SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 16
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
New Discoveries on the Moon , Venus Exploration, and Titan's Atmosphere
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into a groundbreaking study revealing that the Moon may not be as geologically inactive as previously believed. Observations of small ridges on the lunar far side suggest recent tectonic activity, indicating that the Moon's geological history is more dynamic than once thought. Researchers found that these features, formed within the last 200 million years, could have significant implications for future lunar missions.
NASA's Davinci Mission to Venus
We also discuss NASA's upcoming Davinci mission, set to explore the mysteries of Venus. This innovative mission will deploy a descent probe into the planet's thick atmosphere, capturing high-resolution images and analyzing its unique geological features, including the ancient Tesserae that may provide insights into Venus's past.
Understanding Titan's Atmosphere
Additionally, we explore new research on Saturn's moon Titan, which maintains its dense nitrogen-rich atmosphere through chemical reactions occurring deep beneath its surface. The findings suggest that Titan's atmosphere, which features liquid methane rain and a complex organic chemistry, is replenished by internal processes that have puzzled scientists since its discovery.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 16 for broadcast on 5 February 2025
00:49 New findings on the geological activity of the Moon
06:30 Overview of NASA's Davinci mission to Venus
12:15 How Titan maintains its atmosphere
18:00 Increase in temperature-related deaths in Europe
22:45 Discovery of magma chambers in dormant volcanoes
27:00 Creation of bipaternal mice using stem cell engineering
30:15 Overview of Deepseek AI chatbot
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
Planetary Science Journal
https://www.elsevier.com/journals/planetary-science-journal
Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15252027
Nature Medicine
Nature Geoscience
Cell Stem Cell
https://www.cell.com/cell-stem-cell/home
TechAdvice Life
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Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/25426893?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 28 episode 16
00:00:03 --> 00:00:05 for broadcast on the 5th of February
00:00:05 --> 00:00:09 2025 coming up on SpaceTime the moon not
00:00:09 --> 00:00:11 As geologically Dead As previously
00:00:11 --> 00:00:13 thought a new mission to unlock the
00:00:13 --> 00:00:16 secrets of the planet Venus and how the
00:00:16 --> 00:00:19 saty moon Titan maintains its atmosphere
00:00:19 --> 00:00:22 all that and more coming up on
00:00:22 --> 00:00:25 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:25 --> 00:00:35 Stuart Gary
00:00:35 --> 00:00:42 [Music]
00:00:42 --> 00:00:44 a new study has discovered that the
00:00:44 --> 00:00:46 Earth's Moon may not be as geologically
00:00:46 --> 00:00:49 dead as previously thought the findings
00:00:49 --> 00:00:50 are reported in the planetary science
00:00:50 --> 00:00:52 journal are based on observations of
00:00:52 --> 00:00:55 small ridges on the lunar Far Side
00:00:55 --> 00:00:56 scientists have studied the moon's
00:00:56 --> 00:00:58 surface for decades in order to help
00:00:58 --> 00:01:00 piece together its comp Le Lex
00:01:00 --> 00:01:02 geological and evolutionary history now
00:01:02 --> 00:01:04 evidence from Luna Maria there the dark
00:01:04 --> 00:01:06 flat areas of the Moon filled with
00:01:06 --> 00:01:08 solidified lava suggest that the moon
00:01:08 --> 00:01:09 must have experienced significant
00:01:10 --> 00:01:12 compression in its distant past
00:01:12 --> 00:01:14 researchers suspect that large arcing
00:01:14 --> 00:01:16 ridges on the moon's near side were
00:01:16 --> 00:01:17 formed by contractions that occurred
00:01:18 --> 00:01:20 billions of years ago as the moon cooled
00:01:20 --> 00:01:22 down and shrank and they concluded that
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 the moon's maras remained dormant ever
00:01:24 --> 00:01:27 since however a new study reveals that
00:01:27 --> 00:01:29 What Lies Beneath the lunar surface may
00:01:29 --> 00:01:32 be more Dynamic than previously thought
00:01:32 --> 00:01:34 the authors discovered that small ridges
00:01:34 --> 00:01:35 located on the moon's Far Side are
00:01:35 --> 00:01:37 notably younger than those previously
00:01:37 --> 00:01:39 studed ridges on the near side one of
00:01:40 --> 00:01:41 the studies's authors jacqulyn Clark
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 from the University of Maryland says
00:01:43 --> 00:01:44 many scientists believe that most of the
00:01:44 --> 00:01:46 moon's geological movements probably
00:01:46 --> 00:01:48 happened 2 and a half to maybe 3 billion
00:01:48 --> 00:01:50 years ago but Clark and colleagues are
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 seeing that these tectonic landforms
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 have been recently active around the
00:01:54 --> 00:01:56 last billion years or so and may still
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 be active today the authors say these
00:01:58 --> 00:02:00 small maray ridges seem to have formed
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 within the last 200 million years or so
00:02:02 --> 00:02:04 which is relatively recent considering
00:02:04 --> 00:02:07 the moon's time scale using Advanced
00:02:07 --> 00:02:08 mapping and modeling techniques the
00:02:08 --> 00:02:11 authors found 268 previously unknown
00:02:11 --> 00:02:13 smaller ridges on the Luna Far Side The
00:02:13 --> 00:02:15 Ridges typically appeared in groups of
00:02:15 --> 00:02:18 10 to 40 in volcanic regions that likely
00:02:18 --> 00:02:21 formed between 3.2 to 3.6 billion years
00:02:21 --> 00:02:23 ago in narrow areas where there may be
00:02:23 --> 00:02:25 underlying weaknesses in the moon's
00:02:25 --> 00:02:28 crust now to estimate the age of these
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 small ridges the authors used a
00:02:30 --> 00:02:31 technique called crater counting and
00:02:32 --> 00:02:33 they found The Ridges were notably
00:02:33 --> 00:02:35 younger than other features in their
00:02:35 --> 00:02:37 surroundings crater counting is pretty
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 simple essentially the more craters a
00:02:39 --> 00:02:41 surface has the older that surface is
00:02:41 --> 00:02:43 likely to be that's because the surfaces
00:02:43 --> 00:02:46 had more time to accumulate more craters
00:02:46 --> 00:02:48 after cutting the craters around these
00:02:48 --> 00:02:49 small ridges and seeing that some of the
00:02:49 --> 00:02:51 ridges actually cut through existing
00:02:51 --> 00:02:53 impact craters the authors believe that
00:02:53 --> 00:02:55 these land forms were tectonically
00:02:55 --> 00:02:58 active in the last 160 million years
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 interestingly Mark noted that The Far
00:03:01 --> 00:03:02 Side ridges were similar in structure to
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 the ones on the near side and that
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 suggests that both were created by the
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 same forces likely a combination of the
00:03:08 --> 00:03:10 moon's gradual shrinking and shifts in
00:03:10 --> 00:03:13 lunar orbit the Apollo missions of the
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 late 60s and early' 70s detected a
00:03:15 --> 00:03:18 series of small shallow moonquakes and
00:03:18 --> 00:03:20 the new finding suggest that these small
00:03:20 --> 00:03:22 ridges might be related to similar
00:03:22 --> 00:03:24 seismic activity learning more about the
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 evolution of the lunar surface could
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 have important implications for the
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 logistics of future Moon missions
00:03:30 --> 00:03:32 Clark hopes that future missions to the
00:03:32 --> 00:03:33 moon will include tools like ground
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 penetrating radar so researchers can
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 better understand the structures beneath
00:03:37 --> 00:03:40 the lunar surface and knowing where the
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 Moon is still geologically Dynamic has
00:03:42 --> 00:03:44 very real implications for where NASA
00:03:44 --> 00:03:46 plans to put its astronauts equipment
00:03:46 --> 00:03:47 and infrastructure when it finally
00:03:47 --> 00:03:51 returns to stay on the lunar surface
00:03:51 --> 00:03:54 this is spacetime still to come a new
00:03:54 --> 00:03:55 mission to unlock the secrets of the
00:03:55 --> 00:03:58 planet Venus and how the saturnian moon
00:03:58 --> 00:04:01 Titan maintains its thick atmosphere all
00:04:01 --> 00:04:11 that and more still to come on
00:04:11 --> 00:04:18 [Music]
00:04:18 --> 00:04:21 SpaceTime there's been a lot of talk in
00:04:21 --> 00:04:22 the scientific media including here on
00:04:23 --> 00:04:25 SpaceTime about NASA's new mission to
00:04:25 --> 00:04:27 study the planet Venus it's called Da
00:04:27 --> 00:04:30 Vinci that stands for deep atmosphere
00:04:30 --> 00:04:32 Venus investigation of noble gases
00:04:32 --> 00:04:33 chemistry and imaging Mission which is
00:04:33 --> 00:04:36 slated to launch in the early 2030s the
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 Vinci will explore Venus with both an
00:04:39 --> 00:04:42 orbital spacecraft and a Ascent module
00:04:42 --> 00:04:44 NASA says Da Vinci embodies the spirit
00:04:44 --> 00:04:46 of innovation and exploration that its
00:04:46 --> 00:04:49 namesake theed dichi was famous for
00:04:49 --> 00:04:51 it'll be the first probe of the 21st
00:04:51 --> 00:04:53 century to Brave Venus's atmosphere as
00:04:53 --> 00:04:55 it descends from above the planet's
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 Cloud tops down to its heat soaked
00:04:57 --> 00:05:00 surface to other missions NASA's Veritas
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 and the European space agency's Envision
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 Mission will also explore Venus in the
00:05:04 --> 00:05:07 2030s but they'll both be doing that
00:05:07 --> 00:05:09 from orbit the D Vinci spacecraft will
00:05:09 --> 00:05:11 study Venus's clouds and Highlands
00:05:11 --> 00:05:14 during two flybys it'll also release a
00:05:14 --> 00:05:17 spherical meter wide probe that'll
00:05:17 --> 00:05:18 plunge through the planet's thick
00:05:18 --> 00:05:20 atmosphere in corrosive clouds taking
00:05:20 --> 00:05:22 measurements and capturing high
00:05:22 --> 00:05:24 resolution images of the venian surface
00:05:24 --> 00:05:27 as it slowly descends the D Vinci
00:05:27 --> 00:05:28 Mission will be the first to closely
00:05:28 --> 00:05:31 explore Alpha iio a region known as a
00:05:31 --> 00:05:34 Tessa so far only found on Venus where
00:05:34 --> 00:05:35 they make up about 8% of the planet
00:05:35 --> 00:05:38 surface Tess are Highland regions
00:05:38 --> 00:05:40 similar in appearance to rugged mountain
00:05:40 --> 00:05:42 tabletops on Earth geologists believe
00:05:42 --> 00:05:45 they may be exposed cratons ancient
00:05:45 --> 00:05:46 structures that have extended up through
00:05:46 --> 00:05:49 the mantle and Crist previous missions
00:05:49 --> 00:05:51 discover these tessay features using
00:05:51 --> 00:05:53 radar instruments but of the many
00:05:53 --> 00:05:55 spacecraft that Dove through Venus's
00:05:55 --> 00:05:58 atmosphere between 1966 and 1985 none
00:05:58 --> 00:06:01 studied or photograph gra these Tess
00:06:01 --> 00:06:03 thought to be ancient continents Tess
00:06:03 --> 00:06:05 like alphar Rio may be among the oldest
00:06:05 --> 00:06:07 surfaces on the planet offering
00:06:07 --> 00:06:09 scientists access to rocks that are
00:06:09 --> 00:06:12 billions of years old by studying these
00:06:12 --> 00:06:13 rocks a Vinci scientists May learn
00:06:13 --> 00:06:15 whether Venus ever had continents and
00:06:15 --> 00:06:18 oceans and how water may have influenced
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 the surface as well as being Earth's
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 nearest planetary neighbor Venus is
00:06:22 --> 00:06:24 considered to be Earth's sister Planet
00:06:24 --> 00:06:26 they're both almost the same size with a
00:06:26 --> 00:06:28 similar mass and diameter both were
00:06:28 --> 00:06:30 formed under similar condition ions out
00:06:30 --> 00:06:31 of the same materials and in the same
00:06:31 --> 00:06:34 part of the solar system in fact Venice
00:06:34 --> 00:06:36 once excited speculation that it could
00:06:36 --> 00:06:39 host the first human colony in space see
00:06:39 --> 00:06:41 back in the 50s and 60s scientists
00:06:41 --> 00:06:43 thought the dense cloud cover meant lots
00:06:43 --> 00:06:45 of rain after all it's closer to the Sun
00:06:45 --> 00:06:46 than the Earth is so temperatures would
00:06:46 --> 00:06:48 be hotter and more humid that would mean
00:06:48 --> 00:06:50 more water evaporation and more
00:06:50 --> 00:06:53 rainclouds so scientists of the day en
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 Vis that under its thick cloud cover
00:06:55 --> 00:06:57 Earth's sister planet was covered in a
00:06:57 --> 00:07:00 lush green tropical rainforest Amazon
00:07:00 --> 00:07:02 jungle on steroids and more rain
00:07:02 --> 00:07:04 probably meant a higher oxygen content
00:07:04 --> 00:07:07 too and so some scientists even began
00:07:07 --> 00:07:08 speculating that the tropical
00:07:08 --> 00:07:10 rainforests of Venus somehow meant lots
00:07:10 --> 00:07:11 of
00:07:11 --> 00:07:14 dinosaurs of course we now know that if
00:07:14 --> 00:07:16 Venus is Earth sister Planet then it's a
00:07:16 --> 00:07:18 twisted sister with a massive runaway
00:07:18 --> 00:07:21 greenhouse effect in fact Soviet and
00:07:21 --> 00:07:23 American probes have revealed Venus to
00:07:23 --> 00:07:24 be the nearest thing to hell in our
00:07:24 --> 00:07:27 solar system its surface is scorchingly
00:07:27 --> 00:07:30 hot with average temperatures of 4 62° C
00:07:30 --> 00:07:33 that's hot enough to melt lead and those
00:07:33 --> 00:07:35 thick opaque Planet shrouding clouds
00:07:35 --> 00:07:37 well they do cause rain but the rain
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 isn't water instead it's droplets of
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 metal eating sulfuric acid now
00:07:41 --> 00:07:43 scientists have seen what looks like
00:07:43 --> 00:07:44 snow caps on some of venice's taller
00:07:45 --> 00:07:47 mountain ranges but the snow isn't
00:07:47 --> 00:07:49 frozen water it's actually metallic
00:07:49 --> 00:07:51 Venus's clouds are so heavy they crush
00:07:51 --> 00:07:53 the planet's Rich carbon dioxide based
00:07:53 --> 00:07:55 atmosphere acting like a sort of lid on
00:07:55 --> 00:07:57 a pressure cooker and giving the planet
00:07:57 --> 00:08:00 a surface pressure 92 times greater than
00:08:00 --> 00:08:01 the average sea level surface pressure
00:08:01 --> 00:08:04 on Earth the surface is dominated by
00:08:04 --> 00:08:07 over, 1600 volcanic structures more than
00:08:07 --> 00:08:10 any other planet in the solar system its
00:08:10 --> 00:08:12 surface is 90% bass Sal and consist of a
00:08:12 --> 00:08:14 mosaic of volcanic lava planes showing
00:08:15 --> 00:08:17 evidence of regular periodic resurfacing
00:08:17 --> 00:08:19 by floods of magma now this indicates
00:08:19 --> 00:08:21 that volcanism played and maybe still is
00:08:21 --> 00:08:23 playing a major role in shaping the
00:08:23 --> 00:08:26 planet's surface even Venus's orbital
00:08:26 --> 00:08:28 characteristics are strange it circles
00:08:28 --> 00:08:32 the Sun every 224 Earth days but it
00:08:32 --> 00:08:34 rotates in retrograde compared to most
00:08:34 --> 00:08:36 other planets in the solar system in
00:08:36 --> 00:08:38 other words the sun rises in the west
00:08:38 --> 00:08:40 and sets in the East and the rotation
00:08:40 --> 00:08:43 rate is incredibly slow a day on Venus
00:08:43 --> 00:08:46 lasts 243 Earth days in other words a
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 venesian day actually lasts longer than
00:08:48 --> 00:08:53 its year this report from NASA TV Venus
00:08:53 --> 00:08:55 a planet with an ocean of air unexplored
00:08:55 --> 00:08:58 in the ways we look at the worlds around
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 us and Beyond we're going back to that
00:09:00 --> 00:09:02 ocean of air at our sister world with a
00:09:02 --> 00:09:05 mission inspired by Leonardo called Da
00:09:05 --> 00:09:08 Vinci to explore from the cloud deck to
00:09:08 --> 00:09:11 the surface over a region of mountains
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 that could hold Clues to how the early
00:09:13 --> 00:09:15 history of Worlds like Venus and Earth
00:09:15 --> 00:09:17 worked but by reading the chemical
00:09:17 --> 00:09:21 fossils in the atmosphere the Dynamics
00:09:21 --> 00:09:23 and the other forensic Clues to how an
00:09:23 --> 00:09:27 entire world with this ocean of air
00:09:27 --> 00:09:29 Works will learn about not only our own
00:09:29 --> 00:09:31 solar system and the history of Venus
00:09:31 --> 00:09:33 and whether it was habitable at one
00:09:33 --> 00:09:36 point but also push that record forward
00:09:36 --> 00:09:39 to explore exoplanets that are like
00:09:39 --> 00:09:41 Venus which we suspect are abundant
00:09:41 --> 00:09:43 around favorable
00:09:43 --> 00:09:46 Stars Da Vinci will be the Gateway that
00:09:46 --> 00:09:49 opens that door so we can explore better
00:09:49 --> 00:09:52 here and apply that forward Beyond as we
00:09:52 --> 00:09:55 go into eras of gigantic observatories
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 Beyond James web like the habitable
00:09:57 --> 00:10:00 world's Observatory
00:10:00 --> 00:10:03 Venus is waiting and we can't wait to
00:10:03 --> 00:10:06 get back there this is spacetime still
00:10:06 --> 00:10:08 to come a new mission to study how the
00:10:08 --> 00:10:10 saturnian moon Titan maintains its
00:10:10 --> 00:10:12 atmosphere and later in the science
00:10:12 --> 00:10:15 report new research shows dant volcanoes
00:10:15 --> 00:10:17 can still retain massive magma Chambers
00:10:17 --> 00:10:19 all that and more still to come on
00:10:19 --> 00:10:36 SpaceTime
00:10:36 --> 00:10:38 a new study suggest that the saturnian
00:10:38 --> 00:10:40 moon Titan maintains its unique nitrogen
00:10:40 --> 00:10:42 Rich atmosphere through High Press
00:10:42 --> 00:10:44 chemical reactions deep below the
00:10:44 --> 00:10:46 surface the findings reported in the
00:10:46 --> 00:10:49 journal geoa at cosmoem actor based on
00:10:49 --> 00:10:51 laboratory experiments which produce
00:10:51 --> 00:10:53 gases similar to those found on the
00:10:53 --> 00:10:55 saturnian moon Titan is the second
00:10:55 --> 00:10:57 largest moon in our solar system after
00:10:57 --> 00:10:59 gany and it's the only one one that has
00:10:59 --> 00:11:02 a significant atmosphere it's also the
00:11:02 --> 00:11:03 only World in our solar system other
00:11:03 --> 00:11:05 than Earth where clouds rain down
00:11:05 --> 00:11:07 liquids onto the surface on a regular
00:11:07 --> 00:11:09 basis forming streams and rivers which
00:11:10 --> 00:11:12 eventually flow into lakes and seas but
00:11:12 --> 00:11:14 instead of Earth's liquid water on
00:11:14 --> 00:11:16 tighten the weather's so cold the rain
00:11:17 --> 00:11:19 is liquid methane and ethane now there
00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 is water untightened but it's frozen
00:11:21 --> 00:11:23 solid so hard that it forms much of the
00:11:23 --> 00:11:26 moon's Bedrock the study's lead author
00:11:26 --> 00:11:28 Kelly Miller from the southwest Research
00:11:28 --> 00:11:30 Institute in San ant Texas says while
00:11:30 --> 00:11:33 just 40% the diameter of the earth Titan
00:11:33 --> 00:11:35 is an atmosphere 1 and a half times as
00:11:35 --> 00:11:36 dense as the Earth even with its lower
00:11:37 --> 00:11:39 gravity Miller says walking on the
00:11:39 --> 00:11:40 surface of Titan would actually feel a
00:11:40 --> 00:11:44 lot like scuba diving the origin age and
00:11:44 --> 00:11:46 evolution of Titan's atmosphere which is
00:11:46 --> 00:11:49 roughly 95% nitrogen and 5% methane has
00:11:49 --> 00:11:50 puzzled scientist ever since it was
00:11:50 --> 00:11:52 first discovered in
00:11:52 --> 00:11:55 1944 Miller says the presence of methane
00:11:55 --> 00:11:57 is critical to the existence of Titan's
00:11:57 --> 00:11:59 atmosphere see methane is removed moved
00:11:59 --> 00:12:01 by reactions caused by sunlight and it
00:12:01 --> 00:12:02 would disappear in about 30 million
00:12:03 --> 00:12:04 years after which what's left of the
00:12:04 --> 00:12:06 atmosphere would simply freeze onto the
00:12:06 --> 00:12:08 surface now because of methane's short
00:12:08 --> 00:12:10 geological lifespan scientists think
00:12:10 --> 00:12:12 some sort of internal process must be
00:12:12 --> 00:12:15 replenishing the methane Miller who was
00:12:15 --> 00:12:17 also the lead author of a 2019 paper
00:12:17 --> 00:12:18 published in the astrophysical journal
00:12:18 --> 00:12:20 has proposed a theoretical model to show
00:12:20 --> 00:12:22 how the moon's atmosphere has developed
00:12:22 --> 00:12:25 and is being replenished over the years
00:12:25 --> 00:12:27 the paper hypothesizes that large
00:12:27 --> 00:12:28 amounts of Highly complex organic
00:12:28 --> 00:12:30 material materals are heated up in
00:12:30 --> 00:12:33 Titan's Rocky interior and that releases
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 nitrogen as well as carbon gases like
00:12:35 --> 00:12:37 methane these gases then sep out onto
00:12:37 --> 00:12:39 the surface forming a thick atmosphere
00:12:39 --> 00:12:41 around the moon now this theory is
00:12:41 --> 00:12:43 corroborated by recent experiments that
00:12:43 --> 00:12:45 heated organic materials the
00:12:45 --> 00:12:48 temperatures of around 250 to 500° C at
00:12:48 --> 00:12:50 pressures of up to 10 kilobars in order
00:12:51 --> 00:12:53 to simulate the interior conditions of
00:12:53 --> 00:12:55 Titan and the experiments produce carbon
00:12:55 --> 00:12:57 gases like carbon dioxide and methane in
00:12:57 --> 00:13:00 sufficient quantities Supply Titan's
00:13:00 --> 00:13:02 atmospheric Reservoir the paper is
00:13:02 --> 00:13:04 largely based on NASA's Cassini hyan
00:13:04 --> 00:13:07 spacecraft which launched in 1977 and
00:13:07 --> 00:13:09 explored the saturnian system between
00:13:09 --> 00:13:12 2014 and 2017 during that mission
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 Cassini deployed the hyan Lander which
00:13:14 --> 00:13:16 descended through the atmosphere landing
00:13:16 --> 00:13:19 on Titan's surface images show a surface
00:13:19 --> 00:13:22 which felt like wet sand NASA plans to
00:13:22 --> 00:13:24 launch another mission to the saturnian
00:13:24 --> 00:13:26 system in 2028 with a spacecraft
00:13:26 --> 00:13:29 helicopter drone named dragonfly the
00:13:29 --> 00:13:31 dragonfly quadcopter will be designed to
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 explore Titan up close and investigate
00:13:33 --> 00:13:35 whether environments at Titan could have
00:13:35 --> 00:13:38 ever been condusive for life this report
00:13:38 --> 00:13:41 from Nessa TV our next New Frontiers
00:13:41 --> 00:13:45 Mission dragonfly will explore Saturn's
00:13:45 --> 00:13:47 largest moon Titan dragonfly will be the
00:13:47 --> 00:13:50 first drone Lander with the capability
00:13:50 --> 00:13:53 to fly over a 100 miles through Titan's
00:13:53 --> 00:13:55 thick atmosphere Titan is unlike any
00:13:55 --> 00:13:57 other place in our solar system and the
00:13:57 --> 00:14:00 most comparable to early Earth the
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 instruments on board will help us
00:14:02 --> 00:14:04 investigate organic chemistry and search
00:14:04 --> 00:14:07 for chemical signatures of past or even
00:14:07 --> 00:14:08 present
00:14:08 --> 00:14:12 life so we have on tightened opportunity
00:14:12 --> 00:14:14 to observe the processes um that were
00:14:14 --> 00:14:16 present on early Earth when life began
00:14:16 --> 00:14:19 to form and possibly even conditions
00:14:19 --> 00:14:22 that may be able to Harbor life today
00:14:22 --> 00:14:24 one of the things that is particularly
00:14:24 --> 00:14:26 exciting about this mission is that we
00:14:26 --> 00:14:29 can do the very detailed chemical measur
00:14:29 --> 00:14:31 but be able to put them in the context
00:14:31 --> 00:14:34 of Titan as a system this is
00:14:34 --> 00:14:49 [Music]
00:14:49 --> 00:14:51 spacetime and time that to take another
00:14:51 --> 00:14:52 brief look at some of the other stories
00:14:52 --> 00:14:54 making news and science this week with a
00:14:54 --> 00:14:57 science report a new study warns that
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 temperature related deaths in Europe
00:14:59 --> 00:15:01 European cities could increase by up to
00:15:01 --> 00:15:04 50% resulting in some 2.3 million
00:15:04 --> 00:15:05 additional deaths by the end of the
00:15:05 --> 00:15:08 century the findings reported in the
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 journal Nature medicine based on climate
00:15:10 --> 00:15:13 simulations using data on 854 urban
00:15:13 --> 00:15:16 areas across 30 European countries these
00:15:16 --> 00:15:18 were used to estimate deaths from very
00:15:18 --> 00:15:20 cold and very hot temperatures with
00:15:20 --> 00:15:21 increased deaths from extreme heat
00:15:21 --> 00:15:23 outpacing increased deaths from extreme
00:15:24 --> 00:15:26 cold the authors claim strong climate
00:15:26 --> 00:15:28 change mitigation measures could reduce
00:15:28 --> 00:15:30 the number of additional deaths to just
00:15:30 --> 00:15:31 over a quarter of a million people by
00:15:31 --> 00:15:33 the year
00:15:33 --> 00:15:36 2100 scientists have discovered that
00:15:36 --> 00:15:37 contrary to popular belief dormant
00:15:37 --> 00:15:39 volcanoes sleeping for hundreds of
00:15:39 --> 00:15:42 thousands of years can still retain
00:15:42 --> 00:15:44 massive magma Chambers the findings
00:15:44 --> 00:15:45 reported in the journal Nature
00:15:45 --> 00:15:48 geoscience found large magma Chambers
00:15:48 --> 00:15:50 lurking beneath six volcanoes thought to
00:15:50 --> 00:15:52 be dormant in the Pacific Northwest
00:15:52 --> 00:15:54 Cascades range the new discovery
00:15:54 --> 00:15:57 challenges existing ideas of exactly
00:15:57 --> 00:15:59 what separates an active volcano from a
00:15:59 --> 00:16:02 dormant one the authors use seismometers
00:16:02 --> 00:16:04 to identify persistent and large magma
00:16:04 --> 00:16:05 Chambers in all six of the dormant
00:16:05 --> 00:16:08 volcanoes they studied the results
00:16:08 --> 00:16:10 suggest that eruptions Do Not always
00:16:10 --> 00:16:13 completely drain a magma chamber instead
00:16:13 --> 00:16:15 it will release some of the excess
00:16:15 --> 00:16:17 volume and pressure and the magma
00:16:17 --> 00:16:19 chamber can then slowly be expanded and
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 refilled over time as the crust
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 gradually
00:16:23 --> 00:16:25 melts Chinese scientists have
00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 successfully used embryonic stem cell
00:16:27 --> 00:16:29 engineering to create a by paternal
00:16:29 --> 00:16:32 mouse that is a mouse with two dads
00:16:32 --> 00:16:33 which was able to survive until
00:16:33 --> 00:16:35 adulthood a report of the journal cell
00:16:35 --> 00:16:37 stem cell claims the authors had
00:16:37 --> 00:16:39 attempted to create bip paternal mice
00:16:39 --> 00:16:41 before but the embryos all stopped
00:16:41 --> 00:16:43 growing in this new study they focused
00:16:44 --> 00:16:46 on imprinting genes which regulate gene
00:16:46 --> 00:16:47 activity and were thought to be a
00:16:47 --> 00:16:49 fundamental barrier to creating a mouse
00:16:49 --> 00:16:52 with two parents of the same sex the
00:16:52 --> 00:16:55 authors modified 20 key imprinting genes
00:16:55 --> 00:16:56 finding that not only did this allow the
00:16:56 --> 00:16:59 creation of bip paternal animals that
00:16:59 --> 00:17:00 sometimes lived to adulthood but it also
00:17:00 --> 00:17:03 led to more stable stem cells however
00:17:03 --> 00:17:05 only around one in8 of the viable
00:17:05 --> 00:17:07 embryos developed until birth and not
00:17:07 --> 00:17:09 all the pups that were born lived to
00:17:09 --> 00:17:12 adulthood due to developmental defects
00:17:12 --> 00:17:14 also those that did live to adulthood
00:17:14 --> 00:17:16 had altered growth and shortened
00:17:16 --> 00:17:18 lifespans and were
00:17:18 --> 00:17:21 sterile Chinese company deep sick has
00:17:21 --> 00:17:23 developed a new AI chatbot which he
00:17:23 --> 00:17:25 claims Rivals chat
00:17:25 --> 00:17:27 GPT the new technology was reportedly
00:17:27 --> 00:17:29 developed using fuel and less Advanced
00:17:29 --> 00:17:32 chips than its American Rivals it's Now
00:17:32 --> 00:17:33 quickly become the world's most
00:17:33 --> 00:17:35 downloaded app causing technology stocks
00:17:35 --> 00:17:39 to crash globally however deep seik
00:17:39 --> 00:17:41 isn't really that good it's heavily
00:17:41 --> 00:17:42 censored by the Chinese communist
00:17:43 --> 00:17:45 government and refuses to discuss topics
00:17:45 --> 00:17:47 which are sensitive to Beijing including
00:17:47 --> 00:17:48 the weager people's enslavement in
00:17:48 --> 00:17:50 so-called re-education camps the
00:17:50 --> 00:17:52 slaughter of felong gong members for
00:17:52 --> 00:17:55 forc organ donations and the Bloody 1989
00:17:55 --> 00:17:58 tanaman Square massacre there are also
00:17:58 --> 00:18:00 major your security concerns with deep
00:18:00 --> 00:18:03 seek all your personal data contacts
00:18:03 --> 00:18:05 searches internet history including text
00:18:05 --> 00:18:08 uploaded files feedback chat history
00:18:08 --> 00:18:10 video and audio inputs are collected
00:18:10 --> 00:18:12 automatically of course this isn't the
00:18:12 --> 00:18:14 first time there's been concerns about
00:18:14 --> 00:18:17 Chinese technology in 2018 the
00:18:17 --> 00:18:19 Australian government banned Chinese
00:18:19 --> 00:18:21 telecommunications giant Huawei from its
00:18:21 --> 00:18:23 National 5G Network citing National
00:18:23 --> 00:18:26 Security concerns it's also banned the
00:18:26 --> 00:18:27 use of the Tik Tok app on Department of
00:18:28 --> 00:18:29 Defense and government cell phones and
00:18:29 --> 00:18:33 computers see as a Chinese firm deep
00:18:33 --> 00:18:35 required to follow China's strict
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 censorship laws and regulations ensuring
00:18:37 --> 00:18:39 the new AI conforms to beijing's
00:18:39 --> 00:18:42 communist values technology editor Alex
00:18:42 --> 00:18:45 saharov Roy from Tech advice. life has
00:18:45 --> 00:18:47 tested deep seek and here's what he
00:18:47 --> 00:18:49 found well deep seek is an AI chatbot in
00:18:50 --> 00:18:53 the style of chat gbt or co-pilot or
00:18:53 --> 00:18:55 grock and its breakthrough is that it
00:18:55 --> 00:18:58 seems to deliver very similar sorts of
00:18:58 --> 00:19:01 results to what you'd get with chat GPT
00:19:01 --> 00:19:03 in fact some of the benchmarks show that
00:19:03 --> 00:19:06 it's more accurate but the creators
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 claim to have done this without the
00:19:08 --> 00:19:11 massive investment in h100
00:19:11 --> 00:19:14 top-of-the-line Nvidia chips nor the
00:19:14 --> 00:19:17 billions of dollars if not uh tens or
00:19:17 --> 00:19:18 even hundreds of billions of dollars of
00:19:18 --> 00:19:21 investment that has gone into creating
00:19:21 --> 00:19:24 this algorithm now an interesting thing
00:19:24 --> 00:19:26 is that when you download the app you
00:19:26 --> 00:19:28 have this option to tap deep research I
00:19:28 --> 00:19:30 I think it is R1 and what happens then
00:19:30 --> 00:19:34 is that you see the AI reasoning with
00:19:34 --> 00:19:36 itself sort of giving itself a
00:19:36 --> 00:19:38 instructions on how it's going to
00:19:38 --> 00:19:40 respond to your question even harking
00:19:40 --> 00:19:42 back to previous interactions that
00:19:42 --> 00:19:44 you've had and then it gives you the
00:19:44 --> 00:19:45 response so we haven't actually been
00:19:45 --> 00:19:48 able to see AI do that normally AI is a
00:19:48 --> 00:19:50 black box there is this concept of
00:19:50 --> 00:19:53 explainable AI which people want so they
00:19:53 --> 00:19:55 know what the AI is is thinking and why
00:19:55 --> 00:19:57 it's coming up with those responses and
00:19:57 --> 00:19:58 and again as I said this is something we
00:19:59 --> 00:20:01 haven't seen with the other models now
00:20:01 --> 00:20:03 the claim is that this was done for $6
00:20:03 --> 00:20:07 million us and the trick is that instead
00:20:07 --> 00:20:10 of having huge amounts of processors to
00:20:10 --> 00:20:12 generate and calculate each token this
00:20:12 --> 00:20:14 new model is able to somehow predict the
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 tokens it would need but the criticisms
00:20:16 --> 00:20:19 are that he has been using chat gpt's
00:20:19 --> 00:20:21 own results and research to come up with
00:20:21 --> 00:20:23 its answers that it is getting a lot
00:20:23 --> 00:20:26 more funding from the Chinese government
00:20:26 --> 00:20:29 than is being led on and and it is
00:20:29 --> 00:20:31 actually using h800 chips these are
00:20:31 --> 00:20:34 Nvidia chips designed to be sold into
00:20:34 --> 00:20:36 the Chinese market but they have about
00:20:36 --> 00:20:39 half the chipto chip speed in terms of
00:20:39 --> 00:20:40 being able to talk to each other so this
00:20:40 --> 00:20:42 is meant to slow down the Chinese
00:20:43 --> 00:20:45 advancements there are concerns that the
00:20:45 --> 00:20:48 app will take your IP address and your
00:20:48 --> 00:20:50 logs and the the version of the
00:20:50 --> 00:20:52 operating system and the hardware that
00:20:52 --> 00:20:54 you have and it will also like Tik Tok
00:20:54 --> 00:20:58 capture your keystroke rhythms and
00:20:58 --> 00:21:00 pattern now this is not actually key
00:21:00 --> 00:21:01 logging where it's getting your exact
00:21:01 --> 00:21:03 keystrokes that you're typing but for
00:21:03 --> 00:21:06 security and sort of other nefarious you
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 know sounding purposes it is capturing
00:21:08 --> 00:21:10 this information to verify that it's you
00:21:11 --> 00:21:12 and the concern is and people have
00:21:12 --> 00:21:13 claimed that it's capturing your
00:21:14 --> 00:21:16 passwords and able to take your photos
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 and images but I don't see any evidence
00:21:18 --> 00:21:20 of that I mean other apps are capturing
00:21:20 --> 00:21:22 this keystroke information as well uh
00:21:22 --> 00:21:24 there were there was talks at Facebook
00:21:24 --> 00:21:25 even if you weren't hitting send on a
00:21:25 --> 00:21:27 post you were making within its app it
00:21:27 --> 00:21:29 were still capturing that information
00:21:29 --> 00:21:30 anyway which is worse than what is
00:21:30 --> 00:21:33 claimed with deep seek but it is true
00:21:33 --> 00:21:35 that if you insert or input information
00:21:35 --> 00:21:37 into deep seek for it to do its
00:21:38 --> 00:21:39 calculations and come up with an answer
00:21:39 --> 00:21:41 that is information you're giving to the
00:21:41 --> 00:21:43 system which you can put into a profile
00:21:43 --> 00:21:45 against your user name that you have to
00:21:45 --> 00:21:47 sign up with and it is stored on Chinese
00:21:47 --> 00:21:49 service so look I downloaded it I tried
00:21:49 --> 00:21:51 it I looked at it it works it's pretty
00:21:51 --> 00:21:53 cool I've since deleted it because I
00:21:53 --> 00:21:55 have chat gbt I have grock and I don't
00:21:55 --> 00:21:57 know whether to trust this particular
00:21:57 --> 00:21:59 app or not but it is the number one out
00:21:59 --> 00:22:00 in the US in Australia and other
00:22:00 --> 00:22:02 countries as well so a lot of people
00:22:02 --> 00:22:04 have looked at it and if it is true that
00:22:04 --> 00:22:06 the system can do a better job with
00:22:06 --> 00:22:08 resources than what the current models
00:22:08 --> 00:22:10 in the US are able to come up with well
00:22:10 --> 00:22:12 it's open source so that information can
00:22:12 --> 00:22:14 be easily consumed with inter chat gbt
00:22:14 --> 00:22:16 or grock or other systems and they can
00:22:16 --> 00:22:18 get an incredible boost as well and look
00:22:18 --> 00:22:20 the final story on whether this is some
00:22:20 --> 00:22:22 giant spy tool that's yet to be told but
00:22:22 --> 00:22:24 it's horses for hes you can play with it
00:22:24 --> 00:22:25 and find out for yourself but you'll get
00:22:25 --> 00:22:27 the same sort of results you'll get from
00:22:27 --> 00:22:29 chat gbt or Gro both of which you can
00:22:29 --> 00:22:31 access for free that's Alex Sahara Roy
00:22:31 --> 00:22:35 from take advice start
00:22:35 --> 00:22:47 [Music]
00:22:47 --> 00:22:50 life and that's the show for now
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