SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 153
* The Mysterious Origins of Martian Minerals
A new study suggests that some Martian minerals may have formed in liquid carbon dioxide rather than water. While traditional views link Mars' dry river channels to past water presence, this research indicates that under ancient Martian conditions, liquid CO2 could have been a significant factor in shaping the planet's geological features. This finding, published in Nature Geoscience, adds a new layer to the ongoing debate about Mars' liquid past and its implications for the planet's habitability.
* Australia's Arnhem Space Centre Shuttered
Equatorial Launch Australia has announced the closure of the Arnhem Space Centre due to unresolved lease issues with the Northern Land Council. Originally envisioned as a hub for commercial space launches, the project faced multiple delays over land agreements. Plans are now underway to relocate operations to Queensland, aiming to establish the Australian Space Centre, Geberic which promises significant economic benefits and indigenous employment opportunities.
*Discovery of the Heaviest Antimatter Particle
Physicists at CERN's Large Hadron Collider have identified what could be the heaviest antimatter particle ever detected. Using the ALICE experiment, researchers observed anti-hyperhelium 4, an exotic hypernucleus. This discovery provides new insights into the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe, as scientists continue to explore the mysteries of the Big Bang and the universe's evolution.
00:00 Some Martian minerals may have been formed in liquid carbon dioxide rather than water
06:01 Scientists find evidence for what appears to be the most massive antimatter particle ever detected
13:15 Move of time projection chamber into ALICE detector starts very slowly
15:22 The TPC is our main tracking detector for heavy ion collisions
20:21 Living in an agricultural community with high pesticide use may increase cancer risk
22:50 Former CNN reporter Tucker Carlson claims he was attacked by a demon while sleeping
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✍️ Episode References
Journal of Nature Geoscience
[Nature Geoscience](https://www.nature.com/ngeo/)
NASA's Mars Perseverance rover mission
[NASA Perseverance](https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/)
Equatorial Launch Australia
[Equatorial Launch Australia](https://ela.space/)
Large Hadron Collider
[CERN LHC](https://home.cern/science/accelerators/large-hadron-collider)
ALICE experiment
[ALICE Experiment](https://alice.cern/)
Northern Land Council
[Northern Land Council](https://www.nlc.org.au/)
Journal Frontiers of Cancer Control and Society
[Frontiers in Cancer](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cancer)
Journal Science
[Science Journal](https://www.sciencemag.org/)
Australian Skeptics
[Australian Skeptics](https://www.skeptics.com.au/)
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support (https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rss) .
Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/24723590?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 27 episode 153
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 20th of December
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 2024 coming up on space time the
00:00:09 --> 00:00:11 possible strange origins of some Martian
00:00:11 --> 00:00:14 minerals Australia's Anam Space Center
00:00:14 --> 00:00:17 scrapped and discovery of the heaviest
00:00:17 --> 00:00:20 antimatter particle ever detected all
00:00:20 --> 00:00:23 that and more coming up on
00:00:23 --> 00:00:26 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:26 --> 00:00:28 Stuart Gary
00:00:28 --> 00:00:35 [Music]
00:00:43 --> 00:00:45 a new study has found that some minerals
00:00:45 --> 00:00:47 seen on Mars today may have been formed
00:00:47 --> 00:00:49 in liquid carbon dioxide rather than
00:00:49 --> 00:00:52 liquid water Dry River channels and Lake
00:00:52 --> 00:00:54 beds on Mars point to a long ago
00:00:54 --> 00:00:57 presence of liquid on the planet surface
00:00:57 --> 00:00:59 and the minerals observed from orbit and
00:00:59 --> 00:01:02 from Landers seemed to many scientists
00:01:02 --> 00:01:04 to prove that the liquid was ordinary
00:01:04 --> 00:01:07 water however a new study reported in
00:01:07 --> 00:01:09 the journal natur geoscience suggests
00:01:09 --> 00:01:11 that water is only one of two possible
00:01:11 --> 00:01:13 liquids which under the right conditions
00:01:13 --> 00:01:16 could have been present on Ancient Mars
00:01:16 --> 00:01:19 the other is liquid carbon dioxide and
00:01:19 --> 00:01:21 it may actually been easier for carbon
00:01:21 --> 00:01:22 dioxide in the atmosphere to condense
00:01:23 --> 00:01:24 into a liquid under those conditions
00:01:24 --> 00:01:27 than for water ice to melt well others
00:01:27 --> 00:01:30 have suggested that liquid CO2 might be
00:01:30 --> 00:01:31 the source for some of the river
00:01:31 --> 00:01:33 channels seen on Mars the mineral
00:01:33 --> 00:01:36 evidence seems to point uniquely to
00:01:36 --> 00:01:38 water however this new paper sites
00:01:38 --> 00:01:41 recent studies of carbon sequestration
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 the process of bearing liquefied CO2
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 recovered from Earth's atmosphere deep
00:01:45 --> 00:01:47 in underground Caverns it shows that
00:01:48 --> 00:01:50 similar mineral alteration can occur in
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 liquid carbon dioxide as in liquid water
00:01:52 --> 00:01:55 sometimes even more rapidly the studies
00:01:55 --> 00:01:57 leate author Michael heck principal
00:01:57 --> 00:01:58 investigator for The Moxy instrument
00:01:58 --> 00:02:00 aboard NASA's MS perseverance rover
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 mission says understanding how
00:02:02 --> 00:02:04 sufficient liquid water was able to flow
00:02:04 --> 00:02:06 on the early Martian surface in order to
00:02:06 --> 00:02:08 explain the morphology and minerology
00:02:08 --> 00:02:10 scen today is probably the greatest
00:02:10 --> 00:02:13 unsettled question of Martian science he
00:02:13 --> 00:02:15 says there's likely no one right answer
00:02:15 --> 00:02:17 and is merely suggesting another
00:02:17 --> 00:02:20 possible piece of the puzzle hecken
00:02:20 --> 00:02:21 colleagues looked at the compatibility
00:02:21 --> 00:02:23 of their proposal with current knowledge
00:02:23 --> 00:02:25 of Martian atmospheric content and the
00:02:25 --> 00:02:28 implications for Martian surface
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 minerology they also explored the latest
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 carbon sequestration research and
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 concluded that liquid CO2 mineral
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 reactions are consistent with the
00:02:36 --> 00:02:38 predominant Mass alteration products
00:02:38 --> 00:02:41 carbonates phos silicates and sulfates
00:02:41 --> 00:02:43 the argument for the probable existence
00:02:43 --> 00:02:45 of liquid CO2 on the Marian surface
00:02:45 --> 00:02:49 isn't an Allin or allout scenario it's
00:02:49 --> 00:02:51 not a case of either liquid CO2 or
00:02:51 --> 00:02:53 liquid water it could be that a
00:02:53 --> 00:02:55 combination of both may have brought
00:02:55 --> 00:02:57 about much of the geomorphological and
00:02:57 --> 00:03:00 minerological evidence for a liquid m
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 the likelihood of each depends on the
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 actual inventory of CO2 at the time as
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 well as the temperature conditions on
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 the surface the authors acknowledge that
00:03:08 --> 00:03:11 the tested sequestration conditions with
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 the liquid CO2 is above room temperature
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 at pressures of tens of atmospheres are
00:03:15 --> 00:03:17 very different from the cold relatively
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 low press conditions that might have
00:03:19 --> 00:03:22 once produced liquid CO2 on early Mars
00:03:22 --> 00:03:25 hex says it's difficult to say just How
00:03:25 --> 00:03:27 likely it is that this speculation about
00:03:27 --> 00:03:30 early Mars is true but the likelihood is
00:03:30 --> 00:03:32 high enough that the possibility should
00:03:32 --> 00:03:36 not be ignored this is spacetime still
00:03:36 --> 00:03:39 to come the northern territory's arnam
00:03:39 --> 00:03:41 Spaceport closed and scrapped and
00:03:41 --> 00:03:43 discovery of what could be the heaviest
00:03:43 --> 00:03:46 antimatter particle ever detected all
00:03:46 --> 00:03:50 that and more still to come on SpaceTime
00:03:50 --> 00:04:04 [Music]
00:04:04 --> 00:04:06 it was meant to Herald in a bright New
00:04:06 --> 00:04:08 Era for the Northern Territory but
00:04:08 --> 00:04:10 ongoing problems with some of the
00:04:10 --> 00:04:12 traditional owners has forced equatorial
00:04:12 --> 00:04:15 launch Australia to shut down the Aram
00:04:15 --> 00:04:17 Space Center near nenoy and relocate
00:04:17 --> 00:04:20 operations to Queensland the commercial
00:04:20 --> 00:04:22 Spaceport looked like it had an exciting
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 future with three suborbital rocket
00:04:24 --> 00:04:26 launchers finessa under its sport in
00:04:26 --> 00:04:29 2022 and a long list of potential future
00:04:29 --> 00:04:30 clients which would have seen around 50
00:04:30 --> 00:04:33 launches a year generating a projected
00:04:33 --> 00:04:37 $3.6 billion in direct economic stimulus
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 the problem is there have been multiple
00:04:39 --> 00:04:41 delays in trying to secure a lease
00:04:41 --> 00:04:43 agreement with the northern land Council
00:04:43 --> 00:04:44 that's the group representing the
00:04:44 --> 00:04:47 traditional owners of the land the lease
00:04:47 --> 00:04:49 is needed to expand the base and build
00:04:49 --> 00:04:52 infrastructure for future missions
00:04:52 --> 00:04:54 equatorial launch Australia says the
00:04:54 --> 00:04:55 northern land Council has failed to meet
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 its own specified deadline for the
00:04:58 --> 00:04:59 approval of the head lease for the
00:04:59 --> 00:05:02 fourth time in the last 12 months the
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 company says despite desperate appeals
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 by the company the northern territory's
00:05:06 --> 00:05:08 Chief Minister's department and the Gumi
00:05:08 --> 00:05:10 Corporation since February 2024 the
00:05:10 --> 00:05:12 northern land Council would not issue a
00:05:12 --> 00:05:14 head lease or provide any official
00:05:14 --> 00:05:17 reasons for the ongoing delays the
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 Spaceport project was meant to provide
00:05:19 --> 00:05:21 indigenous employment and was provided
00:05:21 --> 00:05:23 with $5 million worth of taxpayer
00:05:23 --> 00:05:25 funding to get the project off the
00:05:25 --> 00:05:27 ground the company says the ongoing
00:05:27 --> 00:05:29 delays had a potential to put equatorial
00:05:29 --> 00:05:31 Australia in breach of its contractual
00:05:31 --> 00:05:34 obligations with launch clients and so
00:05:34 --> 00:05:36 it's now started negotiations with the
00:05:36 --> 00:05:38 Queensland government and he's looking
00:05:38 --> 00:05:40 at a site near weeper on Cape York
00:05:40 --> 00:05:42 Peninsula for a new space port which
00:05:42 --> 00:05:44 will be called the Australian Space
00:05:44 --> 00:05:48 Center Cape York this is spacetime still
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 to come discovery of the heaviest
00:05:50 --> 00:05:52 antimatter particle ever detected and
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 later in the science report a new study
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 warns that Australian and New Zealand
00:05:56 --> 00:05:58 species are among the most vulnerable to
00:05:58 --> 00:06:01 Extinction choose to climate change all
00:06:01 --> 00:06:04 that and more still to come on
00:06:04 --> 00:06:18 [Music]
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 SpaceTime scientists have found evidence
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 for appears to be the most massive
00:06:22 --> 00:06:25 antimatter particle ever detected the
00:06:25 --> 00:06:26 discovery was made by physicist with the
00:06:27 --> 00:06:29 ALICE Experiment at the world's largest
00:06:29 --> 00:06:31 atom smash out the large hron collider
00:06:31 --> 00:06:34 or LHC at CERN the European Organization
00:06:34 --> 00:06:37 for nuclear research in theory
00:06:37 --> 00:06:40 antimatter is exactly the same as normal
00:06:40 --> 00:06:41 matter but with opposite electrical
00:06:41 --> 00:06:45 charge and some different quet colors so
00:06:45 --> 00:06:47 while the proton has a positive charge
00:06:47 --> 00:06:48 its antimatter counterpart the
00:06:48 --> 00:06:50 antiproton would have the same mass but
00:06:50 --> 00:06:53 a negative charge and while the electron
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 has a negative charge its antimatter
00:06:55 --> 00:06:57 counterpart the positron has the same
00:06:57 --> 00:07:00 mass but a positive charge science's
00:07:00 --> 00:07:02 current understanding of cosmology
00:07:02 --> 00:07:04 suggests that equal amounts of matter
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 and antimatter would have been produced
00:07:06 --> 00:07:09 in the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago
00:07:09 --> 00:07:11 now because matter and antimatter
00:07:11 --> 00:07:13 annihilate each other as soon as they
00:07:13 --> 00:07:14 come into contact the universe should
00:07:14 --> 00:07:16 have disappeared in a sudden blinding
00:07:16 --> 00:07:18 flash of purple gamma radiation as soon
00:07:18 --> 00:07:21 as it Formed yet clearly this didn't
00:07:21 --> 00:07:24 happen for some as yet unknown reason we
00:07:24 --> 00:07:26 live in a universe which is asymmetric
00:07:26 --> 00:07:28 made up almost exclusively of matter
00:07:28 --> 00:07:31 with anti matter mostly missing
00:07:31 --> 00:07:33 scientists using the Large Hadron
00:07:33 --> 00:07:35 Collider a 27 km circumference
00:07:35 --> 00:07:37 underground particle accelerator along
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 the Franco Swiss border was smashing
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 heavy ions together at
00:07:41 --> 00:07:43 99% the speed of light creating
00:07:43 --> 00:07:46 what's called a quark glue on plasma the
00:07:46 --> 00:07:47 hot and dense state of matter that
00:07:47 --> 00:07:49 existed during the first millionth of a
00:07:49 --> 00:07:52 second after the big bang and in the
00:07:52 --> 00:07:54 process they created an exotic hyper
00:07:54 --> 00:07:57 nucleus known as Hyper helium 4
00:07:57 --> 00:07:58 measurements of these forms of matter
00:07:58 --> 00:08:01 are important helping physicists
00:08:01 --> 00:08:02 understand the formation of hyrons from
00:08:02 --> 00:08:04 the plasma constituents of quarks and
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 gluin and the mattera antimatter
00:08:06 --> 00:08:08 asymmetry which is seen in our present
00:08:08 --> 00:08:11 day Universe hyper nuclei are exotic
00:08:11 --> 00:08:13 nuclei formed by a mix of protons
00:08:13 --> 00:08:16 neutrons and hyperons the latter being
00:08:16 --> 00:08:18 unstable particles containing one or
00:08:18 --> 00:08:21 more strange quarks there are six types
00:08:21 --> 00:08:24 of quarks up down top bottom charm and
00:08:24 --> 00:08:27 strange and strange quarks are extremely
00:08:27 --> 00:08:30 rare more than 70 after their Discovery
00:08:30 --> 00:08:33 in cosmic rays hypernuclei remain a
00:08:33 --> 00:08:35 source of Fascination for physicists
00:08:35 --> 00:08:37 because they're rarely found in nature
00:08:37 --> 00:08:38 and it's challenging to create and study
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 them in the laboratory and that's where
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 the ALICE Experiment comes in but until
00:08:43 --> 00:08:46 recently only the lightest hyper nucleus
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 the hyperon and its antimatter partner
00:08:48 --> 00:08:50 the anti- hyper Triton have been
00:08:50 --> 00:08:53 observed a hyper Triton is composed of a
00:08:53 --> 00:08:56 proton a neutron and a Lambda that is a
00:08:56 --> 00:09:00 hyon containing a strange quark an anti-
00:09:00 --> 00:09:02 hyperon is made up of an anti-proton an
00:09:03 --> 00:09:05 anti- Neutron and an anti- Lambda
00:09:05 --> 00:09:07 following hot on the hills of an
00:09:07 --> 00:09:09 observation of anti- hyper hydrogen 4
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 which is a bound state of an anti-proton
00:09:11 --> 00:09:14 two anti- neutrons and an anti- Lambda
00:09:14 --> 00:09:15 and which were reported earlier this
00:09:15 --> 00:09:17 year by the star collaboration at the
00:09:17 --> 00:09:19 relativistic heavy iron collider of the
00:09:19 --> 00:09:21 Brook Haven National Laboratory in New
00:09:21 --> 00:09:24 York the Alice collaboration at the LHC
00:09:24 --> 00:09:26 has now seen the first ever evidence for
00:09:26 --> 00:09:28 anti- hyper helium for which is composed
00:09:28 --> 00:09:31 of two anti protons an anti- Neutron and
00:09:31 --> 00:09:34 an anti-lambda the result represents the
00:09:34 --> 00:09:36 first evidence for the heaviest
00:09:36 --> 00:09:39 antimatter hyper nuclei yet detected the
00:09:39 --> 00:09:41 Alice measurement is based on lead lead
00:09:41 --> 00:09:44 Collision data taken back in 2018 at an
00:09:44 --> 00:09:46 energy of 5.02 Terra electron volts for
00:09:47 --> 00:09:49 each of the colliding pair of nucleons
00:09:49 --> 00:09:51 that is protons and neutrons using a
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 machine learning technique that
00:09:53 --> 00:09:55 outperforms conventional hypernuclei
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 search techniques the Alice researchers
00:09:57 --> 00:09:59 looked at the data for signals of hyper
00:09:59 --> 00:10:01 hydrogen 4 hyper helium 4 and their
00:10:01 --> 00:10:04 antima Partners candidates for the anti-
00:10:04 --> 00:10:06 hyper hydrogen 4 were identified by
00:10:07 --> 00:10:09 looking for the anti- hyper helium 4
00:10:09 --> 00:10:11 nucleus and the charged Pon into which
00:10:11 --> 00:10:14 it decays whereas candidates for the
00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 anti- hyper helium 4 were identified
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 through its Decay into antih helium 3
00:10:18 --> 00:10:22 nucleus an antiproton and a Charged p p
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 are the lightest type of subatomic
00:10:24 --> 00:10:26 particles called meons which are the
00:10:26 --> 00:10:28 lest types of matter particles called
00:10:28 --> 00:10:31 hadrons the they're highly unstable and
00:10:31 --> 00:10:34 usually decay in a matter of Nan seconds
00:10:34 --> 00:10:35 in addition to finding evidence for
00:10:35 --> 00:10:38 anti-hy helium 4 with a significance of
00:10:38 --> 00:10:40 3.5 Sigma as well as evidence for anti-
00:10:40 --> 00:10:42 hyper hydrogen 4 with a significance of
00:10:42 --> 00:10:45 4.5 Sigma the Alice team also measured
00:10:45 --> 00:10:47 the production yields and masses for
00:10:47 --> 00:10:48 both
00:10:48 --> 00:10:50 hypernuclei the findings are consistent
00:10:50 --> 00:10:52 with Alice's observations of the equal
00:10:52 --> 00:10:54 production of both matter and antimatter
00:10:54 --> 00:10:56 at LHC energies and adds to the ongoing
00:10:57 --> 00:10:58 Research into matter antimatter
00:10:58 --> 00:11:01 imbalance in the universe the Alice
00:11:01 --> 00:11:02 detector recently underwent a major
00:11:02 --> 00:11:04 upgrade with new components and
00:11:04 --> 00:11:06 Equipment helping the facility to
00:11:06 --> 00:11:09 improve its scientific research this
00:11:09 --> 00:11:11 report from the Alis collaboration at
00:11:11 --> 00:11:14 CERN welcome to CERN welcome to LHC
00:11:14 --> 00:11:17 point2 one of the eight surface point on
00:11:17 --> 00:11:20 the surface of the large hyron collider
00:11:20 --> 00:11:23 this is the home of the Alice experiment
00:11:23 --> 00:11:27 that is situated about 60 M underground
00:11:27 --> 00:11:29 Alice stands for a large iron collider
00:11:29 --> 00:11:31 experiment and it is one of the four
00:11:31 --> 00:11:33 detectors reading the collisions
00:11:33 --> 00:11:36 generated by the large Adon collider
00:11:36 --> 00:11:39 it's a very special detector studying
00:11:39 --> 00:11:42 the conditions of matter right after the
00:11:42 --> 00:11:44 very beginning of the universe at the
00:11:44 --> 00:11:47 Big Bang we are here to share with you a
00:11:47 --> 00:11:50 major and spectacular operation of
00:11:50 --> 00:11:52 transport and installation of some of
00:11:52 --> 00:11:55 the components of the Alys detector that
00:11:55 --> 00:11:57 have been undergoing a major upgrade
00:11:57 --> 00:12:00 these operations uh was Happening Here
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 on the surface we've been following it h
00:12:02 --> 00:12:05 in particular we have been following the
00:12:05 --> 00:12:07 time projection chamber one of the main
00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 components of the detector a big piece
00:12:09 --> 00:12:12 14.2 tons heavy while it was transported
00:12:12 --> 00:12:15 from the clean room where it has been
00:12:15 --> 00:12:17 upgraded in the last few months through
00:12:17 --> 00:12:21 the shaft inside the TPC Cavern the TPC
00:12:21 --> 00:12:25 is being dissented into the shaft
00:12:25 --> 00:12:28 precisely 56 meters deep this was quite
00:12:28 --> 00:12:30 a delicate operation because the TPC is
00:12:30 --> 00:12:33 almost as large as the shaft itself it
00:12:33 --> 00:12:36 measures 50 m in length it has 90 cubic
00:12:36 --> 00:12:39 m in volume so the tolerance was very
00:12:39 --> 00:12:41 little the piece is extremely cumbersome
00:12:41 --> 00:12:43 and heavy but also delicate and
00:12:43 --> 00:12:45 sophisticated so you can see the uh
00:12:45 --> 00:12:47 Alice Engineers running around the gang
00:12:47 --> 00:12:49 ways making sure that everything is
00:12:49 --> 00:12:52 under control the mo the movement was
00:12:52 --> 00:12:55 quite slow it took an entire hour to
00:12:55 --> 00:12:58 descend 56 M and it took all in all 3
00:12:58 --> 00:13:00 days for the whole operation to be
00:13:00 --> 00:13:02 completed the operation is now complete
00:13:02 --> 00:13:05 the TPC is underground we are going to
00:13:05 --> 00:13:07 join very soon the Alice technical
00:13:07 --> 00:13:09 coordinator verer regler to ask him
00:13:09 --> 00:13:12 questions about the operation the piece
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 what it measures what it does why it's
00:13:14 --> 00:13:17 been upgraded we are in the Alice Cavern
00:13:17 --> 00:13:19 with verer regler the technical
00:13:19 --> 00:13:21 coordinator of the Alice collaboration
00:13:21 --> 00:13:24 hi verer so we are here and the movement
00:13:24 --> 00:13:26 of the time projection chamber your TPC
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28 has just started tell me what's
00:13:28 --> 00:13:29 happening
00:13:29 --> 00:13:32 so this is now after the move from the
00:13:32 --> 00:13:34 clean room to the coven this is now the
00:13:34 --> 00:13:38 final move of uh the TPC into the Aris
00:13:38 --> 00:13:41 detector to the interaction point it's a
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 very critical moment because uh we have
00:13:43 --> 00:13:46 changed a lot on the TPC during this
00:13:46 --> 00:13:48 upgrade uh we also have changed a lot on
00:13:48 --> 00:13:50 the Alice detector so we still have lots
00:13:50 --> 00:13:52 of new we have lots of new services and
00:13:52 --> 00:13:54 we have to make sure it fits the
00:13:54 --> 00:13:56 clearances are very tight so there are
00:13:56 --> 00:13:58 many people all around the DPC to look
00:13:58 --> 00:14:00 that we have no interferences and that
00:14:00 --> 00:14:03 we can move the TPC really to the final
00:14:03 --> 00:14:06 position and it's moving very slowly yes
00:14:06 --> 00:14:08 it's moving slowly of course because
00:14:08 --> 00:14:10 everybody has to look uh that there are
00:14:10 --> 00:14:14 no uh things in the way the TPC is about
00:14:14 --> 00:14:16 15 Tons we pull it with hydraulic checks
00:14:16 --> 00:14:18 and of course if there's something in
00:14:18 --> 00:14:20 the way you would not feel it you have
00:14:20 --> 00:14:22 to really look to make sure that we
00:14:22 --> 00:14:23 don't break anything and this is why
00:14:23 --> 00:14:25 it's a very slow movement and why we
00:14:25 --> 00:14:27 have many people around the TPC to have
00:14:27 --> 00:14:31 a look okay okay and now once it it's in
00:14:31 --> 00:14:34 its final position inside there are all
00:14:34 --> 00:14:37 sorts of connections to be made right so
00:14:37 --> 00:14:39 yes what we do now is the TPC will go to
00:14:39 --> 00:14:42 the final position okay and then we will
00:14:42 --> 00:14:45 align it okay it has to be aligned uh
00:14:45 --> 00:14:48 properly to a mm or so or better with
00:14:48 --> 00:14:52 the nominal beam line from theis very
00:14:52 --> 00:14:54 precisely with the beam line and uh once
00:14:54 --> 00:14:56 this is done then we move it back a
00:14:56 --> 00:14:59 little bit and then the beam pipe will
00:14:59 --> 00:15:00 be installed this is the piece that will
00:15:01 --> 00:15:04 then connect the uh two sides of the LC
00:15:04 --> 00:15:06 tunnel where the beam will pass through
00:15:06 --> 00:15:08 the it's like a Lego basically Alice is
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 made of many different components the
00:15:10 --> 00:15:13 TPC is very very big it's it's beautiful
00:15:13 --> 00:15:15 to to look at and it's very delicate as
00:15:15 --> 00:15:17 we've seen uh the transport down the
00:15:17 --> 00:15:19 shaft was also very careful and now is
00:15:19 --> 00:15:22 very carefully being inserted inside
00:15:22 --> 00:15:25 what's the role of the TPC uh in the
00:15:25 --> 00:15:28 whole uh detector yeah so the TPC is our
00:15:28 --> 00:15:30 main tracking detector it means time
00:15:30 --> 00:15:33 projection chamber Let's us explain uh
00:15:33 --> 00:15:36 why this name what does it mean exactly
00:15:36 --> 00:15:40 so yeah the the the task of the DPC is
00:15:40 --> 00:15:42 to to track the particles okay to make
00:15:42 --> 00:15:44 the particles visible that are produced
00:15:44 --> 00:15:46 in the heavy ion collisions and the
00:15:46 --> 00:15:48 trick with the TPC is that this is a big
00:15:48 --> 00:15:51 volume that is filled with a very light
00:15:51 --> 00:15:53 gas with neon gas yeah and as particles
00:15:53 --> 00:15:57 are moving through this gas uh these
00:15:57 --> 00:15:59 particles are ionizing the gas and these
00:15:59 --> 00:16:00 electrons and ions that are produced
00:16:00 --> 00:16:03 there are then detected by the TPC and
00:16:03 --> 00:16:05 this is how we can make the path of the
00:16:05 --> 00:16:07 part ni beautiful tracks of the Alice
00:16:07 --> 00:16:09 event and now that is going to be in uh
00:16:09 --> 00:16:11 in half an hour or so because the
00:16:11 --> 00:16:14 movement is low but it's it takes uh it
00:16:14 --> 00:16:16 takes time but it's also a short
00:16:16 --> 00:16:17 movement right now that you're doing
00:16:17 --> 00:16:19 it's the final the final part it's about
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 2 3 m that we move in as I said it will
00:16:21 --> 00:16:24 go to the final position and after that
00:16:24 --> 00:16:26 we move back a little bit and then we
00:16:26 --> 00:16:28 install the pin pipe which is a very
00:16:28 --> 00:16:32 important element of a particle uh the
00:16:32 --> 00:16:34 bean pipe is also new it's a new Bean
00:16:34 --> 00:16:35 pipe that you're putting in the bean
00:16:35 --> 00:16:37 pipe is new the bean pip is also a very
00:16:37 --> 00:16:40 important element of a particle detector
00:16:40 --> 00:16:42 because we want to be as close as
00:16:42 --> 00:16:43 possible to the Collision point with our
00:16:43 --> 00:16:46 sensors right the machine of course they
00:16:46 --> 00:16:47 want the pipe as big as possible to be
00:16:47 --> 00:16:50 sure there are no interferences so there
00:16:50 --> 00:16:52 is a long negotiation with the machine
00:16:52 --> 00:16:54 to be able to to agree on the smallest
00:16:54 --> 00:16:56 possible Bean pipe and the one we will
00:16:56 --> 00:16:58 have is about 4 cm in diameter and
00:16:58 --> 00:17:00 important thing for the Bean pipe is
00:17:00 --> 00:17:03 also that the wall is only 800 Micron
00:17:03 --> 00:17:06 thick if this would be a big steel pipe
00:17:06 --> 00:17:07 the particles that are produced inside
00:17:07 --> 00:17:09 in the Collision when they go through
00:17:09 --> 00:17:11 this pipe they would be completely
00:17:11 --> 00:17:13 diverted and our measurement would be
00:17:13 --> 00:17:15 not not possible so this is why there
00:17:15 --> 00:17:17 has to be the least amount of material
00:17:18 --> 00:17:19 possible around the Collision point this
00:17:20 --> 00:17:22 is why this Bean pipe is of this very
00:17:22 --> 00:17:25 thin perum which is very fragile so you
00:17:25 --> 00:17:27 can imagine if we have this very brittle
00:17:27 --> 00:17:28 object and then around this we have to
00:17:28 --> 00:17:30 install out the deck because it's a very
00:17:30 --> 00:17:32 delicate operation amazing amazing we're
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 going to follow one of your
00:17:34 --> 00:17:37 collaborators Roberto Diva who could go
00:17:37 --> 00:17:40 inside Alice before the TPC was inserted
00:17:40 --> 00:17:43 and show us one of the most innermost
00:17:43 --> 00:17:45 places where it's very rare it's very
00:17:45 --> 00:17:47 rare to go in because normally TPC is
00:17:47 --> 00:17:50 always in and these are the MU absorber
00:17:50 --> 00:17:52 and the trigger before looking at that
00:17:52 --> 00:17:53 tell us more what what do these
00:17:53 --> 00:17:56 components do so yeah the muon absorber
00:17:56 --> 00:18:00 is one big object inside which is uh
00:18:00 --> 00:18:02 absorbing all the particles in the
00:18:02 --> 00:18:04 forward region and all the Neons are the
00:18:04 --> 00:18:06 particles that manage to go through
00:18:06 --> 00:18:08 because behind that there's the big muon
00:18:08 --> 00:18:10 spectrometer that should just measure
00:18:10 --> 00:18:12 these particles so this is a very
00:18:12 --> 00:18:14 massive object at the other side here of
00:18:14 --> 00:18:18 our detector and the trigger this is the
00:18:18 --> 00:18:22 um uh the electronics that will decide
00:18:22 --> 00:18:24 on the readout of the detector it has to
00:18:24 --> 00:18:25 be very close to the detector such that
00:18:25 --> 00:18:28 the propagation time of the signals is
00:18:28 --> 00:18:30 small and this is on the back side a bit
00:18:30 --> 00:18:32 under the magnet amazing thank you very
00:18:32 --> 00:18:35 much verer and I leave you back to your
00:18:35 --> 00:18:38 very delicate and important work today
00:18:38 --> 00:18:40 thank Youk you so this is the muon
00:18:40 --> 00:18:45 absorber it is like a a a big big sponge
00:18:45 --> 00:18:47 that takes all the low energy particles
00:18:47 --> 00:18:49 so everything that passes is a high
00:18:49 --> 00:18:52 energy particle mainly muons and on the
00:18:52 --> 00:18:54 other side of this absorber is a series
00:18:54 --> 00:18:58 of detectors which are dedicated only to
00:18:58 --> 00:19:00 the muon physics so it's like a big
00:19:00 --> 00:19:05 shower going towards the back of Alys so
00:19:05 --> 00:19:07 this is the deepest point in Alys here
00:19:07 --> 00:19:11 we are at minus 56 M and this is the
00:19:11 --> 00:19:14 trigger we are in the bunker this is
00:19:14 --> 00:19:17 solid uh concrete so no particles can
00:19:17 --> 00:19:20 come in here and this is the heart of
00:19:20 --> 00:19:23 Alice this is where the decision if
00:19:23 --> 00:19:26 something interesting happened is taken
00:19:26 --> 00:19:29 and this is done on the Fly this was
00:19:29 --> 00:19:30 done during round two during round three
00:19:30 --> 00:19:34 it will be a different theme this heart
00:19:34 --> 00:19:36 will be a bit more relieved it will uh
00:19:36 --> 00:19:38 beat a bit less but nevertheless it will
00:19:39 --> 00:19:41 be the core of the taking of data for
00:19:41 --> 00:19:43 for the whole of of
00:19:43 --> 00:19:46 Alice and in that report from the Alice
00:19:46 --> 00:19:48 collaboration at CERN we heard from paa
00:19:48 --> 00:19:51 catapano from CERN Communications Vera
00:19:51 --> 00:19:53 regler Alice technical coordinator and
00:19:53 --> 00:19:55 ALICE Experiment systems coordinator
00:19:55 --> 00:19:58 Roberto devier this is space
00:19:58 --> 00:20:09 [Music]
00:20:14 --> 00:20:17 time and time now to take another brief
00:20:17 --> 00:20:18 look at some of the other stories making
00:20:18 --> 00:20:19 news and science this week with the
00:20:20 --> 00:20:23 science report a new study is shown that
00:20:23 --> 00:20:24 living in a community with a high
00:20:24 --> 00:20:26 exposure to pesticides may come with an
00:20:26 --> 00:20:29 increased risk for some cancers that's
00:20:29 --> 00:20:31 comparable to smoking a report of the
00:20:31 --> 00:20:33 journal frontiers of cancer control and
00:20:33 --> 00:20:36 Society compared agricultural pesticide
00:20:36 --> 00:20:38 data cancer rates and data on other
00:20:38 --> 00:20:40 cancer risks including smoking in order
00:20:40 --> 00:20:42 to estimate the relationship between
00:20:42 --> 00:20:43 living in an agricultural Community with
00:20:43 --> 00:20:46 high pesticide use and eventual cancer
00:20:46 --> 00:20:48 rates and the authors found a link
00:20:48 --> 00:20:50 between pesticide exposure and an
00:20:50 --> 00:20:52 increased risk for any
00:20:53 --> 00:20:55 cancer a new study warns that Australian
00:20:55 --> 00:20:57 and New Zealand species are among the
00:20:57 --> 00:20:59 most vulnerable to to Extinction due to
00:20:59 --> 00:21:02 climate change the findings reported in
00:21:02 --> 00:21:03 the journal science are based on a
00:21:03 --> 00:21:06 global analysis of 30 years of research
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 data the authors show that under a
00:21:08 --> 00:21:11 projected 2.7 de C temperature rise
00:21:11 --> 00:21:13 above pre-industrial levels one in 20
00:21:13 --> 00:21:16 species will be at risk of Extinction
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 globally the authors found that
00:21:18 --> 00:21:21 amphibians species in mountain regions
00:21:21 --> 00:21:23 species on isolated islands and
00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 freshwater ecosystem species as well as
00:21:25 --> 00:21:27 species inhabiting South America
00:21:27 --> 00:21:30 Australia and New Zealand All face the
00:21:30 --> 00:21:31 greatest
00:21:31 --> 00:21:34 threats a new study has found that
00:21:34 --> 00:21:36 around one in five people under the age
00:21:36 --> 00:21:39 of 50 that some 846 million people
00:21:39 --> 00:21:42 globally have a genital herpes infection
00:21:42 --> 00:21:44 the findings reported in the journal
00:21:44 --> 00:21:46 sexually transmitted infections also
00:21:46 --> 00:21:48 shows that more than 200 million people
00:21:48 --> 00:21:50 between 15 and 49 have probably had at
00:21:50 --> 00:21:52 least one symptomatic outbreak of the
00:21:52 --> 00:21:55 infection in 2020 the last year for
00:21:55 --> 00:21:57 which the Figures were available there
00:21:57 --> 00:22:00 are two types of simplex virus hsv1 and
00:22:01 --> 00:22:03 hsv2 both of which are highly infectious
00:22:03 --> 00:22:07 incurable and last a lifetime HS v1's
00:22:07 --> 00:22:09 primarily spread in childhood through
00:22:09 --> 00:22:11 mouth contact resulting in cold SES in
00:22:11 --> 00:22:13 and around the mouth but it can
00:22:13 --> 00:22:14 sometimes cause more serious
00:22:14 --> 00:22:17 neurological eye skin and mucus membrane
00:22:17 --> 00:22:19 complications and it's increasingly
00:22:19 --> 00:22:21 being spread through sexual contact at
00:22:21 --> 00:22:24 older ages on the other hand hsv2 is
00:22:24 --> 00:22:26 almost entirely sexually transmitted
00:22:26 --> 00:22:28 through skin-to-skin contact and it's
00:22:28 --> 00:22:30 it's the leading cause of recurrent
00:22:30 --> 00:22:32 painful genital blisters although
00:22:32 --> 00:22:35 relatively rare both HSV 1 and 2 can be
00:22:35 --> 00:22:37 passed on to newborns often proving
00:22:37 --> 00:22:39 fatal the findings are prompting the
00:22:39 --> 00:22:41 authors to call for the development of
00:22:41 --> 00:22:43 new treatments and vaccines in order to
00:22:43 --> 00:22:45 try and control the spread of this
00:22:45 --> 00:22:47 infection and to try and lessen its
00:22:47 --> 00:22:49 health and financial
00:22:49 --> 00:22:52 burden and time now for what must be the
00:22:52 --> 00:22:54 silliest story of the week if not the
00:22:54 --> 00:22:57 year it seems former CNN reporter taka
00:22:57 --> 00:22:59 Carlson is now claiming that he's been
00:22:59 --> 00:23:01 attacked by a demon really we didn't
00:23:01 --> 00:23:04 make this up Tim menum from Australian
00:23:04 --> 00:23:06 skeptic says a popular celebrity
00:23:06 --> 00:23:08 journalist claims the incident occurred
00:23:08 --> 00:23:10 some 18 months ago and left him bleeding
00:23:10 --> 00:23:12 with scars from claw marks he's now
00:23:12 --> 00:23:14 claiming that a couple years ago he got
00:23:14 --> 00:23:16 attacked by a demon while he was
00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 sleeping now the issue is a few things
00:23:18 --> 00:23:19 here okay he was sleeping in his bed
00:23:19 --> 00:23:21 with his wife and apparently for dog and
00:23:21 --> 00:23:24 then he suddenly woke up what do you say
00:23:24 --> 00:23:26 uh I woke up I couldn't breathe and I
00:23:26 --> 00:23:27 thought I was going to suffocate well
00:23:27 --> 00:23:30 it's actually paralysis it's a true
00:23:30 --> 00:23:31 condition where you're lying in bed you
00:23:31 --> 00:23:33 can't move and you think there's someone
00:23:33 --> 00:23:34 holding you down or it's a nightmare
00:23:34 --> 00:23:36 Condition it's real and um you might
00:23:36 --> 00:23:38 wake up you might be half awake Etc but
00:23:38 --> 00:23:39 you feel you're being just totally
00:23:39 --> 00:23:40 trapped can't move if there's a ghost
00:23:40 --> 00:23:42 beside you or something like or some fig
00:23:42 --> 00:23:44 and it's a very scary experience but
00:23:44 --> 00:23:45 whether he had that but apparently he
00:23:45 --> 00:23:47 did get up he wandered around and he
00:23:47 --> 00:23:49 clipped on the light in the bathroom or
00:23:49 --> 00:23:50 something he went in there and he saw
00:23:50 --> 00:23:52 claw marks with either side underneath
00:23:52 --> 00:23:54 his arms on his and now he sleeps with
00:23:54 --> 00:23:56 now as well as his wife there're also
00:23:56 --> 00:23:58 dogs on the bed yeah that's right now 7
00:23:58 --> 00:24:03 IDE that's Tim mum from Australian
00:24:03 --> 00:24:12 [Music]
00:24:16 --> 00:24:19 Skeptics and that's the show for now
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