
00:08:04 --> 00:08:07 Australian outback. They'll be linked by
00:08:07 --> 00:08:09 hundreds of kilm of fiber optic and
00:08:09 --> 00:08:12 power cables to a purpose-built data
00:08:12 --> 00:08:14 processing facility.
00:08:14 --> 00:08:17 The telescope's own equipment, including
00:08:17 --> 00:08:20 custom supercomputing and electrical
00:08:20 --> 00:08:22 infrastructure, has the potential to
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 interfere with the unique radio quiet
00:08:24 --> 00:08:28 environment. So, CSRO and Oricon develop
00:08:28 --> 00:08:31 innovative shielding techniques,
00:08:31 --> 00:08:33 reducing the level of radio emissions by
00:08:33 --> 00:08:35 factors of billions.
00:08:35 --> 00:08:39 CSRO and Oricon also work closely with
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 the SKA infrastructure team in South
00:08:41 --> 00:08:44 Africa and develop joint solutions where
00:08:44 --> 00:08:46 they face similar challenges. Both
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 designing the key infrastructure for
00:08:48 --> 00:08:51 this worldclass radio telescope. What
00:08:51 --> 00:08:52 are gravitational waves? How does
00:08:52 --> 00:08:54 magnetism work throughout the universe?
00:08:54 --> 00:08:57 What did the universe look like when the
00:08:57 --> 00:08:59 first galaxies formed? How many
00:08:59 --> 00:09:01 gravitational waves are passing through
00:09:01 --> 00:09:04 me right now? What is dark matter? What
00:09:04 --> 00:09:06 is the impact of magnetic fields on the
00:09:06 --> 00:09:09 formation of galaxies? And for me, the
00:09:09 --> 00:09:10 most important is there is there life
00:09:10 --> 00:09:12 out there?
00:09:12 --> 00:09:14 We ask ourselves, what is the most
00:09:14 --> 00:09:17 useful thing that a radio telescope can
00:09:17 --> 00:09:18 contribute to the answers to these big
00:09:18 --> 00:09:20 questions? We are building a time
00:09:20 --> 00:09:23 machine. We're looking at what what what
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 our surroundings were like almost at
00:09:26 --> 00:09:28 their inception. We're building what
00:09:28 --> 00:09:29 what will be the largest science
00:09:29 --> 00:09:32 facility ever built by mankind. To be
00:09:32 --> 00:09:34 able to achieve the scientific goals
00:09:34 --> 00:09:35 that we wanted to be able to achieve, we
00:09:35 --> 00:09:38 need to create a machine which is less a
00:09:38 --> 00:09:40 telescope. It's almost more an IT
00:09:40 --> 00:09:42 machine. We're pushing technology to its
00:09:42 --> 00:09:44 limits. What we're talking about now is
00:09:44 --> 00:09:46 two telescopes. Our site is in the
00:09:46 --> 00:09:48 middle of the Western Australian desert.
00:09:48 --> 00:09:52 Far away from towns, radio interference,
00:09:52 --> 00:09:53 anything that could impact on the
00:09:53 --> 00:09:55 science that we're trying to do. We've
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 already started. We've got antennas at
00:09:57 --> 00:09:58 the site. We'll have hundreds of
00:09:58 --> 00:10:00 thousands more. It'll stretch out beyond
00:10:00 --> 00:10:03 the horizon. We're building hundreds of
00:10:03 --> 00:10:06 dishes in a remote location in the
00:10:06 --> 00:10:08 middle of South Africa. And it's really
00:10:08 --> 00:10:11 tough. It's a hot environment. It's a
00:10:11 --> 00:10:13 dry environment. These dishes are going
00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 to spread out over literally hundreds of
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 kilometers. We've got to get 500
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 engineers to work together over 20
00:10:20 --> 00:10:23 countries in all time zones in the
00:10:23 --> 00:10:25 world. It's it's like building a jigsaw
00:10:25 --> 00:10:27 puzzle, but the pieces keep changing.
00:10:27 --> 00:10:29 Part A being designed in one place fits
00:10:29 --> 00:10:31 to part B being designed literally on
00:10:31 --> 00:10:32 the other side of the world. Every new
00:10:32 --> 00:10:33 telescope, there are always new
00:10:33 --> 00:10:35 discoveries, and they are never the
00:10:35 --> 00:10:37 discoveries you build a telescope for.
00:10:37 --> 00:10:38 We're almost bound to discover something
00:10:38 --> 00:10:40 new, something that will disrupt our
00:10:40 --> 00:10:42 current everyday life that generates new
00:10:42 --> 00:10:45 knowledge. Now, huge amounts of data.
00:10:45 --> 00:10:46 Imagine the amount of data that's
00:10:46 --> 00:10:48 flowing through the internet at any one
00:10:48 --> 00:10:50 moment. We're talking about that kind of
00:10:50 --> 00:10:53 level coming out steadily. the SK can do
00:10:53 --> 00:10:55 for interplanetary exploration what
00:10:55 --> 00:10:57 broadband did for the internet. We're
00:10:57 --> 00:10:59 doing this now with equipment on the
00:10:59 --> 00:11:02 ground in South Africa and Australia.
00:11:02 --> 00:11:04 Radio waves gives us a a unique way of
00:11:04 --> 00:11:07 probing the deep universe. We can do all
00:11:08 --> 00:11:10 of this by picking up incredibly faint
00:11:10 --> 00:11:12 signals. Radio waves coming from the
00:11:12 --> 00:11:16 dawn of the universe.
00:11:16 --> 00:11:17 What we will
00:11:17 --> 00:11:20 discover is the unknown and we're going
00:11:20 --> 00:11:22 to build the real thing. This spaceime
00:11:22 --> 00:11:25 still to come, a busy time aboard the
00:11:25 --> 00:11:26 International Space Station and later in
00:11:26 --> 00:11:29 the science report claims social skills
00:11:29 --> 00:11:31 may not be the most useful indicator of
00:11:31 --> 00:11:34 autism. All that and more still to come
00:11:34 --> 00:11:36 on
00:11:36 --> 00:11:49 [Music]
00:11:49 --> 00:11:52 Spaceime. Three crew members from the
00:11:52 --> 00:11:53 International Space Station have
00:11:53 --> 00:11:55 successfully returned to Earth, landing
00:11:55 --> 00:11:57 on the Kazakhstan step 27 and 1/2 hours
00:11:57 --> 00:11:59 after undocking from the orbiting
00:11:59 --> 00:12:02 outpost. The crew and their Sawyer's M26
00:12:02 --> 00:12:05 capsule had spent 220 days in orbit as
00:12:06 --> 00:12:08 part of the expedition 71 and 72
00:12:08 --> 00:12:10 mission. During their time on station,
00:12:10 --> 00:12:12 they studied advanced life support
00:12:12 --> 00:12:14 systems, genetic sequencing in
00:12:14 --> 00:12:16 microgravity, pharmaceutical
00:12:16 --> 00:12:17 manufacturing in space and other
00:12:17 --> 00:12:20 scientific research. Meanwhile, a SpaceX
00:12:20 --> 00:12:22 Dragon cargo ship is successfully docked
00:12:22 --> 00:12:24 to the International Space Station
00:12:24 --> 00:12:25 following its launch aboard a Falcon 9
00:12:26 --> 00:12:27 rocket from Space Launch Complex number
00:12:27 --> 00:12:30 39A at the Kennedy Space Center at the
00:12:30 --> 00:12:31 Cape Canaveral Space Force Base in
00:12:31 --> 00:12:34 Florida. The CRS32 commercial resupply
00:12:34 --> 00:12:37 services mission latched onto the Zenith
00:12:37 --> 00:12:38 Spacefacing port of the orbiting
00:12:38 --> 00:12:41 outposts Harmony module. On board was
00:12:41 --> 00:12:44 some 3 kg of fresh supplies and
00:12:44 --> 00:12:47 equipment. The new cargo will be used to
00:12:47 --> 00:12:49 study how time passes in space in
00:12:49 --> 00:12:50 comparison to on the Earth, the taking
00:12:50 --> 00:12:52 of more precise measurements of Earth's
00:12:52 --> 00:12:54 shape and gravitational field, research
00:12:54 --> 00:12:57 to see how living cells sense gravity,
00:12:57 --> 00:12:59 and a test to see if plant DNA molecules
00:12:59 --> 00:13:01 are differently resistant to damage in
00:13:01 --> 00:13:04 space. For the time experiment, the
00:13:04 --> 00:13:06 mission carried the European Space Ay's
00:13:06 --> 00:13:09 new ASUS ultrarecise atomic clock
00:13:09 --> 00:13:11 ensemble. It'll help redefine how time
00:13:11 --> 00:13:14 is measured. ASUS uses two cuttingedge
00:13:14 --> 00:13:16 atomic clocks and advanced time transfer
00:13:16 --> 00:13:18 system to transmit the most accurate
00:13:18 --> 00:13:21 time signals ever sent from space. It'll
00:13:21 --> 00:13:22 connect to the world's best atomic
00:13:22 --> 00:13:24 clocks on Earth, testing fundamental
00:13:24 --> 00:13:26 physics from orbit, including yet
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28 another test of Einstein's theory of
00:13:28 --> 00:13:31 general relativity. Together, these
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 ultrarecise atomic clocks will generate
00:13:33 --> 00:13:35 time signals so precise that ASUS will
00:13:35 --> 00:13:38 only lose a second every 300 million
00:13:38 --> 00:13:40 years. The device will be attached to
00:13:40 --> 00:13:42 the external payload facility of ASUS
00:13:42 --> 00:13:44 Columbus module in the Earth-facing
00:13:44 --> 00:13:46 Nadia position. The experiment aims to
00:13:46 --> 00:13:48 conduct at least 10 extended measurement
00:13:48 --> 00:13:51 sessions, each lasting 25 days as it
00:13:51 --> 00:13:54 orbits the Earth 16 times daily.
00:13:54 --> 00:13:55 Dragon's arrival comes just a month
00:13:56 --> 00:13:58 after a Signis cargo ship carrying some
00:13:58 --> 00:14:00 four tons of supplies also arrived on
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 station. Meanwhile, Beijing's latest
00:14:02 --> 00:14:04 crew have just arrived safely aboard
00:14:04 --> 00:14:06 China's Tien Gong Space Station. The
00:14:06 --> 00:14:09 three Shenzhu 20 Tykenauts were flown up
00:14:09 --> 00:14:10 aboard a Long March 2F rocket from the
00:14:10 --> 00:14:12 Zhuku Kuan satellite launch center in
00:14:12 --> 00:14:15 northwestern China. They'll spend six
00:14:15 --> 00:14:17 months on their orbiting outpost,
00:14:17 --> 00:14:19 replacing the Shenzhu 19 crew, who will
00:14:19 --> 00:14:22 return to Earth later this week. Shenzhu
00:14:22 --> 00:14:24 20 is the ninth man mission to the three
00:14:24 --> 00:14:26 module Tiangong space station, which is
00:14:26 --> 00:14:28 already around a third the size of the
00:14:28 --> 00:14:31 ISS and will see even more modules added
00:14:31 --> 00:14:33 to it in coming years as China
00:14:33 --> 00:14:36 intensifies its man space program.
00:14:36 --> 00:14:37 This is
00:14:37 --> 00:14:52 [Music]
00:14:52 --> 00:14:55 spacetime. And time now to take another
00:14:55 --> 00:14:56 brief look at some of the other stories
00:14:56 --> 00:14:58 making news in science this week with a
00:14:58 --> 00:15:00 science report.
00:15:00 --> 00:15:02 Previous studies have already suggested
00:15:02 --> 00:15:05 that the deadly H5N1 bird flu in cows
00:15:05 --> 00:15:08 can spread to people relatively easily.
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 The virus does so by binding to scolic
00:15:10 --> 00:15:13 acids found in human airways and that
00:15:13 --> 00:15:15 suggested the virus could soon start to
00:15:15 --> 00:15:16 spread between different mammals
00:15:16 --> 00:15:18 including humans potentially leading to
00:15:18 --> 00:15:21 a new global pandemic. However, a report
00:15:21 --> 00:15:23 in the journal Nature claims a pair of
00:15:23 --> 00:15:25 new studies has cast doubt on those
00:15:25 --> 00:15:28 findings. The first found that H5N1 in
00:15:28 --> 00:15:31 cows binds poorly to human scialic
00:15:31 --> 00:15:33 acids, suggesting the virus can't spread
00:15:33 --> 00:15:35 as easily from cows to people as
00:15:35 --> 00:15:37 previously thought. And the second
00:15:37 --> 00:15:38 looked at whether the virus binds more
00:15:38 --> 00:15:40 easily to receptors in birds than
00:15:40 --> 00:15:43 mammals even after infecting cows and
00:15:43 --> 00:15:45 found that was the case. Finally, the
00:15:45 --> 00:15:47 authors of the original study, which
00:15:47 --> 00:15:48 suggested the virus could spread between
00:15:48 --> 00:15:50 mammals, responded to the new work,
00:15:50 --> 00:15:52 claiming differences in the method used
00:15:52 --> 00:15:55 may explain the contrasting findings.
00:15:55 --> 00:15:56 and they warned that people shouldn't
00:15:56 --> 00:15:58 become complacent about the potential
00:15:58 --> 00:16:02 for H5N1 to become the next global
00:16:02 --> 00:16:04 pandemic. A new study claims social
00:16:04 --> 00:16:06 skills may not be the most useful
00:16:06 --> 00:16:08 indicator when diagnosing autism. A
00:16:08 --> 00:16:10 report of the journal cell says health
00:16:10 --> 00:16:12 care professionals need to look at more
00:16:12 --> 00:16:14 repetitive behaviors, intense special
00:16:14 --> 00:16:16 interests, and perception difficulties
00:16:16 --> 00:16:18 rather than social difficulties when
00:16:18 --> 00:16:21 making an autism diagnosis. The authors
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 used a large language model to analyze
00:16:23 --> 00:16:25 more than 4 reports written by
00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 clinicians assessing patients for
00:16:27 --> 00:16:29 autism, looking for the types of phrases
00:16:29 --> 00:16:30 that came up most often in assessments
00:16:30 --> 00:16:33 that ended in an autism diagnosis for
00:16:33 --> 00:16:35 the patient. The researchers say that
00:16:35 --> 00:16:37 while current criteria focused on social
00:16:37 --> 00:16:39 skills, which can often change over
00:16:39 --> 00:16:40 time, it appears that when it comes to
00:16:40 --> 00:16:42 the subjective assessments of
00:16:42 --> 00:16:44 clinicians, specific behaviors such as
00:16:44 --> 00:16:45 the intensity of a special interest
00:16:46 --> 00:16:48 could be more diagnostically
00:16:48 --> 00:16:50 relevant. A disturbing new study has
00:16:50 --> 00:16:52 found that the Australian rigid
00:16:52 --> 00:16:54 honeyater population has shrunk from
00:16:54 --> 00:16:57 hundreds of thousands to fewer than 300
00:16:57 --> 00:16:59 over the past century. However,
00:16:59 --> 00:17:01 amazingly, so far the birds have
00:17:01 --> 00:17:03 maintained much of their genetic
00:17:03 --> 00:17:06 diversity. The findings reported in the
00:17:06 --> 00:17:08 journal of the Royal Society B studied
00:17:08 --> 00:17:10 the genetic makeup of honeyaters from
00:17:10 --> 00:17:11 this century and compared them to
00:17:11 --> 00:17:14 specimens dated before 1919.
00:17:14 --> 00:17:17 The authors say despite the drastic loss
00:17:17 --> 00:17:19 in population, they found no evidence of
00:17:19 --> 00:17:21 inbreeding or a genetic divide forming
00:17:21 --> 00:17:22 and the overall loss of genetic
00:17:22 --> 00:17:24 diversity from earlier specimens to
00:17:24 --> 00:17:28 modern-day ones was a modest 9%. While
00:17:28 --> 00:17:29 modeling the future trajectory for
00:17:29 --> 00:17:31 genetic diversity for the birds, the
00:17:31 --> 00:17:33 authors say that it's likely there'll be
00:17:33 --> 00:17:35 a lag between the drop in population and
00:17:35 --> 00:17:37 the impact that'll have on genetic
00:17:37 --> 00:17:39 diversity, meaning there may well be a
00:17:39 --> 00:17:41 hidden risk that conservationists will
00:17:41 --> 00:17:42 need to keep an eye
00:17:42 --> 00:17:45 on. Well, no matter how much science and
00:17:45 --> 00:17:47 common sense one uses, there are some
00:17:47 --> 00:17:49 paranormal myths out there which people
00:17:49 --> 00:17:53 believe that just won't die. So, Tim
00:17:53 --> 00:17:55 Menum from Australian Skeptics has
00:17:55 --> 00:17:58 decided to debunk 15 of the most popular
00:17:58 --> 00:18:00 supernatural claims. Here we go.
00:18:00 --> 00:18:01 Paranormal myths. Now, it's a particular
00:18:01 --> 00:18:03 publication and they have explanations
00:18:03 --> 00:18:04 for why it's a myth, but they also throw
00:18:04 --> 00:18:06 in the occasional yes part, which is
00:18:06 --> 00:18:08 annoying. Okay, ghosts only appear at
00:18:08 --> 00:18:10 night. Why? Why do ghosts only appear at
00:18:10 --> 00:18:11 night? Are they sleeping during the day?
00:18:11 --> 00:18:13 No one knows. It's just scarier at
00:18:13 --> 00:18:14 night, right? It's darker. Can you only
00:18:14 --> 00:18:16 see a ghost in the dark? Doesn't make
00:18:16 --> 00:18:17 sense. Coach should be appear every
00:18:17 --> 00:18:19 time. They say Bigfoot has no physical
00:18:19 --> 00:18:21 evidence, which is actually true. So,
00:18:21 --> 00:18:22 that's not a myth. It's true. The
00:18:22 --> 00:18:23 Bigfoot itself is a bit of a myth
00:18:23 --> 00:18:25 because there is no physical evidence to
00:18:25 --> 00:18:26 actually show. There's hair samples
00:18:26 --> 00:18:28 which have been tested and shown to be
00:18:28 --> 00:18:29 something else. There's photographs,
00:18:29 --> 00:18:32 dodgy, out of focus, shaky photographs
00:18:32 --> 00:18:33 and say, "Look, there it is. There are
00:18:33 --> 00:18:35 audios of something crying in the woods
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 and yelling and howling, etc. But
00:18:37 --> 00:18:38 overall, there is no evidence. It's the
00:18:38 --> 00:18:40 same as the lockess monster. The
00:18:40 --> 00:18:42 evidence that is there is poor and a lot
00:18:42 --> 00:18:43 of poor evidence doesn't make good
00:18:43 --> 00:18:45 evidence. It's just a lot of poor
00:18:45 --> 00:18:47 evidence. So Bigfoot only old buildings
00:18:47 --> 00:18:49 are haunted. Why? I've actually heard
00:18:49 --> 00:18:51 cases of a new building being haunted
00:18:51 --> 00:18:52 because it's on top of an old building.
00:18:52 --> 00:18:53 And there are things which are totally
00:18:53 --> 00:18:55 new building. Greenfield new buildings
00:18:55 --> 00:18:56 which are haunted. Everything can be
00:18:56 --> 00:18:57 haunted, especially if they're on old
00:18:57 --> 00:18:59 Indian graveyards, isn't that right?
00:18:59 --> 00:19:01 Well, that's the thing. Yeah. Not how
00:19:01 --> 00:19:02 many old Indian graveyards are there? I
00:19:02 --> 00:19:04 don't know. But uh one of the issues is
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 of course that sometimes the ghost
00:19:06 --> 00:19:07 appears in a place where the person
00:19:07 --> 00:19:09 never was. certainly didn't die there.
00:19:09 --> 00:19:11 The case of a Supreme Court judge or
00:19:11 --> 00:19:13 something who with the ghost haunts the
00:19:13 --> 00:19:15 court. Why? Because he died some miles
00:19:15 --> 00:19:16 away, but apparently he likes to come
00:19:16 --> 00:19:18 back and haunt the court. Okay.
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 Paranormal events lack scientific
00:19:20 --> 00:19:23 explanation. Yes. Basically, the
00:19:23 --> 00:19:25 scientific investigations anyone anyone
00:19:25 --> 00:19:26 bothers to investigate some of this
00:19:26 --> 00:19:28 stuff is pretty chunky, pretty poor. You
00:19:28 --> 00:19:29 can look up any skeptic publication and
00:19:29 --> 00:19:31 sort of look up any paranormal event.
00:19:31 --> 00:19:33 Check it out. All crop circles are made
00:19:33 --> 00:19:34 by aliens. I would say no crop circles
00:19:34 --> 00:19:36 are made by aliens. People have come
00:19:36 --> 00:19:37 forward and explaining the crop circles
00:19:37 --> 00:19:39 the fact that when the crop circle craze
00:19:39 --> 00:19:41 took off from the 70s into the 80s etc.
00:19:42 --> 00:19:43 suddenly crop circles started getting a
00:19:43 --> 00:19:45 lot busier, a lot more artistic in a
00:19:45 --> 00:19:46 short period of time. You think why? It
00:19:46 --> 00:19:50 was alien a crop circle trending and all
00:19:50 --> 00:19:51 of a sudden they're not. It's a bit
00:19:51 --> 00:19:52 weird. Yeah. Well, they sort of
00:19:52 --> 00:19:54 disappeared. They got Yeah. They ran out
00:19:54 --> 00:19:56 of puff. Aville horror was a genuine
00:19:56 --> 00:19:57 haunting. It wasn't. Most of the story
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 is totally made up. Okay. It's
00:19:59 --> 00:20:01 fabricated. It sold a book and it sold a
00:20:01 --> 00:20:03 film, etc. the the stories that are in
00:20:03 --> 00:20:04 there, apart from the fact that there
00:20:04 --> 00:20:06 was a young person who killed his family
00:20:06 --> 00:20:08 in the house before anyone else moved
00:20:08 --> 00:20:09 in. That is apparently true. But
00:20:10 --> 00:20:11 basically everything from then on is is
00:20:11 --> 00:20:12 not true. But that was all the
00:20:12 --> 00:20:14 fabrication of the Warrens, wasn't it?
00:20:14 --> 00:20:15 They picked up on it. They weren't the
00:20:15 --> 00:20:17 original fabricators. The original
00:20:17 --> 00:20:18 fabricators was the the people who lived
00:20:18 --> 00:20:20 there, the Lutzers, I think it was, and
00:20:20 --> 00:20:22 a writer who came to write about them.
00:20:22 --> 00:20:24 And he said, "Well, we need more drama
00:20:24 --> 00:20:25 of dramatic license. It was quite a lot
00:20:25 --> 00:20:28 of license." So the case, the people,
00:20:28 --> 00:20:30 the writer, and then the warrants got
00:20:30 --> 00:20:31 involved. And that's when it became
00:20:31 --> 00:20:33 really big. And the Warrens have never
00:20:33 --> 00:20:34 found a haunted house that wasn't
00:20:34 --> 00:20:35 haunted. They will leap on everything.
00:20:35 --> 00:20:37 And normally for Mr. Warren, Mr. Warren
00:20:37 --> 00:20:38 was very keen on demon hauntings.
00:20:38 --> 00:20:39 There's nothing there. It's a very
00:20:40 --> 00:20:41 strong myth everywhere, but it's not
00:20:41 --> 00:20:42 true. There's a place called the
00:20:42 --> 00:20:44 Winchester House in California. It's a
00:20:44 --> 00:20:45 really strange house. Looks like
00:20:45 --> 00:20:47 something out of the monsters. Very
00:20:47 --> 00:20:48 gothic looking house. Stairs that seem
00:20:48 --> 00:20:50 to go nowhere. All sorts of strange
00:20:50 --> 00:20:51 things. Picked up a lot of myths saying
00:20:51 --> 00:20:52 that it was haunted. It's full of
00:20:52 --> 00:20:54 spirits. The lady who made it, she was a
00:20:54 --> 00:20:56 Sarah Winchester, was a fairly well-off
00:20:56 --> 00:20:59 lady. I think she was widowed or never
00:20:59 --> 00:21:00 had any kids. Anyway, she built this
00:21:00 --> 00:21:01 house and kept building it and there's
00:21:01 --> 00:21:03 things thrown on all over the place and
00:21:03 --> 00:21:04 sometimes they were never finished and
00:21:04 --> 00:21:06 sometimes they are blocked off etc. She
00:21:06 --> 00:21:07 was just eccentric and had a lot of
00:21:07 --> 00:21:09 money too much money and spent on this
00:21:09 --> 00:21:11 house. Not haunted, it's not weird, it's
00:21:11 --> 00:21:13 just a strange building. Poltergeist
00:21:13 --> 00:21:15 activity is caused by spirits. One, you
00:21:15 --> 00:21:16 have to ask what poltergeist activity
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 and two what spirits? Poltergeist
00:21:18 --> 00:21:19 activity is when strange things happen
00:21:19 --> 00:21:21 in your house. Doors closed, glasses
00:21:21 --> 00:21:23 fall off the shelf, teddy bears start
00:21:23 --> 00:21:24 walking around. Are they caused by
00:21:24 --> 00:21:25 spirits? I would say you have to go back
00:21:25 --> 00:21:27 to the basics and say, is poltergeist
00:21:27 --> 00:21:29 activity real? other explanations, but
00:21:29 --> 00:21:30 one of the best explanations is
00:21:30 --> 00:21:32 someone's pulling your leg. So, you got
00:21:32 --> 00:21:34 to go back to be skeptical totally of
00:21:34 --> 00:21:35 the actual activity and then decide
00:21:35 --> 00:21:37 what's causing it. Loch Ness monster is
00:21:37 --> 00:21:39 a prehistoric creature. Poor old Loch
00:21:39 --> 00:21:40 Ness monster. Been there three times.
00:21:40 --> 00:21:42 Love the place. Highly recommend it as a
00:21:42 --> 00:21:44 tourist destination. Have not seen the
00:21:44 --> 00:21:45 monster. Doesn't mean it's not there.
00:21:45 --> 00:21:48 But again, no evidence at all for this
00:21:48 --> 00:21:50 stuff. So, I mean, that dude who set up
00:21:50 --> 00:21:53 a an observatory there to look for the
00:21:53 --> 00:21:55 lock meth monster, and he keeps missing
00:21:55 --> 00:21:57 it. It was there two minutes ago, but he
00:21:57 --> 00:21:59 was on the toilet or something. If you
00:21:59 --> 00:22:00 were here yesterday, yeah, there's a lot
00:22:00 --> 00:22:02 of people out there who spend a lot of
00:22:02 --> 00:22:03 time staring at the lock and when it's
00:22:03 --> 00:22:05 windy, etc. It's very choppy. All sorts
00:22:05 --> 00:22:06 of things. People take it very
00:22:06 --> 00:22:07 seriously. Some of the things they take
00:22:07 --> 00:22:08 seriously have since seems to be proved
00:22:08 --> 00:22:10 to be fake. Like the famous surgeons
00:22:10 --> 00:22:12 photograph of looks like a monster head
00:22:12 --> 00:22:13 and body sitting out the water. It's a
00:22:14 --> 00:22:16 fake. So, unfortunately, good story,
00:22:16 --> 00:22:19 nice location, no evidence. Seances,
00:22:19 --> 00:22:20 communication with the dead. No. Again,
00:22:20 --> 00:22:22 go back to basics. What do you mean by
00:22:22 --> 00:22:24 the dead? Are they still around? Are
00:22:24 --> 00:22:25 they people who haven't gone on to
00:22:25 --> 00:22:27 heaven? What's heaven? Does hell exist?
00:22:27 --> 00:22:29 All those sort of things. Is a seance
00:22:29 --> 00:22:30 going to contact them? The nature of
00:22:30 --> 00:22:32 seances have changed over the years that
00:22:32 --> 00:22:34 people have proved to them proved that
00:22:34 --> 00:22:36 they are fakes and shy practitioners in
00:22:36 --> 00:22:38 there. Harry Houdini was a famous one
00:22:38 --> 00:22:41 for exposing fake fake in quotes. Are
00:22:41 --> 00:22:43 they all seances? So no, the seance is
00:22:44 --> 00:22:45 not a way to contact the dead. It's
00:22:45 --> 00:22:47 probably a way to spend your money on
00:22:47 --> 00:22:48 someone who pretends to contact the
00:22:48 --> 00:22:50 dead. Although when you think about it,
00:22:50 --> 00:22:51 the fact that there's a stairway to
00:22:51 --> 00:22:53 heaven and a highway to hell shows
00:22:53 --> 00:22:55 exactly where traffic patterns are
00:22:55 --> 00:22:56 likely to be. Are they one way? That's
00:22:56 --> 00:22:58 the problem because they talk about
00:22:58 --> 00:23:00 people coming back. But anyway, no, I
00:23:00 --> 00:23:01 don't think sciences have have a lot of
00:23:01 --> 00:23:03 things going for them. Certainly,
00:23:03 --> 00:23:04 whether people have investigated them,
00:23:04 --> 00:23:05 apart from those who are totally
00:23:06 --> 00:23:07 committed, in the Victorian days, there
00:23:07 --> 00:23:09 were some noted scientists who were
00:23:09 --> 00:23:10 totally committed. But no, when you
00:23:10 --> 00:23:12 independently coldly analyze these
00:23:12 --> 00:23:13 things, there's nothing there.
00:23:14 --> 00:23:15 Paranormal events are always
00:23:15 --> 00:23:16 supernatural. Well, again, what's a
00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 paranormal event? You're almost saying
00:23:18 --> 00:23:20 that paranormal implies it's not normal,
00:23:20 --> 00:23:21 right? So you're saying it's
00:23:21 --> 00:23:23 supernatural, which are not natural.
00:23:23 --> 00:23:24 Most of these things you look into the
00:23:24 --> 00:23:26 skeptics have spent dozens and decades
00:23:26 --> 00:23:27 and decades and probably hundreds of
00:23:27 --> 00:23:29 years in the past looking at these
00:23:29 --> 00:23:30 things, assessing them scientifically,
00:23:30 --> 00:23:32 seeing if there's anything that's
00:23:32 --> 00:23:33 happening, even before you worry about
00:23:33 --> 00:23:35 what causes it. Does it happen at all?
00:23:35 --> 00:23:37 And most of these things, whether it's
00:23:37 --> 00:23:38 like sponsor UFOs or whatever and
00:23:38 --> 00:23:41 paranormal ghost hauntings and psychic
00:23:41 --> 00:23:43 powers, when you investigate them, when
00:23:43 --> 00:23:44 you have enough information to
00:23:44 --> 00:23:46 investigate them, no, they fall flat.
00:23:46 --> 00:23:48 Uh, Bermuda Triangle. Totally false.
00:23:48 --> 00:23:50 Totally. You can wipe that one out. Get
00:23:50 --> 00:23:52 the one 110% no. There's not even a
00:23:52 --> 00:23:54 sense of doubt about that one. Good old
00:23:54 --> 00:23:55 skeptical. I'm not going to commit
00:23:56 --> 00:23:58 myself. No, that that one's out. The
00:23:58 --> 00:23:59 things that are supposedly happened
00:23:59 --> 00:24:00 there did either didn't happen there or
00:24:00 --> 00:24:02 didn't happen half the time or they
00:24:02 --> 00:24:03 didn't happen the way they told they
00:24:03 --> 00:24:05 happened. There's definitely not more
00:24:05 --> 00:24:06 things happening in round the Bumin
00:24:06 --> 00:24:08 Triangle. All around the triangle near
00:24:08 --> 00:24:10 Japan, all the one up near Alaska. All
00:24:10 --> 00:24:12 the one near the Great Lakes. Everyone
00:24:12 --> 00:24:13 wants their own triangle somewhere. No,
00:24:14 --> 00:24:15 no evidence. No, nothing surprising.
00:24:15 --> 00:24:17 things that were supposedly went
00:24:17 --> 00:24:18 missing, never found have been found.
00:24:18 --> 00:24:20 The evidence does not stack up on that
00:24:20 --> 00:24:22 one at all. Totally phony theory. All
00:24:22 --> 00:24:24 UFOs are alien spacecraft. Well, almost
00:24:24 --> 00:24:27 by definition, if you Yeah. You go from
00:24:27 --> 00:24:29 flying saucer, which is an alien craft,
00:24:29 --> 00:24:31 to a UFO, which is an unidentified
00:24:31 --> 00:24:33 flying object. You think it's flying, so
00:24:33 --> 00:24:34 it's under control. It's an object. It's
00:24:34 --> 00:24:36 a thing. It's just unidentified. So once
00:24:36 --> 00:24:38 you identify what it is, it's under
00:24:38 --> 00:24:39 control or a thing. Once you wipe those
00:24:39 --> 00:24:41 out, you just got unidentified and
00:24:41 --> 00:24:42 that's what's left. Same with UAPs,
00:24:42 --> 00:24:44 which is the new name for it. If the but
00:24:44 --> 00:24:46 the name has changed it's initially
00:24:46 --> 00:24:49 unidentified aerial phenomenon and then
00:24:49 --> 00:24:50 people complain oh it's not all aerial
00:24:50 --> 00:24:53 some it's in the water etc. Okay, so now
00:24:53 --> 00:24:55 unidentified anomalous phenomenon and
00:24:55 --> 00:24:57 now they're saying anomalous can include
00:24:57 --> 00:24:58 everything from ghosts and bigfoot etc
00:24:58 --> 00:25:01 to UFOs. UFOs really popular, very
00:25:01 --> 00:25:03 popular right now. Yeah, big conspiracy
00:25:03 --> 00:25:05 theories about it. Now again the
00:25:05 --> 00:25:07 evidence is lacking completely. The
00:25:07 --> 00:25:09 skeptics have a mantra that every person
00:25:09 --> 00:25:11 keeps saying any day now they're going
00:25:11 --> 00:25:13 to get the evidence any day now. And
00:25:13 --> 00:25:14 they keep saying it and have been saying
00:25:14 --> 00:25:17 it for 70 years. The irrefutable truth
00:25:17 --> 00:25:19 is going to be there. The evidence is
00:25:19 --> 00:25:20 going to be so definitive you won't be
00:25:20 --> 00:25:22 able to question it. No. It is not. And
00:25:22 --> 00:25:24 a lot of the things that are claimed to
00:25:24 --> 00:25:25 be definitive proof like these recent
00:25:25 --> 00:25:28 American military videos of aircraft
00:25:28 --> 00:25:29 have been explained. In fact, they can
00:25:29 --> 00:25:31 be explained very quickly to anyone who
00:25:31 --> 00:25:32 bothers. So, they're not unidentified.
00:25:32 --> 00:25:34 What? They went out. Haunted locations
00:25:34 --> 00:25:36 are always dangerous. Well, that's
00:25:36 --> 00:25:37 appropriate for, you know, um ghost
00:25:37 --> 00:25:39 hunters, etc. They always go in scared
00:25:39 --> 00:25:40 and they say, "I was attacked by a
00:25:40 --> 00:25:42 ghost. Why? There a lot of angry ghosts
00:25:42 --> 00:25:44 out there." Camouflage gear. Yeah, I
00:25:44 --> 00:25:45 know. At night, I don't know what
00:25:45 --> 00:25:46 they're camouflaging themselves against.
00:25:46 --> 00:25:47 I would say a ghost could see them.
00:25:48 --> 00:25:49 There's hardly a case where a ghost
00:25:49 --> 00:25:51 hunter team goes into a haunted house
00:25:51 --> 00:25:53 and doesn't find evidence of it being
00:25:53 --> 00:25:54 haunted. Now, the evidence is pretty
00:25:54 --> 00:25:56 poor, very poor, extremely poor. They're
00:25:56 --> 00:25:57 going in there with a precondition
00:25:57 --> 00:25:59 almost that they agree that this is
00:25:59 --> 00:26:01 going to be haunted. Therefore, I will
00:26:01 --> 00:26:02 find something in there. Are they
00:26:02 --> 00:26:04 dangerous? The variety of ghosts is
00:26:04 --> 00:26:05 quite stunning. From these little orbs
00:26:05 --> 00:26:07 can hardly knock you off your feet to
00:26:07 --> 00:26:08 malicious spirits that are going to
00:26:08 --> 00:26:10 throw things at you or bump you or say
00:26:10 --> 00:26:11 rude things to you. So, the funny old
00:26:12 --> 00:26:13 thing that how come all these ghosts
00:26:13 --> 00:26:14 keep attacking sex? Why do ghosts have
00:26:14 --> 00:26:16 clothes? All sorts of stories. Are they
00:26:16 --> 00:26:19 always dangerous? No. Do they exist?
00:26:19 --> 00:26:21 Probably not. So, you're starting again
00:26:21 --> 00:26:22 the suggestion that it is a haunted
00:26:22 --> 00:26:24 house and it can be dangerous. No, it's
00:26:24 --> 00:26:25 probably not a haunted house in the
00:26:25 --> 00:26:27 first place. Paranormal investigations
00:26:27 --> 00:26:30 always yield results. Yes, they do. A
00:26:30 --> 00:26:31 lot of these haunted houses and
00:26:31 --> 00:26:34 scientific tests of psychics, etc. do
00:26:34 --> 00:26:36 often get results and they not always be
00:26:36 --> 00:26:37 positive results. No, there could be
00:26:37 --> 00:26:39 sort of negative results. No, this house
00:26:39 --> 00:26:41 is not haunted as if psychic doesn't
00:26:41 --> 00:26:43 have psychic powers or it's an unknown
00:26:43 --> 00:26:44 result. We're not quite sure. Yeah.
00:26:44 --> 00:26:46 Okay. Do it again. virtually every time
00:26:46 --> 00:26:48 when they find a positive result when
00:26:48 --> 00:26:50 they're sort of saying that yes this is
00:26:50 --> 00:26:51 true yes there is some evidence of a
00:26:51 --> 00:26:53 power here there are questions raised
00:26:53 --> 00:26:55 scientific tests the psychics are often
00:26:55 --> 00:26:57 very very poorly set up and open to
00:26:57 --> 00:26:59 abuse and open to cheating and the
00:26:59 --> 00:27:01 scientists poor things do not expect
00:27:01 --> 00:27:02 things to cheat because sometimes
00:27:02 --> 00:27:03 they're very naive where the
00:27:03 --> 00:27:05 practitioner who bends spoons or
00:27:05 --> 00:27:06 whatever might be a cheat well they
00:27:06 --> 00:27:08 probably are so paranormal
00:27:08 --> 00:27:09 investigations always yield results
00:27:09 --> 00:27:11 often negative more times positive
00:27:12 --> 00:27:13 because they want to and that positive
00:27:13 --> 00:27:15 result is very questionable That's Tim
00:27:15 --> 00:27:19 Minum from Australian
00:27:19 --> 00:27:32 [Music]
00:27:32 --> 00:27:35 Skeptics. And that's the show for now.
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