SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 05
Volcanic Activity on Mars
New research suggests recent volcanic activity on Mars, with eruptions possibly occurring within the last 50,000 years. This discovery, based on satellite observations, highlights a mysterious dark deposit in Elysium Planitia, indicating explosive volcanism. The findings could mean Mars is still volcanically active, raising possibilities of habitable conditions due to interactions between magma and icy substrates.
Mysteries of Supernova 1987A
Astronomers using the Murchison Wide Field Array have been delving into the enigmatic Supernova 1987A. The supernova, marking the death of a blue supergiant star, offers insights into stellar evolution. The peculiar hourglass shape and the unexpected blue supergiant phase of the progenitor star continue to puzzle scientists.
Dream Chaser Space Plane Launch Delayed
The inaugural flight of the Dream Chaser space plane, Tenacity, is now scheduled for May. The spacecraft will carry supplies to the International Space Station, showcasing its capabilities. Sierra Space plans to use Dream Chaser for future missions, including building an orbiting habitat.
00:00 New study claims there's evidence for recent volcanic activity on Mars
05:34 Low frequency radio observations have provided a window into SN 1987A's past life
13:30 The long awaited inaugural flight of Sierra Space's Dream Chaser space plane is now expected
18:52 Canadian scientists compared prevalence and risk of mental disorders between trans and gender diverse people
21:07 Phoenix, Arizona named as America's top location for UFO sightings
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Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/25005231?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 28 episode 5
00:00:03 --> 00:00:05 for broadcast on the 10th of January
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 2025 coming up on space time volcanic
00:00:09 --> 00:00:12 activity on the red planet Mars The
00:00:12 --> 00:00:14 Mysteries of supernova
00:00:14 --> 00:00:16 1987a and the launch of the new
00:00:16 --> 00:00:19 Dreamchaser space plane delayed until
00:00:19 --> 00:00:23 May all that and more coming up on
00:00:23 --> 00:00:26 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:26 --> 00:00:28 Stuart Gary
00:00:28 --> 00:00:35 [Music]
00:00:43 --> 00:00:45 a new study claims there's evidence for
00:00:45 --> 00:00:47 recent volcanic activity on the red
00:00:47 --> 00:00:50 planet Mars the research shows eruptions
00:00:50 --> 00:00:52 could have taken place across Mars
00:00:52 --> 00:00:55 within the last 50 years which in
00:00:55 --> 00:00:58 geological terms is present day the new
00:00:58 --> 00:01:01 findings reported in the Journal Icarus
00:01:01 --> 00:01:03 based on satellite observations showing
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 geologically recent explosive vulcanism
00:01:05 --> 00:01:07 in alian plena which would be the
00:01:07 --> 00:01:10 youngest known volcanic eruption on Mars
00:01:10 --> 00:01:12 most volcanism on the red planet
00:01:12 --> 00:01:14 occurred between 3 and 4 billion years
00:01:14 --> 00:01:17 ago with smaller eruptions in isolated
00:01:17 --> 00:01:19 locations continuing perhaps as recently
00:01:19 --> 00:01:22 as 3 million years ago but until now
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 there's been no evidence to indicate
00:01:24 --> 00:01:25 whether or not Mars could still be
00:01:25 --> 00:01:28 volcanically active today the studies
00:01:28 --> 00:01:29 lead author David Horath from the plan
00:01:29 --> 00:01:31 planetary Science Institute says the
00:01:31 --> 00:01:33 newly discovered feature is a mysterious
00:01:33 --> 00:01:36 dark deposit covering an area slightly
00:01:36 --> 00:01:39 larger than Washington DC he says it has
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 high thermal inertia includes high
00:01:41 --> 00:01:44 calcium pyxy enrich material and is
00:01:44 --> 00:01:45 distributed symmetrically around a
00:01:46 --> 00:01:47 segment of the cerebos fosy Fisher
00:01:47 --> 00:01:50 system in alian plena typical of aolan
00:01:50 --> 00:01:53 or wind driven deposits in the region H
00:01:53 --> 00:01:55 says the feature looks similar to dark
00:01:55 --> 00:01:57 spots on both the moon and Mercury
00:01:57 --> 00:01:59 suggested to be explosive volcanic
00:01:59 --> 00:02:00 eruptions
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 he says it may in fact be the youngest
00:02:02 --> 00:02:05 volcanic deposit yet documented on Mars
00:02:05 --> 00:02:07 while there are numerous examples of
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 explosive volcanism on the red planet
00:02:09 --> 00:02:11 the majority of Martian volcanism
00:02:11 --> 00:02:14 consists of lava flowing at the surface
00:02:14 --> 00:02:16 however this elesium penti deposit
00:02:16 --> 00:02:18 appears to be different the feature
00:02:18 --> 00:02:21 overlays the surrounding lava flows and
00:02:21 --> 00:02:22 appears to be a relatively fresh deposit
00:02:23 --> 00:02:25 of Ash and rock representing a different
00:02:25 --> 00:02:27 style and time period of eruption than
00:02:27 --> 00:02:29 previously identified pyroclastic
00:02:29 --> 00:02:30 features
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 the eruption could have spewed Ash as
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 high as 10 kilm into the Martian
00:02:34 --> 00:02:38 atmosphere Horvat says alisan penia hurt
00:02:38 --> 00:02:39 some of the youngest volcanism on Mars
00:02:39 --> 00:02:42 dating back around 3 million years ago
00:02:42 --> 00:02:45 so it's not entirely unexpected he says
00:02:45 --> 00:02:47 it's possible these sorts of deposits
00:02:47 --> 00:02:48 were more common once but have mostly
00:02:48 --> 00:02:51 been eroded or buried the sight of the
00:02:51 --> 00:02:54 eruption is about 1600 kilm from Nas's
00:02:54 --> 00:02:56 Mars Insight Lander which was studying
00:02:56 --> 00:02:58 tectonic activity on Mars following its
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 Landing in 2018
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 in fact before it ended its Mission
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 Insight detected two Mass Quakes which
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 were localized to the region of cerebus
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 fosy and recent Works suggested the
00:03:08 --> 00:03:10 possibility that these could have been
00:03:10 --> 00:03:12 due to the movement of magma at depth
00:03:12 --> 00:03:15 the young age of the deposit absolutely
00:03:15 --> 00:03:16 raises the possibility that there could
00:03:16 --> 00:03:19 still be volcanic activity on Mars today
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 and it's intriguing that recent Mars
00:03:21 --> 00:03:23 Quakes detected by Insight were all
00:03:23 --> 00:03:25 sourced in the same region however
00:03:25 --> 00:03:27 sustaining magma near the surface of
00:03:27 --> 00:03:30 Mars so lated in Martian history with no
00:03:30 --> 00:03:32 Associated lava flows would be difficult
00:03:32 --> 00:03:34 and so deeper magmatic sources would
00:03:34 --> 00:03:36 probably have been needed to create this
00:03:36 --> 00:03:39 eruption Horvath says volcanic deposits
00:03:39 --> 00:03:40 such as this would also raise the
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 possibility for habitable conditions
00:03:42 --> 00:03:44 near the surface of Mars in recent
00:03:44 --> 00:03:46 history in fact the interaction between
00:03:47 --> 00:03:49 ascending magma and icy substrates in
00:03:49 --> 00:03:50 this region could have provided
00:03:51 --> 00:03:53 favorable conditions for microbial life
00:03:53 --> 00:03:55 fairly recently and so even raises the
00:03:55 --> 00:03:58 possibility of existent life in this
00:03:58 --> 00:04:02 region a f fting concept this is
00:04:02 --> 00:04:04 spacetime still to come the mysteries of
00:04:04 --> 00:04:06 supernova
00:04:06 --> 00:04:08 1987a and the launch of the Dreamchaser
00:04:08 --> 00:04:10 space plane now likely to take place in
00:04:10 --> 00:04:13 May all that and more still to come on
00:04:13 --> 00:04:14 SpaceTime
00:04:14 --> 00:04:30 [Music]
00:04:30 --> 00:04:31 astronomers using the meres and
00:04:31 --> 00:04:33 Widefield array radio telescope in
00:04:33 --> 00:04:35 Outback Western Australia have been
00:04:35 --> 00:04:38 peering deep into the heart of supernova
00:04:38 --> 00:04:40 1987a trying to understand more about
00:04:41 --> 00:04:42 the progenitor star that triggered the
00:04:42 --> 00:04:44 most powerful explosion in our part of
00:04:44 --> 00:04:47 the universe in the last 400 years
00:04:47 --> 00:04:49 Supernova
00:04:49 --> 00:04:51 1987a marked the explosive death of a
00:04:51 --> 00:04:54 spectr type B3 blue super giant star
00:04:54 --> 00:04:58 called sandel - 6922 on the outskirts of
00:04:58 --> 00:05:01 the tantula nebula some 168 light
00:05:01 --> 00:05:03 years away in the large melanic Cloud a
00:05:03 --> 00:05:06 dwarf Galaxy orbiting our own galaxy The
00:05:06 --> 00:05:09 Milky Way the progenitor Stars estimated
00:05:09 --> 00:05:10 to have been around 20 times more
00:05:10 --> 00:05:13 massive than our sun light from the
00:05:13 --> 00:05:15 Supernova event reached the Earth in
00:05:15 --> 00:05:18 February 1987 making it the closest
00:05:18 --> 00:05:19 observed Supernova since the invention
00:05:20 --> 00:05:22 of the telescope and Kepler's Supernova
00:05:22 --> 00:05:25 which was visible from Earth in 164 it
00:05:25 --> 00:05:27 gave modern astronomers the opportunity
00:05:27 --> 00:05:29 to study a core collapse type 2 super
00:05:29 --> 00:05:31 been over in unprecedented detail
00:05:31 --> 00:05:33 gleaning many new insights in the
00:05:33 --> 00:05:35 Stellar Evolution now based on the mass
00:05:35 --> 00:05:38 of the progenitor star sn1987a should
00:05:38 --> 00:05:40 have produced a superdense compact
00:05:40 --> 00:05:43 Stellar corpse called a neutron star and
00:05:43 --> 00:05:45 the neutrino data suggested a compact
00:05:45 --> 00:05:48 object did form in the Stars core
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 however astronomers weren't able to
00:05:50 --> 00:05:53 confirm its existence until 2019 because
00:05:53 --> 00:05:55 it lay hidden and sealed in a thick
00:05:55 --> 00:05:57 cloud of cosmic dust the Supernova
00:05:57 --> 00:05:59 explosion that took place at the end of
00:05:59 --> 00:06:02 the star's life resulted in huge amounts
00:06:02 --> 00:06:03 of gas with temperatures of over a
00:06:03 --> 00:06:06 million de but as the gas began to cool
00:06:07 --> 00:06:09 down some of it condensed into dust
00:06:09 --> 00:06:11 grains the presence of this thick cloud
00:06:11 --> 00:06:13 of dust has long been the main
00:06:13 --> 00:06:14 explanation as to why the missing
00:06:14 --> 00:06:16 neutron star hadn't been observed
00:06:16 --> 00:06:18 earlier but many astronomers were
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 skeptical about this and they began to
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 question whether their understanding of
00:06:22 --> 00:06:25 the Stars life was correct and so this
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 new research is painting a picture of
00:06:27 --> 00:06:29 the star's life long before its death
00:06:29 --> 00:06:31 much it be known about the immediate
00:06:31 --> 00:06:33 past to the star simply by studying the
00:06:33 --> 00:06:36 cosmic ruins resulting from the star's
00:06:36 --> 00:06:38 collapse however the detection of very
00:06:38 --> 00:06:41 faint low frequency energy by merison
00:06:41 --> 00:06:43 has provided new insights previously
00:06:43 --> 00:06:46 only a final fraction of the dead stars
00:06:46 --> 00:06:48 multi-million year life about 1% or
00:06:48 --> 00:06:51 20 years had been observable the
00:06:51 --> 00:06:53 merch and observations by Joseph
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 callingham from the University of Sydney
00:06:55 --> 00:06:56 probed the supernova's past life
00:06:56 --> 00:06:58 millions of years further back than what
00:06:58 --> 00:07:01 was previously possible those findings
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 reported in the monthly notices of the
00:07:03 --> 00:07:05 Royal Astronomical Society focused on
00:07:05 --> 00:07:06 material that was ejected into space
00:07:06 --> 00:07:08 when the star was in its final blue
00:07:08 --> 00:07:11 super giant phase callingham says that
00:07:11 --> 00:07:13 just like Excavating and studying
00:07:13 --> 00:07:15 ancient ruins that teach archaeologists
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 about the life of past civilizations
00:07:17 --> 00:07:19 merison's lowf frequency radio
00:07:19 --> 00:07:21 observations have provided a window into
00:07:21 --> 00:07:23 the star's past life so we've been
00:07:23 --> 00:07:27 looking at 1987a at um really low radio
00:07:27 --> 00:07:29 frequency so essentially frequencies you
00:07:29 --> 00:07:32 tune your FM radio to so like 105
00:07:32 --> 00:07:34 megahertz or something like that and in
00:07:34 --> 00:07:36 particular what we're interested in is
00:07:36 --> 00:07:38 the phase of the Stars life before they
00:07:38 --> 00:07:41 went supernova and so in particular the
00:07:41 --> 00:07:44 my study was very sensitive to the star
00:07:44 --> 00:07:45 when it's what's called its red super
00:07:45 --> 00:07:47 giant phase and that's this phase that
00:07:47 --> 00:07:49 our sun will actually kind of go through
00:07:49 --> 00:07:51 where essentially it's run out of
00:07:51 --> 00:07:53 hydrogen in its core and it's moved to
00:07:53 --> 00:07:55 helium burning in its core and the outer
00:07:55 --> 00:07:57 layers expand up and become red and
00:07:57 --> 00:07:59 fluffy and cooler and how did you do
00:07:59 --> 00:08:01 this you used the merch and Widefield
00:08:01 --> 00:08:02 array that's a different type of radio
00:08:02 --> 00:08:04 telescope isn't it yeah so the merch and
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 Widefield array is based out in Western
00:08:06 --> 00:08:08 Australia in the m and finally enough it
00:08:08 --> 00:08:10 works as I said really low radio
00:08:10 --> 00:08:12 frequency so essentially sensitive
00:08:12 --> 00:08:15 between 72 and 230 MHz this is a
00:08:15 --> 00:08:16 precursor to What's called the square
00:08:16 --> 00:08:18 kilometer array so essentially a big
00:08:18 --> 00:08:20 radio telescope designed to kind of test
00:08:20 --> 00:08:21 the engineering and the science
00:08:21 --> 00:08:24 capabilities of that so as a precursor
00:08:24 --> 00:08:26 instrument and it looks at a specific
00:08:26 --> 00:08:27 bandwidth in the electromagnetic
00:08:27 --> 00:08:30 spectrum yeah so um as said 72 to 230
00:08:30 --> 00:08:32 MHz picking up essentially the
00:08:32 --> 00:08:35 frequencies that I'm sensitive to in the
00:08:35 --> 00:08:37 merch Whitefield array but instead of
00:08:37 --> 00:08:38 spending all this money to build
00:08:38 --> 00:08:39 essentially something that's sensitive
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 just to radio we build it really far
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 away from people to get away from
00:08:43 --> 00:08:45 interference and so we're sensitive to
00:08:45 --> 00:08:47 astronomical objects and just one of
00:08:47 --> 00:08:51 them happens to be 1987a and 1987a is an
00:08:51 --> 00:08:53 amazing Supernova it was one that spared
00:08:53 --> 00:08:55 my interest in astronomy it's a bit
00:08:55 --> 00:08:57 unusual for most super NOA because of
00:08:57 --> 00:09:00 the way it's evolved yes so it's the
00:09:00 --> 00:09:03 closest and brightest Supernova to occur
00:09:03 --> 00:09:04 since the invention of the telescope
00:09:04 --> 00:09:06 which is kind of amazing to think about
00:09:06 --> 00:09:08 so you can essentially take the
00:09:08 --> 00:09:10 telescope was first pointed to the skies
00:09:10 --> 00:09:13 by the G by Galileo in about 1600 so to
00:09:13 --> 00:09:15 have not to have a supernova go off
00:09:15 --> 00:09:18 except 1987a is pretty crazy and it just
00:09:18 --> 00:09:20 goes to show how important this object
00:09:20 --> 00:09:22 is to our understanding of how massive
00:09:22 --> 00:09:24 stars and their lives what we know about
00:09:24 --> 00:09:26 the panador is it's kind of odd odder
00:09:26 --> 00:09:28 than we ever thought or ever predicted
00:09:28 --> 00:09:30 so the the star that actually did go on
00:09:30 --> 00:09:32 supernova all our theories kind of
00:09:32 --> 00:09:33 predicted you'd be like a kind of like
00:09:33 --> 00:09:35 if you're about five times more massive
00:09:35 --> 00:09:36 than the sun you go through kind of a
00:09:36 --> 00:09:38 sunlike phase and then you'd enter this
00:09:38 --> 00:09:40 What's called the red super giant phase
00:09:40 --> 00:09:42 and then you'd eventually Supernova but
00:09:42 --> 00:09:44 what we found by looking at archival
00:09:44 --> 00:09:47 information of the Galaxy of which 87a
00:09:47 --> 00:09:49 exploded in called the large melanic
00:09:49 --> 00:09:51 Cloud we realized that the star actually
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 went through a blue super giant phase
00:09:53 --> 00:09:54 before it exploded which is kind of odd
00:09:55 --> 00:09:58 we never expected that at all so why and
00:09:58 --> 00:10:00 how is are questions that we've been
00:10:01 --> 00:10:02 trying to answer red and blue that's got
00:10:02 --> 00:10:04 a lot to do with the temperature of the
00:10:04 --> 00:10:06 star itself yes so red of the star I
00:10:06 --> 00:10:07 know it's kind of funny because in
00:10:07 --> 00:10:09 everyday life um we usually mean red to
00:10:09 --> 00:10:11 be warm or hot but for a star red is
00:10:12 --> 00:10:13 actually as cold as you pretty much get
00:10:13 --> 00:10:15 red is quite a cool star While Blue
00:10:16 --> 00:10:17 represents hot and so your listeners
00:10:17 --> 00:10:19 might remember from high school the
00:10:19 --> 00:10:20 bunson burner and in particular they
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 might remember the red safety flame but
00:10:23 --> 00:10:24 if you wanted to use a buns and bur he
00:10:24 --> 00:10:26 always turned it on and the hottest part
00:10:26 --> 00:10:27 of the flame was always the blue part of
00:10:27 --> 00:10:28 the flame and this has got to do with
00:10:28 --> 00:10:29 black body
00:10:29 --> 00:10:31 but it's not important um exactly what
00:10:31 --> 00:10:34 it is it's just the Bluer the hotter and
00:10:34 --> 00:10:36 redder the cooler um kind of
00:10:36 --> 00:10:37 counterintuitive what we're kind of
00:10:37 --> 00:10:40 taught what we use in everyday language
00:10:40 --> 00:10:42 we're not quite sure why it went through
00:10:42 --> 00:10:44 a blue super giant phase and so it's
00:10:44 --> 00:10:46 quite hard to figure out and exactly why
00:10:46 --> 00:10:48 we saw a blue super giant before it
00:10:48 --> 00:10:51 collapsed so some thoughts have been
00:10:51 --> 00:10:53 maybe it was a binary star system so
00:10:53 --> 00:10:54 there's two stars that existed in the
00:10:55 --> 00:10:56 system and one evolved to a red super
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 giant star and it might have been
00:10:58 --> 00:10:59 something like the sun next to it and
00:10:59 --> 00:11:02 for some reason they merged they fused
00:11:02 --> 00:11:03 together and in that process that's
00:11:03 --> 00:11:05 quite violent and that caused it to heat
00:11:05 --> 00:11:07 back up and cause go into this blue
00:11:07 --> 00:11:09 super giant F but it's possible that's
00:11:09 --> 00:11:11 maybe not the case at all maybe it went
00:11:11 --> 00:11:12 through a really weird Mass loss
00:11:13 --> 00:11:15 scenario so the star for some particular
00:11:15 --> 00:11:17 reason lost heaps and heaps and heaps of
00:11:17 --> 00:11:20 mass and so it it spewed out and it
00:11:20 --> 00:11:22 became blue super giant again it was all
00:11:22 --> 00:11:23 very odd and we never expected that at
00:11:24 --> 00:11:25 all and so I can't really tell you the
00:11:25 --> 00:11:27 final answer the reason why it ended the
00:11:27 --> 00:11:29 blue super giant phase but we know did
00:11:29 --> 00:11:32 and so we have to change our theories to
00:11:32 --> 00:11:34 understand that because 1987a has such a
00:11:34 --> 00:11:36 weird hourglass shape it's not an
00:11:36 --> 00:11:38 expanded spherical type shape could that
00:11:38 --> 00:11:41 be telling us something yeah so the the
00:11:41 --> 00:11:43 morphology of the Supernova Remnant is
00:11:43 --> 00:11:45 even odd for us right so again we kind
00:11:45 --> 00:11:47 of thought think most Supernova would be
00:11:47 --> 00:11:49 roughly sperical right you explode a
00:11:49 --> 00:11:51 star it should go out equally in all
00:11:51 --> 00:11:54 directions but the Supernova 1987a as as
00:11:54 --> 00:11:56 you said we see this hourglass shape so
00:11:56 --> 00:11:58 it seems poter at the waist and then it
00:11:58 --> 00:11:59 kind of expands in these two rings at
00:11:59 --> 00:12:03 the ends and so people hypothesize maybe
00:12:03 --> 00:12:05 that's why maybe it had to be a binary
00:12:05 --> 00:12:07 right for example the binary merged on
00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 the equator and so that's why you have a
00:12:09 --> 00:12:11 tight waist and a lot of the mass loss
00:12:11 --> 00:12:13 occurred at the poles but you also can
00:12:13 --> 00:12:15 get that shape if you have a really fast
00:12:15 --> 00:12:16 spinning star a star that's spinning
00:12:16 --> 00:12:18 really quickly and you get a lot of the
00:12:18 --> 00:12:20 ejection from the poles rather than the
00:12:20 --> 00:12:22 equator and so or I mean a lot from the
00:12:23 --> 00:12:25 equator as well from the poll so it's a
00:12:25 --> 00:12:27 very odd shape and just goes to show 87a
00:12:27 --> 00:12:29 even though it went off years ago is
00:12:29 --> 00:12:32 still revolutionizing our way we
00:12:32 --> 00:12:34 understand about massive stars in their
00:12:34 --> 00:12:36 lives and how Supernova occur a spin up
00:12:36 --> 00:12:38 caused by an increase in Mass by two
00:12:38 --> 00:12:40 stars merging sounds feasible doesn't it
00:12:40 --> 00:12:42 yeah it's a possibility and there's been
00:12:42 --> 00:12:44 simulations here and it's one of those
00:12:44 --> 00:12:45 questions I don't know if we'll ever
00:12:45 --> 00:12:48 know the answer to we can get close and
00:12:48 --> 00:12:49 there's good suggestions for one or the
00:12:49 --> 00:12:51 other but I don't know if we'll ever
00:12:51 --> 00:12:54 know the exact true answer um there what
00:12:54 --> 00:12:56 exactly caused it to go to a blue super
00:12:56 --> 00:12:58 giant phase that's Joseph callingham
00:12:58 --> 00:12:59 from the University of Sy
00:13:00 --> 00:13:02 and this is spacetime still to come the
00:13:02 --> 00:13:05 Dreamchaser space plane launched delayed
00:13:05 --> 00:13:07 until at least May and later in the
00:13:07 --> 00:13:09 science report scientists in Russia have
00:13:09 --> 00:13:11 discovered the world preserved remains
00:13:11 --> 00:13:13 of a baby mammoth all that and more
00:13:13 --> 00:13:15 still to come on SpaceTime
00:13:15 --> 00:13:22 [Music]
00:13:30 --> 00:13:32 the long awaited inaugural flight of
00:13:32 --> 00:13:34 Sierra space's Dreamchaser space plane
00:13:34 --> 00:13:37 is now expected to take place in May the
00:13:37 --> 00:13:39 spacecraft tenacity along with its
00:13:39 --> 00:13:41 shooting star cargo module have been
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 unveiled at the Kennedy Space Center in
00:13:43 --> 00:13:45 Florida after completing a vigorous
00:13:45 --> 00:13:47 vibration and thermal vacuum testing
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 program at the Neil Armstrong facility
00:13:49 --> 00:13:52 in Ohio the public viewing followed the
00:13:52 --> 00:13:54 completion of successful electromagnetic
00:13:54 --> 00:13:56 interference and compatibility testing
00:13:56 --> 00:13:59 at Kennedy works also now complet on the
00:13:59 --> 00:14:01 spacecraft's thermal protection system
00:14:01 --> 00:14:03 and final payload
00:14:03 --> 00:14:05 integration the maiden flight will send
00:14:05 --> 00:14:07 tenacity and its shooting star cargo
00:14:07 --> 00:14:09 module carrying over 3 and 1/2 tons of
00:14:09 --> 00:14:11 food supplies and scientific equipment
00:14:11 --> 00:14:13 to the International Space Station
00:14:13 --> 00:14:15 aboard a United launch Alliance Vulcan
00:14:15 --> 00:14:17 centur rocket from space launch complex
00:14:17 --> 00:14:20 41 at the Cape Canal space force station
00:14:20 --> 00:14:23 in Florida as part of the process to
00:14:23 --> 00:14:25 certify the vehicle system for future
00:14:25 --> 00:14:27 agency resupply missions NASA and Sierra
00:14:27 --> 00:14:29 space will put the space plane through
00:14:29 --> 00:14:32 its Paces once in orbit as Dreamchaser
00:14:32 --> 00:14:34 tenacity approaches the space station
00:14:34 --> 00:14:36 it'll conduct a series of demonstrations
00:14:36 --> 00:14:39 to prove attitude control transitional
00:14:39 --> 00:14:41 Maneuvers and abort
00:14:41 --> 00:14:42 capabilities after completing the
00:14:42 --> 00:14:44 maneuverability demonstration Space
00:14:44 --> 00:14:47 Station's crew will use the canid arm 2
00:14:47 --> 00:14:49 robotic arm to Grapple the spacecraft
00:14:49 --> 00:14:51 and dock it to an earth facing port on
00:14:51 --> 00:14:53 the harmony module after remaining
00:14:53 --> 00:14:55 docked to the orbiting Outpost for
00:14:55 --> 00:14:57 around 45 days tenacity will be released
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 from the space station and return to
00:14:59 --> 00:15:01 Earth landing conventionally on the
00:15:01 --> 00:15:03 former Kennedy Space Center space
00:15:03 --> 00:15:06 shuttle Runway carrying 1 kg of
00:15:06 --> 00:15:08 returned experiments and Equipment
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 Sierra space says the gentler Runway
00:15:11 --> 00:15:12 Landing will allow the return to Earth
00:15:13 --> 00:15:14 of more delicate equipment and
00:15:14 --> 00:15:16 experiments which could be damaged by a
00:15:16 --> 00:15:19 rougher high G capture splash down after
00:15:19 --> 00:15:22 landing Dreamchaser will be powered down
00:15:22 --> 00:15:24 and the SI space team will transfer it
00:15:24 --> 00:15:26 back to the processing facility in order
00:15:26 --> 00:15:28 to perform the necessary inspections off
00:15:29 --> 00:15:30 Lo the remaining NASA cargo and begin
00:15:30 --> 00:15:32 the process of preparing it for its next
00:15:32 --> 00:15:34 mission meanwhile the shooting star
00:15:34 --> 00:15:36 cargo module will remain doct to the
00:15:36 --> 00:15:38 space station until it's filled with
00:15:38 --> 00:15:41 trash it'll then be released to return
00:15:41 --> 00:15:43 to Earth burning up in the atmosphere
00:15:43 --> 00:15:45 Sierra space is also moving forward with
00:15:45 --> 00:15:47 the development of its second Dream
00:15:47 --> 00:15:49 Chaser space plane this one to be called
00:15:49 --> 00:15:52 reverence it's about 18 months away from
00:15:52 --> 00:15:54 completion the company's senior vice
00:15:54 --> 00:15:56 president for Mission Assurance Angie
00:15:56 --> 00:15:59 wise says that each 12 M long dream
00:15:59 --> 00:16:01 Chaser wing space plane is designed for
00:16:01 --> 00:16:04 around 15 flights over a 10-year
00:16:04 --> 00:16:06 lifespan that will allow the pair to
00:16:06 --> 00:16:08 provide up to 30 missions to orbit
00:16:08 --> 00:16:10 including at least seven contractor to
00:16:10 --> 00:16:11 NASA under its commercial resupply
00:16:11 --> 00:16:14 service contract future missions May
00:16:14 --> 00:16:17 last as long as 75 days and deliver over
00:16:17 --> 00:16:21 5.2 tons of cargo on each flight Nessa
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 rewarded Dreamchaser at space station
00:16:23 --> 00:16:25 Commercial resupply program contract
00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 alongside their existing SpaceX dragon
00:16:27 --> 00:16:29 and orbital now northr Grumman signat
00:16:29 --> 00:16:32 cargo ship contracts s space is also
00:16:32 --> 00:16:34 planning to use Dreamchaser to launch
00:16:34 --> 00:16:36 and build its own orbiting habitat in
00:16:36 --> 00:16:38 space before NASA retires the
00:16:38 --> 00:16:40 International Space Station in
00:16:40 --> 00:16:43 2030 the 5 m long shooting star module
00:16:43 --> 00:16:44 which is attached to the rear of
00:16:44 --> 00:16:46 Dreamchaser can carry up to three tons
00:16:47 --> 00:16:49 of cargo internally and also features
00:16:49 --> 00:16:51 three unpressurized external payload
00:16:51 --> 00:16:54 mounts Sierra space is also moving ahead
00:16:54 --> 00:16:56 with its plans to develop a free flying
00:16:56 --> 00:16:58 cargo satellite based on the shooting
00:16:58 --> 00:17:00 star module house orbital military
00:17:00 --> 00:17:03 payloads while the reusable tenacity and
00:17:03 --> 00:17:04 reverence are both designed to carry
00:17:04 --> 00:17:06 cargo only the company's continuing to
00:17:06 --> 00:17:08 work on both the man version of
00:17:08 --> 00:17:10 Dreamchaser and a variant specifically
00:17:10 --> 00:17:13 designed for National Security missions
00:17:13 --> 00:17:15 although NASA are owner using at fago
00:17:15 --> 00:17:17 transport the wing Dreamchaser lifting
00:17:17 --> 00:17:19 body space plane was originally designed
00:17:19 --> 00:17:21 to transport up to seven people on crew
00:17:21 --> 00:17:23 transfer missions to the International
00:17:23 --> 00:17:26 Space Station but last out the spacex's
00:17:26 --> 00:17:28 dragon and the trouble plague Boeing CST
00:17:28 --> 00:17:31 100 Starliner in NASA's commercial crew
00:17:31 --> 00:17:33 transport contracts SpaceX began flying
00:17:33 --> 00:17:35 astronauts on drag into the space
00:17:35 --> 00:17:36 station in
00:17:36 --> 00:17:39 2019 and although Starliner has flown
00:17:39 --> 00:17:41 one crew to the space station it proved
00:17:41 --> 00:17:43 to be unreliable and that crew is still
00:17:43 --> 00:17:46 up there stuck waiting for a return ride
00:17:46 --> 00:17:49 on you guessed it a dragon considering
00:17:49 --> 00:17:51 all the problems NASA are having with
00:17:51 --> 00:17:52 Starliner one wonders whether they
00:17:53 --> 00:17:54 regret not giving the second man
00:17:54 --> 00:17:56 transport contract to Dreamchaser
00:17:56 --> 00:17:59 instead the Dreamchaser design itself
00:17:59 --> 00:18:02 goes back more than 60 years with its
00:18:02 --> 00:18:04 origins in the United States Air Force
00:18:04 --> 00:18:07 1957 X20 dinosaur spacecraft which would
00:18:07 --> 00:18:09 have been launched on top of a modified
00:18:09 --> 00:18:12 Titan 3 rocket NASA continued its
00:18:12 --> 00:18:15 development in the 1960s and early 7s
00:18:15 --> 00:18:17 with a range of experimental spacecraft
00:18:17 --> 00:18:20 including the Northrop M2 the Martin x23
00:18:20 --> 00:18:23 Prime the Martin Marietta x24 and the
00:18:23 --> 00:18:26 Northrop hl10 lifting bodies and during
00:18:26 --> 00:18:29 the 1990s NASA used the same basic
00:18:29 --> 00:18:31 design to develop the hl2 experimental
00:18:31 --> 00:18:33 space plane which eventually evolved
00:18:33 --> 00:18:36 into the x38 emergency crew return
00:18:36 --> 00:18:37 vehicle which would have been an
00:18:37 --> 00:18:40 emergency escape pod transported to the
00:18:40 --> 00:18:41 space station in the payload Bay of the
00:18:41 --> 00:18:44 Space Shuttle it then would remain dock
00:18:44 --> 00:18:46 to the orbiting OST and until needed
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 however that project was cancelled in
00:18:48 --> 00:18:51 2002 following federal government budget
00:18:51 --> 00:18:56 cuts this SpaceTime
00:18:56 --> 00:19:04 [Music]
00:19:10 --> 00:19:12 and time now to take another brief look
00:19:12 --> 00:19:13 at some of the other stories making news
00:19:13 --> 00:19:15 in science this week with a science
00:19:15 --> 00:19:18 report Canadian scientists have compared
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 the prevalence and risk of mental
00:19:20 --> 00:19:22 disorders substance use disorders and
00:19:22 --> 00:19:24 suicidal behaviors between trans and
00:19:25 --> 00:19:26 gender diverse people and their
00:19:26 --> 00:19:29 cisgender counterparts the study
00:19:29 --> 00:19:30 reported in the Journal of the American
00:19:30 --> 00:19:33 Medical Association included nearly
00:19:33 --> 00:19:35 10 people around half of whom were
00:19:35 --> 00:19:38 identified as trans or gender diverse
00:19:38 --> 00:19:40 the risk of mental disorders substance
00:19:41 --> 00:19:43 use disorders and suicidal behaviors was
00:19:43 --> 00:19:45 found to be higher amongst trans and
00:19:45 --> 00:19:47 gender diverse people especially when it
00:19:47 --> 00:19:49 came to either having a plan for suicide
00:19:49 --> 00:19:52 or having attempted suicide the author
00:19:52 --> 00:19:54 suggest the increased risks may be due
00:19:54 --> 00:19:56 at least in part to experiencing
00:19:56 --> 00:19:58 Prejudice and harassment throughout
00:19:58 --> 00:20:00 lives
00:20:00 --> 00:20:02 a new study has found that the best way
00:20:02 --> 00:20:04 to deal with narcissistic people is to
00:20:04 --> 00:20:05 Simply get them out of your life and
00:20:05 --> 00:20:08 avoid them as quickly as possible the
00:20:08 --> 00:20:10 findings are based on more than 20 years
00:20:10 --> 00:20:12 of study by researchers at a higher
00:20:12 --> 00:20:14 State University however the authors
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 admit that advice may often be difficult
00:20:16 --> 00:20:18 to take because narcissists can be very
00:20:18 --> 00:20:20 charming and likable especially during
00:20:20 --> 00:20:23 the early stages of a relationship
00:20:23 --> 00:20:25 however there are usually subtle signs
00:20:25 --> 00:20:27 that you should not ignore such as the
00:20:27 --> 00:20:29 lack of empathy the need need for
00:20:29 --> 00:20:31 constant attention and admiration taking
00:20:31 --> 00:20:33 advantage of others and expectations for
00:20:33 --> 00:20:36 special favors without any reciprocation
00:20:36 --> 00:20:38 the authors recognize different types of
00:20:38 --> 00:20:40 narcissism all of which have core
00:20:40 --> 00:20:41 characteristics of entitlement
00:20:42 --> 00:20:43 self-centeredness and a lack of empathy
00:20:43 --> 00:20:46 for others the most recognizable type to
00:20:46 --> 00:20:49 most people might be agentic grandio
00:20:49 --> 00:20:51 narcissism which is characterized by
00:20:51 --> 00:20:53 high self-esteem extraversion arrogance
00:20:53 --> 00:20:56 and dominance the authors also found
00:20:56 --> 00:20:58 that narcissistic bosses are often
00:20:58 --> 00:20:59 aggressive Ive and bullying taking
00:21:00 --> 00:21:01 credit for their employees hard work and
00:21:01 --> 00:21:03 dominating resources that are often
00:21:03 --> 00:21:06 needed by others to do their
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 jobs scientists have placed on display
00:21:08 --> 00:21:10 the remarkably well-preserved baby
00:21:10 --> 00:21:12 mammoth found in a remote permafrost
00:21:12 --> 00:21:14 covered region bordering the Arctic
00:21:14 --> 00:21:17 Ocean the 50 year old female has
00:21:17 --> 00:21:19 been named Jana after the river in whose
00:21:19 --> 00:21:22 Basin it was discovered last year so to
00:21:22 --> 00:21:24 say Y is the best preserved Mammoth
00:21:24 --> 00:21:26 carcass in the world and it's one of
00:21:26 --> 00:21:28 only seven whole remains ever found
00:21:28 --> 00:21:30 she's thought to have been about 12
00:21:30 --> 00:21:32 months old at the time of her death she
00:21:32 --> 00:21:36 weighs around 180 kg and is 120 cm tall
00:21:36 --> 00:21:40 200 cm long before this discovery only
00:21:40 --> 00:21:42 six Mammoth carcasses had ever been
00:21:42 --> 00:21:46 found five in Russia and one in
00:21:46 --> 00:21:48 Canada Phoenix Arizona is been named as
00:21:49 --> 00:21:52 America's top location for UFO sightings
00:21:52 --> 00:21:54 in narrowly edged out New York City
00:21:54 --> 00:21:56 Nevada to grab the top spot with a
00:21:56 --> 00:21:59 whopping 323 sightings over the last
00:21:59 --> 00:22:02 decade New York City reported 313
00:22:02 --> 00:22:04 sightings while Nevada home to the
00:22:04 --> 00:22:08 infamous Area 51 had 309 sightings the
00:22:08 --> 00:22:10 rankings were compiled by Bettis using
00:22:10 --> 00:22:12 data from the National UFO Reporting
00:22:12 --> 00:22:14 Center Phoenix was always likely to be
00:22:14 --> 00:22:16 the favorite following the famous
00:22:16 --> 00:22:18 Phoenix light incident back in March
00:22:18 --> 00:22:21 1997 when flares dropped by aircraft
00:22:21 --> 00:22:23 during Air Force training exercises were
00:22:23 --> 00:22:25 taken to be lights from a giant v-shaped
00:22:25 --> 00:22:28 flying alien spacecraft Nevada got the
00:22:28 --> 00:22:30 the nod because it's home to the area 51
00:22:30 --> 00:22:32 test range in the Nellis Air Force Base
00:22:32 --> 00:22:34 on Groom Lake which has long been used
00:22:34 --> 00:22:37 to test classified aircraft amazingly
00:22:37 --> 00:22:39 beaten out of the top spots was longtime
00:22:39 --> 00:22:42 former favorite Roswell New Mexico the
00:22:42 --> 00:22:44 location near where it's claimed an
00:22:44 --> 00:22:47 alien spacecraft crashed in 1947 and its
00:22:47 --> 00:22:49 occupants then captured for an alien
00:22:49 --> 00:22:51 autopsy the peer research center claims
00:22:52 --> 00:22:54 around 65% of Americans believe
00:22:54 --> 00:22:57 intelligent life exists on other planets
00:22:57 --> 00:22:59 Tim menum from Australian eptic says the
00:22:59 --> 00:23:01 survey shows it's not just location that
00:23:01 --> 00:23:04 matters but also timing is important too
00:23:04 --> 00:23:06 if you want to see flying sources well
00:23:06 --> 00:23:08 want it's Phoenix Arizona and that's not
00:23:08 --> 00:23:09 necessarily the place that comes
00:23:09 --> 00:23:11 instantly to mind but Phoenix Arizona
00:23:11 --> 00:23:13 apparently has what's described as a
00:23:13 --> 00:23:16 whopping 323 sightings in the last
00:23:16 --> 00:23:17 decade which is what one every 10 days
00:23:17 --> 00:23:18 something like that so you know very
00:23:18 --> 00:23:20 impressive place if you want to go and
00:23:20 --> 00:23:22 see UFOs go to Phoenix Arizona and been
00:23:22 --> 00:23:23 10 20 days
00:23:23 --> 00:23:26 there 51 well Nevada is number three
00:23:27 --> 00:23:29 number two is New York number three is
00:23:29 --> 00:23:31 Nevada and it moves on from there tends
00:23:31 --> 00:23:33 to be places not so much Nevada perhaps
00:23:33 --> 00:23:34 but tends to be places with a decent
00:23:34 --> 00:23:36 population so you get enough people up
00:23:36 --> 00:23:37 there looking at the sky so you're going
00:23:37 --> 00:23:38 to get more reports you're not going to
00:23:38 --> 00:23:40 get a lot of reports from the middle of
00:23:40 --> 00:23:42 the Sora desert or the Sahara or
00:23:42 --> 00:23:43 something where there's fewer people
00:23:43 --> 00:23:44 there so yeah the more people you have
00:23:44 --> 00:23:46 like New York the more likely you are to
00:23:46 --> 00:23:48 get sighting so Phoenix C to fame over
00:23:48 --> 00:23:50 the Phoenix Lights that's right yeah it
00:23:50 --> 00:23:52 was a v-shaped series of lights that
00:23:53 --> 00:23:55 flew over the city the Air Force
00:23:55 --> 00:23:56 originally denied any knowledge of it
00:23:56 --> 00:23:58 they later admitted they were releasing
00:23:58 --> 00:24:00 a a series of marker lights that's the
00:24:00 --> 00:24:02 thing Phoenix Lights yeah that was a big
00:24:02 --> 00:24:04 thing all these sightings over a decade
00:24:04 --> 00:24:05 impressive they actually say that if
00:24:05 --> 00:24:07 you're going to go to Phoenix you have
00:24:07 --> 00:24:08 to go to a certain type of Year New York
00:24:09 --> 00:24:11 Colorado you want to go to I think it's
00:24:11 --> 00:24:12 middle of the Year between 9:00 p.m. and
00:24:13 --> 00:24:15 10 p.m. California and Arizona things
00:24:15 --> 00:24:16 towards the end of the year don't know
00:24:16 --> 00:24:19 why that is why UFOs would fly certain
00:24:19 --> 00:24:21 times of the year in certain places in
00:24:21 --> 00:24:22 the year it might be a place where
00:24:22 --> 00:24:23 people are in the mood to say these
00:24:23 --> 00:24:25 things and because you build up all this
00:24:25 --> 00:24:26 excitement that everyone who says
00:24:26 --> 00:24:27 something strange suddenly thinks it's
00:24:27 --> 00:24:29 an alien CRA whereas in the middle of
00:24:29 --> 00:24:30 other somewhere else where they don't
00:24:30 --> 00:24:32 see I think oh no that's just an
00:24:32 --> 00:24:34 astronoid astronoid or meteor or flight
00:24:34 --> 00:24:37 of birds or a balloon or something so I
00:24:37 --> 00:24:38 would say some people you some areas
00:24:38 --> 00:24:41 have a greater Preity to see things not
00:24:41 --> 00:24:42 because there are more things but
00:24:42 --> 00:24:43 because they just tend to see them
00:24:43 --> 00:24:48 that's tandom from Australian Skeptics
00:24:48 --> 00:25:01 [Music]
00:25:01 --> 00:25:04 and that's the show for now SpaceTime is
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00:25:52 --> 00:25:56 Stewart gar.com for full details you've
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