SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 151
* A New Perspective on the Moon's Aitken Basin
Recent observations of the Moon's south pole reveal that the Aitken Basin crater is more circular than previously believed. This significant discovery challenges existing theories about its formation and has implications for future lunar missions, including NASA's Artemis program. The study, published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters, suggests a more direct impact created the crater, offering potential access to deep lunar material for study.
*Gravitational Wave Maps Unveil Hidden Cosmic Structures
Astronomers have developed the most detailed gravitational wave maps yet, revealing hidden black holes and cosmic structures. Using pulsar timing arrays, researchers have detected a background of gravitational waves across the universe. This groundbreaking research, reported in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, opens new avenues for understanding galactic evolution and the universe's history.
*NASA's First Aircraft Accident Investigation on another planet
NASA has conducted its first aircraft accident investigation on another planet following the crash of the Mars Ingenuity helicopter. The investigation revealed that the helicopter's navigation system struggled with the featureless Martian terrain, leading to a hard landing. Despite the crash, Ingenuity continues to provide valuable data for future Mars missions.
00:00 This is space Time Series 27, Episode 151 for broadcast on 16 December 2024
00:47 New observations of the Moon's south pole have shown the Aitken Basin crater is circular
05:04 Space astronomers have created the most detailed maps ever of gravitational waves across universe
14:10 The Meerkat radio telescope is probably the best radio telescope at the moment
18:52 NASA conducting first ever aircraft accident investigation on another planet
24:11 Single mutation on H5N1 bird flu could make human infections more likely
26:14 A recent study found journalists brains are suffering from poor executive functioning
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov/
University of Maryland
https://www.umd.edu/
Earth and Planetary Science Letters
https://www.journals.elsevier.com/earth-and-planetary-science-letters
Artemis Missions
https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/
Chandrayaan 3
https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan3.html
Swinburne University
https://www.swinburne.edu.au/
Osgrav
https://www.ozgrav.org/
Meerkat Radio Telescope
https://www.sarao.ac.za/science-engineering/meerkat/
LIGO
https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/
Virgo
https://www.virgo-gw.eu/
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/
Perseverance Rover
https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/
Mars Sample Return
https://mars.nasa.gov/msr/
Dragonfly Mission
https://dragonfly.jhuapl.edu/
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
https://academic.oup.com/mnras
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support (https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rss) .
Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/24644690?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 27 episode 151
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 16th of December
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 2024 coming up on space time a new view
00:00:09 --> 00:00:11 of one of the Solar System's biggest
00:00:11 --> 00:00:14 craters new gravitational wave Maps
00:00:14 --> 00:00:17 revealing hidden black holes and Cosmic
00:00:17 --> 00:00:20 structure and NASA conducts the first
00:00:20 --> 00:00:22 ever aircraft accident investigation on
00:00:22 --> 00:00:25 another planet all that and more coming
00:00:25 --> 00:00:27 up on
00:00:27 --> 00:00:30 SpaceTime welcome to space time with
00:00:30 --> 00:00:32 Stuart
00:00:32 --> 00:00:39 [Music]
00:00:46 --> 00:00:49 Gary new observations of the Moon South
00:00:49 --> 00:00:51 Pole have shown that the giant Aken
00:00:51 --> 00:00:54 Basin crater is far more circular than
00:00:54 --> 00:00:57 previously thought the South Pole Aken
00:00:57 --> 00:00:59 Basin is the Moon's oldest and largest
00:00:59 --> 00:01:02 visible crater a massive geological scar
00:01:02 --> 00:01:05 4.3 billion years old which preserves
00:01:05 --> 00:01:08 secrets about early lunar history the
00:01:08 --> 00:01:10 immense impact crater on The Far Side of
00:01:10 --> 00:01:13 the Moon is roughly 2 km in diameter
00:01:13 --> 00:01:17 and between 6.2 and 8.2 kilm deep this
00:01:17 --> 00:01:19 is one of the largest known impact
00:01:19 --> 00:01:21 structures in the solar system
00:01:21 --> 00:01:23 previously based on some features of the
00:01:23 --> 00:01:25 bason scientists thought the crater was
00:01:26 --> 00:01:28 probably shaped more like an oval or
00:01:28 --> 00:01:30 ellipse and for years scientists believe
00:01:30 --> 00:01:32 that this enormous crater was formed by
00:01:32 --> 00:01:34 an object striking the moon at a shallow
00:01:34 --> 00:01:36 angle possibly as Extreme as a rock
00:01:36 --> 00:01:39 skipping across the surface of water now
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 under this hypothesis very little debris
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 from the impact would have been spread
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 across the lunar South Pole that's
00:01:45 --> 00:01:47 important because that's going to be the
00:01:47 --> 00:01:48 primary Landing site for both the
00:01:48 --> 00:01:51 upcoming emis missions by NASA and Issa
00:01:51 --> 00:01:53 and also the future joint Russian and
00:01:53 --> 00:01:55 Chinese Moon missions and that's where
00:01:55 --> 00:01:58 this new study comes in astronomers are
00:01:58 --> 00:01:59 suggesting that based on their new
00:01:59 --> 00:02:01 information the impact may have been
00:02:01 --> 00:02:03 much more direct than previously thought
00:02:03 --> 00:02:06 resulting in a much rounder crater a
00:02:06 --> 00:02:07 report in the journal Earth and
00:02:07 --> 00:02:10 planetary science lters claims this new
00:02:10 --> 00:02:11 finding challenges the current
00:02:11 --> 00:02:13 understanding of the moon's history with
00:02:13 --> 00:02:15 significant implications for NASA's
00:02:15 --> 00:02:18 future missions to the Luna South Pole
00:02:18 --> 00:02:20 the study's lead author Haynes burnhard
00:02:20 --> 00:02:22 from the University of Maryland says
00:02:22 --> 00:02:24 studying the South Pole a can Basin is
00:02:24 --> 00:02:26 holistically challenging due to its
00:02:26 --> 00:02:28 sheer normous which is why scientists
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 are still trying to learn its shape and
00:02:30 --> 00:02:33 size in addition some 4.3 billion years
00:02:33 --> 00:02:35 have now passed since the Basin was
00:02:35 --> 00:02:37 originally formed and many other impacts
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 in the same area have obscured its
00:02:39 --> 00:02:42 original appearance the new research
00:02:42 --> 00:02:44 challenges many existing ideas about how
00:02:44 --> 00:02:46 the massive impact occured and
00:02:46 --> 00:02:48 distributed material but it has placed
00:02:48 --> 00:02:51 astronomers a step closer to a better
00:02:51 --> 00:02:52 understanding of the moon's early
00:02:52 --> 00:02:55 history and its Evolution over time
00:02:55 --> 00:02:57 using high resolution data from NASA's
00:02:57 --> 00:02:59 lunar reconnaissance Orbiter burnhard
00:02:59 --> 00:03:00 and colleagues the veloped an Innovative
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 approach to understanding the South Pole
00:03:02 --> 00:03:05 aen basin's complex structure they
00:03:05 --> 00:03:07 identified and analyzed over 200
00:03:07 --> 00:03:09 Mountain formation scattered around the
00:03:09 --> 00:03:12 Basin geologic features that the author
00:03:12 --> 00:03:13 suspected could have been ancient
00:03:13 --> 00:03:16 remnants of that original impact from
00:03:16 --> 00:03:17 the distribution and shapes of these
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 mountain-like features the authors
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 realized that the impact should have
00:03:21 --> 00:03:23 created a far more circular Crater from
00:03:23 --> 00:03:24 which significant chunks of Planet
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 forming material would have been
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 dispersed across the lunar surface
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 including a decent scatter in in the
00:03:30 --> 00:03:33 South Pole region burnhard says a round
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 a more circular shape indicates that an
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 object struck the moon at a more
00:03:37 --> 00:03:39 vertical angle similar to dropping a
00:03:39 --> 00:03:41 rock straight down on the ground this
00:03:41 --> 00:03:43 circular impact implies that ejected
00:03:43 --> 00:03:45 debris from the impact would have been
00:03:45 --> 00:03:47 more evenly distributed around the
00:03:47 --> 00:03:48 ground than originally thought which
00:03:48 --> 00:03:51 means that emous astronauts or robotic
00:03:51 --> 00:03:52 missions to the South Pole of the Moon
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 would be a to closely study rocks that
00:03:54 --> 00:03:56 may have originated deep within the
00:03:56 --> 00:03:58 moon's manal crust material that's
00:03:58 --> 00:04:01 typically impossible to gain access to
00:04:01 --> 00:04:03 without a lot of digging instead the
00:04:03 --> 00:04:06 impact event provided that now what all
00:04:06 --> 00:04:08 this means is that these lunar rocks
00:04:08 --> 00:04:10 could provide crucial insights into the
00:04:10 --> 00:04:12 moon's chemical composition and they
00:04:12 --> 00:04:13 could help validate theories about how
00:04:13 --> 00:04:15 the moon may have been created from a
00:04:15 --> 00:04:17 massive collision between the early
00:04:17 --> 00:04:20 Proto Earth and a m-sized planet dub
00:04:20 --> 00:04:23 Thea some 4.5 billion years
00:04:23 --> 00:04:26 ago recently India's chandran 3 lunar
00:04:26 --> 00:04:28 rovera detected minerals indicative of
00:04:28 --> 00:04:30 impact debris coming from the lunar
00:04:30 --> 00:04:33 mantle close to the Moon South Pole and
00:04:33 --> 00:04:35 that supports the author's new
00:04:35 --> 00:04:37 hypothesis burnhard believes that his
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 team's research provides crucial
00:04:39 --> 00:04:41 information for future Moon missions
00:04:41 --> 00:04:43 helping Mission planners and astronauts
00:04:43 --> 00:04:45 identify areas to explore and what
00:04:45 --> 00:04:48 minerals they may well encounter there
00:04:48 --> 00:04:50 you see a thick layer rich in material
00:04:50 --> 00:04:52 from the lower crust and upper mantle
00:04:52 --> 00:04:54 could offer unprecedented access to the
00:04:54 --> 00:04:56 moon's complex geological history
00:04:56 --> 00:04:58 potentially shedding light not just on
00:04:58 --> 00:05:00 the moon's formation but also the
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 transformative events that help shape
00:05:02 --> 00:05:06 our solar system this is spacetime still
00:05:06 --> 00:05:08 to come a revolutionary new
00:05:08 --> 00:05:10 gravitational wave map which is
00:05:10 --> 00:05:12 revealing hidden black holes and Cosmic
00:05:12 --> 00:05:14 structure and NASA conducts the first
00:05:14 --> 00:05:17 ever aircraft accident investigation on
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 another planet all that and more still
00:05:19 --> 00:05:25 to come on SpaceTime
00:05:26 --> 00:05:37 [Music]
00:05:37 --> 00:05:38 astronomers have created the most
00:05:38 --> 00:05:40 detailed maps ever of gravitational
00:05:40 --> 00:05:43 waves Across the Universe but this new
00:05:43 --> 00:05:46 data are based on Pulsar rather than
00:05:46 --> 00:05:48 gravitational wave interferometers such
00:05:48 --> 00:05:51 as ligo and Virgo this stunningly new
00:05:51 --> 00:05:53 view of the cosmos reported in the
00:05:53 --> 00:05:54 monthly notices of the Royal
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 Astronomical Society was achieved using
00:05:56 --> 00:05:59 minuscule nanosecond changes in the
00:05:59 --> 00:06:01 timing of hsar beams emitted by rapidly
00:06:01 --> 00:06:03 spinning neutron stars to determine when
00:06:03 --> 00:06:05 a passing gravitational wave affected
00:06:05 --> 00:06:08 the fabric of space time surrounding the
00:06:08 --> 00:06:11 beam the result has produced the largest
00:06:11 --> 00:06:13 ever Galactic scale gravitational wave
00:06:13 --> 00:06:15 detector discovering a background of
00:06:15 --> 00:06:17 gravitational waves right across the
00:06:17 --> 00:06:20 universe one of the study's lead authors
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 Matt miles from swinburn University in
00:06:22 --> 00:06:24 osra says this research opens new
00:06:24 --> 00:06:26 Pathways for helping scientists
00:06:26 --> 00:06:28 understand the universe we live in you
00:06:28 --> 00:06:31 see study this newly seen background
00:06:31 --> 00:06:33 allows astronomers to tune into the
00:06:33 --> 00:06:35 Echoes of cosmic events across billions
00:06:35 --> 00:06:39 of years miles says it reveals how
00:06:39 --> 00:06:40 galaxies and the universe itself for
00:06:40 --> 00:06:43 that matter has evolved over time the
00:06:43 --> 00:06:45 study used data collected by South
00:06:45 --> 00:06:48 Africa's meat radio telescope array to
00:06:48 --> 00:06:50 examine merges between super massive
00:06:50 --> 00:06:52 black holes and how they shaped the
00:06:52 --> 00:06:54 universe we see today and its Cosmic
00:06:54 --> 00:06:57 architecture the studies uncovered
00:06:57 --> 00:06:59 further evidence of gravitational wave 6
00:06:59 --> 00:07:01 sign originating from merging super
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 massive black holes capturing a signal
00:07:03 --> 00:07:05 much stronger than similar Global
00:07:05 --> 00:07:07 experiments and in just a third of the
00:07:07 --> 00:07:10 time miles says it hints at a far more
00:07:10 --> 00:07:12 Dynamic and active Universe than what
00:07:12 --> 00:07:15 scientists had anticipated using the
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 Pulsar timing array Ms and colleagues
00:07:17 --> 00:07:19 constructed a highly detailed
00:07:19 --> 00:07:21 gravitational wave map and this has
00:07:21 --> 00:07:23 revealed an intriguing anomaly an
00:07:23 --> 00:07:25 unexpected hotspot in the signal
00:07:25 --> 00:07:28 suggesting a possible directional bias
00:07:28 --> 00:07:30 you see the presence of of a hot spot
00:07:30 --> 00:07:32 could suggest a distinct gravitational
00:07:32 --> 00:07:34 wave Source such as a pair of super
00:07:34 --> 00:07:36 massive black holes billions of times
00:07:36 --> 00:07:38 the mass of our sun looking at the
00:07:38 --> 00:07:39 layout and patterns of these
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 gravitational waves shows How the
00:07:41 --> 00:07:43 Universe exists today but also contains
00:07:43 --> 00:07:45 signals from as far back as the big Bank
00:07:45 --> 00:07:49 13.8 billion years ago the authors say
00:07:49 --> 00:07:50 there's more work to be done to
00:07:50 --> 00:07:52 determine the significance of the newly
00:07:52 --> 00:07:54 discovered hotspot but it is an exciting
00:07:54 --> 00:07:56 step forward the new findings are
00:07:56 --> 00:07:58 raising questions about the formation of
00:07:58 --> 00:08:00 supermassive black and the early history
00:08:00 --> 00:08:03 of the universe and further monitoring
00:08:03 --> 00:08:04 with MEAP will refine these
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 gravitational wave Maps potentially
00:08:06 --> 00:08:09 uncovering new cosmic phenomena miles
00:08:09 --> 00:08:11 says the research will also help
00:08:11 --> 00:08:13 astronomers exploring the origins and
00:08:13 --> 00:08:15 evolution of super massive black holes
00:08:15 --> 00:08:17 the formation of Galactic structure and
00:08:17 --> 00:08:19 the underlying Cosmic structure when we
00:08:20 --> 00:08:21 think about something like ligo and
00:08:21 --> 00:08:23 Virgo and those black holes colliding
00:08:23 --> 00:08:24 we're talking about black holes that
00:08:24 --> 00:08:26 while still incredibly massive are on
00:08:26 --> 00:08:29 the order of the mass of our sun so they
00:08:29 --> 00:08:31 going to be around 10 times the mass of
00:08:31 --> 00:08:34 our Suns maybe 200 times the mass of our
00:08:34 --> 00:08:36 sun but what we're looking at are the
00:08:36 --> 00:08:38 ones that sit at the centers of galaxies
00:08:38 --> 00:08:39 there these things called super massive
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 black holes and they're about 10 billion
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 to 100 billion times the mass of the Sun
00:08:43 --> 00:08:45 and so we don't even really get to see
00:08:45 --> 00:08:47 the actual Collision what we're seeing
00:08:47 --> 00:08:49 is them distorting space and time as
00:08:49 --> 00:08:51 they even just come near each other as
00:08:51 --> 00:08:53 galaxies tend to merge and they hit each
00:08:53 --> 00:08:55 other these black holes will sink to the
00:08:55 --> 00:08:57 center of that merged Galaxy and they'll
00:08:57 --> 00:08:58 start to INSP spiral towards each other
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 and they'll start to change how space
00:09:00 --> 00:09:02 and time interact and they send out
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 these gravitational wav these ripples in
00:09:04 --> 00:09:06 space and time just in that phase where
00:09:06 --> 00:09:07 they're just coming close to each other
00:09:07 --> 00:09:09 and is that still being measured by an
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 interferometer a gravitational wave of
00:09:11 --> 00:09:12 interferometer or is it being measured
00:09:12 --> 00:09:14 by something different it's a little bit
00:09:14 --> 00:09:15 different so what we're measuring we're
00:09:15 --> 00:09:17 measuring it by using this thing called
00:09:17 --> 00:09:20 a pulsar timing array which is I'll just
00:09:20 --> 00:09:21 quickly explain what pulsars are they're
00:09:21 --> 00:09:23 neutron stars so they're basically
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 remnants of dead stars after stars
00:09:25 --> 00:09:27 explode they'll either turn into black
00:09:27 --> 00:09:29 holes that the cause they have this
00:09:29 --> 00:09:31 incredibly dense Singularity which are
00:09:31 --> 00:09:33 called black hole or they'll turn into a
00:09:33 --> 00:09:35 neutron star which is effectively just a
00:09:35 --> 00:09:37 star really just made of neutron sort of
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 degenerate matter that's just being sort
00:09:39 --> 00:09:41 of kept Alive by the pressure that there
00:09:41 --> 00:09:42 and the only difference between a
00:09:42 --> 00:09:44 neutron star and a pulse bar is that as
00:09:44 --> 00:09:47 the neutron star spins around if its
00:09:47 --> 00:09:49 magnetic axis aligns with the Earth we
00:09:49 --> 00:09:51 get this sort of Lighthouse beam of
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 radio waves that hit us and so we get a
00:09:53 --> 00:09:55 pulse of radiation so we call a pulse
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 because of that seeing things like the
00:09:58 --> 00:09:59 Crab Nebula and that yeah absolutely
00:09:59 --> 00:10:01 there's a pulsar on the Crab Nebula and
00:10:01 --> 00:10:03 yeah so what what we try to do is we
00:10:03 --> 00:10:05 look at a lot of Pulsar at the same time
00:10:05 --> 00:10:07 like we observe them quite regularly
00:10:07 --> 00:10:09 over some period of years and we
00:10:09 --> 00:10:11 basically just try to predict when that
00:10:11 --> 00:10:14 pulse from the Pulsar is going to come
00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 next these things are really predictable
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 because they're so dense it's really
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 hard for them to sort of change the rate
00:10:20 --> 00:10:21 at which they spin because they've got
00:10:21 --> 00:10:23 so much momentum in them and although
00:10:23 --> 00:10:25 they move over Cosmic time on the human
00:10:25 --> 00:10:28 time scale they're pretty stable they
00:10:28 --> 00:10:29 stay where they are in space and we can
00:10:29 --> 00:10:32 use them as Cosmic marker posts almost
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 to point to different directions
00:10:34 --> 00:10:36 different positions in the cosmos yeah
00:10:36 --> 00:10:38 absolutely 100% right yeah over a human
00:10:38 --> 00:10:39 lifetime we don't really see any
00:10:39 --> 00:10:41 discernable true movement and we always
00:10:41 --> 00:10:43 have a very good idea of where they are
00:10:43 --> 00:10:45 so as we go and we try to observe these
00:10:45 --> 00:10:47 things very regularly and try to predict
00:10:47 --> 00:10:48 when the pulse from the Pulsar is going
00:10:49 --> 00:10:51 to hit the earth what we can sort of
00:10:51 --> 00:10:53 ascertain from that is if we're wrong
00:10:53 --> 00:10:54 about when the pulse is coming from the
00:10:55 --> 00:10:57 Pulsar for a lot of pulsars at the same
00:10:57 --> 00:11:00 time so we observe 83 and if they're all
00:11:00 --> 00:11:01 if we're wrong about when the pulse is
00:11:01 --> 00:11:04 coming from all 83 in a very specific
00:11:04 --> 00:11:07 way then we can say that we' observed a
00:11:07 --> 00:11:09 gravitational wave passing through so
00:11:09 --> 00:11:10 this basically what's happened in effect
00:11:11 --> 00:11:13 is the space has sort of stretched or
00:11:13 --> 00:11:15 compressed in between us and the pulsars
00:11:15 --> 00:11:17 as the gravitational wave is coming
00:11:17 --> 00:11:18 through and passing through Earth so the
00:11:18 --> 00:11:21 pulsars are doing the same thing as the
00:11:21 --> 00:11:23 gravitational wave into therometer and
00:11:23 --> 00:11:25 say ligo or Virgo would be doing yeah
00:11:25 --> 00:11:27 very similar things very similar things
00:11:27 --> 00:11:29 but rather than looking at sort of the
00:11:29 --> 00:11:30 action pattern that you get from the
00:11:30 --> 00:11:33 ineter that gives you the indication of
00:11:33 --> 00:11:35 a gravitational wave instead we're
00:11:35 --> 00:11:38 looking at about changes in tens of nanc
00:11:38 --> 00:11:39 from when we thought the pulse from the
00:11:39 --> 00:11:41 Pulsar was going to arrive at the Earth
00:11:41 --> 00:11:42 and so that's really the the primary
00:11:43 --> 00:11:44 difference the other difference is that
00:11:44 --> 00:11:47 we're not really looking for individual
00:11:47 --> 00:11:48 gravitational waves we're kind of
00:11:48 --> 00:11:51 looking for every gravitational wave
00:11:51 --> 00:11:52 that's happened over sort of cosmic
00:11:52 --> 00:11:55 history so we sort of describe it as
00:11:55 --> 00:11:56 this gravitational wave background it's
00:11:56 --> 00:11:58 more sort of like an ocean of
00:11:58 --> 00:11:59 gravitational waves that are always
00:11:59 --> 00:12:01 passing through and interacting with
00:12:01 --> 00:12:03 both the earth and the pulsars and so we
00:12:03 --> 00:12:05 can measure that in the same way that
00:12:05 --> 00:12:07 you can sort of measure how active a
00:12:07 --> 00:12:10 lake is how how the waves on a lake is
00:12:10 --> 00:12:12 you know the boat if you imagine the
00:12:12 --> 00:12:13 boat is the Earth the boat sort of
00:12:13 --> 00:12:15 rocking around in that Lake if you got
00:12:15 --> 00:12:17 little boys all around the lake which
00:12:17 --> 00:12:18 you can imagine as the pulsars they're
00:12:18 --> 00:12:20 also going to kind of be rocking and
00:12:20 --> 00:12:21 we're trying to measure that rockiness
00:12:21 --> 00:12:23 and how much the Earth is sort of
00:12:23 --> 00:12:25 surfing on that the waves on that Lake
00:12:25 --> 00:12:28 surface and you're able to use that to
00:12:28 --> 00:12:29 roughly deter
00:12:29 --> 00:12:32 where these major Cosmic collisions
00:12:32 --> 00:12:33 between super massive black holes have
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 been taking place yeah well that's the
00:12:35 --> 00:12:36 one of the most exciting things we kind
00:12:36 --> 00:12:38 of found so we're still sort of a work
00:12:38 --> 00:12:40 in progress we don't have the evidence
00:12:40 --> 00:12:42 we've sort of got our first show how we
00:12:42 --> 00:12:44 can do this we don't have evidence to
00:12:44 --> 00:12:46 definitively say anything exactly but it
00:12:46 --> 00:12:48 what does certainly look like there is
00:12:48 --> 00:12:51 more gravitational wav strain energy in
00:12:51 --> 00:12:52 certain parts of the sky than there is
00:12:52 --> 00:12:54 others and this sort of implies that
00:12:54 --> 00:12:58 there's this anisotropic spread of how
00:12:58 --> 00:12:59 these gravitational w sources are
00:12:59 --> 00:13:02 distributed over the sky this is still
00:13:02 --> 00:13:03 there's still a chance this could be a
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 bit of a statistical anomaly but it is
00:13:05 --> 00:13:07 sort of a very exciting first step into
00:13:07 --> 00:13:10 a new way to discern this gravitation W
00:13:10 --> 00:13:12 background when you look at where this
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 anomaly is or where these anomalies are
00:13:14 --> 00:13:16 do they line up with anything like
00:13:16 --> 00:13:18 particularly large clusters of galaxies
00:13:18 --> 00:13:20 or anything like that from what we've
00:13:20 --> 00:13:21 had a look at so far we can't really
00:13:21 --> 00:13:23 definitively say and there's a bit of
00:13:23 --> 00:13:26 sort of ongoing work to see if this in
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28 fact is happening if it does line up
00:13:28 --> 00:13:30 with a particularly l large Galactic
00:13:30 --> 00:13:32 cluster but the hot spot that we found
00:13:32 --> 00:13:34 this like little strong point of the sky
00:13:34 --> 00:13:36 is still quite large so it's a large
00:13:36 --> 00:13:39 area of the sky so to localize it down
00:13:39 --> 00:13:41 to particular Galaxy or a cluster of
00:13:41 --> 00:13:44 galaxies may still actually be quite
00:13:44 --> 00:13:46 difficult so that say it's lania Kia or
00:13:46 --> 00:13:48 the greater tractor or anything like
00:13:48 --> 00:13:49 that no I don't think we can say
00:13:49 --> 00:13:51 anything just like that just yet but
00:13:51 --> 00:13:54 people are on their way to start to do
00:13:54 --> 00:13:56 targeted searches which is to look in
00:13:56 --> 00:13:58 areas on the sky that we do seem to find
00:13:58 --> 00:14:00 these hot spot of gravitation wave power
00:14:00 --> 00:14:03 and see if they line up with any G
00:14:03 --> 00:14:05 galaxies there or any other sort of
00:14:05 --> 00:14:07 clusters or anything that might emit a
00:14:07 --> 00:14:09 large amount of gravitation waves on the
00:14:09 --> 00:14:11 scale of and key to this has been the
00:14:11 --> 00:14:13 use of the South African counterpart to
00:14:13 --> 00:14:15 the square kilometer array
00:14:15 --> 00:14:18 Pathfinder yeah the MCAT radio telescope
00:14:18 --> 00:14:20 has been just exceptional in my very
00:14:20 --> 00:14:22 biased opinion I would say MCAT radio
00:14:22 --> 00:14:24 telescope is probably the best radio
00:14:24 --> 00:14:26 telescope that's around at the moment
00:14:26 --> 00:14:29 it's one of two very very good what we
00:14:29 --> 00:14:31 say next Generation radio telescopes so
00:14:31 --> 00:14:34 the other is a 500 M Ure Square
00:14:34 --> 00:14:35 telescope which is in China but these
00:14:35 --> 00:14:38 are two incredibly sophisticated
00:14:38 --> 00:14:40 telescopes which allow us to observe
00:14:40 --> 00:14:43 Pulsar with Incredible sensitivity so it
00:14:43 --> 00:14:46 it really allows us to measure the
00:14:46 --> 00:14:47 signals that are coming from these Stars
00:14:47 --> 00:14:49 far more precisely than we're able to
00:14:49 --> 00:14:52 with another telescope for example the
00:14:52 --> 00:14:55 parks radio telescope in New South Wales
00:14:55 --> 00:14:56 if they were to look at one of the
00:14:56 --> 00:14:59 pulsars for about an hour we would get
00:14:59 --> 00:15:01 the same sensitivity and data quality
00:15:01 --> 00:15:03 out of that Pulsa if we were to look at
00:15:03 --> 00:15:05 it for about 5 minutes so it's just such
00:15:05 --> 00:15:07 a sensitive machine and what that really
00:15:07 --> 00:15:08 means is that we can look at a lot more
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 Pulsar than other collaborations were're
00:15:10 --> 00:15:13 able to and we're able to predict when
00:15:13 --> 00:15:15 their pulses should come in with a far
00:15:15 --> 00:15:17 greater measure of accuracy and
00:15:17 --> 00:15:18 precision which really helps the sort of
00:15:19 --> 00:15:20 background measurement be possible
00:15:20 --> 00:15:22 within only five years where it's taken
00:15:22 --> 00:15:24 other collaborations almost two decades
00:15:24 --> 00:15:26 and what's this telling you about the
00:15:26 --> 00:15:28 universe uh what it tells us about the
00:15:28 --> 00:15:30 universe really was it's interesting in
00:15:30 --> 00:15:32 the sense that we um are finding this
00:15:32 --> 00:15:35 background in the way that we are every
00:15:35 --> 00:15:36 collaboration in the world so far that's
00:15:37 --> 00:15:38 look for it even though it's taken them
00:15:38 --> 00:15:40 a little bit longer than it took us has
00:15:40 --> 00:15:43 found some indication of a common signal
00:15:43 --> 00:15:45 that seems similar to a gravitation W
00:15:45 --> 00:15:47 background that we all think is likely
00:15:47 --> 00:15:49 to be a gravitational W background
00:15:49 --> 00:15:51 what's sort of interesting is that what
00:15:51 --> 00:15:53 we're seeing in sort of latest look at
00:15:53 --> 00:15:56 it is that the amplitude or the signal
00:15:56 --> 00:15:58 power that we're observing is a little
00:15:58 --> 00:16:01 bit larger than the other collaborations
00:16:01 --> 00:16:04 have seen and this is something that's
00:16:04 --> 00:16:05 really quite interesting because we
00:16:05 --> 00:16:07 don't expect this signal to change over
00:16:07 --> 00:16:09 many years our work has happened a
00:16:10 --> 00:16:11 couple of years after the other
00:16:11 --> 00:16:13 collaboration and it really should take
00:16:13 --> 00:16:14 something like millions of years to this
00:16:15 --> 00:16:16 signal to change and so we're sort of
00:16:16 --> 00:16:18 now entertaining the idea that this
00:16:18 --> 00:16:20 gravitational wave background signal
00:16:20 --> 00:16:22 might be something that isn't quite
00:16:22 --> 00:16:24 stationary that might be able to change
00:16:24 --> 00:16:27 on shorter time scales and so physicists
00:16:27 --> 00:16:28 around the world at the moment are
00:16:28 --> 00:16:30 trying to create explanations as to why
00:16:30 --> 00:16:32 this could be and some people more
00:16:32 --> 00:16:34 recently have come up with some uh very
00:16:34 --> 00:16:37 interesting explanations that if you had
00:16:37 --> 00:16:40 sort of a more chaotic inspiral of the
00:16:40 --> 00:16:43 supermass black holes where they were
00:16:43 --> 00:16:45 rather than circular very elliptical you
00:16:45 --> 00:16:48 would get perhaps a signal that could
00:16:48 --> 00:16:50 change on very short time scales and so
00:16:50 --> 00:16:52 it's really making us sort of reconsider
00:16:52 --> 00:16:54 what we think is going on and more than
00:16:54 --> 00:16:55 that is giving us an idea of how many of
00:16:56 --> 00:16:58 these massive Galaxy merges might have
00:16:58 --> 00:17:00 occurred through our Cosmic history so
00:17:00 --> 00:17:01 far although I can't quite quote you on
00:17:01 --> 00:17:02 that number there's a lot of debate on
00:17:02 --> 00:17:05 that do we still need projects like Lisa
00:17:05 --> 00:17:07 with this sort of timing array yeah yeah
00:17:07 --> 00:17:08 absolutely Lisa is going to be just an
00:17:09 --> 00:17:10 exceptional instrument and I think
00:17:10 --> 00:17:11 everyone in the community is incredibly
00:17:12 --> 00:17:13 excited for when it comes out the
00:17:13 --> 00:17:15 difference between what we can see and
00:17:15 --> 00:17:17 what Lisa can see it's pretty simple but
00:17:17 --> 00:17:19 they compliment each other just so
00:17:19 --> 00:17:21 beautifully if we're seeing basically
00:17:21 --> 00:17:23 the in spiral of these super massive
00:17:23 --> 00:17:25 black holes as they slowly come together
00:17:25 --> 00:17:27 what ler is seeing is the actual
00:17:27 --> 00:17:29 collision between the super mive black
00:17:29 --> 00:17:31 holes so it's really completing the
00:17:31 --> 00:17:33 entire story uh post the timing array
00:17:33 --> 00:17:35 experiments will be able to see what's
00:17:35 --> 00:17:37 happening to gravity in these
00:17:37 --> 00:17:40 gravitational waves as the black holes
00:17:40 --> 00:17:42 are ins spiraling over many millions of
00:17:42 --> 00:17:44 years and then Lisa will actually see
00:17:44 --> 00:17:47 what's happening as these huge gigantic
00:17:47 --> 00:17:49 behemoths of the universe actually
00:17:49 --> 00:17:51 Collide so it's going to be a very
00:17:51 --> 00:17:52 complimentary scientific instrument that
00:17:52 --> 00:17:54 will really open up another sort of
00:17:54 --> 00:17:56 complete window into our universe I
00:17:56 --> 00:17:57 think that's one of the big questions do
00:17:57 --> 00:17:59 they bump into each other they simply
00:17:59 --> 00:18:02 merge in a very smooth process yeah one
00:18:02 --> 00:18:03 of the last there's something called the
00:18:03 --> 00:18:05 no hair theorem which I think is might
00:18:05 --> 00:18:07 be what you're alluding to and yeah
00:18:07 --> 00:18:09 maybe this will help us solve that just
00:18:09 --> 00:18:10 a little bit it's something that people
00:18:10 --> 00:18:12 really are looking out for at the moment
00:18:12 --> 00:18:14 that's Dr Matt miles from swinburn
00:18:14 --> 00:18:18 University in osra and this is spacetime
00:18:18 --> 00:18:21 still to come NASA conducts the first
00:18:21 --> 00:18:23 ever aircraft accident investigation on
00:18:23 --> 00:18:25 another world and later in the science
00:18:25 --> 00:18:27 report researchers have found that a
00:18:27 --> 00:18:30 single mutation to the deadly bird flu
00:18:30 --> 00:18:32 virus could wind up making human
00:18:32 --> 00:18:34 infections far more likely all that and
00:18:34 --> 00:18:42 more still to come on
00:18:42 --> 00:18:49 [Music]
00:18:51 --> 00:18:54 SpaceTime NASA's created history by
00:18:54 --> 00:18:56 undertaking the first ever aircraft
00:18:56 --> 00:18:59 accident investigation on another planet
00:18:59 --> 00:19:01 Engineers from NASA's jet propulsion
00:19:01 --> 00:19:03 laboratory in Pasad California and Aero
00:19:03 --> 00:19:05 environment are conducting a detailed
00:19:05 --> 00:19:07 assessment of the Mars Ingenuity
00:19:07 --> 00:19:09 helicopters crash back on January the
00:19:09 --> 00:19:10 18th
00:19:10 --> 00:19:13 2024 that incident brought Ingenuity
00:19:13 --> 00:19:15 historic mission to an abrupt end
00:19:15 --> 00:19:17 Ingenuity was originally designed as a
00:19:17 --> 00:19:20 technology demonstration unit to perform
00:19:20 --> 00:19:22 up to five experimental test flights in
00:19:22 --> 00:19:24 the Skies over Jets Ro crater over a
00:19:24 --> 00:19:27 30-day period the tiny tissue box sized
00:19:27 --> 00:19:29 twin rotor helicopter opter was the
00:19:29 --> 00:19:32 first aircraft to fly on another world
00:19:32 --> 00:19:34 its test flights were so successful
00:19:34 --> 00:19:36 Mission managers at JP quickly began
00:19:36 --> 00:19:39 using Ingenuity as a scout the fly ahead
00:19:39 --> 00:19:41 of the perseverance Rover searching out
00:19:41 --> 00:19:43 interesting rock formations and ways to
00:19:43 --> 00:19:46 avoid difficult terrain but that all
00:19:46 --> 00:19:49 ended on January the 18th when the tiny
00:19:49 --> 00:19:51 Chopper experienced an unusually hard
00:19:51 --> 00:19:54 Landing the accident investigation board
00:19:54 --> 00:19:56 found that the inability of Ingenuity
00:19:56 --> 00:19:58 navigation system to provide accurate
00:19:58 --> 00:20:00 data during the flight likely caused the
00:20:00 --> 00:20:02 chain of events that ended the mission
00:20:02 --> 00:20:04 flight 72 was originally planned as
00:20:04 --> 00:20:06 nothing more than a brief vertical hop
00:20:06 --> 00:20:08 designed to assess Ingenuity flight
00:20:08 --> 00:20:11 systems and photograph the area data
00:20:11 --> 00:20:13 from the flight shows Ingenuity climbing
00:20:13 --> 00:20:15 to a height of 12 M hovering and then
00:20:16 --> 00:20:18 capturing the images it then initiated
00:20:18 --> 00:20:21 its descent at 19 seconds and by 32
00:20:21 --> 00:20:23 seconds the chopper was back on the
00:20:23 --> 00:20:26 surface but then halted all
00:20:26 --> 00:20:28 Communications the following day Mission
00:20:28 --> 00:20:29 managers reestablished Communications
00:20:29 --> 00:20:31 with the chopper and images that came
00:20:31 --> 00:20:33 down 6 days after the incident revealed
00:20:34 --> 00:20:36 that Ingenuity had in fact sustained
00:20:36 --> 00:20:38 serious damage to its rotor blades
00:20:38 --> 00:20:40 during its Landing the investigators
00:20:40 --> 00:20:43 believe a lack of surface texture gave
00:20:43 --> 00:20:44 the navigation system too little
00:20:44 --> 00:20:46 information to work on during the
00:20:46 --> 00:20:48 landing phase see the helicopter's
00:20:48 --> 00:20:51 vision navigation system is designed to
00:20:51 --> 00:20:53 track visual features on the surface
00:20:53 --> 00:20:55 using a downward looking camera viewing
00:20:55 --> 00:20:58 a world textured Pebble but flat terrain
00:20:58 --> 00:20:59 now now this very limited tracking
00:21:00 --> 00:21:01 ability was more than enough for
00:21:01 --> 00:21:03 carrying out Ingenuity initial five test
00:21:03 --> 00:21:06 flights but by flight 72 the helicopter
00:21:06 --> 00:21:09 was now in a region of gzro crater which
00:21:09 --> 00:21:10 was filled with steep relatively
00:21:10 --> 00:21:13 featureless sand ripples one of the
00:21:13 --> 00:21:15 navigation systems main requirements was
00:21:15 --> 00:21:17 to provide velocity estimates that would
00:21:17 --> 00:21:19 enable the chopper to land within a
00:21:19 --> 00:21:21 small envelope of vertical and
00:21:21 --> 00:21:23 horizontal velocities data sent down
00:21:23 --> 00:21:26 during flight 72 shows that about 20
00:21:26 --> 00:21:28 seconds after takeoff the chopper
00:21:28 --> 00:21:29 navigation system couldn't find enough
00:21:30 --> 00:21:32 surface texture to track images taken
00:21:32 --> 00:21:34 after the flight indicate these
00:21:34 --> 00:21:36 navigation errors created High
00:21:36 --> 00:21:39 horizontal velocities a touchdown in the
00:21:39 --> 00:21:41 most likely scenario a hard impact on
00:21:41 --> 00:21:43 the deck caused Ingenuity to pitch and
00:21:43 --> 00:21:46 roll and this rapid Attitude Change
00:21:47 --> 00:21:49 resulted in extreme loads on the fast
00:21:49 --> 00:21:50 spinning rotor blades beyond their
00:21:50 --> 00:21:53 design limits snapping all four of them
00:21:53 --> 00:21:55 off at their weakest point about a third
00:21:55 --> 00:21:57 of the way from the tip the damaged
00:21:57 --> 00:21:58 blades then caused excess iive
00:21:59 --> 00:22:01 vibrations in the rotus system ripping
00:22:01 --> 00:22:03 the remainder of one blade from its root
00:22:03 --> 00:22:05 and generating an excessive power demand
00:22:05 --> 00:22:06 resulting in the loss of
00:22:07 --> 00:22:09 communications although flight 72
00:22:09 --> 00:22:11 permanently grounded Ingenuity the
00:22:11 --> 00:22:13 helicopter still lives beaming back
00:22:13 --> 00:22:15 weather and avionics test data to the
00:22:15 --> 00:22:17 perseverance Rover about once a week
00:22:17 --> 00:22:19 that weather information could benefit
00:22:19 --> 00:22:21 future missions to the red planet and
00:22:21 --> 00:22:23 the avionic state is already proving
00:22:23 --> 00:22:25 useful for engineers working on feature
00:22:25 --> 00:22:27 designs for other aircraft and vehicles
00:22:27 --> 00:22:29 for use on M
00:22:29 --> 00:22:31 the reports findings are expected in the
00:22:31 --> 00:22:33 next few weeks and they'll benefit
00:22:33 --> 00:22:35 future Mars helicopters as well as other
00:22:35 --> 00:22:37 aircraft designed to operate on other
00:22:37 --> 00:22:39 worlds including the dragonfly Mission
00:22:39 --> 00:22:42 To The saturnian Moon Titan NASA is also
00:22:42 --> 00:22:44 working on new more sophisticated Mars
00:22:44 --> 00:22:46 helicopters for the planned Mars sample
00:22:46 --> 00:22:48 return Mission with the European Space
00:22:48 --> 00:22:50 Agency that's LED it to launch by at
00:22:50 --> 00:22:53 least 2030 after almost 4 years of
00:22:53 --> 00:22:55 continuous operations on Mars mission
00:22:55 --> 00:22:57 managers have realized that not
00:22:57 --> 00:22:59 everything needs to be bigger heavier
00:22:59 --> 00:23:01 and radiation hardened to work in the
00:23:01 --> 00:23:03 harsh Martian environment inspired by
00:23:03 --> 00:23:05 Ingenuity longevity ntional Engineers
00:23:05 --> 00:23:07 have been testing smaller lighter
00:23:07 --> 00:23:09 avionics that could be used in the
00:23:09 --> 00:23:11 vehicle designs for the sample return
00:23:11 --> 00:23:13 campaign the data is also helping
00:23:13 --> 00:23:16 Engineers as they research what a future
00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 Mars helicopter could look like and what
00:23:18 --> 00:23:21 it could do a new major helicopter
00:23:21 --> 00:23:22 designed for Mars known as the Mars
00:23:22 --> 00:23:24 Chopper rotorcraft would be some 20
00:23:24 --> 00:23:27 times larger than Ingenuity and it could
00:23:27 --> 00:23:29 fly several kilog of scientific
00:23:29 --> 00:23:31 equipment autonomously explore remote
00:23:31 --> 00:23:33 Martian locations and travel up to 3
00:23:33 --> 00:23:36 kilm a day that compares to Eng
00:23:36 --> 00:23:40 genuity's longest flight which was 704 M
00:23:40 --> 00:23:42 as far as NASA are concerned it looks
00:23:42 --> 00:23:45 like drones based on Ingenuity May well
00:23:45 --> 00:23:48 be the exploration way of the future
00:23:48 --> 00:23:52 this is spacetime
00:23:52 --> 00:24:05 [Music]
00:24:05 --> 00:24:07 and time that to take a brief look at
00:24:07 --> 00:24:08 some of the other stories making news in
00:24:08 --> 00:24:10 science this week with the science
00:24:10 --> 00:24:13 report a lab-based study has found that
00:24:13 --> 00:24:16 a single mutation on the deadly h5n1
00:24:16 --> 00:24:18 bird flu virus which is currently
00:24:18 --> 00:24:20 affecting sheep and cattle in the United
00:24:20 --> 00:24:21 States could end up making human
00:24:21 --> 00:24:25 infections more likely h5n1 is a strain
00:24:25 --> 00:24:27 of flu originally found in Birds but can
00:24:27 --> 00:24:29 also infect livestock and humans Al
00:24:29 --> 00:24:31 though there's been no significant
00:24:31 --> 00:24:32 evidence of its spreading between people
00:24:33 --> 00:24:35 yet the researchers made small changes
00:24:35 --> 00:24:37 in the lab to a strain that occurs in
00:24:37 --> 00:24:39 cows and found that a single mutation
00:24:39 --> 00:24:41 makes the virus far more specific to
00:24:41 --> 00:24:44 humans a report in the journal science
00:24:44 --> 00:24:46 warns that potentially it could make it
00:24:46 --> 00:24:48 much easier for the virus to infect
00:24:48 --> 00:24:50 humans and in the wake of the gain of
00:24:50 --> 00:24:53 function research with the co SARS virus
00:24:53 --> 00:24:55 at the Wuhan Institute of orology it's
00:24:55 --> 00:24:57 important to note that these new bird
00:24:57 --> 00:24:59 flu mutations have not been observed in
00:25:00 --> 00:25:01 the
00:25:01 --> 00:25:04 wild a new analysis of the oldest known
00:25:04 --> 00:25:06 genomes for early modern humans who
00:25:06 --> 00:25:08 lived in Europe around 45 years ago
00:25:08 --> 00:25:10 suggest that modern hum sapiens in the
00:25:10 --> 00:25:13 Andals mixed in a single event far more
00:25:13 --> 00:25:15 recently than previous estimates the
00:25:15 --> 00:25:17 findings reported in both the journal's
00:25:17 --> 00:25:20 Nature and Science looked at the genomes
00:25:20 --> 00:25:22 of seven people who lived between 42
00:25:22 --> 00:25:25 and 49 years ago in Germany and
00:25:25 --> 00:25:27 chetna these people were all part of a
00:25:27 --> 00:25:30 small more closely related human group
00:25:30 --> 00:25:31 that first split off from the population
00:25:31 --> 00:25:34 that left Africa around 50 years ago
00:25:34 --> 00:25:35 and would later go on to settle the rest
00:25:36 --> 00:25:38 of the world although they separated
00:25:38 --> 00:25:40 early the Neanderthal DNA traces in
00:25:40 --> 00:25:43 their DNA shows that the DNA mixing
00:25:43 --> 00:25:44 event common to all people outside
00:25:44 --> 00:25:47 Africa happened around 45 to 49
00:25:47 --> 00:25:49 years ago much later than previously
00:25:49 --> 00:25:52 thought the study also examined D data
00:25:52 --> 00:25:56 from 275 present day humans and 59
00:25:56 --> 00:25:57 ancient individuals who look at in the
00:25:57 --> 00:26:00 end ancestry in modern humans over the
00:26:00 --> 00:26:03 last roughly 50 years it found there
00:26:03 --> 00:26:06 was a single shared extended period of
00:26:06 --> 00:26:08 Gene mixing that likely occurred between
00:26:08 --> 00:26:11 50 years ago and
00:26:11 --> 00:26:13 43 years
00:26:13 --> 00:26:15 ago have you ever wondered why
00:26:15 --> 00:26:17 journalistic standards are so bad these
00:26:17 --> 00:26:20 days well a recent study may have the
00:26:20 --> 00:26:22 answer and it turns out to be far more
00:26:22 --> 00:26:25 than just the poor quality work media
00:26:25 --> 00:26:26 courses that are being taught at
00:26:26 --> 00:26:29 universities these days the study
00:26:29 --> 00:26:30 commissioned by the London Press Club
00:26:30 --> 00:26:32 shows that journalists brains show a
00:26:32 --> 00:26:34 lower than average level of executive
00:26:34 --> 00:26:36 functioning meaning they have below
00:26:36 --> 00:26:38 average ability to regulate their
00:26:38 --> 00:26:40 emotions suppress their biases solve
00:26:40 --> 00:26:42 complex problems switch between
00:26:42 --> 00:26:45 different tasks and show creative and
00:26:45 --> 00:26:48 flexible thinking the study looked at 31
00:26:48 --> 00:26:50 journalists who are asked to carry out a
00:26:50 --> 00:26:52 series of tests answer a questionnaire
00:26:52 --> 00:26:53 and Report their eating and drinking
00:26:54 --> 00:26:56 habits researchers found that the
00:26:56 --> 00:26:58 journalist brains were functioning at a
00:26:58 --> 00:27:00 subpar level probably because they were
00:27:00 --> 00:27:02 consuming far too much alcohol caffeine
00:27:02 --> 00:27:04 and sugar but it also found their love
00:27:05 --> 00:27:06 for their work helps them fight through
00:27:07 --> 00:27:10 these difficult times over 40% of
00:27:10 --> 00:27:12 participants said that they drank 18 or
00:27:12 --> 00:27:14 more units of alcohol per week the
00:27:14 --> 00:27:16 recommended maximum weekly consumption
00:27:16 --> 00:27:18 is 14 units that equates to 1 and A2
00:27:18 --> 00:27:21 bottles of low alcohol wine or 4 and A2
00:27:21 --> 00:27:23 pints of beer a
00:27:23 --> 00:27:25 day while a British paranormal experts
00:27:25 --> 00:27:27 claim that your average ghost is a very
00:27:27 --> 00:27:30 limited lifespan which when you think
00:27:30 --> 00:27:31 about it it's a bit of a contradiction
00:27:31 --> 00:27:34 in terms Tim menum from a strand skeptic
00:27:34 --> 00:27:37 says the Cort expert claims most ghosts
00:27:37 --> 00:27:39 luring around nowadays are less than 100
00:27:39 --> 00:27:41 years old it's very sad isn't it if you
00:27:41 --> 00:27:43 think of all these stately homes in in
00:27:43 --> 00:27:45 the UK which all have their own ghost
00:27:45 --> 00:27:47 well every pu in the UK has a ghost just
00:27:47 --> 00:27:49 about doesn't it absolutely every pu in
00:27:49 --> 00:27:51 the UK is haunted always had this little
00:27:51 --> 00:27:54 CC TV videos of a glass moving across
00:27:54 --> 00:27:56 the counter Etc or a door opening
00:27:56 --> 00:27:58 closing or a chair spinning around it
00:27:58 --> 00:28:00 helps self self people to stay there
00:28:00 --> 00:28:02 there's one Theory by a paranormal
00:28:02 --> 00:28:04 expert a guy named Brian Sterling V
00:28:05 --> 00:28:06 who's saying that ghosts run out of
00:28:06 --> 00:28:08 energy according to the second La of
00:28:08 --> 00:28:10 thurbon Dynamics which means that energy
00:28:10 --> 00:28:12 dissipates so therefore if a ghost is
00:28:12 --> 00:28:13 pure energy therefore they're
00:28:14 --> 00:28:15 dissipating and they'll only last about
00:28:15 --> 00:28:17 100 years which doesn't explain ghosts
00:28:17 --> 00:28:18 which have been around for you know
00:28:18 --> 00:28:20 hundreds of years but he said eventually
00:28:20 --> 00:28:21 all the ones that the old ones we're
00:28:21 --> 00:28:23 losing track of them they not as many
00:28:23 --> 00:28:24 sightings as they used to be so he
00:28:24 --> 00:28:27 reckons 100 years as about it for our
00:28:27 --> 00:28:28 listeners who want to know the the
00:28:28 --> 00:28:30 second LW of thermodynamics you can't
00:28:30 --> 00:28:33 pass heat from a cooler to a hotter you
00:28:33 --> 00:28:34 can try if you like but you're far
00:28:34 --> 00:28:36 better notter there's another guy we
00:28:36 --> 00:28:38 spoke about a while ago who reckons the
00:28:38 --> 00:28:39 same sort of thing that ghost are
00:28:39 --> 00:28:41 running out of puff running out of
00:28:41 --> 00:28:42 energy he was suggesting a bit of
00:28:42 --> 00:28:44 nuclear power that help boost them I'm
00:28:44 --> 00:28:45 not quite sure how you plug in a ghost
00:28:45 --> 00:28:46 to a nuclear power station but never
00:28:46 --> 00:28:48 mind this paranormal rescue service
00:28:48 --> 00:28:50 fellow reckons that that this is this is
00:28:50 --> 00:28:52 a major issue that ghosts are
00:28:52 --> 00:28:54 disappearing that once notably haunted
00:28:54 --> 00:28:56 locations are increasingly less
00:28:56 --> 00:28:58 frequently haunted and some haven't been
00:28:58 --> 00:29:00 for a long time which might actually be
00:29:00 --> 00:29:01 explained by the fact that you people
00:29:01 --> 00:29:03 get bored with a particular site and not
00:29:03 --> 00:29:04 that interested or it's been debunked
00:29:04 --> 00:29:06 thoroughly but you that's beside the
00:29:06 --> 00:29:11 point that's Tim mendum from Australian
00:29:11 --> 00:29:19 [Music]
00:29:23 --> 00:29:26 Skeptics and that's the show for now
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