00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 27 episode 153
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 20th of December
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 2024 coming up on space time the
00:00:09 --> 00:00:11 possible strange origins of some Martian
00:00:11 --> 00:00:14 minerals Australia's Anam Space Center
00:00:14 --> 00:00:17 scrapped and discovery of the heaviest
00:00:17 --> 00:00:20 antimatter particle ever detected all
00:00:20 --> 00:00:23 that and more coming up on
00:00:23 --> 00:00:26 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:26 --> 00:00:28 Stuart Gary
00:00:28 --> 00:00:35 [Music]
00:00:43 --> 00:00:45 a new study has found that some minerals
00:00:45 --> 00:00:47 seen on Mars today may have been formed
00:00:47 --> 00:00:49 in liquid carbon dioxide rather than
00:00:49 --> 00:00:52 liquid water Dry River channels and Lake
00:00:52 --> 00:00:54 beds on Mars point to a long ago
00:00:54 --> 00:00:57 presence of liquid on the planet surface
00:00:57 --> 00:00:59 and the minerals observed from orbit and
00:00:59 --> 00:01:02 from Landers seemed to many scientists
00:01:02 --> 00:01:04 to prove that the liquid was ordinary
00:01:04 --> 00:01:07 water however a new study reported in
00:01:07 --> 00:01:09 the journal natur geoscience suggests
00:01:09 --> 00:01:11 that water is only one of two possible
00:01:11 --> 00:01:13 liquids which under the right conditions
00:01:13 --> 00:01:16 could have been present on Ancient Mars
00:01:16 --> 00:01:19 the other is liquid carbon dioxide and
00:01:19 --> 00:01:21 it may actually been easier for carbon
00:01:21 --> 00:01:22 dioxide in the atmosphere to condense
00:01:23 --> 00:01:24 into a liquid under those conditions
00:01:24 --> 00:01:27 than for water ice to melt well others
00:01:27 --> 00:01:30 have suggested that liquid CO2 might be
00:01:30 --> 00:01:31 the source for some of the river
00:01:31 --> 00:01:33 channels seen on Mars the mineral
00:01:33 --> 00:01:36 evidence seems to point uniquely to
00:01:36 --> 00:01:38 water however this new paper sites
00:01:38 --> 00:01:41 recent studies of carbon sequestration
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 the process of bearing liquefied CO2
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 recovered from Earth's atmosphere deep
00:01:45 --> 00:01:47 in underground Caverns it shows that
00:01:48 --> 00:01:50 similar mineral alteration can occur in
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 liquid carbon dioxide as in liquid water
00:01:52 --> 00:01:55 sometimes even more rapidly the studies
00:01:55 --> 00:01:57 leate author Michael heck principal
00:01:57 --> 00:01:58 investigator for The Moxy instrument
00:01:58 --> 00:02:00 aboard NASA's MS perseverance rover
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 mission says understanding how
00:02:02 --> 00:02:04 sufficient liquid water was able to flow
00:02:04 --> 00:02:06 on the early Martian surface in order to
00:02:06 --> 00:02:08 explain the morphology and minerology
00:02:08 --> 00:02:10 scen today is probably the greatest
00:02:10 --> 00:02:13 unsettled question of Martian science he
00:02:13 --> 00:02:15 says there's likely no one right answer
00:02:15 --> 00:02:17 and is merely suggesting another
00:02:17 --> 00:02:20 possible piece of the puzzle hecken
00:02:20 --> 00:02:21 colleagues looked at the compatibility
00:02:21 --> 00:02:23 of their proposal with current knowledge
00:02:23 --> 00:02:25 of Martian atmospheric content and the
00:02:25 --> 00:02:28 implications for Martian surface
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 minerology they also explored the latest
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 carbon sequestration research and
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 concluded that liquid CO2 mineral
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 reactions are consistent with the
00:02:36 --> 00:02:38 predominant Mass alteration products
00:02:38 --> 00:02:41 carbonates phos silicates and sulfates
00:02:41 --> 00:02:43 the argument for the probable existence
00:02:43 --> 00:02:45 of liquid CO2 on the Marian surface
00:02:45 --> 00:02:49 isn't an Allin or allout scenario it's
00:02:49 --> 00:02:51 not a case of either liquid CO2 or
00:02:51 --> 00:02:53 liquid water it could be that a
00:02:53 --> 00:02:55 combination of both may have brought
00:02:55 --> 00:02:57 about much of the geomorphological and
00:02:57 --> 00:03:00 minerological evidence for a liquid m
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 the likelihood of each depends on the
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 actual inventory of CO2 at the time as
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 well as the temperature conditions on
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 the surface the authors acknowledge that
00:03:08 --> 00:03:11 the tested sequestration conditions with
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 the liquid CO2 is above room temperature
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 at pressures of tens of atmospheres are
00:03:15 --> 00:03:17 very different from the cold relatively
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 low press conditions that might have
00:03:19 --> 00:03:22 once produced liquid CO2 on early Mars
00:03:22 --> 00:03:25 hex says it's difficult to say just How
00:03:25 --> 00:03:27 likely it is that this speculation about
00:03:27 --> 00:03:30 early Mars is true but the likelihood is
00:03:30 --> 00:03:32 high enough that the possibility should
00:03:32 --> 00:03:36 not be ignored this is spacetime still
00:03:36 --> 00:03:39 to come the northern territory's arnam
00:03:39 --> 00:03:41 Spaceport closed and scrapped and
00:03:41 --> 00:03:43 discovery of what could be the heaviest
00:03:43 --> 00:03:46 antimatter particle ever detected all
00:03:46 --> 00:03:50 that and more still to come on SpaceTime
00:03:50 --> 00:04:04 [Music]
00:04:04 --> 00:04:06 it was meant to Herald in a bright New
00:04:06 --> 00:04:08 Era for the Northern Territory but
00:04:08 --> 00:04:10 ongoing problems with some of the
00:04:10 --> 00:04:12 traditional owners has forced equatorial
00:04:12 --> 00:04:15 launch Australia to shut down the Aram
00:04:15 --> 00:04:17 Space Center near nenoy and relocate
00:04:17 --> 00:04:20 operations to Queensland the commercial
00:04:20 --> 00:04:22 Spaceport looked like it had an exciting
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 future with three suborbital rocket
00:04:24 --> 00:04:26 launchers finessa under its sport in
00:04:26 --> 00:04:29 2022 and a long list of potential future
00:04:29 --> 00:04:30 clients which would have seen around 50
00:04:30 --> 00:04:33 launches a year generating a projected
00:04:33 --> 00:04:37 $3.6 billion in direct economic stimulus
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 the problem is there have been multiple
00:04:39 --> 00:04:41 delays in trying to secure a lease
00:04:41 --> 00:04:43 agreement with the northern land Council
00:04:43 --> 00:04:44 that's the group representing the
00:04:44 --> 00:04:47 traditional owners of the land the lease
00:04:47 --> 00:04:49 is needed to expand the base and build
00:04:49 --> 00:04:52 infrastructure for future missions
00:04:52 --> 00:04:54 equatorial launch Australia says the
00:04:54 --> 00:04:55 northern land Council has failed to meet
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 its own specified deadline for the
00:04:58 --> 00:04:59 approval of the head lease for the
00:04:59 --> 00:05:02 fourth time in the last 12 months the
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 company says despite desperate appeals
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 by the company the northern territory's
00:05:06 --> 00:05:08 Chief Minister's department and the Gumi
00:05:08 --> 00:05:10 Corporation since February 2024 the
00:05:10 --> 00:05:12 northern land Council would not issue a
00:05:12 --> 00:05:14 head lease or provide any official
00:05:14 --> 00:05:17 reasons for the ongoing delays the
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 Spaceport project was meant to provide
00:05:19 --> 00:05:21 indigenous employment and was provided
00:05:21 --> 00:05:23 with $5 million worth of taxpayer
00:05:23 --> 00:05:25 funding to get the project off the
00:05:25 --> 00:05:27 ground the company says the ongoing
00:05:27 --> 00:05:29 delays had a potential to put equatorial
00:05:29 --> 00:05:31 Australia in breach of its contractual
00:05:31 --> 00:05:34 obligations with launch clients and so
00:05:34 --> 00:05:36 it's now started negotiations with the
00:05:36 --> 00:05:38 Queensland government and he's looking
00:05:38 --> 00:05:40 at a site near weeper on Cape York
00:05:40 --> 00:05:42 Peninsula for a new space port which
00:05:42 --> 00:05:44 will be called the Australian Space
00:05:44 --> 00:05:48 Center Cape York this is spacetime still
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 to come discovery of the heaviest
00:05:50 --> 00:05:52 antimatter particle ever detected and
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 later in the science report a new study
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 warns that Australian and New Zealand
00:05:56 --> 00:05:58 species are among the most vulnerable to
00:05:58 --> 00:06:01 Extinction choose to climate change all
00:06:01 --> 00:06:04 that and more still to come on
00:06:04 --> 00:06:18 [Music]
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 SpaceTime scientists have found evidence
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 for appears to be the most massive
00:06:22 --> 00:06:25 antimatter particle ever detected the
00:06:25 --> 00:06:26 discovery was made by physicist with the
00:06:27 --> 00:06:29 ALICE Experiment at the world's largest
00:06:29 --> 00:06:31 atom smash out the large hron collider
00:06:31 --> 00:06:34 or LHC at CERN the European Organization
00:06:34 --> 00:06:37 for nuclear research in theory
00:06:37 --> 00:06:40 antimatter is exactly the same as normal
00:06:40 --> 00:06:41 matter but with opposite electrical
00:06:41 --> 00:06:45 charge and some different quet colors so
00:06:45 --> 00:06:47 while the proton has a positive charge
00:06:47 --> 00:06:48 its antimatter counterpart the
00:06:48 --> 00:06:50 antiproton would have the same mass but
00:06:50 --> 00:06:53 a negative charge and while the electron
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 has a negative charge its antimatter
00:06:55 --> 00:06:57 counterpart the positron has the same
00:06:57 --> 00:07:00 mass but a positive charge science's
00:07:00 --> 00:07:02 current understanding of cosmology
00:07:02 --> 00:07:04 suggests that equal amounts of matter
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 and antimatter would have been produced
00:07:06 --> 00:07:09 in the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago
00:07:09 --> 00:07:11 now because matter and antimatter
00:07:11 --> 00:07:13 annihilate each other as soon as they
00:07:13 --> 00:07:14 come into contact the universe should
00:07:14 --> 00:07:16 have disappeared in a sudden blinding
00:07:16 --> 00:07:18 flash of purple gamma radiation as soon
00:07:18 --> 00:07:21 as it Formed yet clearly this didn't
00:07:21 --> 00:07:24 happen for some as yet unknown reason we
00:07:24 --> 00:07:26 live in a universe which is asymmetric
00:07:26 --> 00:07:28 made up almost exclusively of matter
00:07:28 --> 00:07:31 with anti matter mostly missing
00:07:31 --> 00:07:33 scientists using the Large Hadron
00:07:33 --> 00:07:35 Collider a 27 km circumference
00:07:35 --> 00:07:37 underground particle accelerator along
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 the Franco Swiss border was smashing
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 heavy ions together at
00:07:41 --> 00:07:43 99% the speed of light creating
00:07:43 --> 00:07:46 what's called a quark glue on plasma the
00:07:46 --> 00:07:47 hot and dense state of matter that
00:07:47 --> 00:07:49 existed during the first millionth of a
00:07:49 --> 00:07:52 second after the big bang and in the
00:07:52 --> 00:07:54 process they created an exotic hyper
00:07:54 --> 00:07:57 nucleus known as Hyper helium 4
00:07:57 --> 00:07:58 measurements of these forms of matter
00:07:58 --> 00:08:01 are important helping physicists
00:08:01 --> 00:08:02 understand the formation of hyrons from
00:08:02 --> 00:08:04 the plasma constituents of quarks and
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 gluin and the mattera antimatter
00:08:06 --> 00:08:08 asymmetry which is seen in our present
00:08:08 --> 00:08:11 day Universe hyper nuclei are exotic
00:08:11 --> 00:08:13 nuclei formed by a mix of protons
00:08:13 --> 00:08:16 neutrons and hyperons the latter being
00:08:16 --> 00:08:18 unstable particles containing one or
00:08:18 --> 00:08:21 more strange quarks there are six types
00:08:21 --> 00:08:24 of quarks up down top bottom charm and
00:08:24 --> 00:08:27 strange and strange quarks are extremely
00:08:27 --> 00:08:30 rare more than 70 after their Discovery
00:08:30 --> 00:08:33 in cosmic rays hypernuclei remain a
00:08:33 --> 00:08:35 source of Fascination for physicists
00:08:35 --> 00:08:37 because they're rarely found in nature
00:08:37 --> 00:08:38 and it's challenging to create and study
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 them in the laboratory and that's where
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 the ALICE Experiment comes in but until
00:08:43 --> 00:08:46 recently only the lightest hyper nucleus
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 the hyperon and its antimatter partner
00:08:48 --> 00:08:50 the anti- hyper Triton have been
00:08:50 --> 00:08:53 observed a hyper Triton is composed of a
00:08:53 --> 00:08:56 proton a neutron and a Lambda that is a
00:08:56 --> 00:09:00 hyon containing a strange quark an anti-
00:09:00 --> 00:09:02 hyperon is made up of an anti-proton an
00:09:03 --> 00:09:05 anti- Neutron and an anti- Lambda
00:09:05 --> 00:09:07 following hot on the hills of an
00:09:07 --> 00:09:09 observation of anti- hyper hydrogen 4
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 which is a bound state of an anti-proton
00:09:11 --> 00:09:14 two anti- neutrons and an anti- Lambda
00:09:14 --> 00:09:15 and which were reported earlier this
00:09:15 --> 00:09:17 year by the star collaboration at the
00:09:17 --> 00:09:19 relativistic heavy iron collider of the
00:09:19 --> 00:09:21 Brook Haven National Laboratory in New
00:09:21 --> 00:09:24 York the Alice collaboration at the LHC
00:09:24 --> 00:09:26 has now seen the first ever evidence for
00:09:26 --> 00:09:28 anti- hyper helium for which is composed
00:09:28 --> 00:09:31 of two anti protons an anti- Neutron and
00:09:31 --> 00:09:34 an anti-lambda the result represents the
00:09:34 --> 00:09:36 first evidence for the heaviest
00:09:36 --> 00:09:39 antimatter hyper nuclei yet detected the
00:09:39 --> 00:09:41 Alice measurement is based on lead lead
00:09:41 --> 00:09:44 Collision data taken back in 2018 at an
00:09:44 --> 00:09:46 energy of 5.02 Terra electron volts for
00:09:47 --> 00:09:49 each of the colliding pair of nucleons
00:09:49 --> 00:09:51 that is protons and neutrons using a
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 machine learning technique that
00:09:53 --> 00:09:55 outperforms conventional hypernuclei
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 search techniques the Alice researchers
00:09:57 --> 00:09:59 looked at the data for signals of hyper
00:09:59 --> 00:10:01 hydrogen 4 hyper helium 4 and their
00:10:01 --> 00:10:04 antima Partners candidates for the anti-
00:10:04 --> 00:10:06 hyper hydrogen 4 were identified by
00:10:07 --> 00:10:09 looking for the anti- hyper helium 4
00:10:09 --> 00:10:11 nucleus and the charged Pon into which
00:10:11 --> 00:10:14 it decays whereas candidates for the
00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 anti- hyper helium 4 were identified
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 through its Decay into antih helium 3
00:10:18 --> 00:10:22 nucleus an antiproton and a Charged p p
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 are the lightest type of subatomic
00:10:24 --> 00:10:26 particles called meons which are the
00:10:26 --> 00:10:28 lest types of matter particles called
00:10:28 --> 00:10:31 hadrons the they're highly unstable and
00:10:31 --> 00:10:34 usually decay in a matter of Nan seconds
00:10:34 --> 00:10:35 in addition to finding evidence for
00:10:35 --> 00:10:38 anti-hy helium 4 with a significance of
00:10:38 --> 00:10:40 3.5 Sigma as well as evidence for anti-
00:10:40 --> 00:10:42 hyper hydrogen 4 with a significance of
00:10:42 --> 00:10:45 4.5 Sigma the Alice team also measured
00:10:45 --> 00:10:47 the production yields and masses for
00:10:47 --> 00:10:48 both
00:10:48 --> 00:10:50 hypernuclei the findings are consistent
00:10:50 --> 00:10:52 with Alice's observations of the equal
00:10:52 --> 00:10:54 production of both matter and antimatter
00:10:54 --> 00:10:56 at LHC energies and adds to the ongoing
00:10:57 --> 00:10:58 Research into matter antimatter
00:10:58 --> 00:11:01 imbalance in the universe the Alice
00:11:01 --> 00:11:02 detector recently underwent a major
00:11:02 --> 00:11:04 upgrade with new components and
00:11:04 --> 00:11:06 Equipment helping the facility to
00:11:06 --> 00:11:09 improve its scientific research this
00:11:09 --> 00:11:11 report from the Alis collaboration at
00:11:11 --> 00:11:14 CERN welcome to CERN welcome to LHC
00:11:14 --> 00:11:17 point2 one of the eight surface point on
00:11:17 --> 00:11:20 the surface of the large hyron collider
00:11:20 --> 00:11:23 this is the home of the Alice experiment
00:11:23 --> 00:11:27 that is situated about 60 M underground
00:11:27 --> 00:11:29 Alice stands for a large iron collider
00:11:29 --> 00:11:31 experiment and it is one of the four
00:11:31 --> 00:11:33 detectors reading the collisions
00:11:33 --> 00:11:36 generated by the large Adon collider
00:11:36 --> 00:11:39 it's a very special detector studying
00:11:39 --> 00:11:42 the conditions of matter right after the
00:11:42 --> 00:11:44 very beginning of the universe at the
00:11:44 --> 00:11:47 Big Bang we are here to share with you a
00:11:47 --> 00:11:50 major and spectacular operation of
00:11:50 --> 00:11:52 transport and installation of some of
00:11:52 --> 00:11:55 the components of the Alys detector that
00:11:55 --> 00:11:57 have been undergoing a major upgrade
00:11:57 --> 00:12:00 these operations uh was Happening Here
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 on the surface we've been following it h
00:12:02 --> 00:12:05 in particular we have been following the
00:12:05 --> 00:12:07 time projection chamber one of the main
00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 components of the detector a big piece
00:12:09 --> 00:12:12 14.2 tons heavy while it was transported
00:12:12 --> 00:12:15 from the clean room where it has been
00:12:15 --> 00:12:17 upgraded in the last few months through
00:12:17 --> 00:12:21 the shaft inside the TPC Cavern the TPC
00:12:21 --> 00:12:25 is being dissented into the shaft
00:12:25 --> 00:12:28 precisely 56 meters deep this was quite
00:12:28 --> 00:12:30 a delicate operation because the TPC is
00:12:30 --> 00:12:33 almost as large as the shaft itself it
00:12:33 --> 00:12:36 measures 50 m in length it has 90 cubic
00:12:36 --> 00:12:39 m in volume so the tolerance was very
00:12:39 --> 00:12:41 little the piece is extremely cumbersome
00:12:41 --> 00:12:43 and heavy but also delicate and
00:12:43 --> 00:12:45 sophisticated so you can see the uh
00:12:45 --> 00:12:47 Alice Engineers running around the gang
00:12:47 --> 00:12:49 ways making sure that everything is
00:12:49 --> 00:12:52 under control the mo the movement was
00:12:52 --> 00:12:55 quite slow it took an entire hour to
00:12:55 --> 00:12:58 descend 56 M and it took all in all 3
00:12:58 --> 00:13:00 days for the whole operation to be
00:13:00 --> 00:13:02 completed the operation is now complete
00:13:02 --> 00:13:05 the TPC is underground we are going to
00:13:05 --> 00:13:07 join very soon the Alice technical
00:13:07 --> 00:13:09 coordinator verer regler to ask him
00:13:09 --> 00:13:12 questions about the operation the piece
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 what it measures what it does why it's
00:13:14 --> 00:13:17 been upgraded we are in the Alice Cavern
00:13:17 --> 00:13:19 with verer regler the technical
00:13:19 --> 00:13:21 coordinator of the Alice collaboration
00:13:21 --> 00:13:24 hi verer so we are here and the movement
00:13:24 --> 00:13:26 of the time projection chamber your TPC
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28 has just started tell me what's
00:13:28 --> 00:13:29 happening
00:13:29 --> 00:13:32 so this is now after the move from the
00:13:32 --> 00:13:34 clean room to the coven this is now the
00:13:34 --> 00:13:38 final move of uh the TPC into the Aris
00:13:38 --> 00:13:41 detector to the interaction point it's a
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 very critical moment because uh we have
00:13:43 --> 00:13:46 changed a lot on the TPC during this
00:13:46 --> 00:13:48 upgrade uh we also have changed a lot on
00:13:48 --> 00:13:50 the Alice detector so we still have lots
00:13:50 --> 00:13:52 of new we have lots of new services and
00:13:52 --> 00:13:54 we have to make sure it fits the
00:13:54 --> 00:13:56 clearances are very tight so there are
00:13:56 --> 00:13:58 many people all around the DPC to look
00:13:58 --> 00:14:00 that we have no interferences and that
00:14:00 --> 00:14:03 we can move the TPC really to the final
00:14:03 --> 00:14:06 position and it's moving very slowly yes
00:14:06 --> 00:14:08 it's moving slowly of course because
00:14:08 --> 00:14:10 everybody has to look uh that there are
00:14:10 --> 00:14:14 no uh things in the way the TPC is about
00:14:14 --> 00:14:16 15 Tons we pull it with hydraulic checks
00:14:16 --> 00:14:18 and of course if there's something in
00:14:18 --> 00:14:20 the way you would not feel it you have
00:14:20 --> 00:14:22 to really look to make sure that we
00:14:22 --> 00:14:23 don't break anything and this is why
00:14:23 --> 00:14:25 it's a very slow movement and why we
00:14:25 --> 00:14:27 have many people around the TPC to have
00:14:27 --> 00:14:31 a look okay okay and now once it it's in
00:14:31 --> 00:14:34 its final position inside there are all
00:14:34 --> 00:14:37 sorts of connections to be made right so
00:14:37 --> 00:14:39 yes what we do now is the TPC will go to
00:14:39 --> 00:14:42 the final position okay and then we will
00:14:42 --> 00:14:45 align it okay it has to be aligned uh
00:14:45 --> 00:14:48 properly to a mm or so or better with
00:14:48 --> 00:14:52 the nominal beam line from theis very
00:14:52 --> 00:14:54 precisely with the beam line and uh once
00:14:54 --> 00:14:56 this is done then we move it back a
00:14:56 --> 00:14:59 little bit and then the beam pipe will
00:14:59 --> 00:15:00 be installed this is the piece that will
00:15:01 --> 00:15:04 then connect the uh two sides of the LC
00:15:04 --> 00:15:06 tunnel where the beam will pass through
00:15:06 --> 00:15:08 the it's like a Lego basically Alice is
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 made of many different components the
00:15:10 --> 00:15:13 TPC is very very big it's it's beautiful
00:15:13 --> 00:15:15 to to look at and it's very delicate as
00:15:15 --> 00:15:17 we've seen uh the transport down the
00:15:17 --> 00:15:19 shaft was also very careful and now is
00:15:19 --> 00:15:22 very carefully being inserted inside
00:15:22 --> 00:15:25 what's the role of the TPC uh in the
00:15:25 --> 00:15:28 whole uh detector yeah so the TPC is our
00:15:28 --> 00:15:30 main tracking detector it means time
00:15:30 --> 00:15:33 projection chamber Let's us explain uh
00:15:33 --> 00:15:36 why this name what does it mean exactly
00:15:36 --> 00:15:40 so yeah the the the task of the DPC is
00:15:40 --> 00:15:42 to to track the particles okay to make
00:15:42 --> 00:15:44 the particles visible that are produced
00:15:44 --> 00:15:46 in the heavy ion collisions and the
00:15:46 --> 00:15:48 trick with the TPC is that this is a big
00:15:48 --> 00:15:51 volume that is filled with a very light
00:15:51 --> 00:15:53 gas with neon gas yeah and as particles
00:15:53 --> 00:15:57 are moving through this gas uh these
00:15:57 --> 00:15:59 particles are ionizing the gas and these
00:15:59 --> 00:16:00 electrons and ions that are produced
00:16:00 --> 00:16:03 there are then detected by the TPC and
00:16:03 --> 00:16:05 this is how we can make the path of the
00:16:05 --> 00:16:07 part ni beautiful tracks of the Alice
00:16:07 --> 00:16:09 event and now that is going to be in uh
00:16:09 --> 00:16:11 in half an hour or so because the
00:16:11 --> 00:16:14 movement is low but it's it takes uh it
00:16:14 --> 00:16:16 takes time but it's also a short
00:16:16 --> 00:16:17 movement right now that you're doing
00:16:17 --> 00:16:19 it's the final the final part it's about
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 2 3 m that we move in as I said it will
00:16:21 --> 00:16:24 go to the final position and after that
00:16:24 --> 00:16:26 we move back a little bit and then we
00:16:26 --> 00:16:28 install the pin pipe which is a very
00:16:28 --> 00:16:32 important element of a particle uh the
00:16:32 --> 00:16:34 bean pipe is also new it's a new Bean
00:16:34 --> 00:16:35 pipe that you're putting in the bean
00:16:35 --> 00:16:37 pipe is new the bean pip is also a very
00:16:37 --> 00:16:40 important element of a particle detector
00:16:40 --> 00:16:42 because we want to be as close as
00:16:42 --> 00:16:43 possible to the Collision point with our
00:16:43 --> 00:16:46 sensors right the machine of course they
00:16:46 --> 00:16:47 want the pipe as big as possible to be
00:16:47 --> 00:16:50 sure there are no interferences so there
00:16:50 --> 00:16:52 is a long negotiation with the machine
00:16:52 --> 00:16:54 to be able to to agree on the smallest
00:16:54 --> 00:16:56 possible Bean pipe and the one we will
00:16:56 --> 00:16:58 have is about 4 cm in diameter and
00:16:58 --> 00:17:00 important thing for the Bean pipe is
00:17:00 --> 00:17:03 also that the wall is only 800 Micron
00:17:03 --> 00:17:06 thick if this would be a big steel pipe
00:17:06 --> 00:17:07 the particles that are produced inside
00:17:07 --> 00:17:09 in the Collision when they go through
00:17:09 --> 00:17:11 this pipe they would be completely
00:17:11 --> 00:17:13 diverted and our measurement would be
00:17:13 --> 00:17:15 not not possible so this is why there
00:17:15 --> 00:17:17 has to be the least amount of material
00:17:18 --> 00:17:19 possible around the Collision point this
00:17:20 --> 00:17:22 is why this Bean pipe is of this very
00:17:22 --> 00:17:25 thin perum which is very fragile so you
00:17:25 --> 00:17:27 can imagine if we have this very brittle
00:17:27 --> 00:17:28 object and then around this we have to
00:17:28 --> 00:17:30 install out the deck because it's a very
00:17:30 --> 00:17:32 delicate operation amazing amazing we're
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 going to follow one of your
00:17:34 --> 00:17:37 collaborators Roberto Diva who could go
00:17:37 --> 00:17:40 inside Alice before the TPC was inserted
00:17:40 --> 00:17:43 and show us one of the most innermost
00:17:43 --> 00:17:45 places where it's very rare it's very
00:17:45 --> 00:17:47 rare to go in because normally TPC is
00:17:47 --> 00:17:50 always in and these are the MU absorber
00:17:50 --> 00:17:52 and the trigger before looking at that
00:17:52 --> 00:17:53 tell us more what what do these
00:17:53 --> 00:17:56 components do so yeah the muon absorber
00:17:56 --> 00:18:00 is one big object inside which is uh
00:18:00 --> 00:18:02 absorbing all the particles in the
00:18:02 --> 00:18:04 forward region and all the Neons are the
00:18:04 --> 00:18:06 particles that manage to go through
00:18:06 --> 00:18:08 because behind that there's the big muon
00:18:08 --> 00:18:10 spectrometer that should just measure
00:18:10 --> 00:18:12 these particles so this is a very
00:18:12 --> 00:18:14 massive object at the other side here of
00:18:14 --> 00:18:18 our detector and the trigger this is the
00:18:18 --> 00:18:22 um uh the electronics that will decide
00:18:22 --> 00:18:24 on the readout of the detector it has to
00:18:24 --> 00:18:25 be very close to the detector such that
00:18:25 --> 00:18:28 the propagation time of the signals is
00:18:28 --> 00:18:30 small and this is on the back side a bit
00:18:30 --> 00:18:32 under the magnet amazing thank you very
00:18:32 --> 00:18:35 much verer and I leave you back to your
00:18:35 --> 00:18:38 very delicate and important work today
00:18:38 --> 00:18:40 thank Youk you so this is the muon
00:18:40 --> 00:18:45 absorber it is like a a a big big sponge
00:18:45 --> 00:18:47 that takes all the low energy particles
00:18:47 --> 00:18:49 so everything that passes is a high
00:18:49 --> 00:18:52 energy particle mainly muons and on the
00:18:52 --> 00:18:54 other side of this absorber is a series
00:18:54 --> 00:18:58 of detectors which are dedicated only to
00:18:58 --> 00:19:00 the muon physics so it's like a big
00:19:00 --> 00:19:05 shower going towards the back of Alys so
00:19:05 --> 00:19:07 this is the deepest point in Alys here
00:19:07 --> 00:19:11 we are at minus 56 M and this is the
00:19:11 --> 00:19:14 trigger we are in the bunker this is
00:19:14 --> 00:19:17 solid uh concrete so no particles can
00:19:17 --> 00:19:20 come in here and this is the heart of
00:19:20 --> 00:19:23 Alice this is where the decision if
00:19:23 --> 00:19:26 something interesting happened is taken
00:19:26 --> 00:19:29 and this is done on the Fly this was
00:19:29 --> 00:19:30 done during round two during round three
00:19:30 --> 00:19:34 it will be a different theme this heart
00:19:34 --> 00:19:36 will be a bit more relieved it will uh
00:19:36 --> 00:19:38 beat a bit less but nevertheless it will
00:19:39 --> 00:19:41 be the core of the taking of data for
00:19:41 --> 00:19:43 for the whole of of
00:19:43 --> 00:19:46 Alice and in that report from the Alice
00:19:46 --> 00:19:48 collaboration at CERN we heard from paa
00:19:48 --> 00:19:51 catapano from CERN Communications Vera
00:19:51 --> 00:19:53 regler Alice technical coordinator and
00:19:53 --> 00:19:55 ALICE Experiment systems coordinator
00:19:55 --> 00:19:58 Roberto devier this is space
00:19:58 --> 00:20:09 [Music]
00:20:14 --> 00:20:17 time and time now to take another brief
00:20:17 --> 00:20:18 look at some of the other stories making
00:20:18 --> 00:20:19 news and science this week with the
00:20:20 --> 00:20:23 science report a new study is shown that
00:20:23 --> 00:20:24 living in a community with a high
00:20:24 --> 00:20:26 exposure to pesticides may come with an
00:20:26 --> 00:20:29 increased risk for some cancers that's
00:20:29 --> 00:20:31 comparable to smoking a report of the
00:20:31 --> 00:20:33 journal frontiers of cancer control and
00:20:33 --> 00:20:36 Society compared agricultural pesticide
00:20:36 --> 00:20:38 data cancer rates and data on other
00:20:38 --> 00:20:40 cancer risks including smoking in order
00:20:40 --> 00:20:42 to estimate the relationship between
00:20:42 --> 00:20:43 living in an agricultural Community with
00:20:43 --> 00:20:46 high pesticide use and eventual cancer
00:20:46 --> 00:20:48 rates and the authors found a link
00:20:48 --> 00:20:50 between pesticide exposure and an
00:20:50 --> 00:20:52 increased risk for any
00:20:53 --> 00:20:55 cancer a new study warns that Australian
00:20:55 --> 00:20:57 and New Zealand species are among the
00:20:57 --> 00:20:59 most vulnerable to to Extinction due to
00:20:59 --> 00:21:02 climate change the findings reported in
00:21:02 --> 00:21:03 the journal science are based on a
00:21:03 --> 00:21:06 global analysis of 30 years of research
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 data the authors show that under a
00:21:08 --> 00:21:11 projected 2.7 de C temperature rise
00:21:11 --> 00:21:13 above pre-industrial levels one in 20
00:21:13 --> 00:21:16 species will be at risk of Extinction
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 globally the authors found that
00:21:18 --> 00:21:21 amphibians species in mountain regions
00:21:21 --> 00:21:23 species on isolated islands and
00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 freshwater ecosystem species as well as
00:21:25 --> 00:21:27 species inhabiting South America
00:21:27 --> 00:21:30 Australia and New Zealand All face the
00:21:30 --> 00:21:31 greatest
00:21:31 --> 00:21:34 threats a new study has found that
00:21:34 --> 00:21:36 around one in five people under the age
00:21:36 --> 00:21:39 of 50 that some 846 million people
00:21:39 --> 00:21:42 globally have a genital herpes infection
00:21:42 --> 00:21:44 the findings reported in the journal
00:21:44 --> 00:21:46 sexually transmitted infections also
00:21:46 --> 00:21:48 shows that more than 200 million people
00:21:48 --> 00:21:50 between 15 and 49 have probably had at
00:21:50 --> 00:21:52 least one symptomatic outbreak of the
00:21:52 --> 00:21:55 infection in 2020 the last year for
00:21:55 --> 00:21:57 which the Figures were available there
00:21:57 --> 00:22:00 are two types of simplex virus hsv1 and
00:22:01 --> 00:22:03 hsv2 both of which are highly infectious
00:22:03 --> 00:22:07 incurable and last a lifetime HS v1's
00:22:07 --> 00:22:09 primarily spread in childhood through
00:22:09 --> 00:22:11 mouth contact resulting in cold SES in
00:22:11 --> 00:22:13 and around the mouth but it can
00:22:13 --> 00:22:14 sometimes cause more serious
00:22:14 --> 00:22:17 neurological eye skin and mucus membrane
00:22:17 --> 00:22:19 complications and it's increasingly
00:22:19 --> 00:22:21 being spread through sexual contact at
00:22:21 --> 00:22:24 older ages on the other hand hsv2 is
00:22:24 --> 00:22:26 almost entirely sexually transmitted
00:22:26 --> 00:22:28 through skin-to-skin contact and it's
00:22:28 --> 00:22:30 it's the leading cause of recurrent
00:22:30 --> 00:22:32 painful genital blisters although
00:22:32 --> 00:22:35 relatively rare both HSV 1 and 2 can be
00:22:35 --> 00:22:37 passed on to newborns often proving
00:22:37 --> 00:22:39 fatal the findings are prompting the
00:22:39 --> 00:22:41 authors to call for the development of
00:22:41 --> 00:22:43 new treatments and vaccines in order to
00:22:43 --> 00:22:45 try and control the spread of this
00:22:45 --> 00:22:47 infection and to try and lessen its
00:22:47 --> 00:22:49 health and financial
00:22:49 --> 00:22:52 burden and time now for what must be the
00:22:52 --> 00:22:54 silliest story of the week if not the
00:22:54 --> 00:22:57 year it seems former CNN reporter taka
00:22:57 --> 00:22:59 Carlson is now claiming that he's been
00:22:59 --> 00:23:01 attacked by a demon really we didn't
00:23:01 --> 00:23:04 make this up Tim menum from Australian
00:23:04 --> 00:23:06 skeptic says a popular celebrity
00:23:06 --> 00:23:08 journalist claims the incident occurred
00:23:08 --> 00:23:10 some 18 months ago and left him bleeding
00:23:10 --> 00:23:12 with scars from claw marks he's now
00:23:12 --> 00:23:14 claiming that a couple years ago he got
00:23:14 --> 00:23:16 attacked by a demon while he was
00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 sleeping now the issue is a few things
00:23:18 --> 00:23:19 here okay he was sleeping in his bed
00:23:19 --> 00:23:21 with his wife and apparently for dog and
00:23:21 --> 00:23:24 then he suddenly woke up what do you say
00:23:24 --> 00:23:26 uh I woke up I couldn't breathe and I
00:23:26 --> 00:23:27 thought I was going to suffocate well
00:23:27 --> 00:23:30 it's actually paralysis it's a true
00:23:30 --> 00:23:31 condition where you're lying in bed you
00:23:31 --> 00:23:33 can't move and you think there's someone
00:23:33 --> 00:23:34 holding you down or it's a nightmare
00:23:34 --> 00:23:36 Condition it's real and um you might
00:23:36 --> 00:23:38 wake up you might be half awake Etc but
00:23:38 --> 00:23:39 you feel you're being just totally
00:23:39 --> 00:23:40 trapped can't move if there's a ghost
00:23:40 --> 00:23:42 beside you or something like or some fig
00:23:42 --> 00:23:44 and it's a very scary experience but
00:23:44 --> 00:23:45 whether he had that but apparently he
00:23:45 --> 00:23:47 did get up he wandered around and he
00:23:47 --> 00:23:49 clipped on the light in the bathroom or
00:23:49 --> 00:23:50 something he went in there and he saw
00:23:50 --> 00:23:52 claw marks with either side underneath
00:23:52 --> 00:23:54 his arms on his and now he sleeps with
00:23:54 --> 00:23:56 now as well as his wife there're also
00:23:56 --> 00:23:58 dogs on the bed yeah that's right now 7
00:23:58 --> 00:24:03 IDE that's Tim mum from Australian
00:24:03 --> 00:24:12 [Music]
00:24:16 --> 00:24:19 Skeptics and that's the show for now
00:24:19 --> 00:24:21 SpaceTime is available every Monday
00:24:21 --> 00:24:23 Wednesday and Friday through Apple
00:24:23 --> 00:24:26 podcasts iTunes Stitcher Google podcast
00:24:26 --> 00:24:30 pocketcasts Spotify acast Amazon music
00:24:30 --> 00:24:31 bites.com
00:24:31 --> 00:24:34 SoundCloud YouTube your favorite podcast
00:24:34 --> 00:24:36 download provider and from SpaceTime
00:24:36 --> 00:24:40 with Stewart gary.com space time's also
00:24:40 --> 00:24:41 broadcast through the National Science
00:24:41 --> 00:24:44 Foundation on science Z Radio and on
00:24:44 --> 00:24:47 both iHeart radio and TuneIn radio and
00:24:47 --> 00:24:49 you can help to support our show by
00:24:49 --> 00:24:51 visiting the SpaceTime store for a range
00:24:51 --> 00:24:53 of promotional merchandising goodies or
00:24:54 --> 00:24:56 by becoming a space-time Patron which
00:24:56 --> 00:24:57 gives you access to Triple episode
00:24:57 --> 00:24:59 commercial free versions of the show as
00:25:00 --> 00:25:01 well as lots of burnus audio content
00:25:01 --> 00:25:03 which doesn't go to air access to our
00:25:03 --> 00:25:06 exclusive Facebook group and other
00:25:06 --> 00:25:08 Awards just go to space timewith Stewart
00:25:08 --> 00:25:11 gary.com for full details you've been
00:25:11 --> 00:25:14 listening to SpaceTime with Stewart Gary
00:25:14 --> 00:25:16 this has been another quality podcast
00:25:16 --> 00:25:20 production from bites.com