SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 155
*Discovery of a New Class of Cosmic X-Ray
Astronomers have identified a new class of cosmic X-ray source, potentially originating from a novel type of nova event. The study, published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, reveals 29 unusual objects in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. These objects displayed unexpected behaviours, such as long-duration X-ray outbursts and recurring outbreaks. The findings suggest these sources, dubbed 'Milli Novae', could play a crucial role in understanding astrophysical phenomena, especially as they may contribute to the mass of white dwarfs, potentially leading to Type 1A supernovae.
* Uncovering the Secrets of the Centaurs
Using the James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers have begun studying centaurs, a unique family of comet-like asteroids orbiting between Jupiter and Neptune. The study of 2060 Chiron reveals surface chemistry unlike any other known centaur, with carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide ices, and methane gases in its coma. These findings provide new insights into the origins of our solar system, as centaurs have remained largely unchanged since its formation 4.6 billion years ago.
* NASA's Plans for Commercial Space Stations
With the International Space Station set for retirement in 2030, NASA is supporting the development of multiple commercial space stations. Projects include the NASA-funded STAR Labs space station, slated for launch in 2028, and Axiom's modular space station, which will initially dock with the ISS. Other proposals, like Orbital Reef and Haven One, are also in development, promising to advance commercial space activities and research.
00:00 Astronomers have identified a new class of cosmic X ray source
04:44 2060 Chiron provides new clues about the origins of our solar system
12:56 A number of proposals for commercial low Earth orbit space stations are growing
17:46 Higher levels of air pollution associated with higher risk of hospitalisation, study finds
19:31 Almost all artificial intelligence chatbots are showing symptoms of mild cognitive impairment
20:47 Apple's AI summarisation feature sometimes gives incorrect summaries
22:47 ChatGPT has made its search engines free
24:17 Space Time is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through Apple Podcasts
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✍️ Episode References
Astrophysical Journal Letters
[https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/
8205](https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/2041-8205)
2--- OGLE (Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment)
[http://ogle.astrouw.edu.pl/](http://ogle.astrouw.edu.pl/)
Southern African Large Telescope
[http://www.salt.ac.za/](http://www.salt.ac.za/)
NASA's Swift Space Observatory
[https://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/](https://swift.gsfc.nasa.gov/)
University of Central Florida
[https://www.ucf.edu/](https://www.ucf.edu/)
James Webb Space Telescope
[https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/](https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/)
STAR Labs Space Station
[https://www.starlabs.space/](https://www.starlabs.space/)
Axiom Space
[https://www.axiomspace.com/](https://www.axiomspace.com/)
Blue Origin
[https://www.blueorigin.com/](https://www.blueorigin.com/)
Sierra Space
[https://www.sierraspace.com/](https://www.sierraspace.com/)
Bigelow Aerospace
[http://bigelowaerospace.com/](http://bigelowaerospace.com/)
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support (https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rss) .
Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/24787176?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 27 episode 155
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 25th of December
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 2024 coming up on space time discovery
00:00:09 --> 00:00:12 of a new class of cosmic x-ray
00:00:12 --> 00:00:14 uncovering the secrets of the centors
00:00:14 --> 00:00:16 and nessa's plans for multiple
00:00:16 --> 00:00:19 commercial space stations to replace the
00:00:19 --> 00:00:24 ISS all that and more coming up on
00:00:24 --> 00:00:27 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:27 --> 00:00:37 Stuart Gary
00:00:37 --> 00:00:44 [Music]
00:00:44 --> 00:00:46 astronomers have identified a new class
00:00:46 --> 00:00:48 of cosmic x-ray Source possibly
00:00:48 --> 00:00:50 originating from a new type of Nova
00:00:50 --> 00:00:52 event the findings reported in the asttr
00:00:52 --> 00:00:54 physical Journal letters follows the
00:00:54 --> 00:00:57 identification of 29 unusual objects in
00:00:57 --> 00:00:59 the large and small magelan clouds to
00:00:59 --> 00:01:01 nearby satellite galaxies which orbit
00:01:01 --> 00:01:04 the Milky Way these objects all
00:01:04 --> 00:01:07 displayed unexpected Behavior some
00:01:07 --> 00:01:09 exhibited long duration x-ray outbursts
00:01:09 --> 00:01:11 typically lasting several months during
00:01:11 --> 00:01:13 which time they brighten by up to 20
00:01:13 --> 00:01:16 times their usual brightness others
00:01:16 --> 00:01:18 however exhibited recurring outbreaks
00:01:18 --> 00:01:20 every few Earth years and still others
00:01:20 --> 00:01:22 flared up only the once during the
00:01:22 --> 00:01:25 observation period now in space x-rays
00:01:25 --> 00:01:26 are commonly generated by Hot Gas
00:01:27 --> 00:01:29 falling on compact objects like white
00:01:29 --> 00:01:32 dwarves neutron stars or black holes but
00:01:32 --> 00:01:33 they can also be generated by
00:01:33 --> 00:01:36 decelerating charged particles such as
00:01:36 --> 00:01:38 electrons the author's discover these
00:01:38 --> 00:01:40 objects by analyzing over 20 years of
00:01:40 --> 00:01:42 data collected by Ogle the optical
00:01:42 --> 00:01:45 gravitational lensing experiment survey
00:01:45 --> 00:01:48 one of the objects named Ogle m n 11
00:01:48 --> 00:01:50 began an outburst in November 2023
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 providing a unique opportunity for a
00:01:52 --> 00:01:55 detailed examination the study's lead
00:01:55 --> 00:01:57 author prismic Ros from the University
00:01:57 --> 00:01:59 of Warsaw says observations using the
00:01:59 --> 00:02:01 southern African large telescope
00:02:01 --> 00:02:03 revealed signatures for ionized atoms of
00:02:03 --> 00:02:06 helium carbon and nitrogen indicating
00:02:06 --> 00:02:08 extremely high temperatures and the star
00:02:08 --> 00:02:10 was also observed by NASA's Swift space
00:02:10 --> 00:02:12 Observatory which detected x-rays
00:02:12 --> 00:02:14 corresponding to a temperature of some
00:02:14 --> 00:02:18 600 de cus now given its distance of
00:02:18 --> 00:02:20 over 160 light years from Earth ogal
00:02:20 --> 00:02:23 M over 11 emitted more than 100 times
00:02:23 --> 00:02:26 the Luminosity of our sun the object's
00:02:26 --> 00:02:28 unusual properties resembled another
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 system called Assassin 6
00:02:30 --> 00:02:33 that was discovered in 2016 by the all
00:02:33 --> 00:02:36 Sky automated survey for super noov the
00:02:36 --> 00:02:39 authors believe ogal M no 11 assassin
00:02:39 --> 00:02:42 160 and the other 27 objects form a new
00:02:42 --> 00:02:45 class of transient x-ray sources which
00:02:45 --> 00:02:47 they've named mil no as their Peak
00:02:47 --> 00:02:49 brightness is roughly a thousand times
00:02:49 --> 00:02:51 lower than that of a classical Nova
00:02:51 --> 00:02:54 novva occur when a white dwarf that is
00:02:54 --> 00:02:56 the remains of a sunlike star is in a
00:02:56 --> 00:02:58 binary partnership closely orbiting a
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 sub Giant star that's exhausted its
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 hydrogen in its core and is expanded out
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 to become a red giant and gradually
00:03:04 --> 00:03:07 draws more and more Mass from its binary
00:03:07 --> 00:03:09 partner now this matter builds up on the
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 surface of the wide dwarf until it
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 reaches a critical mass the hydrogen
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 ignites causing a thermonuclear
00:03:15 --> 00:03:17 explosion not enough to destroy the star
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 in a supernova event but certainly
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 enough to be seen in what's called a
00:03:21 --> 00:03:24 classical Nova and then the cycle starts
00:03:24 --> 00:03:27 over again a nerv can therefore repeat
00:03:27 --> 00:03:30 multiple times now like classical no
00:03:30 --> 00:03:32 Milly no are thought to be binary
00:03:32 --> 00:03:34 systems consisting of two objects
00:03:34 --> 00:03:36 orbiting each other with a period of
00:03:36 --> 00:03:39 just a few days again one object is a
00:03:39 --> 00:03:41 white dwarf closely orbiting a sub Giant
00:03:41 --> 00:03:43 star that expanded out to become a red
00:03:43 --> 00:03:46 giant and once again the proximity of
00:03:46 --> 00:03:48 the two stars allows material to flow
00:03:48 --> 00:03:51 from the subgiant to the white dwarf but
00:03:51 --> 00:03:53 the exact source of the x-rays remains a
00:03:53 --> 00:03:56 mystery now one scenario suggests that
00:03:56 --> 00:03:58 x-rays might be produced as the subgiant
00:03:58 --> 00:04:00 material falls on the white to surface
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 releasing energy alternatively the
00:04:02 --> 00:04:04 x-rays could be the result of a
00:04:04 --> 00:04:06 thermonuclear runaway on the white dwarf
00:04:06 --> 00:04:08 surface just like a regular Nova but on
00:04:08 --> 00:04:11 a smaller scale now if this latter
00:04:11 --> 00:04:13 hypothesis is correct then Milly nov may
00:04:13 --> 00:04:16 play a crucial role in astrophysics see
00:04:16 --> 00:04:18 as a white dwarf grows in Mass it can
00:04:18 --> 00:04:19 eventually reach a critical threshold
00:04:19 --> 00:04:21 known as the Chandra sear limit about
00:04:21 --> 00:04:25 1.4 solar masses at that point the white
00:04:25 --> 00:04:27 dwarf will explode as a type 1 a
00:04:27 --> 00:04:29 Supernova one of the most powerful
00:04:29 --> 00:04:31 explosions in the universe able to
00:04:31 --> 00:04:35 outshine an entire galaxy this is
00:04:35 --> 00:04:37 spacetime still to come uncovering the
00:04:37 --> 00:04:40 secretes of centors and plans for modle
00:04:40 --> 00:04:43 commercial space stations to replace the
00:04:43 --> 00:04:46 ISS all that and more still to come on
00:04:46 --> 00:04:54 SpaceTime
00:04:54 --> 00:05:03 [Music]
00:05:03 --> 00:05:05 astronomers have begun studying a unique
00:05:05 --> 00:05:07 family of comet-like asteroids known as
00:05:07 --> 00:05:09 centors which orbit the Sun in the dark
00:05:09 --> 00:05:11 cold outer Riches of the solar system
00:05:11 --> 00:05:14 between Jupiter and Neptune scientists
00:05:14 --> 00:05:16 with the University of Central Florida
00:05:16 --> 00:05:18 have now been using the James webspace
00:05:18 --> 00:05:20 telescope to reveal the strange one-of a
00:05:20 --> 00:05:23 kind attributes of 2060 shyon a distance
00:05:23 --> 00:05:25 centur which is providing new clues
00:05:25 --> 00:05:28 about the origins of our solar system
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 centur are into the mythical creature
00:05:30 --> 00:05:32 they borrow their names from in that
00:05:32 --> 00:05:34 they're hybrids possessing
00:05:34 --> 00:05:36 characteristics of both asteroids and
00:05:36 --> 00:05:39 comets using the web Space Telescope
00:05:39 --> 00:05:41 astronomers have discovered that chyon
00:05:41 --> 00:05:43 has surface chemistry unlike that of any
00:05:43 --> 00:05:45 other known centur a report in the
00:05:45 --> 00:05:48 journal astronomy and astrophysics shows
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 that its surface has both carbon dioxide
00:05:50 --> 00:05:52 and carbon monoxide ice along with
00:05:52 --> 00:05:55 carbon dioxide and methane gases in its
00:05:55 --> 00:05:57 coma the carlike envelope of dust and
00:05:57 --> 00:05:59 gas surrounding its nucleus one of the
00:05:59 --> 00:06:02 study's authors Naomi finel Alonso says
00:06:02 --> 00:06:04 the new findings built on early
00:06:04 --> 00:06:06 discoveries that detected carbon
00:06:06 --> 00:06:08 monoxide and carbon dioxide ice on trans
00:06:08 --> 00:06:11 neptunian objects earlier this year
00:06:11 --> 00:06:14 trans neptunian objects include Frozen
00:06:14 --> 00:06:16 debris comets and icy worlds that Circle
00:06:16 --> 00:06:19 the sun beyond the orbit of Neptune
00:06:19 --> 00:06:21 vanilla Alonzo says those earlier
00:06:21 --> 00:06:23 observations paired with the new ones of
00:06:23 --> 00:06:25 chyon are producing foundational
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 knowledge for understanding the creation
00:06:27 --> 00:06:29 of our solar system that's because these
00:06:29 --> 00:06:31 objects have all largely remained
00:06:31 --> 00:06:33 unchanged since the solar system was
00:06:33 --> 00:06:37 formed 4.6 billion years ago she says
00:06:37 --> 00:06:39 all the small bodies in the solar system
00:06:39 --> 00:06:41 talk to astronomers about how it was
00:06:41 --> 00:06:43 back in time during a period which we
00:06:43 --> 00:06:46 can no longer observe but the active
00:06:46 --> 00:06:48 centors are telling astronomers much
00:06:48 --> 00:06:51 more they're undergoing transformation
00:06:51 --> 00:06:53 driven by solar heating and they're
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 providing a unique opportunity to learn
00:06:55 --> 00:06:56 about their surface and subsurface
00:06:57 --> 00:06:59 layers she says since Shan possesses
00:06:59 --> 00:07:01 characteristics of both an asteroid and
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 a comet it makes it rich for studying
00:07:03 --> 00:07:05 the processes that could assist in
00:07:05 --> 00:07:07 understanding them what's unique about
00:07:07 --> 00:07:09 chyon is that you can observe both the
00:07:10 --> 00:07:11 surface where most of the Isis can be
00:07:11 --> 00:07:13 found and the surrounding coma where you
00:07:13 --> 00:07:15 see the gases that are originating from
00:07:16 --> 00:07:18 the surface or just below it on the
00:07:18 --> 00:07:20 other hand trans neptunian objects don't
00:07:20 --> 00:07:22 have this kind of activity because
00:07:22 --> 00:07:23 they're too far away from the Sun
00:07:23 --> 00:07:26 consequently too cold and asteroids dat
00:07:26 --> 00:07:28 of this kind of activity either that's
00:07:28 --> 00:07:30 because they usually don't have any ises
00:07:30 --> 00:07:32 on them on the other hand comets show
00:07:32 --> 00:07:34 activity just like centors but they're
00:07:34 --> 00:07:36 typically observed much closer to the
00:07:36 --> 00:07:38 Sun and their Comas are also very thick
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 which complicates the interpretations of
00:07:40 --> 00:07:44 observations of the IES on their surface
00:07:44 --> 00:07:45 discovering which gases are part of the
00:07:45 --> 00:07:47 coma and their different relationships
00:07:47 --> 00:07:49 with the ises on the surface helps
00:07:49 --> 00:07:51 astronomers learn physical and chemical
00:07:51 --> 00:07:53 properties such as the thickness and the
00:07:53 --> 00:07:55 paracity The Ice layer its composition
00:07:55 --> 00:07:58 and how a radiation is affecting it
00:07:58 --> 00:08:00 discovering these IES gases on an object
00:08:00 --> 00:08:02 as distant the chyon which is being
00:08:02 --> 00:08:04 observed near its furthest point from
00:08:04 --> 00:08:05 the Sun is exciting because it could
00:08:05 --> 00:08:08 help contextualize other centur chyon
00:08:08 --> 00:08:11 was first discovered back in
00:08:11 --> 00:08:13 1977 it's an oddball when compared to
00:08:13 --> 00:08:16 the majority of centors it has periods
00:08:16 --> 00:08:18 when it behaves just like an asteroid it
00:08:18 --> 00:08:20 as rings of material around it and
00:08:20 --> 00:08:22 potentially a debris field with small
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 Dusty or rocky material orbiting around
00:08:24 --> 00:08:26 it there are so many questions arising
00:08:27 --> 00:08:28 about the sort of properties on chyon
00:08:28 --> 00:08:31 which allow the unique behaviors and the
00:08:31 --> 00:08:33 coexistence of the molecules in various
00:08:33 --> 00:08:34 States is adding another layer of
00:08:34 --> 00:08:37 intrigue for those studying comets and
00:08:37 --> 00:08:39 centors the study also highlighted the
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 presence of a radiated byproducts of
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 methane carbon monoxide and carbon
00:08:43 --> 00:08:45 dioxide which will require further
00:08:45 --> 00:08:47 research and that could help scientist
00:08:47 --> 00:08:49 further reveal unique processes
00:08:49 --> 00:08:51 producing shyon surface composition
00:08:52 --> 00:08:53 scientists are pretty sure that shyon
00:08:53 --> 00:08:55 originated from the trans neptunian
00:08:55 --> 00:08:57 objects region and it's been traveling
00:08:57 --> 00:08:59 around our Solar System since its
00:08:59 --> 00:09:01 creation a the orbits of chyon and many
00:09:01 --> 00:09:03 other large non-plan objects
00:09:03 --> 00:09:06 occasionally experience close encounters
00:09:06 --> 00:09:08 with one of the Giant Gas planets
00:09:08 --> 00:09:11 Jupiter Saturn Uranus or Neptune there
00:09:11 --> 00:09:12 the gravitational pull from the planet
00:09:12 --> 00:09:14 changes the smaller object's orbit
00:09:15 --> 00:09:16 taking them all over the solar system
00:09:16 --> 00:09:18 and exposing them to many different
00:09:18 --> 00:09:21 environments after about a million years
00:09:21 --> 00:09:23 or so Centos like sh AR typically are
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 rejected from the giant planets region
00:09:25 --> 00:09:27 where they may end their lives as
00:09:27 --> 00:09:29 Jupiter family comets or on the other
00:09:29 --> 00:09:31 hand may be flung back out into the
00:09:31 --> 00:09:33 trans neptunian objects region some of
00:09:33 --> 00:09:36 shon's ices such as methane carbon
00:09:36 --> 00:09:38 dioxide and water ice may even be
00:09:38 --> 00:09:40 primordial components of chyon inherited
00:09:40 --> 00:09:43 from the pre-solar nebula others such as
00:09:44 --> 00:09:47 acyline propane ethane and carbon oxide
00:09:47 --> 00:09:48 could have formed on the surface because
00:09:48 --> 00:09:51 of reduction and oxidation processes
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 this report from the University of
00:09:53 --> 00:09:56 Central Florida so I am focused on the
00:09:56 --> 00:09:58 space composition of minor bodies of the
00:09:58 --> 00:10:01 Sal system so monobodies of the solell
00:10:01 --> 00:10:04 system comets asteroids uh meteorites
00:10:04 --> 00:10:07 everything about that I interested on it
00:10:07 --> 00:10:09 to conduct our research we are
00:10:09 --> 00:10:13 astronomers so we need telescopes so
00:10:13 --> 00:10:15 disco is the acronymous for disc
00:10:15 --> 00:10:17 discovering the surface composition of
00:10:17 --> 00:10:20 transan objects disco project is an
00:10:20 --> 00:10:23 observational program conducted on the
00:10:24 --> 00:10:25 James web Space
00:10:25 --> 00:10:29 Telescope and we were awarded with
00:10:29 --> 00:10:32 almost 100 hours on the first cycle like
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 they they launched the telescope they
00:10:34 --> 00:10:38 made the first call for proposals and we
00:10:38 --> 00:10:41 were awarded with almost 100 hours to
00:10:41 --> 00:10:43 study these minor these icy minor bodies
00:10:43 --> 00:10:46 of the solar system and our goal is to
00:10:46 --> 00:10:49 study the surface composition of these
00:10:49 --> 00:10:52 targets 60 objects that are orbiting
00:10:52 --> 00:10:55 beyond the orbit of Neptune so they
00:10:55 --> 00:10:58 contain a lot of Isis but we have not
00:10:58 --> 00:11:01 been able to see the before with the
00:11:01 --> 00:11:04 instrumentation located ground based so
00:11:04 --> 00:11:06 now with the JS web is an unique
00:11:06 --> 00:11:10 opportunity to really dig up information
00:11:10 --> 00:11:13 on what is the recipe to to have to
00:11:13 --> 00:11:15 build a
00:11:15 --> 00:11:17 transology well there are two things
00:11:17 --> 00:11:20 that exite me a lot that U we are seeing
00:11:20 --> 00:11:22 the solar system as we never saw it
00:11:22 --> 00:11:25 before it's like when you lead a mission
00:11:25 --> 00:11:27 and you approach an object before we
00:11:28 --> 00:11:29 approached Pluto
00:11:29 --> 00:11:33 we had just some pixels on the screen
00:11:33 --> 00:11:35 and we knew there were different
00:11:35 --> 00:11:36 materials because they had different
00:11:36 --> 00:11:38 color and different
00:11:38 --> 00:11:42 Alo but we were not ready at least I was
00:11:42 --> 00:11:47 not ready for the amazing mountains
00:11:47 --> 00:11:48 valleys
00:11:48 --> 00:11:53 glaciers cups everything that the images
00:11:53 --> 00:11:56 reveal and that is in a similar way is
00:11:56 --> 00:11:58 happening now for us with J weave and
00:11:58 --> 00:12:00 will be happening for for decades I
00:12:00 --> 00:12:04 think because we were not able before to
00:12:04 --> 00:12:06 access this kind of information with the
00:12:06 --> 00:12:08 instrumentation that we have so the
00:12:08 --> 00:12:09 other amazing thing is that we don't
00:12:09 --> 00:12:11 know where we are going to it and that
00:12:11 --> 00:12:16 is not as much as the the senior career
00:12:16 --> 00:12:17 that are going to do that it's all the
00:12:18 --> 00:12:19 young people the next Generations that
00:12:19 --> 00:12:22 are being trained now with working with
00:12:23 --> 00:12:24 the with us and in the different groups
00:12:24 --> 00:12:27 the ones that are really going to to
00:12:27 --> 00:12:29 explore the deep and breath of of the
00:12:29 --> 00:12:32 GSW data and in that report from the
00:12:32 --> 00:12:34 University of Central Florida we heard
00:12:34 --> 00:12:36 from astronomers Anna Carolina dusa
00:12:36 --> 00:12:40 Feliciano and Naomi filla Alonso this is
00:12:40 --> 00:12:43 spacetime still to come the plans for
00:12:43 --> 00:12:45 multiple commercial space stations to
00:12:45 --> 00:12:48 replace the ISS and later in the science
00:12:48 --> 00:12:50 report a new study shows that all AI
00:12:50 --> 00:12:53 chatbots show some symptoms of mild
00:12:53 --> 00:12:55 cognitive impairment similar to early
00:12:55 --> 00:12:58 stage dementia all that and more still
00:12:58 --> 00:13:14 to come I
00:13:14 --> 00:13:17 SpaceTime the number of proposals for
00:13:17 --> 00:13:19 commercial low earth orbit space
00:13:19 --> 00:13:21 stations is growing as the countdown to
00:13:21 --> 00:13:23 the demise of the International Space
00:13:23 --> 00:13:26 Station continues as the ISS moves
00:13:26 --> 00:13:29 slowly towards its retirement in 2030
00:13:29 --> 00:13:31 and NASA continues to work with eer and
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 jackon on the new Luna Gateway space
00:13:33 --> 00:13:35 station as part of the emus program to
00:13:35 --> 00:13:37 return humid to the moon and eventually
00:13:37 --> 00:13:39 onto Mars and Beyond works also getting
00:13:39 --> 00:13:41 underway with help from NASA on the
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 development of several new commercial
00:13:43 --> 00:13:46 low earth orbit space stations so what
00:13:46 --> 00:13:48 are we looking at well one of these is
00:13:48 --> 00:13:51 the NASA funded star laab space station
00:13:51 --> 00:13:54 it's sled for launch a SpaceX Starship
00:13:54 --> 00:13:57 in 2028 the commercial space station
00:13:57 --> 00:13:58 designed to be launched in one go on a
00:13:58 --> 00:14:00 sing Le flight and includes a large
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 habitation and laboratory module where
00:14:02 --> 00:14:04 astronauts will spend most of their time
00:14:04 --> 00:14:06 living and working and a smaller service
00:14:06 --> 00:14:09 module for power and propulsion this
00:14:09 --> 00:14:10 project's already passed a number of key
00:14:10 --> 00:14:13 developmental Milestones these include
00:14:13 --> 00:14:15 reviews of the habitat structural test
00:14:15 --> 00:14:17 article preliminary Design Systems
00:14:17 --> 00:14:19 integration integrated operations and a
00:14:19 --> 00:14:22 habitat structural test plan now earlier
00:14:22 --> 00:14:25 this year star laab space supported by
00:14:25 --> 00:14:27 NASA completed a structural test article
00:14:27 --> 00:14:30 preliminary design review the structural
00:14:30 --> 00:14:32 test article is an actual physical model
00:14:32 --> 00:14:35 used to test and verify the design styab
00:14:35 --> 00:14:37 also recently shared a test plan for the
00:14:37 --> 00:14:39 structural test article this included
00:14:40 --> 00:14:41 defining qualification tests for the
00:14:41 --> 00:14:43 development of the unit ranging from
00:14:43 --> 00:14:45 welding verifications to proof pressure
00:14:45 --> 00:14:47 and static load testing it also
00:14:47 --> 00:14:49 completed integrated operations and
00:14:49 --> 00:14:51 systems integration reviews including
00:14:51 --> 00:14:53 updates on system and station
00:14:53 --> 00:14:56 architecture and segment interfaces now
00:14:56 --> 00:14:58 this review is meant to demonstrate that
00:14:58 --> 00:14:59 the station's Des design meets the
00:14:59 --> 00:15:02 requirements of NASA including those
00:15:02 --> 00:15:04 needed for human space flight
00:15:04 --> 00:15:07 verification but star laab isn't alone
00:15:07 --> 00:15:09 other commercial space stations now
00:15:09 --> 00:15:10 either in the planning or development
00:15:10 --> 00:15:13 stages include axion's modulus space
00:15:13 --> 00:15:14 station which will initially be docked
00:15:14 --> 00:15:16 to the International Space Station
00:15:16 --> 00:15:18 before eventually moving into its own
00:15:18 --> 00:15:20 orbit when the ISS is finally
00:15:20 --> 00:15:23 decommissioned and deorbited and this
00:15:23 --> 00:15:25 week axium space modified its planned
00:15:25 --> 00:15:27 assembly sequence in order to accelerate
00:15:27 --> 00:15:29 its ability to operate the space station
00:15:29 --> 00:15:32 as a viable free flying complex thereby
00:15:32 --> 00:15:33 reducing its Reliance on the
00:15:33 --> 00:15:35 International Space Station during
00:15:35 --> 00:15:37 assembly the initial axium plan was to
00:15:38 --> 00:15:39 launch and attach the first module
00:15:39 --> 00:15:41 habitat 1 to the International Space
00:15:41 --> 00:15:43 Station followed by three additional
00:15:43 --> 00:15:45 modules but under the company's new
00:15:45 --> 00:15:47 assembly sequence a payload power and
00:15:47 --> 00:15:49 thermal module will be launched to the
00:15:49 --> 00:15:51 orbiting Laboratory first allowing it to
00:15:52 --> 00:15:55 depart from the ISS as early as 2028
00:15:55 --> 00:15:57 becoming a free flying destination to be
00:15:57 --> 00:16:00 known as axium station now once in Free
00:16:00 --> 00:16:02 Flight axium space will continue
00:16:02 --> 00:16:04 assembly of the commercial destination
00:16:04 --> 00:16:07 adding the habitat 1 module and airlock
00:16:07 --> 00:16:09 the habitat 2 module and the research
00:16:09 --> 00:16:11 and Manufacturing facility but as well
00:16:11 --> 00:16:13 as styab and axium station there are
00:16:13 --> 00:16:15 also other proposals out there some of
00:16:15 --> 00:16:18 which are fairly Advanced one of them is
00:16:18 --> 00:16:20 orbital Reef it's being designed by Blue
00:16:20 --> 00:16:22 origin and Sierra space both for
00:16:22 --> 00:16:24 commercial space activities and research
00:16:24 --> 00:16:27 and for space tourism it'll be designed
00:16:27 --> 00:16:29 to support at least 10 people at a time
00:16:29 --> 00:16:31 in multiple accommodation research
00:16:31 --> 00:16:33 modules and should be operational by
00:16:33 --> 00:16:36 2027 another proposal is Haven 1 which
00:16:36 --> 00:16:38 is slated for launch in August next year
00:16:38 --> 00:16:42 a SpaceX Falcon 9 it'll house a
00:16:42 --> 00:16:44 micro gravity research facility and
00:16:44 --> 00:16:47 Manufacturing platform however it's
00:16:47 --> 00:16:49 designed to only operate when a dragon
00:16:49 --> 00:16:51 capsu is stocked to it that's because
00:16:51 --> 00:16:52 the dragon will be needed to supply
00:16:52 --> 00:16:55 power and life support and of course
00:16:55 --> 00:16:57 then there's the Bigalow Aerospace
00:16:57 --> 00:16:59 expandable activity module and it's
00:16:59 --> 00:17:00 already up there attached to the
00:17:00 --> 00:17:02 International Space Station it's an
00:17:02 --> 00:17:04 inflatable module which was docked to
00:17:04 --> 00:17:07 the space station back in 2016 what was
00:17:07 --> 00:17:10 meant to be a 2-year experimental test
00:17:10 --> 00:17:11 however it's proven to be so reliable
00:17:11 --> 00:17:13 and so useful it's well and truly
00:17:13 --> 00:17:16 exceeded all expectations and it's now
00:17:16 --> 00:17:18 remaining attached to the space station
00:17:18 --> 00:17:20 as additional cargo storage until at
00:17:20 --> 00:17:21 least
00:17:21 --> 00:17:23 2028 unfortunately that's more than can
00:17:23 --> 00:17:26 be said for the Bigalow company itself
00:17:26 --> 00:17:30 sadly it's since been dissolved this is
00:17:30 --> 00:17:44 [Music]
00:17:44 --> 00:17:46 spacetime and time now to take another
00:17:46 --> 00:17:48 brief look at some of the other stories
00:17:48 --> 00:17:50 making news and science this week with a
00:17:50 --> 00:17:52 science report a new study has found
00:17:52 --> 00:17:54 that exposure to higher levels of air
00:17:54 --> 00:17:56 pollution over time is associated with a
00:17:57 --> 00:17:59 higher risk of hospitalization both for
00:17:59 --> 00:18:01 physical and mental health problems the
00:18:02 --> 00:18:03 findings reported in the British medical
00:18:03 --> 00:18:05 journal looked at the hospitalization
00:18:05 --> 00:18:07 data for just over 200 people in
00:18:07 --> 00:18:10 Scotland over a 15-year period it then
00:18:11 --> 00:18:13 compared that data with air pollution
00:18:13 --> 00:18:15 data in their local postcodes the
00:18:15 --> 00:18:17 authors found that higher exposure to
00:18:17 --> 00:18:19 air pollution over time was linked to
00:18:19 --> 00:18:21 higher hospitalization for all causes as
00:18:21 --> 00:18:23 well as cardiovascular respiratory
00:18:23 --> 00:18:25 infectious diseases and mental
00:18:25 --> 00:18:28 behavioral problems they also found that
00:18:28 --> 00:18:29 different t of air pollution were linked
00:18:30 --> 00:18:32 to different risks with sulfur dioxide
00:18:32 --> 00:18:33 more strongly linked to respiratory
00:18:33 --> 00:18:36 problems while nitrogen dioxide was more
00:18:36 --> 00:18:37 strongly linked to mental illness and
00:18:37 --> 00:18:39 behavioral
00:18:39 --> 00:18:41 disorders new Research into the
00:18:41 --> 00:18:43 lifespans of Bailey and Wales has
00:18:43 --> 00:18:45 yielded boom or bu results for two
00:18:45 --> 00:18:48 well-known species with one species age
00:18:48 --> 00:18:50 estimates almost doubling from what was
00:18:50 --> 00:18:51 previously thought and the other
00:18:51 --> 00:18:54 dramatically reduced due to human-driven
00:18:54 --> 00:18:56 impacts the findings reported in the
00:18:56 --> 00:18:58 journal science advances have given
00:18:58 --> 00:19:01 lifespan estimates to both the southern
00:19:01 --> 00:19:03 right whale and the North Atlantic right
00:19:03 --> 00:19:05 whale the authors found that the average
00:19:05 --> 00:19:07 lifespan for the southern right whale is
00:19:07 --> 00:19:11 73.4 years with 10% of individuals
00:19:11 --> 00:19:12 surviving to be
00:19:12 --> 00:19:15 131.8 years old however the news isn't
00:19:15 --> 00:19:18 so good for the North Atlantic R whale
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 their lifespans are likely to be
00:19:20 --> 00:19:21 shortened due to human impacts with an
00:19:21 --> 00:19:25 average maximum age of just 22.3 years
00:19:25 --> 00:19:28 with just 10% of individuals living past
00:19:28 --> 00:19:30 47 .2
00:19:30 --> 00:19:33 years well here's one we didn't expect a
00:19:33 --> 00:19:35 new studies found that almost all
00:19:35 --> 00:19:37 artificial intelligence chatbots are
00:19:37 --> 00:19:39 showing symptoms of mild cognitive
00:19:39 --> 00:19:42 impairment similar to early dementia the
00:19:42 --> 00:19:44 findings reported in the British medical
00:19:44 --> 00:19:45 journal looked at the mental abilities
00:19:45 --> 00:19:49 of chat GPT versions 4 and 4.0 Claude
00:19:49 --> 00:19:53 3.5 Sonet and Gemini versions 1 and 1.5
00:19:53 --> 00:19:55 using the Montreal cognitive assessment
00:19:55 --> 00:19:57 test often used to detect early signs of
00:19:57 --> 00:20:01 dementia in humans scoring was evaluated
00:20:01 --> 00:20:03 by a neurologist with 26 out of a
00:20:03 --> 00:20:05 possible 30 points generally considered
00:20:05 --> 00:20:09 normal chat GPT 4.0 achieved the highest
00:20:09 --> 00:20:11 score with 26 out of 30 that was
00:20:11 --> 00:20:15 followed by chat GPT 4 and Claude 25 out
00:20:15 --> 00:20:18 of 30 and Gemini 1.0 scoring the lowest
00:20:18 --> 00:20:21 at 16 out of 30 the Bots all performed
00:20:21 --> 00:20:24 worst on Visual and empathy tests now
00:20:24 --> 00:20:26 while this study is observational the
00:20:26 --> 00:20:28 authors say the findings highlight
00:20:28 --> 00:20:29 essential differences between human
00:20:29 --> 00:20:32 brains and large language models adding
00:20:32 --> 00:20:34 that rather than AI replacing doctors
00:20:34 --> 00:20:37 doctors might one day have new virtual
00:20:37 --> 00:20:38 patients to
00:20:38 --> 00:20:40 treat there are growing warnings about
00:20:40 --> 00:20:43 failures with Apple's AI summarization
00:20:43 --> 00:20:46 feature and chat GTP has just been made
00:20:46 --> 00:20:48 free for all with the details we're
00:20:49 --> 00:20:50 joined by technology editor Alex saharov
00:20:50 --> 00:20:54 Roy from Tech advice. life the AI
00:20:54 --> 00:20:57 summarization feature that we see in
00:20:57 --> 00:21:00 Apple's notific summaries now I've
00:21:00 --> 00:21:01 noticed that sometimes it seems to give
00:21:01 --> 00:21:04 an incorrect summary like it's clearly
00:21:04 --> 00:21:05 you have to open up the notification to
00:21:06 --> 00:21:07 see what it's talking about but when you
00:21:07 --> 00:21:09 see the notification summary telling you
00:21:09 --> 00:21:11 that somebody shot themselves well you'd
00:21:11 --> 00:21:14 want to hope that the uh summarization
00:21:14 --> 00:21:16 done by AI was correct in this case
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 Luigi mangion the young man who
00:21:18 --> 00:21:21 allegedly shot the United healthc Care
00:21:21 --> 00:21:23 CEO in the back in New York before he
00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 was caught the notification summary said
00:21:25 --> 00:21:27 that he had shut himself and this was
00:21:27 --> 00:21:30 underneath a summarizer of BBC news
00:21:30 --> 00:21:31 headlines now the BBC complained I mean
00:21:31 --> 00:21:33 two of the headlines were summarized
00:21:33 --> 00:21:35 correctly but of course the allegation
00:21:35 --> 00:21:37 that this young man had shut himself is
00:21:37 --> 00:21:40 uh pretty serious and if you didn't
00:21:40 --> 00:21:41 bother to look at the notification you
00:21:41 --> 00:21:43 would just have taken that at face value
00:21:43 --> 00:21:45 and thought it was real I can assure you
00:21:45 --> 00:21:47 I take nothing the BBC says as being
00:21:47 --> 00:21:49 real they have some of the worst
00:21:49 --> 00:21:51 journalism in the world cuz they think
00:21:51 --> 00:21:53 they're the bees knes so you know as
00:21:53 --> 00:21:54 with everything in life I mean
00:21:54 --> 00:21:56 originally these hallucinations as
00:21:56 --> 00:21:58 they're called when a gets completely
00:21:58 --> 00:22:01 wrong they were called hallucination and
00:22:01 --> 00:22:02 we had to get a notification at the
00:22:02 --> 00:22:04 bottom of the page where you went to
00:22:04 --> 00:22:06 search for things that hey the AI could
00:22:06 --> 00:22:08 get it wrong please double check and
00:22:08 --> 00:22:11 verify and uh this is proving to be the
00:22:11 --> 00:22:12 case I mean you shouldn't take these
00:22:12 --> 00:22:13 things at face value I mean journalists
00:22:13 --> 00:22:15 and lawyers and countless school
00:22:15 --> 00:22:17 children and even people at work you
00:22:17 --> 00:22:19 know using AI have been caught out by
00:22:19 --> 00:22:21 the fact that they took what AI said at
00:22:21 --> 00:22:22 face value and didn't check so got a
00:22:23 --> 00:22:24 double check there were plenty of
00:22:24 --> 00:22:25 articles that were saying that even
00:22:25 --> 00:22:27 Abraham Lincoln was warning not to
00:22:27 --> 00:22:28 believe anything on the internet which
00:22:28 --> 00:22:29 was a clear reference to the fact that
00:22:30 --> 00:22:32 Abraham Lincoln was not alive during the
00:22:32 --> 00:22:33 time the internet was around I heard
00:22:33 --> 00:22:35 that about Albert Einstein saying the
00:22:35 --> 00:22:37 same thing well there you go there you
00:22:37 --> 00:22:39 go so don't take everything at face
00:22:39 --> 00:22:41 value judge for yourself be wise about
00:22:41 --> 00:22:42 it don't just believe it because
00:22:42 --> 00:22:45 Wikipedia said it and remember the AI is
00:22:45 --> 00:22:47 only as good as the goofballs to program
00:22:47 --> 00:22:50 it okay chat GPT has made it search
00:22:50 --> 00:22:52 engines free for all they have indeed
00:22:52 --> 00:22:55 now if you go to chat gp.com you can now
00:22:55 --> 00:22:57 use the search engine which will give
00:22:57 --> 00:22:59 you links to act ual results and this is
00:22:59 --> 00:23:01 something that was originally only for
00:23:01 --> 00:23:04 those who were paid members of chat gbt
00:23:04 --> 00:23:05 but it's now available to anybody that
00:23:05 --> 00:23:07 has an account and account is free so
00:23:07 --> 00:23:08 you can't use it anonymously you still
00:23:08 --> 00:23:10 have to be signed in but you don't have
00:23:10 --> 00:23:11 to pay for that and there's been some
00:23:11 --> 00:23:13 other news this week where if you're in
00:23:13 --> 00:23:16 the US you can actually Dial 1800 chat
00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 GPT so you don't even need a computer
00:23:18 --> 00:23:19 yeah well if you are somebody that
00:23:19 --> 00:23:21 doesn't use computers doesn't use a
00:23:21 --> 00:23:23 smartphone you can pick up the phone and
00:23:23 --> 00:23:25 you can talk to chat gbt now I've heard
00:23:25 --> 00:23:26 recordings of this and it's in you know
00:23:26 --> 00:23:28 melodious chat gbt voice of which you
00:23:28 --> 00:23:29 can us several not sure if you get a
00:23:29 --> 00:23:31 choice when you ring on the phone but if
00:23:31 --> 00:23:33 you've ever used the spoken capability
00:23:33 --> 00:23:35 with the chat GPT app where you can just
00:23:35 --> 00:23:37 have this natural flowing conversation
00:23:37 --> 00:23:38 well you just happy to doing it through
00:23:38 --> 00:23:40 a telephone and look if you didn't know
00:23:40 --> 00:23:41 any better you would probably think it
00:23:41 --> 00:23:43 was a person that you were speaking to
00:23:43 --> 00:23:45 now this I tried this in Australia it
00:23:45 --> 00:23:47 just comes up with this number is not
00:23:47 --> 00:23:50 connected you can send a chat message
00:23:50 --> 00:23:56 via WhatsApp to800 2428 478 1800 CH gbt
00:23:56 --> 00:23:58 and you'll get up to 15 minutes of free
00:23:58 --> 00:24:00 free back and forth text chatting why
00:24:00 --> 00:24:02 precisely you would do that when you can
00:24:02 --> 00:24:04 just download the chat gbt app and have
00:24:04 --> 00:24:06 endless conversations I'm not sure but
00:24:06 --> 00:24:09 the video that chat gbt had about this
00:24:09 --> 00:24:11 said that they would allow to sign in
00:24:11 --> 00:24:13 and have longer conversations and look
00:24:13 --> 00:24:14 some people are just more used to
00:24:14 --> 00:24:16 chatting via WhatsApp than they are
00:24:16 --> 00:24:17 using some other app that's technology
00:24:17 --> 00:24:20 editor Alex Sahara Roy from Tech advice
00:24:20 --> 00:24:23 start live
00:24:23 --> 00:24:36 [Music]
00:24:36 --> 00:24:39 and that's the show for now SpaceTime is
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00:25:27 --> 00:25:30 Stewart gary. for full details you've
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