SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 14
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Asteroid from the Moon, Lunar Landers, and Trump’s Mars Ambitions
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the intriguing discovery of a small asteroid, designated 2024 PT5, which is believed to be a fragment of the Moon ejected into space by a historic impact. This 10-meter wide near-Earth object offers new insights into both asteroid and lunar science, as researchers confirm its composition aligns closely with lunar rock samples.
Two Lunar Landers Launch for the Moon
SpaceX successfully launched two lunar landers, Firefly Aerospace's Blue Ghost and ispace's Resilience, as part of NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services program. These missions aim to deliver critical hardware to the Moon in preparation for a sustainable human presence under the Artemis program. Blue Ghost will conduct a variety of scientific experiments, including lunar subsurface drilling and thermal measurements, while Resilience will deploy a forward robotic micro rover to explore the lunar surface.
Trump's Vision for Mars
In a bold statement during his inauguration, US President Donald Trump pledged to plant the Stars and Stripes on Mars, reaffirming America’s commitment to space exploration. This ambitious goal aligns with SpaceX's plans to colonize the Red Planet, as both the US and China ramp up efforts for lunar and Martian exploration.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 14 for broadcast on 31 January 2025
00:49 Discovery of asteroid 2024 PT5 as a lunar fragment
06:30 Launch of Blue Ghost and Resilience lunar landers
12:15 President Trump's pledge to plant the flag on Mars
18:00 Risks associated with glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists
22:45 New methods for zero carbon dioxide ammonia production
27:00 Discovery of the world’s oldest three-dimensional map
30:15 Concerns over unverified academic titles
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
SpaceX
Astrophysical Journal Letters
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205
Nature Medicine
Oxford Journal of Archaeology
Australian Skeptics
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Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/25348577?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 28 episode 14
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 31st of January
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 2025 coming up on SpaceTime a small
00:00:09 --> 00:00:11 asteroid visitor to the Earth most
00:00:11 --> 00:00:14 likely a chunk of moon rock two lunar
00:00:14 --> 00:00:17 Landers currently flying to the moon and
00:00:17 --> 00:00:19 US president Donald Trump vows to plant
00:00:19 --> 00:00:22 the stars and stripes on the red planet
00:00:22 --> 00:00:26 Mars all that and more coming up on
00:00:26 --> 00:00:29 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:29 --> 00:00:31 Studio
00:00:31 --> 00:00:39 [Music]
00:00:45 --> 00:00:48 Gary a new study claims that a neear
00:00:48 --> 00:00:50 object discovered last year was likely
00:00:50 --> 00:00:52 ejected into space from the Moon
00:00:52 --> 00:00:54 following an impact thousands of years
00:00:54 --> 00:00:57 ago and now this tiny Space Rock could
00:00:57 --> 00:00:59 contribute new insights into asteroid
00:01:00 --> 00:01:03 and lunar science the small neear object
00:01:03 --> 00:01:06 known as 2024 pt5 captured the world's
00:01:06 --> 00:01:08 attention last year after it was
00:01:08 --> 00:01:10 discovered lingering close to our planet
00:01:10 --> 00:01:12 for several months the 10 m wide
00:01:12 --> 00:01:14 asteroid doesn't pose a hazard to the
00:01:14 --> 00:01:16 Earth but it's orbit around the sun
00:01:16 --> 00:01:18 closely matches that of our planet and
00:01:18 --> 00:01:20 that hints that it may have an origin
00:01:20 --> 00:01:23 nearby now a report in the astrophysical
00:01:23 --> 00:01:25 journal letters suggests that pt5
00:01:25 --> 00:01:27 appears to be composed of moon rock
00:01:27 --> 00:01:29 broken off from the lunar Surface by a
00:01:29 --> 00:01:31 large impact event and then ejected into
00:01:31 --> 00:01:34 space the study's lead author Teddy K
00:01:34 --> 00:01:36 from the laal observatory in Arizona
00:01:36 --> 00:01:38 says astronomers had a general idea that
00:01:38 --> 00:01:40 this asteroid may have come from the
00:01:40 --> 00:01:42 moon but the Smoking Gun was when they
00:01:42 --> 00:01:43 found that it was rich in silicate
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 materials similar to those found in
00:01:45 --> 00:01:48 lunar Rock samples the observations also
00:01:48 --> 00:01:50 suggest that this asteroid hasn't been
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 in space for very long maybe just a few
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 thousand years or so that's based on
00:01:54 --> 00:01:56 observation showing a lack of space
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 weathering which would have caused its
00:01:58 --> 00:02:00 Spectra to Ren the the asteroid was
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 first detected on August the 7th last
00:02:02 --> 00:02:04 year by the Southerland South Africa
00:02:04 --> 00:02:06 telescope of the University of Hawaii's
00:02:06 --> 00:02:08 asteroid terrestrial impact last alert
00:02:08 --> 00:02:10 system better known as Atlas ker and
00:02:11 --> 00:02:12 colleagues then used observations from
00:02:12 --> 00:02:15 the LOL Discovery telescope and NASA's
00:02:15 --> 00:02:17 infrared telescope facility on monia
00:02:17 --> 00:02:18 they showed that the spectrum of
00:02:18 --> 00:02:20 reflected light from the asteroid
00:02:20 --> 00:02:22 surface didn't match that of any known
00:02:22 --> 00:02:25 asteroid type instead the reflected
00:02:25 --> 00:02:27 light more closely matched Rock from the
00:02:27 --> 00:02:29 Moon a second clue came from observing
00:02:29 --> 00:02:32 how the object moves through space along
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 with asteroids space edged debris such
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 as old Rockets from historic launches
00:02:36 --> 00:02:39 can be found in earthlike orbits the
00:02:39 --> 00:02:41 differences in their orbits has to do
00:02:41 --> 00:02:43 more with how each responds to solar
00:02:43 --> 00:02:45 radiation pressure solar radiation
00:02:45 --> 00:02:47 pressure comes from the momentum of
00:02:47 --> 00:02:49 photons Quantum particles of Light which
00:02:49 --> 00:02:51 originate in the Sun and they exert a
00:02:51 --> 00:02:53 tiny Force when they hit a solid object
00:02:53 --> 00:02:55 in space now this momentum exchange for
00:02:56 --> 00:02:57 many photons over time can push an
00:02:57 --> 00:03:00 object around ever so slightly speeding
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 it up or slowing it down while a
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 human-made object such as a hollow
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 rocket booster will move like an empty
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 tin can in the wind a natural object
00:03:08 --> 00:03:10 such as an asteroid will be affected to
00:03:10 --> 00:03:13 a far lesser degree to rule out 2024 pt5
00:03:13 --> 00:03:16 being space junk scientists at NASA's
00:03:16 --> 00:03:18 Center for near Earth object studies
00:03:18 --> 00:03:20 analyzed its motion under the force of
00:03:20 --> 00:03:22 gravity and then any additional motion
00:03:22 --> 00:03:24 caused by solar radiation pressure they
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 found the solar radiation pressure
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 effects were simply too small for the
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 object to be artificial and that
00:03:30 --> 00:03:33 suggests that 2024 pt5 most likely has a
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 natural origin in other words it's an
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 asteroid not a disused rocket booster
00:03:38 --> 00:03:40 the discovery of 2024 pt5 doubles the
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 number of known asteroids thought to
00:03:42 --> 00:03:45 originate from the Moon asteroid
00:03:45 --> 00:03:48 46929 was found in 2016 also in an
00:03:48 --> 00:03:50 earthlike orbit around the sun
00:03:50 --> 00:03:52 indicating it may also been ejected from
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 the lunar surface following a large
00:03:54 --> 00:03:58 impact this is spacetime still to come
00:03:58 --> 00:04:00 two Luna Landers on their way to the
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 moon and US president Donald Trump vows
00:04:02 --> 00:04:04 to plant Old Glory on the red planet
00:04:04 --> 00:04:08 Mars all that and more still to come on
00:04:08 --> 00:04:23 [Music]
00:04:23 --> 00:04:25 SpaceTime SpaceX have launched a pair of
00:04:26 --> 00:04:28 Landers on a Falcon 9 rocket on separate
00:04:28 --> 00:04:30 missions to the lunar Sur surface the
00:04:30 --> 00:04:32 privately developed experimental
00:04:32 --> 00:04:34 spacecraft include Firefly Aeros spaces
00:04:34 --> 00:04:37 Blue Ghost and ey spaces resilience from
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 Japan the projects are part of NASA's
00:04:39 --> 00:04:42 commercial Luna payload Services Program
00:04:42 --> 00:04:44 which is designed to deliver crucial
00:04:44 --> 00:04:46 Hardware to the Moon as part of the emis
00:04:46 --> 00:04:48 program which is returning humans to the
00:04:48 --> 00:04:49 lunar surface in order to create a
00:04:50 --> 00:04:51 permanent presence on the moon before
00:04:51 --> 00:04:54 the end of the decade the Blast Off from
00:04:54 --> 00:04:56 space launch complex 39a at the Kennedy
00:04:56 --> 00:04:58 Space Center in Florida went smoothly
00:04:58 --> 00:05:00 with blue Ghost deployed first followed
00:05:00 --> 00:05:03 by resilience 30 minutes later the two
00:05:03 --> 00:05:04 spacecraft have different Mission
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 parameters and different timelines for
00:05:06 --> 00:05:09 getting to the Moon Blue Ghost will
00:05:09 --> 00:05:10 gradually increase its orbit around the
00:05:10 --> 00:05:12 Earth until it also encompasses the moon
00:05:12 --> 00:05:16 taking a total of about 45 days now this
00:05:16 --> 00:05:18 includes 25 days in Earth orbit 4 days
00:05:18 --> 00:05:21 in transit to the moon and 16 days in
00:05:21 --> 00:05:23 lunar orbit it'll then attempt a landing
00:05:23 --> 00:05:26 near mons latrielle a volcanic feature
00:05:26 --> 00:05:28 in maray Chisum on the moon's
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 Northeastern near side the spacecrafts
00:05:30 --> 00:05:32 carrying 10 NASA instruments including
00:05:32 --> 00:05:34 studies into the Earth's magnetosphere
00:05:34 --> 00:05:37 and understanding how lunar reg responds
00:05:37 --> 00:05:39 to solar exposure during dusk it'll also
00:05:40 --> 00:05:41 be looking at the moon's internal
00:05:41 --> 00:05:44 structure and its thermal properties Blu
00:05:44 --> 00:05:45 ghost is also carrying technology
00:05:45 --> 00:05:47 demonstrators including a global
00:05:47 --> 00:05:49 navigation satellite system designed for
00:05:49 --> 00:05:52 use on the lunar surface and a radiation
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 hardened computer that lundo testing in
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 the harsh environmental conditions of
00:05:56 --> 00:05:59 lunar orbit if it survives The Landing
00:05:59 --> 00:06:01 Blue Ghost will conduct 14 Earth days of
00:06:01 --> 00:06:04 surface operations these will include
00:06:04 --> 00:06:06 Luna subsurface drilling sample
00:06:06 --> 00:06:07 collection x-ray Imaging and dust
00:06:08 --> 00:06:10 mitigation experiments the Lander will
00:06:10 --> 00:06:12 also capture highdefinition images of a
00:06:12 --> 00:06:14 total solar eclipse from the Moon
00:06:14 --> 00:06:16 surface showing the Earth's shadow on
00:06:16 --> 00:06:18 the lunar surface and it will also
00:06:18 --> 00:06:21 record data on how lunar regli responds
00:06:21 --> 00:06:23 to solar exposure during
00:06:23 --> 00:06:25 dusk among the payloads aboard Blue
00:06:26 --> 00:06:27 Ghost is the Southwest research
00:06:27 --> 00:06:30 institute's lunar Magneto toic Sounder
00:06:30 --> 00:06:33 or LMS it's designed to characterize the
00:06:33 --> 00:06:34 structure and composition of the moon's
00:06:34 --> 00:06:36 mantle by measuring electric and
00:06:36 --> 00:06:39 magnetic fields Magneto toic uses
00:06:39 --> 00:06:41 natural variations in surface electric
00:06:41 --> 00:06:43 and magnetic fields to calculate how
00:06:43 --> 00:06:45 easily electricity flows in subsurface
00:06:45 --> 00:06:48 materials and this in turn can reveal
00:06:48 --> 00:06:50 their composition and structure lm's
00:06:50 --> 00:06:52 principal investigator Robert Grim says
00:06:52 --> 00:06:54 that for more than 50 years now
00:06:54 --> 00:06:56 scientists have used Magneto toic on
00:06:56 --> 00:06:58 Earth for a wide variety of purposes
00:06:58 --> 00:07:01 including finding oil water geothermal
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 and mineral resources as well as for
00:07:03 --> 00:07:04 helping to understand geological
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 processes such as the growth of
00:07:06 --> 00:07:09 continents but the LMS will be the first
00:07:09 --> 00:07:11 extraterrestrial application of Magneto
00:07:11 --> 00:07:15 toic the M Chisum Landing site is an
00:07:15 --> 00:07:18 ancient 560 km wide impact Basin that's
00:07:18 --> 00:07:20 subsequently filled with lava creating a
00:07:20 --> 00:07:22 dark spot visible to the naked eye on
00:07:22 --> 00:07:24 the moon Mario Chisum is interesting
00:07:24 --> 00:07:26 because it stands apart from the large
00:07:26 --> 00:07:28 connected areas of dark lava to the west
00:07:28 --> 00:07:31 but most the AP missions landed these
00:07:31 --> 00:07:33 vast link lava planes are now thought to
00:07:33 --> 00:07:34 be compositionally and structurally
00:07:35 --> 00:07:36 anomalous with respect to the rest of
00:07:36 --> 00:07:39 the Moon LMS will allow scientists to
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 probe the interior of the Moon to depths
00:07:41 --> 00:07:44 of more than 1 kilm 2/3 of the lunar
00:07:44 --> 00:07:46 radius the measurements will shed light
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 on the material differentiation and
00:07:48 --> 00:07:49 thermal history of the Moon a
00:07:49 --> 00:07:51 Cornerstone for understanding the
00:07:51 --> 00:07:54 evolution of solid Worlds the LMS works
00:07:54 --> 00:07:56 by ejecting cables with electrodes at
00:07:56 --> 00:07:59 90° angles to each other and distances
00:07:59 --> 00:08:02 of up to 20 M apart Grim says it then
00:08:02 --> 00:08:04 measures voltages across opposite pairs
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 of electrodes much like the probes of a
00:08:06 --> 00:08:09 conventional Vault meter LMS will be the
00:08:09 --> 00:08:11 first instrument from Southwest Research
00:08:11 --> 00:08:13 Institute to touch the surface of the
00:08:13 --> 00:08:15 Moon and also the first in a series of
00:08:15 --> 00:08:17 projects that the Institute has
00:08:17 --> 00:08:20 operating under the clips program our
00:08:20 --> 00:08:22 team at Southwest Research Institute
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 Helios space Corporation and NASA
00:08:24 --> 00:08:27 Goddard all contributed to this first
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 extraterrestrial Magneto
00:08:29 --> 00:08:32 measurement the lunar Magneto Sounder is
00:08:32 --> 00:08:34 a geophysical instrument designed to
00:08:34 --> 00:08:37 probe the moon's deep interior and
00:08:37 --> 00:08:39 provide new information on the structure
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 and geological evolution of our
00:08:41 --> 00:08:45 companion World Magneto is a mouthful
00:08:45 --> 00:08:48 Magneto refers to magnetic fields while
00:08:48 --> 00:08:50 toric in general relates to the Earth
00:08:51 --> 00:08:53 geophysicists use it specifically as a
00:08:53 --> 00:08:55 reference to electrical currents that
00:08:55 --> 00:08:58 flow in the ground and so Magneto toic
00:08:58 --> 00:08:59 together means measuring
00:09:00 --> 00:09:02 magnetic and electric Fields the signals
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 that we're looking at from the solar
00:09:04 --> 00:09:06 wind and the Earth's magnetosphere have
00:09:06 --> 00:09:09 frequencies that are way below uh what
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 you might be familiar with as radio
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 waves these signals take minutes or even
00:09:13 --> 00:09:15 hours to complete a single cycle the
00:09:16 --> 00:09:17 benefit of these very low frequency
00:09:17 --> 00:09:19 signals is that they penetrate deeply
00:09:19 --> 00:09:21 into the moon and so they're sensitive
00:09:21 --> 00:09:24 to the moon's internal properties this
00:09:24 --> 00:09:26 allows us to determine the temperature
00:09:26 --> 00:09:28 and composition of the interior of the
00:09:28 --> 00:09:30 Moon the there are three main parts to
00:09:30 --> 00:09:33 LMS the central electronics box was
00:09:33 --> 00:09:36 built by Southwest Research Institute
00:09:36 --> 00:09:38 the magnetic fields are measured by a
00:09:38 --> 00:09:40 magnetometer that was built by NASA's
00:09:40 --> 00:09:42 Godard space flight center the electric
00:09:42 --> 00:09:44 fields are measured between four probes
00:09:45 --> 00:09:47 that are deployed at 90° angles around
00:09:47 --> 00:09:49 the Lander these probes are
00:09:49 --> 00:09:52 sophisticated versions of those that you
00:09:52 --> 00:09:54 might use with a conventional voltmeter
00:09:54 --> 00:09:56 separations of about 100 ft are needed
00:09:56 --> 00:09:58 between the probes to detect a
00:09:58 --> 00:10:01 sufficient large signal of the currents
00:10:01 --> 00:10:04 that are flowing in the ground so we
00:10:04 --> 00:10:06 have to use a spring to launch out each
00:10:06 --> 00:10:09 of these probes to a distance of about
00:10:09 --> 00:10:12 60 ft from the Lander these sensors uh
00:10:12 --> 00:10:14 and their launchers as well as the
00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 magnetometer Mast were built by our
00:10:16 --> 00:10:19 colleagues at Helia space Corporation
00:10:19 --> 00:10:20 although the Moon is a relatively
00:10:20 --> 00:10:23 primitive body geologically uh it's
00:10:23 --> 00:10:25 Arrested Development provides insights
00:10:25 --> 00:10:28 into the early evolution of other Rocky
00:10:28 --> 00:10:31 bodies like Venus this Earth and Mars
00:10:31 --> 00:10:34 since the Apollo era we understand that
00:10:34 --> 00:10:36 the moon most likely formed from a
00:10:36 --> 00:10:38 collision between the Earth and a
00:10:38 --> 00:10:41 mars-sized protoplanet shortly after
00:10:41 --> 00:10:44 these bodies first formed the moon then
00:10:44 --> 00:10:46 formed from the debris of this collision
00:10:46 --> 00:10:49 and was likely initially totally molten
00:10:49 --> 00:10:51 as it cooled and solidified internal
00:10:51 --> 00:10:54 layering developed uh in the moon's
00:10:54 --> 00:10:56 Rocky mantle but this layering may have
00:10:56 --> 00:11:00 been later partially or fully remixed in
00:11:00 --> 00:11:03 the interior LMS will be among the first
00:11:03 --> 00:11:05 geophysical measurements to assess
00:11:05 --> 00:11:07 interior properties of the moon since
00:11:07 --> 00:11:11 Apollo LMS is both simpler to operate
00:11:11 --> 00:11:12 and has better performance than these
00:11:13 --> 00:11:16 Apollo era experiments we hope that LMS
00:11:16 --> 00:11:18 other geophysical instruments on this
00:11:18 --> 00:11:21 Mission and those that will follow uh on
00:11:21 --> 00:11:24 other robotic and crude missions will
00:11:24 --> 00:11:25 determine the three-dimensional
00:11:25 --> 00:11:28 structure and evolution of the Moon
00:11:28 --> 00:11:30 although the South Pole is Central to
00:11:30 --> 00:11:32 the whole aremis program for its
00:11:32 --> 00:11:34 contrasting sunlight and shadowed
00:11:34 --> 00:11:37 regions the most profound geological
00:11:37 --> 00:11:39 contrast of the moon is between the near
00:11:39 --> 00:11:42 and far sides the near Side of the Moon
00:11:42 --> 00:11:44 and specifically the Western near Side
00:11:44 --> 00:11:46 of the Moon contains most of the Maria
00:11:46 --> 00:11:50 these are the lava-filled impact basins
00:11:50 --> 00:11:51 they they're the dark patches that you
00:11:51 --> 00:11:53 see um and that's how we see a man in
00:11:54 --> 00:11:57 the moon among other shapes for some
00:11:57 --> 00:11:59 reason volcanism that followed formation
00:11:59 --> 00:12:01 of lunar crust was not evenly
00:12:01 --> 00:12:03 distributed between the near and far
00:12:03 --> 00:12:05 sides and the chemical composition of
00:12:05 --> 00:12:07 the crust on this Western near Side of
00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 the Moon is also different from the rest
00:12:09 --> 00:12:12 of the Moon yet this is where most of
00:12:12 --> 00:12:14 the Apollo missions landed and that
00:12:14 --> 00:12:17 leads us to question whether the Apollo
00:12:17 --> 00:12:19 results are representative of the whole
00:12:19 --> 00:12:23 moon or are they different The Landing
00:12:23 --> 00:12:25 site in Mar Chisum was selected to be
00:12:25 --> 00:12:28 outside of this anomalous region away
00:12:28 --> 00:12:30 from the man and the moon to enable LMS
00:12:30 --> 00:12:33 and liser to answer this question LMS is
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 the first ofit kind instrument for
00:12:35 --> 00:12:38 planetary geophysics its demonstration
00:12:38 --> 00:12:40 paves the way for an even better version
00:12:40 --> 00:12:42 on a later e clipse Mission as well as
00:12:42 --> 00:12:44 opportunities for other worlds including
00:12:45 --> 00:12:46 Mars that's LMS principal investigator
00:12:46 --> 00:12:49 Robert Grim from the southwest Research
00:12:49 --> 00:12:52 Institute also aboard Blue Ghost are the
00:12:52 --> 00:12:54 stereo cameras for Luna plume surface
00:12:54 --> 00:12:57 studies or scalps it's an array of
00:12:57 --> 00:12:58 cameras placed around the base of the
00:12:58 --> 00:13:00 lunar Lander designed to collect imagery
00:13:01 --> 00:13:02 of the rocket plume Luna dust
00:13:02 --> 00:13:04 interaction during The Descent and
00:13:04 --> 00:13:06 touchdown using a technique called
00:13:06 --> 00:13:09 stereo photogrametry cus will use the
00:13:09 --> 00:13:10 overlapping images to produce a
00:13:10 --> 00:13:12 three-dimensional view of the lunar
00:13:12 --> 00:13:15 surface at the Landing site an earlier
00:13:15 --> 00:13:16 version of scarps was fitted to the
00:13:16 --> 00:13:18 intuitive machine's adicus spacecraft
00:13:18 --> 00:13:21 which landed on the moon last February
00:13:21 --> 00:13:23 however it was unable to collect imagery
00:13:23 --> 00:13:25 of the plume surface interaction during
00:13:25 --> 00:13:27 the landing although it did operate in
00:13:27 --> 00:13:29 transit and on the lunar surface foll
00:13:29 --> 00:13:31 following the landing the new version
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 has two additional cameras six in total
00:13:33 --> 00:13:35 compared to the four on adicus it'll
00:13:35 --> 00:13:37 begin taking images at a high altitude
00:13:37 --> 00:13:39 prior to the expected onset of plume
00:13:39 --> 00:13:41 surface interaction in order to provide
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 a more accurate before and after
00:13:43 --> 00:13:45 comparison see the idea is that as
00:13:45 --> 00:13:47 Journeys to the Moon increase and the
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 number of payloads touching down on the
00:13:49 --> 00:13:51 moon's surface near each other grows
00:13:51 --> 00:13:53 scientists and Engineers will need to be
00:13:53 --> 00:13:54 able to accurately predict the effects
00:13:54 --> 00:13:57 of The Landings how will the lunar
00:13:57 --> 00:13:59 surface change as Landers come down and
00:13:59 --> 00:14:01 what happens to the lunar soil that is
00:14:01 --> 00:14:03 the regular it ejects scalp's
00:14:03 --> 00:14:05 photogrammetry team scientist Olivia
00:14:05 --> 00:14:07 Terell from NASA's Langley Research
00:14:07 --> 00:14:09 Center says this will be the first
00:14:09 --> 00:14:10 dedicated instrument to measure the
00:14:10 --> 00:14:12 effects of plume surface interaction on
00:14:12 --> 00:14:15 the moon in real time scalps is an array
00:14:15 --> 00:14:16 of small cameras that will be placed
00:14:16 --> 00:14:18 around the base of a lunar lander and
00:14:18 --> 00:14:20 collect imagery during The Descent and
00:14:20 --> 00:14:22 landing of the vehicle using a technique
00:14:22 --> 00:14:24 called stereo photogrametry we can use
00:14:24 --> 00:14:26 those images to reconstruct a 3D shape
00:14:27 --> 00:14:28 of the ground as the Lander comes down
00:14:28 --> 00:14:30 it's hot engine plumes will interact
00:14:30 --> 00:14:32 with the surface our cameras will begin
00:14:32 --> 00:14:34 acquiring images from before this
00:14:34 --> 00:14:36 interaction begins until after the
00:14:36 --> 00:14:38 vehicle has landed on the surface the
00:14:38 --> 00:14:40 scalps cameras will specifically be
00:14:40 --> 00:14:42 looking at the overall crater formation
00:14:42 --> 00:14:44 and erosion of the ground due to the
00:14:44 --> 00:14:46 rocket plumes the final stereo images
00:14:46 --> 00:14:48 which will be stored on a small onboard
00:14:48 --> 00:14:50 data storage unit will be transferred to
00:14:50 --> 00:14:52 the Lander and then down link to Earth
00:14:52 --> 00:14:54 where we can use them to reconstruct the
00:14:54 --> 00:14:57 overall erosion volume and shape of the
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 ground so this information is important
00:14:59 --> 00:15:01 because as we send larger heavier
00:15:01 --> 00:15:03 payloads to the moon and eventually onto
00:15:03 --> 00:15:04 Mars we need to be able to accurately
00:15:04 --> 00:15:06 predict the effects of these Landings
00:15:07 --> 00:15:08 with the Artemis program we plan to
00:15:08 --> 00:15:11 establish a sustained lunar exploration
00:15:11 --> 00:15:13 and try to land multiple payloads in
00:15:13 --> 00:15:15 close proximity to one another scalp's
00:15:15 --> 00:15:17 data will be a critical part of
00:15:17 --> 00:15:18 understanding these phenomena and
00:15:18 --> 00:15:20 improving our computational models to
00:15:20 --> 00:15:22 inform these future Landings that
00:15:22 --> 00:15:24 scalp's photogrametry team scientist
00:15:24 --> 00:15:26 Olivia Terell from NASA's Langley
00:15:26 --> 00:15:29 Research Center Blu ghost is also
00:15:29 --> 00:15:30 carrying the lunar instrumentation for
00:15:30 --> 00:15:32 subsurface thermal Exploration with
00:15:32 --> 00:15:34 rapidity or list the payload which will
00:15:34 --> 00:15:37 measure the flow of heat from the moon's
00:15:37 --> 00:15:39 interior it uses a sophisticated
00:15:39 --> 00:15:42 pneumatic drill to dig some 3 m down
00:15:42 --> 00:15:44 into the dusty lunar regolith every half
00:15:44 --> 00:15:46 meter or so as it descends the drilling
00:15:46 --> 00:15:49 system will pause and extend a thermal
00:15:49 --> 00:15:50 probe into the regul in order to measure
00:15:51 --> 00:15:52 the thermal gradient the changes in
00:15:52 --> 00:15:54 temperature at various depths and
00:15:54 --> 00:15:56 thermal conductivity that is the
00:15:56 --> 00:15:58 subsurface material's ability to let
00:15:58 --> 00:16:01 haat pass through it by making similar
00:16:01 --> 00:16:02 measurements at modable locations on the
00:16:02 --> 00:16:05 lunar surface scientists can reconstruct
00:16:05 --> 00:16:06 the thermal evolution of the Moon
00:16:06 --> 00:16:08 allowing them to retrace the geological
00:16:08 --> 00:16:10 processes that shape the moon from the
00:16:10 --> 00:16:12 start as a bowl of molten rock which
00:16:12 --> 00:16:14 then gradually cooled off releasing its
00:16:14 --> 00:16:17 internal head into space List's Mission
00:16:17 --> 00:16:19 manager Mike Selby from NASA's Marshall
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 space flight center says demonstrating
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 the drw's effectiveness could lead to
00:16:23 --> 00:16:25 more Innovative drilling capabilities
00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 enabling future exploration of not just
00:16:27 --> 00:16:29 the moon but also Mars and other
00:16:29 --> 00:16:31 celestial bodies we're naturally
00:16:31 --> 00:16:33 explorers and we haven't been to the
00:16:33 --> 00:16:35 Moon in over 50 years and I'm excited
00:16:35 --> 00:16:38 about seeing us return and seeing a new
00:16:38 --> 00:16:40 generation be able to participate and
00:16:40 --> 00:16:42 learn more about the moon and being
00:16:42 --> 00:16:45 there for a longer period of time lster
00:16:45 --> 00:16:47 is one of 10 payloads on the upcoming
00:16:47 --> 00:16:51 Blu ghost mission one Lander liser is an
00:16:51 --> 00:16:53 acronym standing for lunar
00:16:53 --> 00:16:57 instrumentation for subsurface thermal
00:16:57 --> 00:16:59 Exploration with rapidity it is
00:16:59 --> 00:17:02 basically a Pneumatic drill with a
00:17:02 --> 00:17:04 needle sensor on the end to make
00:17:04 --> 00:17:07 temperature measurements so liser is
00:17:07 --> 00:17:09 hoping to use the pneumatic drill
00:17:09 --> 00:17:12 capability to drill down in half meter
00:17:12 --> 00:17:14 increments to make temperature and
00:17:14 --> 00:17:17 thermal conductivity measurements of the
00:17:17 --> 00:17:19 subsurface of the Moon with the goal of
00:17:19 --> 00:17:22 emis or one of the goals being to
00:17:22 --> 00:17:24 establish a longer term presence on the
00:17:24 --> 00:17:27 moon instruments such as liser help us
00:17:27 --> 00:17:29 to learn more about the surface to the
00:17:29 --> 00:17:31 moon and how we can be there for a
00:17:31 --> 00:17:33 longer period of time and take advantage
00:17:33 --> 00:17:36 of resources available to us Texas Tech
00:17:36 --> 00:17:38 is is where the principal investigator
00:17:38 --> 00:17:42 for ler is located and the payload was
00:17:42 --> 00:17:43 designed and built by honeybee robotics
00:17:43 --> 00:17:46 in aladen California that's list Mission
00:17:46 --> 00:17:48 manager Mike Selby from Nas's Marshall
00:17:48 --> 00:17:51 space flight center meanwhile the Luna
00:17:51 --> 00:17:54 environment heliospheric x-ray imager or
00:17:54 --> 00:17:56 Lexi instrument will try to understand
00:17:56 --> 00:17:58 how the Earth responds to space weather
00:17:58 --> 00:18:00 the GM magnetic conditions in space
00:18:00 --> 00:18:03 driven by the sun once the dust clears
00:18:03 --> 00:18:05 from the lunar Landing site Lexi will
00:18:05 --> 00:18:07 power on warm up and direct its focus
00:18:07 --> 00:18:10 back towards the Earth for 6 days then
00:18:11 --> 00:18:12 it'll collect images of the x-rays
00:18:12 --> 00:18:14 emanating from the edges of Earth's
00:18:14 --> 00:18:16 magnetosphere and it will study how this
00:18:16 --> 00:18:18 protective shield responds to space
00:18:18 --> 00:18:20 weather the constant stream of charged
00:18:20 --> 00:18:22 particles flowing out from the Sun as
00:18:22 --> 00:18:23 well as other Cosmic particles coming
00:18:23 --> 00:18:26 from deep space Lexi will also look at
00:18:26 --> 00:18:28 the kinds of extreme solar events needed
00:18:28 --> 00:18:30 to pen the magnetosphere allowing
00:18:30 --> 00:18:32 streams of charge particles in thereby
00:18:32 --> 00:18:34 creating both auroral activity and also
00:18:34 --> 00:18:36 potentially damaging infrastructure
00:18:36 --> 00:18:39 through geomagnetic storms Lexi will see
00:18:39 --> 00:18:41 the low energy x-rays that form when the
00:18:41 --> 00:18:43 solar wind particles slam into the
00:18:43 --> 00:18:45 Earth's magnetic field this happens at
00:18:45 --> 00:18:47 the edge of the magnetosphere called the
00:18:47 --> 00:18:49 Magneto pores scientists have recently
00:18:49 --> 00:18:51 began to detect these x-rays in a
00:18:51 --> 00:18:53 patchwork of observations from other
00:18:53 --> 00:18:56 satellites but from its vantage point on
00:18:56 --> 00:18:57 the lunar surface Lexi will see the
00:18:57 --> 00:19:00 entire magnetic pors in its field of
00:19:00 --> 00:19:02 view Lexi Co investigator hunji Conor
00:19:02 --> 00:19:04 from NASA's gotad space flight center in
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 green Bel Maryland says she expects to
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 see the magnetosphere sort of breathing
00:19:08 --> 00:19:10 in and out for the first time as it
00:19:10 --> 00:19:11 wobbles under the pressure of the solar
00:19:11 --> 00:19:14 wind pushing up against it Lexi will
00:19:14 --> 00:19:15 also be poised to capture magnetic
00:19:16 --> 00:19:17 reconnection that's when the
00:19:17 --> 00:19:19 magnetosphere field lines merge with
00:19:19 --> 00:19:20 those of the solar wind and release
00:19:20 --> 00:19:22 energetic particles which will then rain
00:19:22 --> 00:19:25 down over the Earth's poles and this
00:19:25 --> 00:19:27 could help researchers answer lingering
00:19:27 --> 00:19:28 questions about these events including
00:19:28 --> 00:19:30 cluding whether they happen at multile
00:19:30 --> 00:19:32 sites simultaneously whether they occur
00:19:32 --> 00:19:35 steadily or in bursts Connor says these
00:19:35 --> 00:19:36 solar particles streaming into the Earth
00:19:36 --> 00:19:38 atmosphere cause brilliant auroral
00:19:38 --> 00:19:40 activity but they can also damage
00:19:40 --> 00:19:42 satellites orbiting the planet and
00:19:42 --> 00:19:43 interfere with power grids
00:19:43 --> 00:19:45 Communications and navigation systems on
00:19:45 --> 00:19:48 the ground from the narrow field of view
00:19:48 --> 00:19:51 astrophysics observation we've learned
00:19:51 --> 00:19:54 that our magnetosphere emit x-rays which
00:19:54 --> 00:19:56 resulted in this Lexi Mission and I'm
00:19:56 --> 00:19:58 excited that Lexi will give us image
00:19:58 --> 00:20:01 from the Luna surface that fantastic
00:20:01 --> 00:20:04 location Lexi is a wide field of view
00:20:05 --> 00:20:07 soft x-ray telescope that will be
00:20:07 --> 00:20:10 deployed to the Luna surface Lexi is
00:20:11 --> 00:20:13 designed to study magnetic reconnection
00:20:13 --> 00:20:16 the process that allow solar wind energy
00:20:16 --> 00:20:18 to enter the Earth syic
00:20:18 --> 00:20:21 neosphere changes in solar wind
00:20:21 --> 00:20:23 condition can trigger different types of
00:20:23 --> 00:20:26 magnetic reconnection modifying the
00:20:26 --> 00:20:29 shape and position of the Earth is
00:20:29 --> 00:20:32 magnetosphere these solar wind particles
00:20:32 --> 00:20:34 can be energized and creating space
00:20:34 --> 00:20:38 Hazard for emis astronauts and Lexi will
00:20:38 --> 00:20:40 be the first wide field of view
00:20:40 --> 00:20:43 telescope and observing This Global
00:20:43 --> 00:20:46 interaction between solar wind and
00:20:46 --> 00:20:47 Earth's
00:20:47 --> 00:20:50 magnetosphere unlike the gigantic x-ray
00:20:50 --> 00:20:53 telescope sent by astrophysicist Lexi is
00:20:53 --> 00:20:57 a small telescope to get the global view
00:20:57 --> 00:21:00 of the Magneto SP it's better to be far
00:21:00 --> 00:21:02 distant from the earth the moon provide
00:21:02 --> 00:21:05 a perfect place to take the global
00:21:05 --> 00:21:08 picture so understanding the solar wind
00:21:08 --> 00:21:10 and Earth's magnitud spear interaction
00:21:11 --> 00:21:13 is crucial for space
00:21:13 --> 00:21:16 exploration Lexi's image will advance
00:21:16 --> 00:21:19 this understanding of global interaction
00:21:19 --> 00:21:22 between the solar wind and Magneto spere
00:21:22 --> 00:21:24 that's Lexi coinvestigator H from nases
00:21:24 --> 00:21:27 GED space flight center in greenel
00:21:27 --> 00:21:30 Maryland unboard computers are critical
00:21:30 --> 00:21:33 for space exploration they aid nearly
00:21:33 --> 00:21:35 all aspects of spacecraft function from
00:21:35 --> 00:21:37 propulsion and navigation systems
00:21:37 --> 00:21:39 through the life support technology
00:21:39 --> 00:21:41 science data retrieval and Analysis
00:21:41 --> 00:21:44 Communications and re-entry problem is
00:21:44 --> 00:21:46 computers in space are all susceptible
00:21:46 --> 00:21:49 to ionizing solar and Cosmic radiation
00:21:49 --> 00:21:51 and just one high energy particle can
00:21:51 --> 00:21:54 trigger a so-called single event effect
00:21:54 --> 00:21:56 that causes data errors and can lead to
00:21:56 --> 00:21:59 cascading malfunctions system crash and
00:21:59 --> 00:22:01 even permanent damage the radiation
00:22:01 --> 00:22:04 tolerant computer or rad PC technology
00:22:04 --> 00:22:06 demonstration aboard Blu ghost aims to
00:22:06 --> 00:22:08 demonstrate computer recovery from
00:22:08 --> 00:22:11 faults caused by single event effects
00:22:11 --> 00:22:12 see the computer's designed to gauge its
00:22:13 --> 00:22:14 own real-time state of health by
00:22:14 --> 00:22:16 employing redundant processes using
00:22:16 --> 00:22:18 off-the-shelf integrated circuits known
00:22:18 --> 00:22:21 as filled programmable gate arrays these
00:22:21 --> 00:22:23 T like logic blocks are capable of being
00:22:23 --> 00:22:25 easily replaced following a confirmed
00:22:25 --> 00:22:28 ionizing particle strike now in the
00:22:28 --> 00:22:30 event of a radiation strike red PC's
00:22:30 --> 00:22:32 recovery procedures can identify the
00:22:32 --> 00:22:33 location of the fault and repair the
00:22:33 --> 00:22:36 issue in the background it also carries
00:22:36 --> 00:22:38 three doomers in order to measure
00:22:38 --> 00:22:40 varying levels of radiation in the lunar
00:22:40 --> 00:22:41 environment with each tuned to a
00:22:41 --> 00:22:44 different sensitivity level the lunar
00:22:44 --> 00:22:46 payload manager Dennis Harris from Nas's
00:22:46 --> 00:22:47 Marshal space flight center says they'll
00:22:48 --> 00:22:49 also measure the interaction between the
00:22:49 --> 00:22:51 Earth's magnetosphere and the solar wind
00:22:51 --> 00:22:53 during its Journey To The Moon and
00:22:53 --> 00:22:55 provide detailed radiation information
00:22:55 --> 00:22:57 about the Blu ghost Landing site I'm
00:22:57 --> 00:23:00 excited to maybe have a chance to build
00:23:00 --> 00:23:02 a bunch of lowcost computers that will
00:23:02 --> 00:23:04 work in any situation in the solar
00:23:04 --> 00:23:06 system and two it's very exciting to
00:23:07 --> 00:23:09 really have a empirical understanding
00:23:09 --> 00:23:11 the radiation environment on the surface
00:23:11 --> 00:23:13 rad PC is designed to be a lowcost
00:23:13 --> 00:23:15 option to radiation Harden devices that
00:23:15 --> 00:23:17 are currently um in
00:23:17 --> 00:23:20 operation basically it's a
00:23:20 --> 00:23:23 self-correcting PC that will allow
00:23:23 --> 00:23:25 lowcost almost commercial off the-shelf
00:23:25 --> 00:23:28 parts to be used in future missions the
00:23:28 --> 00:23:30 from rad PC is going to be TW fold one
00:23:30 --> 00:23:32 it's going to be how to self-correct
00:23:32 --> 00:23:35 lowcost Computing uh on space missions
00:23:35 --> 00:23:36 and two it's going to give us a real
00:23:37 --> 00:23:39 feel for the radiation environment not
00:23:39 --> 00:23:40 only on the surface of the Moon but
00:23:40 --> 00:23:42 through the Van Allen belts and through
00:23:42 --> 00:23:44 the entirety of the mission well it fits
00:23:44 --> 00:23:46 in two ways one it could allow us to
00:23:46 --> 00:23:50 have functional lowcost computing power
00:23:50 --> 00:23:53 not only on missions but on the surface
00:23:53 --> 00:23:55 uh the other way is that uh we're going
00:23:55 --> 00:23:56 to measure two different bands of
00:23:56 --> 00:23:59 radiation a lower level and a higher
00:23:59 --> 00:24:00 that will give us a much better feel for
00:24:00 --> 00:24:02 the radiation environment that the emis
00:24:02 --> 00:24:05 astronauts will be subjected to on their
00:24:05 --> 00:24:07 um Mission back in the late 1960s and
00:24:07 --> 00:24:10 early' 70s Apollo Astronauts set up a
00:24:10 --> 00:24:11 series of mirror arrays or retr
00:24:12 --> 00:24:13 reflectors on the lunar surface to
00:24:13 --> 00:24:15 accurately reflect laser light beamed at
00:24:15 --> 00:24:18 the Moon from Earth now calculating the
00:24:18 --> 00:24:20 time required for the beams to bounce
00:24:20 --> 00:24:22 back allowed scientists to precisely
00:24:22 --> 00:24:23 measure the moon's shape and its
00:24:24 --> 00:24:25 distance from the earth both of which
00:24:25 --> 00:24:27 are directly affected by the Earth's
00:24:27 --> 00:24:29 gravitational Pole now more than 50
00:24:29 --> 00:24:31 years later as NASA prepares to return
00:24:31 --> 00:24:33 to the Luna surface this time to stay
00:24:33 --> 00:24:36 with the emus program a new generation
00:24:36 --> 00:24:37 of retr reflectors will be sent to the
00:24:37 --> 00:24:40 Moon to continue the research the Next
00:24:40 --> 00:24:44 Generation lunar retr reflectors or ngrs
00:24:44 --> 00:24:46 will expand science's knowledge about
00:24:46 --> 00:24:48 the Earth's nearest Celestial neighbor
00:24:48 --> 00:24:50 its geological processes properties of
00:24:50 --> 00:24:52 the lunar crust the structure of the
00:24:52 --> 00:24:54 lunar interior and how the Earth Moon
00:24:54 --> 00:24:56 system is changing over time this
00:24:56 --> 00:24:57 technology will also allow High
00:24:57 --> 00:24:59 precision gravity testing using
00:24:59 --> 00:25:02 Einstein's theory of general relativity
00:25:02 --> 00:25:03 and the first of the new retro
00:25:04 --> 00:25:06 reflectors will be deployed on Blue
00:25:06 --> 00:25:08 Ghost a second new generation retr
00:25:08 --> 00:25:10 reflector will be carried aboard the
00:25:10 --> 00:25:12 emus 3 mission which is stated to launch
00:25:12 --> 00:25:15 in late 2027 bringing hum to the lunar
00:25:15 --> 00:25:16 surface for the first time in more than
00:25:16 --> 00:25:19 50 Years it'll be set up near the lunar
00:25:19 --> 00:25:22 South Pole and a third New Generation
00:25:22 --> 00:25:24 retro reflector is expected to be
00:25:24 --> 00:25:26 manifested on a future mission to a
00:25:26 --> 00:25:28 non-polar location on the moon Dennis
00:25:29 --> 00:25:31 Harris says that once all three retro
00:25:31 --> 00:25:32 reflectors are operating they're
00:25:32 --> 00:25:34 expected to deliver unprecedented
00:25:34 --> 00:25:35 opportunities to learn more about the
00:25:35 --> 00:25:38 moon and its relationship with the Earth
00:25:38 --> 00:25:40 ngr is a follow on to the Apollo retro
00:25:40 --> 00:25:42 reflectors that have been on the moon
00:25:42 --> 00:25:44 since the 70s it's more precise it's a
00:25:44 --> 00:25:47 little bit larger and it's designed to
00:25:47 --> 00:25:49 help us understand the movement of the
00:25:49 --> 00:25:52 moon inel is designed to return a laer
00:25:52 --> 00:25:54 pulse it starts at the Earth travels to
00:25:54 --> 00:25:55 the Retro reflector and then returns to
00:25:55 --> 00:25:57 the Earth large amount of science comes
00:25:57 --> 00:25:59 out of simple instrument like a retr
00:25:59 --> 00:26:01 reflector so the two things immediately
00:26:01 --> 00:26:04 is we can measure the precise distance
00:26:04 --> 00:26:06 but also it gives us information about
00:26:06 --> 00:26:07 the liquid core of the Moon and how it
00:26:07 --> 00:26:09 moves which will help the astronauts who
00:26:09 --> 00:26:11 will spend time there to understand
00:26:11 --> 00:26:13 their environment I'm excited because
00:26:13 --> 00:26:14 this is a follow on to the Apollo retr
00:26:14 --> 00:26:17 reflectors allowing us to have maybe
00:26:17 --> 00:26:19 even a h hundredfold better idea of the
00:26:19 --> 00:26:20 precise distances to make our
00:26:20 --> 00:26:22 measurements more accurate and our
00:26:22 --> 00:26:24 predictions about general relativity and
00:26:24 --> 00:26:26 the interior of the Moon more precise
00:26:26 --> 00:26:28 NASA Works in collaboration with the
00:26:28 --> 00:26:31 University of Maryland on the ngr
00:26:31 --> 00:26:34 program NASA Marshall's role are is to
00:26:34 --> 00:26:36 facilitate the build the test the
00:26:36 --> 00:26:38 development the design and delivery of
00:26:38 --> 00:26:39 the instrument to the lower surface one
00:26:39 --> 00:26:41 of the more Innovative technology
00:26:41 --> 00:26:43 demonstrators being carried aboard Blu
00:26:43 --> 00:26:46 ghost is the Luna Planet vac or lpv it's
00:26:46 --> 00:26:48 a Pneumatic compressed gas powered
00:26:48 --> 00:26:50 sample acquisition and delivery system
00:26:50 --> 00:26:52 in simple terms it's really just a space
00:26:52 --> 00:26:55 vacuum cleaner that brings its own gas
00:26:55 --> 00:26:57 it's designed to collect and transfer
00:26:57 --> 00:26:58 lunar saw from the surface surface to
00:26:58 --> 00:27:00 other science instruments or to a sample
00:27:00 --> 00:27:03 return container the opv sampling head
00:27:03 --> 00:27:05 will use pressurized gas to stir up the
00:27:05 --> 00:27:07 lunar regl or soil creating a small
00:27:07 --> 00:27:09 Cloud which will then be sucked up into
00:27:09 --> 00:27:11 a transfer tube by secondary pneumatic
00:27:11 --> 00:27:14 Jets and deposited in a sample container
00:27:14 --> 00:27:16 collected reg including particles up to
00:27:16 --> 00:27:18 a centimeter or so in size can then be
00:27:18 --> 00:27:21 shved imaged and tested Harris says
00:27:21 --> 00:27:23 there's no digging no mechanical arms to
00:27:23 --> 00:27:25 wear out requiring servicing or
00:27:25 --> 00:27:27 replacement and it functions just like a
00:27:27 --> 00:27:28 regular vacuum cleaner
00:27:28 --> 00:27:30 the technology could also be used to
00:27:30 --> 00:27:31 search for water helium and other
00:27:31 --> 00:27:34 resources including init materials for
00:27:34 --> 00:27:36 fabricating lunar habitats and lunar
00:27:36 --> 00:27:38 launch pads one day we're going to live
00:27:38 --> 00:27:40 and work on on the mo and we need to
00:27:40 --> 00:27:42 know is there is there any water are
00:27:42 --> 00:27:44 there any any volatiles any kind of
00:27:44 --> 00:27:45 chemicals that we can use for
00:27:45 --> 00:27:48 manufacturing say we want to build a
00:27:48 --> 00:27:50 landing pad how can we use the lar soil
00:27:50 --> 00:27:53 to do that lar plavac is designed to
00:27:53 --> 00:27:56 gather soil samples and either canister
00:27:56 --> 00:27:58 them up for a trip back to the Earth or
00:27:58 --> 00:28:01 to distribute them to any on board
00:28:01 --> 00:28:02 instruments that might want to do in
00:28:02 --> 00:28:04 situ and that is in place measurements
00:28:05 --> 00:28:07 to um look at the chemical composition
00:28:07 --> 00:28:10 of the soil space is limited on a rocket
00:28:10 --> 00:28:12 and so is the mass and so anything we
00:28:12 --> 00:28:13 can find on the surface that we can use
00:28:13 --> 00:28:17 to manufacture or build um housing or
00:28:17 --> 00:28:19 launchpads as a benefit to the Space
00:28:19 --> 00:28:21 Program in the long term uh the lar
00:28:21 --> 00:28:23 Planet vac instrument will help us
00:28:23 --> 00:28:24 understand the uh environment on the
00:28:24 --> 00:28:26 moon and environments on other planets
00:28:26 --> 00:28:27 that we're going to travel to uh the
00:28:27 --> 00:28:29 same company who's building lunar Planet
00:28:29 --> 00:28:31 Act is also have very similar instrument
00:28:31 --> 00:28:34 flying to Phobos on a different Mission
00:28:34 --> 00:28:35 so we're going to look at these
00:28:35 --> 00:28:37 different environments that we have to
00:28:37 --> 00:28:39 live in long term and understand them
00:28:39 --> 00:28:41 better ler plan of back is a
00:28:41 --> 00:28:43 collaboration with honeybee robotics a
00:28:43 --> 00:28:46 company based out of Alo Alto California
00:28:46 --> 00:28:48 NASA Marshall's role is to facilitate
00:28:48 --> 00:28:50 the funding the design the build the
00:28:50 --> 00:28:54 test and delivery of the lpv to the um
00:28:54 --> 00:28:56 spacecraft for delivery to the lader
00:28:56 --> 00:28:58 surface once again that's Dennis
00:28:58 --> 00:29:00 haris now we've been speaking a lot
00:29:00 --> 00:29:02 about blue Ghost but of course there's
00:29:02 --> 00:29:04 another spacecraft on its way as well
00:29:04 --> 00:29:06 from the same launch that's the Japanese
00:29:06 --> 00:29:07 resilience Mission which will take a
00:29:07 --> 00:29:09 more Lely four to 5 months to reach its
00:29:10 --> 00:29:12 lunar destination at the mar furus on
00:29:12 --> 00:29:15 the moon's far north resilience's
00:29:15 --> 00:29:17 payload includes a forward robotic micro
00:29:17 --> 00:29:19 Rover equipped with highdefinition
00:29:19 --> 00:29:21 cameras to explore the lunar surface and
00:29:22 --> 00:29:24 it'll attempt to scoop up lunar regular
00:29:24 --> 00:29:27 for study this is spacetime still to
00:29:27 --> 00:29:29 come you president Donald Trump vows to
00:29:30 --> 00:29:31 plant Old Glory on the red planet
00:29:31 --> 00:29:34 surface and later in the science report
00:29:34 --> 00:29:36 discovery of what may be the world's
00:29:36 --> 00:29:38 oldest three-dimensional map all that
00:29:38 --> 00:29:41 and more still to come on
00:29:41 --> 00:29:48 [Music]
00:29:54 --> 00:29:56 SpaceTime America's newly elected
00:29:56 --> 00:29:59 president Donald J Trump has vowed to
00:29:59 --> 00:30:01 plant the stars and stripes on the red
00:30:01 --> 00:30:03 planet Mars the historic commitment was
00:30:03 --> 00:30:05 made during his inauguration speech at
00:30:05 --> 00:30:08 the US capital building in Washington DC
00:30:08 --> 00:30:10 the United States will once again
00:30:10 --> 00:30:12 consider itself a growing Nation one
00:30:12 --> 00:30:15 that increases our wealth expands our
00:30:15 --> 00:30:17 territory builds our cities raises our
00:30:18 --> 00:30:20 expectations and Carries our flag into
00:30:20 --> 00:30:23 new and beautiful Horizons and we will
00:30:23 --> 00:30:25 pursue our Manifest Destiny into the
00:30:25 --> 00:30:27 Stars launching American astronauts to
00:30:27 --> 00:30:32 PL the stars and stripes on the planet
00:30:32 --> 00:30:35 [Applause]
00:30:35 --> 00:30:38 Mars comments by pus 47 were
00:30:38 --> 00:30:40 enthusiastically endorsed by his close
00:30:40 --> 00:30:43 Ally SpaceX boss Elon Musk who en
00:30:43 --> 00:30:45 visiones colonizing Mars using his
00:30:45 --> 00:30:47 interplanetary Colonial transport
00:30:47 --> 00:30:50 spacecraft the Starship mus created a
00:30:50 --> 00:30:52 clip of himself raising two thumbs
00:30:52 --> 00:30:54 grinning and clapping wildly as the
00:30:54 --> 00:30:56 president made his remarks he hopes to
00:30:56 --> 00:30:58 send spacex's first submission to Mars
00:30:58 --> 00:31:01 on an unmanned flight next year earlier
00:31:01 --> 00:31:03 this month musk tweeted on X that we
00:31:03 --> 00:31:05 were going straight to Mars and that the
00:31:05 --> 00:31:08 Moon is a distraction during his first
00:31:08 --> 00:31:10 term as pertis 45 president Trump
00:31:10 --> 00:31:12 launched the emis program which will
00:31:12 --> 00:31:14 return humans to the Moon as a stepping
00:31:14 --> 00:31:17 stone in order to reach Mars and Beyond
00:31:17 --> 00:31:20 however China has also set its sights on
00:31:20 --> 00:31:22 both the moon and Mars beijing's
00:31:22 --> 00:31:24 planning a sample return mission to the
00:31:24 --> 00:31:26 red planet for 2028 and together with
00:31:26 --> 00:31:28 Russia China's also working towards
00:31:28 --> 00:31:30 establishing a man base on the moon in
00:31:30 --> 00:31:31 the early
00:31:31 --> 00:31:33 2030s meanwhile the American space
00:31:33 --> 00:31:35 agency NASA and the European Space
00:31:35 --> 00:31:37 Agency are planning their own joint
00:31:37 --> 00:31:39 sample return Mission to Mars that was
00:31:39 --> 00:31:41 originally slated for 2028 but it's
00:31:41 --> 00:31:43 currently been put on hold due to cost
00:31:43 --> 00:31:45 overruns which are forcing a total
00:31:45 --> 00:31:48 replan and there's also no firm date yet
00:31:48 --> 00:31:50 for a man American mission to the red
00:31:50 --> 00:31:53 planet the admus 2 mission which will
00:31:53 --> 00:31:55 send astronauts in orbit around the Moon
00:31:55 --> 00:31:57 which was to take place last year is now
00:31:57 --> 00:31:59 expected to Launch in April next year
00:31:59 --> 00:32:01 and as for the man emus 3 mission to
00:32:02 --> 00:32:04 return humans to the lunar surface that
00:32:04 --> 00:32:06 was also originally stated for 2024 but
00:32:06 --> 00:32:08 now is not expected to launch before
00:32:08 --> 00:32:12 September 2027 at the earliest needless
00:32:12 --> 00:32:14 to say we'll keep you
00:32:14 --> 00:32:26 informed this is spacetime
00:32:26 --> 00:32:33 [Music]
00:32:33 --> 00:32:34 and time now to take another brief look
00:32:34 --> 00:32:36 at some of the other stories making news
00:32:36 --> 00:32:38 and science this week with a science
00:32:38 --> 00:32:41 report a new study has isolated some of
00:32:41 --> 00:32:43 the risks associated with glucogen like
00:32:43 --> 00:32:45 peptide 1 receptor agonists such as
00:32:45 --> 00:32:49 stide AIC and wovi these drugs were
00:32:49 --> 00:32:50 originally prescribed for people with
00:32:50 --> 00:32:52 diabetes but they've become more famous
00:32:52 --> 00:32:55 for their weight loss effects previous
00:32:55 --> 00:32:56 research has already shown that these
00:32:56 --> 00:32:58 medicines are associated deed with a
00:32:58 --> 00:33:00 lower risk of 42 different Health
00:33:00 --> 00:33:02 outcomes including stroke and heart
00:33:02 --> 00:33:04 issues but a new study reported in the
00:33:04 --> 00:33:06 journal Nature medicine looking at the
00:33:06 --> 00:33:09 effects of the drug on 216 people
00:33:09 --> 00:33:11 has also found an association with the
00:33:11 --> 00:33:12 increased risk of gut issues including
00:33:13 --> 00:33:15 nausea vomiting and stomach pain as well
00:33:15 --> 00:33:17 as low blood pressure fainting and
00:33:17 --> 00:33:20 arthritis this kind of study cannot
00:33:20 --> 00:33:21 prove that these medications can
00:33:21 --> 00:33:24 directly cause the outcomes but instead
00:33:24 --> 00:33:25 the researchers suggest that people
00:33:26 --> 00:33:27 considering them should look into all
00:33:27 --> 00:33:30 the out comes before deciding on their
00:33:30 --> 00:33:33 use a key ingredient for fertilizer
00:33:33 --> 00:33:35 could one day be produced with zero
00:33:35 --> 00:33:37 carbon dioxide emissions a report in the
00:33:37 --> 00:33:39 journal juel claims the key would
00:33:39 --> 00:33:41 involve harnessing the natural power of
00:33:41 --> 00:33:44 the earth ammonia is the main component
00:33:44 --> 00:33:46 in many fertilizers and there's hope
00:33:46 --> 00:33:48 that it could one day be used as a clean
00:33:48 --> 00:33:51 fuel but currently producing it's very
00:33:51 --> 00:33:53 costly to the environment however
00:33:53 --> 00:33:55 researchers believe that the natural
00:33:55 --> 00:33:56 high temperature and pressure below the
00:33:56 --> 00:33:58 Earth's surface could theoretically do
00:33:58 --> 00:34:00 the same job as today's industrial
00:34:00 --> 00:34:03 processes so they built a rock water
00:34:03 --> 00:34:05 reaction system mimicking this below
00:34:05 --> 00:34:07 surface environment and they say that
00:34:07 --> 00:34:09 when nitrogen laced water came into
00:34:09 --> 00:34:10 contact with the Rocks It produced
00:34:10 --> 00:34:13 ammonia the authors say that using this
00:34:13 --> 00:34:14 strategy in the real world would be
00:34:14 --> 00:34:16 logistically complicated and require
00:34:16 --> 00:34:18 much more research but if it worked it
00:34:18 --> 00:34:19 could be used around the world for a
00:34:19 --> 00:34:22 higher profit with no energy input and
00:34:22 --> 00:34:24 no CO2
00:34:24 --> 00:34:26 emissions scientists have discovered
00:34:26 --> 00:34:28 what may be the world's oldest
00:34:28 --> 00:34:31 three-dimensional map the find reported
00:34:31 --> 00:34:33 in the Oxford Journal of archaeology was
00:34:33 --> 00:34:35 uncovered in a quot cic Sandstone Mega
00:34:35 --> 00:34:38 class in the Paris Basin the sgog null 3
00:34:38 --> 00:34:40 Rock shelter has been known since the
00:34:40 --> 00:34:43 1980s for its artistic Engravings of two
00:34:43 --> 00:34:45 horses in a late perioli Style on either
00:34:45 --> 00:34:48 side of a female pubic figuration and
00:34:48 --> 00:34:50 it's now being revealed to also contain
00:34:50 --> 00:34:52 a miniature representation of the
00:34:52 --> 00:34:55 surrounding landscape the new research
00:34:55 --> 00:34:56 suggests that part of the floor of the
00:34:56 --> 00:34:59 sandstone shelter was shaped and adapted
00:34:59 --> 00:35:01 by Paleolithic people around 13
00:35:01 --> 00:35:03 years ago and modeled to reflect the
00:35:03 --> 00:35:04 Region's natural water flows and
00:35:04 --> 00:35:07 geomorphological features before this
00:35:07 --> 00:35:09 discovery the oldest known
00:35:09 --> 00:35:11 three-dimensional map was understood to
00:35:11 --> 00:35:13 be a large portable Rock slab engraved
00:35:13 --> 00:35:15 by the people of the Bronze Age around
00:35:15 --> 00:35:17 3 years ago which depicted a local
00:35:17 --> 00:35:19 River Network in Earth Mounds reflecting
00:35:19 --> 00:35:23 a more modern map concept used for
00:35:23 --> 00:35:25 navigation a Canadian politician in
00:35:25 --> 00:35:28 British Columbia has been using the tile
00:35:28 --> 00:35:30 doctor after she graduated from a male
00:35:30 --> 00:35:33 in online college calling itself Quantum
00:35:33 --> 00:35:35 University it's the sort of school that
00:35:35 --> 00:35:37 exists in a shreder like state of being
00:35:37 --> 00:35:40 both real and not real at the same time
00:35:40 --> 00:35:42 the big difference being this time when
00:35:42 --> 00:35:43 you look into the box the doctorate she
00:35:43 --> 00:35:45 was awarded is virtually worthless in
00:35:45 --> 00:35:47 the real world although it did cost her
00:35:47 --> 00:35:50 money to obtain it Tim menum from strand
00:35:50 --> 00:35:52 skeptic says Quantum University isn't a
00:35:52 --> 00:35:54 real University but part of a parallel
00:35:54 --> 00:35:56 system of pretend medicine allegedly
00:35:56 --> 00:35:59 influenced by Quant physics and new age
00:35:59 --> 00:36:01 beliefs and he warns that flaunting
00:36:01 --> 00:36:03 doctorates which aren't real can have
00:36:03 --> 00:36:06 concerning repercussions I immediately
00:36:06 --> 00:36:08 have alarm bells ringing whenever I hear
00:36:08 --> 00:36:09 Quantum in a story I have more alarm
00:36:09 --> 00:36:11 bells ringing when I go out there and
00:36:11 --> 00:36:13 talk to proponents of alternative
00:36:13 --> 00:36:15 medicine and things like that who almost
00:36:15 --> 00:36:17 inevitably you can hear them or they'll
00:36:17 --> 00:36:18 quote Quantum somewhere in their
00:36:18 --> 00:36:20 explanation for their particular
00:36:20 --> 00:36:22 modality it's a catch word for
00:36:22 --> 00:36:24 strangeness and you know we don't know
00:36:24 --> 00:36:26 how it works but it works at a
00:36:26 --> 00:36:28 mysterious level and you ask them what
00:36:28 --> 00:36:29 they mean by Quantum and how it actually
00:36:29 --> 00:36:31 works and they generally do not know
00:36:31 --> 00:36:33 they know nothing about sort of quantum
00:36:33 --> 00:36:34 science and how it works and how it
00:36:34 --> 00:36:36 works especially at the subatomic level
00:36:36 --> 00:36:38 and not necessarily at dealing with
00:36:38 --> 00:36:39 someone's headache but anyway there's a
00:36:39 --> 00:36:41 university called Quantum University
00:36:41 --> 00:36:44 Bingo red flag bells ringing and a
00:36:44 --> 00:36:46 politician in Canada was claiming a
00:36:46 --> 00:36:49 doctorate or a doctor title because she
00:36:49 --> 00:36:51 graduated from is quantum University
00:36:51 --> 00:36:53 that's a online university it's a online
00:36:54 --> 00:36:55 doctorate you list you watch some videos
00:36:55 --> 00:36:57 you do a bit of this that and the other
00:36:57 --> 00:37:00 and it's totally unregistered it's
00:37:00 --> 00:37:02 unqualified it has no bearing at all on
00:37:02 --> 00:37:04 anything so someone comes to you and
00:37:04 --> 00:37:05 claims a doctor of something you have to
00:37:06 --> 00:37:07 be very careful you ask them where they
00:37:07 --> 00:37:08 got the doctorate from you also have to
00:37:08 --> 00:37:10 ask them what their doctorate is in
00:37:10 --> 00:37:11 because it's not necessarily medicine
00:37:11 --> 00:37:14 you can be a doctor of uh vure or doctor
00:37:14 --> 00:37:15 of all sorts of different things yeah
00:37:15 --> 00:37:16 you have to check that I was asked to do
00:37:17 --> 00:37:18 a doctorate in astrophysics and
00:37:18 --> 00:37:19 astronomy could have been interesting
00:37:19 --> 00:37:21 could have done that I probably couldn't
00:37:21 --> 00:37:23 get enough big words to make it a PhD
00:37:23 --> 00:37:25 but yeah the term doctor is really
00:37:25 --> 00:37:27 misused it's open to a lot of different
00:37:27 --> 00:37:30 people the medical doctor with a GP
00:37:31 --> 00:37:33 qualification Etc or specialist would
00:37:33 --> 00:37:35 like that doctor to be limited to that
00:37:35 --> 00:37:37 profession say you know what you're
00:37:37 --> 00:37:39 talking about yeah and the rest of phds
00:37:39 --> 00:37:41 yeah yeah well there's a medical doctor
00:37:41 --> 00:37:42 and there's a PhD which aren't the same
00:37:42 --> 00:37:44 thing and dentist use doctor and now
00:37:44 --> 00:37:46 you're getting chiropractors using
00:37:46 --> 00:37:48 doctor and you'll find a naturopath will
00:37:48 --> 00:37:50 use a doctor and all sorts of things
00:37:50 --> 00:37:52 like that so the term is being polluted
00:37:52 --> 00:37:55 in a way Dr Dre well yes a situation
00:37:55 --> 00:37:57 where the term doctor no longer has the
00:37:57 --> 00:37:58 same meaning either because you get
00:37:58 --> 00:38:00 these shuny institutions that will grant
00:38:00 --> 00:38:02 you a doctorate or you're getting
00:38:02 --> 00:38:04 someone who is not a medically trained
00:38:04 --> 00:38:06 person calling them but we work in the
00:38:06 --> 00:38:08 quote medical unquote area who regards
00:38:08 --> 00:38:10 themselves as a treater of people and
00:38:10 --> 00:38:12 therefore that means doctor the doctor
00:38:12 --> 00:38:14 term has problems with it and Quantum
00:38:14 --> 00:38:16 the use of quantum has major problems
00:38:16 --> 00:38:18 with it by being used as a blunt Weapon
00:38:18 --> 00:38:20 by those people who don't know what it
00:38:20 --> 00:38:22 is that's trendum from Australian
00:38:22 --> 00:38:24 Skeptics
00:38:24 --> 00:38:38 [Music]
00:38:38 --> 00:38:41 and that's the show for now SpaceTime is
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00:39:34 --> 00:39:37 Gary this has been another quality
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