00:00:00 --> 00:00:02 this is spacetime series 28 episode 3
00:00:02 --> 00:00:05 for broadcast on the 6th of January
00:00:05 --> 00:00:09 2025 coming up on SpaceTime more on the
00:00:09 --> 00:00:11 fastest man-made object in history
00:00:11 --> 00:00:14 NASA's Parker solar probe the mystery of
00:00:14 --> 00:00:17 ultra luminous x-ray sources and a
00:00:17 --> 00:00:19 possible link between the sun's solar
00:00:19 --> 00:00:22 cycle and the linia weather pattern all
00:00:22 --> 00:00:25 that and more coming up on
00:00:25 --> 00:00:28 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:28 --> 00:00:30 Stuart Gary
00:00:30 --> 00:00:37 [Music]
00:00:45 --> 00:00:48 Mission operations teams have confirmed
00:00:48 --> 00:00:50 NASA's mission to touch the sun has
00:00:50 --> 00:00:52 survived its record-breaking close
00:00:52 --> 00:00:54 approach to the solar surface on
00:00:54 --> 00:00:57 December 24th breaking its previous
00:00:57 --> 00:01:00 record by flying just 6.1 million Kil m
00:01:00 --> 00:01:02 above the sun's surface NASA's Parker
00:01:02 --> 00:01:04 solar probe hurdled through the solar
00:01:04 --> 00:01:07 atmosphere at a blazing
00:01:07 --> 00:01:11 155,50 120 kmph faster than any man-made
00:01:11 --> 00:01:15 object has ever moved a beacon tone
00:01:15 --> 00:01:17 received late on December the 26th by
00:01:17 --> 00:01:19 NASA's deep space Communications
00:01:19 --> 00:01:21 facility at tidb bill in near CRA
00:01:21 --> 00:01:23 confirmed the spacecraft had made it
00:01:23 --> 00:01:25 through its close encounter safely and
00:01:25 --> 00:01:28 was operating nominally the close flyby
00:01:28 --> 00:01:29 was the first of Mor to come at this
00:01:29 --> 00:01:32 this distance allowing the spacecraft to
00:01:32 --> 00:01:34 conduct unrivaled science measurements
00:01:34 --> 00:01:36 with the potential to change our
00:01:36 --> 00:01:38 understanding of our nearest star by
00:01:38 --> 00:01:41 studying the sun closeup scientists can
00:01:41 --> 00:01:42 better understand its impacts throughout
00:01:42 --> 00:01:45 the solar system including that on
00:01:45 --> 00:01:47 technology which we use daily here on
00:01:47 --> 00:01:49 Earth and in space it also allows
00:01:49 --> 00:01:51 astronomers to learn more about the
00:01:51 --> 00:01:53 workings of stars Across the Universe in
00:01:53 --> 00:01:55 order to Aid science's search for
00:01:55 --> 00:01:58 habitable worlds beyond our home planet
00:01:58 --> 00:02:00 but it hasn't been an easy job Journey
00:02:00 --> 00:02:03 Parker solar probe has spent the last 6
00:02:03 --> 00:02:05 years setting up for this moment
00:02:05 --> 00:02:08 launched back in 2018 the spacecraft U7
00:02:08 --> 00:02:10 flybys of Venus to gravitationally
00:02:10 --> 00:02:13 direct it ever closer to the Sun and
00:02:13 --> 00:02:16 with its last Venus flyby November the 6
00:02:16 --> 00:02:17 the spacecraft finally reached its
00:02:17 --> 00:02:20 optimal orbit the oval-shaped orbit
00:02:20 --> 00:02:22 brings Parker to an ideal distance from
00:02:22 --> 00:02:25 the Sun every 3 months close enough to
00:02:25 --> 00:02:27 study the stars mysterious processes but
00:02:27 --> 00:02:29 not too close to become overwhelmed by
00:02:29 --> 00:02:31 the the sun's heat and damaging
00:02:31 --> 00:02:34 radiation the spacecraft will remain in
00:02:34 --> 00:02:35 this orbit for the remainder of its
00:02:35 --> 00:02:38 primary Mission flying this close to the
00:02:38 --> 00:02:41 Sun Parker relies on a crucial carbon
00:02:41 --> 00:02:43 foam shield in order to protect it from
00:02:43 --> 00:02:44 the extreme heat of the upper solar
00:02:44 --> 00:02:47 atmosphere or Corona which can exceed a
00:02:47 --> 00:02:50 million de C in the hot but low density
00:02:50 --> 00:02:52 Corona Parker's Shield is heated to
00:02:52 --> 00:02:56 about 1° CS The Shield was designed
00:02:56 --> 00:02:59 to reach temperatures of 1500° C that's
00:02:59 --> 00:03:01 hot enough to melt steel while still
00:03:01 --> 00:03:03 keeping instruments behind it shaded at
00:03:03 --> 00:03:05 a comfortable room temperature of
00:03:05 --> 00:03:08 21° by flying through the solar Corona
00:03:09 --> 00:03:10 Parker solar probe can take measurements
00:03:11 --> 00:03:12 that help scientists better understand
00:03:12 --> 00:03:15 how this origion gets so hot it can
00:03:15 --> 00:03:17 trace the origins of the solar wind the
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 constant flow of charged particles
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 streaming out from the sun and it can
00:03:21 --> 00:03:23 discover how energetic particles are
00:03:23 --> 00:03:25 accelerated to almost half the speed of
00:03:25 --> 00:03:28 light previous passes have already aided
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 scientists in understanding the sun when
00:03:30 --> 00:03:32 the spacecraft first passed into the
00:03:32 --> 00:03:34 solar atmosphere back in 2021 it found
00:03:34 --> 00:03:36 that the outer boundary of the coronal
00:03:36 --> 00:03:38 was wrinkled with spikes and valleys
00:03:38 --> 00:03:41 that's contrary to what was expected
00:03:41 --> 00:03:43 Parker also pinpointed the origin of
00:03:43 --> 00:03:45 important zigzag shaped structures in
00:03:45 --> 00:03:47 the solar wind known as switchbacks at
00:03:47 --> 00:03:49 the visible surface of the Sun the
00:03:49 --> 00:03:51 Photosphere since that initial pass into
00:03:51 --> 00:03:53 the Sun the spacecraft's been spending
00:03:53 --> 00:03:55 more and more time in the corona where
00:03:55 --> 00:03:57 most of the critical physical processes
00:03:57 --> 00:04:00 occur astronomers now understand the
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 solar wind and its acceleration away
00:04:02 --> 00:04:04 from the Sun and this close approach has
00:04:04 --> 00:04:06 given them more data to understand how
00:04:06 --> 00:04:09 it's accelerated closer in Parker solar
00:04:09 --> 00:04:11 probes also made discoveries across the
00:04:11 --> 00:04:13 inner solar system observations showed
00:04:13 --> 00:04:15 how massive solar eruptions called
00:04:15 --> 00:04:18 coronal mass ejections vacuum up dust as
00:04:18 --> 00:04:21 they sweep across the solar system and
00:04:21 --> 00:04:22 other observations have revealed
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 unexpected findings about solar
00:04:24 --> 00:04:27 energetic particles flybys of Venus have
00:04:27 --> 00:04:29 documented the planet's natural radio
00:04:29 --> 00:04:31 misss from its atmosphere as well as the
00:04:31 --> 00:04:33 first complete image of its orbital dust
00:04:33 --> 00:04:36 ring so far Park is still only
00:04:36 --> 00:04:38 transmitted that it's safe and operating
00:04:38 --> 00:04:40 nominally but soon it'll be far enough
00:04:40 --> 00:04:42 away from the Sun that it'll be able to
00:04:42 --> 00:04:44 down link all the data that's collected
00:04:44 --> 00:04:46 during this latest solar pass the data
00:04:46 --> 00:04:48 that will be coming down from the
00:04:48 --> 00:04:50 spacecraft will be fresh information
00:04:50 --> 00:04:52 about a place that we as Humanity have
00:04:52 --> 00:04:55 never been but which we rely on for our
00:04:55 --> 00:04:56 very
00:04:56 --> 00:05:00 existence this report from NASA TV in
00:05:00 --> 00:05:04 1958 scientists put a vision that we
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 need to fly a spacecraft within the
00:05:06 --> 00:05:07 atmosphere of the Sun but it is so
00:05:07 --> 00:05:10 challenging extremely difficult to
00:05:10 --> 00:05:13 realize that it took us six decades to
00:05:13 --> 00:05:15 build a system that can fly safely and
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 reliably within the atmosphere of a star
00:05:17 --> 00:05:24 3 2 1 Zer liftoff of the mighty Delta 4
00:05:24 --> 00:05:26 heavy rocket with NASA's Parker solar
00:05:26 --> 00:05:29 probe a daring mission to shed light on
00:05:29 --> 00:05:32 the mysteries of our closest star the
00:05:32 --> 00:05:34 sun it looked like we had a hit there
00:05:34 --> 00:05:36 for a
00:05:36 --> 00:05:40 second yes Nick uh I believe we do have
00:05:40 --> 00:05:46 a detection of Beacon tone
00:05:46 --> 00:05:52 one there it is see it there it
00:05:52 --> 00:05:57 is Parker solar probe is 3.8 3.8 3.8
00:05:57 --> 00:05:59 million miles from the surface of the
00:05:59 --> 00:06:02 Sun it is so incredible to just realize
00:06:02 --> 00:06:04 this is the moment that we designed this
00:06:05 --> 00:06:08 mission for 3.8 million miles may not
00:06:08 --> 00:06:11 sound that close but if I put the Sun
00:06:11 --> 00:06:13 and the Earth 1 M apart Parker solar
00:06:13 --> 00:06:16 probe would be 4 cm from the sun it's
00:06:16 --> 00:06:19 the closest human-made object to a star
00:06:19 --> 00:06:22 and also the fastest traveling at
00:06:22 --> 00:06:27 430 M an hour I mean we're flying
00:06:27 --> 00:06:29 through the atmosphere of a star that's
00:06:29 --> 00:06:32 not easy to do it's something we've
00:06:32 --> 00:06:33 never done
00:06:33 --> 00:06:36 before this is our first close encounter
00:06:36 --> 00:06:39 with a star and it's really just amazing
00:06:39 --> 00:06:41 this area that Parker is going into is
00:06:41 --> 00:06:43 just so crucial to our understanding of
00:06:43 --> 00:06:45 the Sun and its impact on the earth that
00:06:45 --> 00:06:48 solar interaction that space weather
00:06:48 --> 00:06:49 those billions of tons of material that
00:06:49 --> 00:06:52 the sun can throw at us interacts with
00:06:52 --> 00:06:53 our power grids can interact with our
00:06:53 --> 00:06:56 technology so it's really important to
00:06:56 --> 00:06:57 understand them at their source and how
00:06:57 --> 00:06:59 they get all that energy when we were
00:06:59 --> 00:07:01 thinking about designing a spacecraft to
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 go to someplace that had never been
00:07:03 --> 00:07:06 before and it's actually going there to
00:07:06 --> 00:07:08 study the Sun and so you're kind of
00:07:08 --> 00:07:10 saying what am I designing what are the
00:07:10 --> 00:07:12 environments designing for it has to go
00:07:12 --> 00:07:16 from the deepest coldest space to a very
00:07:16 --> 00:07:19 warm area and keep everything working at
00:07:19 --> 00:07:21 a little bit above roof temperature it's
00:07:21 --> 00:07:23 designed to go to such an extreme
00:07:23 --> 00:07:25 environment you look at it and it
00:07:25 --> 00:07:26 doesn't quite look like most other
00:07:26 --> 00:07:29 spacecraft the whole thing is designed
00:07:29 --> 00:07:30 such such that the heat shield is taking
00:07:30 --> 00:07:33 most of the brunt of the heat of the Sun
00:07:33 --> 00:07:36 the heat shield will be at about,
00:07:36 --> 00:07:39 1800° Fahrenheit and it's protecting the
00:07:39 --> 00:07:40 spacecraft so the spacecraft is actually
00:07:40 --> 00:07:42 basically a room temperature this is
00:07:42 --> 00:07:45 such a great feat of engineering and it
00:07:45 --> 00:07:49 really shows how capable we are in space
00:07:49 --> 00:07:50 this is something that we've been
00:07:50 --> 00:07:53 wanting to do since 1958 when it was
00:07:53 --> 00:07:57 first mentioned and the technical
00:07:57 --> 00:07:58 problems that had to be overcome in
00:07:58 --> 00:08:00 order to achieve it it's just Monumental
00:08:00 --> 00:08:02 to be able to get a spacecraft this
00:08:02 --> 00:08:05 close to the Sun to get close to the
00:08:05 --> 00:08:10 sun is not easy it looks like from Earth
00:08:10 --> 00:08:13 to the Suns not that far uh the key
00:08:13 --> 00:08:17 issue is energy in order for Parker to
00:08:17 --> 00:08:20 get close to the sun we needed to lose a
00:08:20 --> 00:08:23 lot of Parker's speed possessed at
00:08:23 --> 00:08:27 Earth's orbit fortunately I was able to
00:08:27 --> 00:08:31 create a trajectory with seven Venus Fly
00:08:31 --> 00:08:34 by the mission uses Venus in order to
00:08:34 --> 00:08:36 actually change its angular momentum and
00:08:36 --> 00:08:38 slow down to actually go closer and
00:08:38 --> 00:08:41 closer to the sun over the course of
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 about 6 years and the Seven flybys we
00:08:43 --> 00:08:46 were able to move closer to the Sun and
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 each time unraveling a little bit more
00:08:48 --> 00:08:50 of the uh Mysteries of the Sun as we get
00:08:50 --> 00:08:52 data from places that no spacecraft has
00:08:52 --> 00:08:53 ever been
00:08:53 --> 00:08:57 before it's the only star in our galaxy
00:08:57 --> 00:08:59 that we can actually go visit and that's
00:08:59 --> 00:09:01 what makes makes it so magical by flying
00:09:01 --> 00:09:03 within the atmosphere of the sun we are
00:09:03 --> 00:09:06 basically tracing the Fingerprints of
00:09:06 --> 00:09:09 the physical mechanisms of the sun we
00:09:09 --> 00:09:12 now view the sun in a different way when
00:09:12 --> 00:09:15 you look at images from Parker solar Pro
00:09:15 --> 00:09:17 oh my goodness they are extremely
00:09:17 --> 00:09:20 extremely complex and that complexity
00:09:20 --> 00:09:23 for us it's a new science that we need
00:09:23 --> 00:09:26 to investigate we need to understand the
00:09:26 --> 00:09:28 things that we've learned over the years
00:09:28 --> 00:09:30 that Parker has been in orbit have been
00:09:30 --> 00:09:32 amazing they've challenged our ideas
00:09:32 --> 00:09:35 about how the solar wind is made about
00:09:35 --> 00:09:37 how the Sun Works about some of these
00:09:37 --> 00:09:40 fundamental things that are going on
00:09:40 --> 00:09:42 there's a lot of Pride and excitement uh
00:09:42 --> 00:09:46 for this closest approach so much effort
00:09:46 --> 00:09:49 and so many people have worked on this I
00:09:49 --> 00:09:51 think it really took the teamwork and
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 Synergy of Engineers and scientists and
00:09:53 --> 00:09:55 um administrators and and a lot of
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 different people to think this Mission
00:09:57 --> 00:10:00 up and in that report from n V we heard
00:10:00 --> 00:10:02 from Parker project scientist nor waafi
00:10:02 --> 00:10:04 from the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics
00:10:04 --> 00:10:06 laboratory NASA's science Mission
00:10:06 --> 00:10:08 directorate Chief Nikki Fox NASA's
00:10:08 --> 00:10:11 heliophysics director Joseph Westlake
00:10:11 --> 00:10:14 Kelly K also from NASA heliophysics and
00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 from John's Hopkins Applied Physics
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 laboratory lead heat engineer Betsy
00:10:18 --> 00:10:21 cogden mission systems engineer John
00:10:21 --> 00:10:23 werzberger and Parker Mission engineer
00:10:23 --> 00:10:27 Yan pinga this is spacetime still to
00:10:27 --> 00:10:29 come astronomers to protect unusual
00:10:30 --> 00:10:32 flaring activity in a mysterious object
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 known as an ultr luminous x-ray source
00:10:34 --> 00:10:36 and a possible link between the sun's
00:10:36 --> 00:10:38 solar cycle and Earth's Lear in your
00:10:38 --> 00:10:40 weather patterns all that and more still
00:10:40 --> 00:10:47 to come on
00:10:47 --> 00:10:55 [Music]
00:10:57 --> 00:10:59 SpaceTime astronomers studying a
00:10:59 --> 00:11:01 mysterious object known as an
00:11:01 --> 00:11:03 ultraluminous x-ray Source have detected
00:11:03 --> 00:11:06 strange flaring activity first
00:11:06 --> 00:11:08 discovered back in the 1980s by the
00:11:08 --> 00:11:10 Einstein Observatory ultraluminous x-ray
00:11:10 --> 00:11:12 sources are Point sources of intense
00:11:12 --> 00:11:15 x-ray energy they're less luminous than
00:11:15 --> 00:11:17 active Galactic nuclei which are caused
00:11:17 --> 00:11:19 by feeding super massive black holes but
00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 consistently more luminous than any
00:11:21 --> 00:11:23 known Stellar process although the Milky
00:11:23 --> 00:11:25 Way galaxy has no known ultraluminous
00:11:26 --> 00:11:28 x-ray sources most galaxies that have
00:11:28 --> 00:11:30 been studied surf have at least one and
00:11:30 --> 00:11:33 some of several astronomers used the xmm
00:11:33 --> 00:11:36 Newton Newar Chandra and Swift space
00:11:36 --> 00:11:38 telescopes to observe an ultraluminous
00:11:38 --> 00:11:42 x-ray Source known as X7 it's one of two
00:11:42 --> 00:11:44 ultraluminous x-ray sources the other
00:11:44 --> 00:11:46 designated X10 located in the
00:11:46 --> 00:11:50 intermittent spiral galaxy NGC 4559 some
00:11:50 --> 00:11:52 29 million light years away in the
00:11:52 --> 00:11:55 constellation coma brenes a report on
00:11:55 --> 00:11:57 the prepress physics website archive.org
00:11:58 --> 00:12:00 says x7s long term x-ray light curve
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 shows flux variations up to a factor of
00:12:02 --> 00:12:05 six over just a few hours now this sort
00:12:05 --> 00:12:08 of activity wasn't seen in any earlier
00:12:08 --> 00:12:10 x-way observations of X7 and it
00:12:10 --> 00:12:12 manifests only when the source is at its
00:12:12 --> 00:12:14 highest observed luminosities during the
00:12:14 --> 00:12:16 peck of these flares the Luminosity was
00:12:17 --> 00:12:19 a factor of three higher than pre-flare
00:12:19 --> 00:12:21 Luminosity that indicates the maximum
00:12:21 --> 00:12:23 variability of the source conspan almost
00:12:23 --> 00:12:26 an order of magnitude right now
00:12:26 --> 00:12:27 astronomers think that most
00:12:27 --> 00:12:30 ultraluminous x-ray s ources are in fact
00:12:30 --> 00:12:32 background quazar powerful Jets produced
00:12:32 --> 00:12:35 by feeding super massive black holes but
00:12:35 --> 00:12:37 another source could be feeding
00:12:37 --> 00:12:39 intermediate Mass black holes while a
00:12:39 --> 00:12:41 third possibility are unusually bright
00:12:41 --> 00:12:43 Supernova remnants at least on short
00:12:43 --> 00:12:47 time scales this is spacetime still to
00:12:47 --> 00:12:49 come a possible link between the sun's
00:12:49 --> 00:12:51 solar cycle and Earth's learning your
00:12:51 --> 00:12:53 weather patterns and later in the
00:12:53 --> 00:12:55 science report the discovery of a
00:12:55 --> 00:12:58 spectacular 166 million year old
00:12:58 --> 00:13:01 dinosaur tra way in Oxfordshire all that
00:13:01 --> 00:13:08 and more still to come on
00:13:08 --> 00:13:18 [Music]
00:13:18 --> 00:13:20 SpaceTime a new study shows a
00:13:20 --> 00:13:22 correlation between the end of the Suns
00:13:22 --> 00:13:25 11U solar cycle and a switch from El
00:13:25 --> 00:13:27 Nino to Lino weather patn in the Pacific
00:13:27 --> 00:13:30 Ocean the the findings reported in the
00:13:30 --> 00:13:32 journal Earth and space Sciences suggest
00:13:32 --> 00:13:35 that solar variability may be driving
00:13:35 --> 00:13:37 seasonal weather variability here on
00:13:37 --> 00:13:39 Earth now if this connection holds up it
00:13:40 --> 00:13:41 could significantly improve the
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 predictability of the largest El Nino
00:13:43 --> 00:13:46 and Lino weather events these have major
00:13:46 --> 00:13:49 seasonal climatic effects on Earth for
00:13:49 --> 00:13:52 example eastern Australia becomes drier
00:13:52 --> 00:13:54 and more drought prone during an elino
00:13:54 --> 00:13:56 while it becomes wetter and more flood
00:13:56 --> 00:13:59 prone during a Lino event and the
00:13:59 --> 00:14:01 Southern United States tends to be
00:14:01 --> 00:14:03 warmer and drier during linia or the
00:14:03 --> 00:14:05 northern us tends to be colder and
00:14:05 --> 00:14:08 wetter the sun's 11U solar cycle
00:14:08 --> 00:14:10 involves a regular polarity flip at the
00:14:10 --> 00:14:13 sun's magnetic field at solar minimum
00:14:13 --> 00:14:15 the Magnetic North Pole becomes magnetic
00:14:15 --> 00:14:17 South and the Magnetic South Pole
00:14:17 --> 00:14:19 becomes magnetic north and this
00:14:19 --> 00:14:21 coincides with a steady increase in
00:14:21 --> 00:14:23 sunspot activity solar flares and
00:14:23 --> 00:14:25 coronal mass ejections on the sun's
00:14:25 --> 00:14:28 surface these climax around solar
00:14:28 --> 00:14:30 maximum about 5 and 1 half years after
00:14:30 --> 00:14:33 solar minimum the violent upheaval then
00:14:33 --> 00:14:35 gradually dissipates as the sun moves
00:14:35 --> 00:14:37 back to solar minimum and the start of
00:14:37 --> 00:14:40 the next solar cycle the appearance and
00:14:40 --> 00:14:42 disappearance of sunspots the outwardly
00:14:42 --> 00:14:44 visible signs of solar variability have
00:14:44 --> 00:14:47 been observed by humans for hundreds of
00:14:47 --> 00:14:49 years the waxing and waning of the
00:14:49 --> 00:14:51 number of sunspots takes place over
00:14:51 --> 00:14:54 approximately 11e Cycles but these
00:14:54 --> 00:14:56 Cycles do not have distinct beginnings
00:14:56 --> 00:14:59 and ends this fuzziness in the length of
00:14:59 --> 00:15:01 any particular solar cycle has made it
00:15:01 --> 00:15:03 challenging for scientists to match up
00:15:03 --> 00:15:05 the 11year solar cycle with changes
00:15:05 --> 00:15:08 happening on Earth in this new study the
00:15:08 --> 00:15:09 authors rely on what they're describing
00:15:09 --> 00:15:12 as a more precise 22-year clock for
00:15:12 --> 00:15:15 solar activity this 22-year cycle begins
00:15:15 --> 00:15:17 when oppositely charged magnetic bands
00:15:17 --> 00:15:19 that wrap around the sun appear near the
00:15:19 --> 00:15:23 Stars polar latitudes now over the cycle
00:15:23 --> 00:15:25 these bands migrate towards the solar
00:15:25 --> 00:15:27 equator causing sunspots to appear as
00:15:27 --> 00:15:29 they travel across mid- latitude D the
00:15:30 --> 00:15:31 cycle ends when the bands meet in the
00:15:31 --> 00:15:34 middle mutually annihilating one another
00:15:34 --> 00:15:35 in what the authors are calling a
00:15:35 --> 00:15:38 Terminator event and it's these
00:15:38 --> 00:15:40 Terminators which provide exact guide
00:15:40 --> 00:15:42 posts for the end of one solar cycle and
00:15:42 --> 00:15:45 the beginning of the next the authors
00:15:45 --> 00:15:46 then impose these Terminator events
00:15:47 --> 00:15:48 oversee surface temperatures in the
00:15:48 --> 00:15:51 tropical Pacific stretching back to
00:15:51 --> 00:15:53 1960 amazingly they found that the five
00:15:53 --> 00:15:55 Terminator events that occur between
00:15:55 --> 00:15:58 that time and 2010 2011 all coincided
00:15:59 --> 00:16:01 with a flip from an El Nino when the
00:16:01 --> 00:16:02 central eastern Pacific Sea surface
00:16:02 --> 00:16:04 temperatures are warmer than average to
00:16:04 --> 00:16:06 a Lin when the central eastern Pacific
00:16:06 --> 00:16:08 Sea surface temperatures are cooler than
00:16:08 --> 00:16:10 average and the end of the most recent
00:16:10 --> 00:16:14 solar cycle 24 in 2019 also coincided
00:16:14 --> 00:16:16 with the beginning of a Lor event the
00:16:16 --> 00:16:18 authors then undertook a number of
00:16:18 --> 00:16:19 statistical analyses to determine the
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 likelihood that this correlation was
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 just a fluke finding there was only one
00:16:23 --> 00:16:26 in 5 chance or less of all five
00:16:26 --> 00:16:28 Terminator events included in the study
00:16:28 --> 00:16:31 randomly coinciding with the flipping
00:16:31 --> 00:16:33 ocean temperatures now that a sixth
00:16:33 --> 00:16:35 Terminator event and the corresponding
00:16:35 --> 00:16:37 start of the new solar cycle 25 in late
00:16:38 --> 00:16:41 2019 also coincided with a Lenor event
00:16:41 --> 00:16:42 the chances of it all being a random
00:16:42 --> 00:16:45 occurrence becomes even more remote
00:16:45 --> 00:16:46 while the authors haven't determined
00:16:46 --> 00:16:48 what causes this apparent correlation
00:16:48 --> 00:16:49 they're looking at the influence of the
00:16:49 --> 00:16:51 sun's magnetic field on the amount of
00:16:51 --> 00:16:53 cosmic rays that penetrate the solar
00:16:53 --> 00:16:56 system and ultimately bombard the Earth
00:16:56 --> 00:16:58 however a robust physical link between
00:16:59 --> 00:17:01 cosmic ray variations in climate has yet
00:17:01 --> 00:17:04 to be determined this is
00:17:04 --> 00:17:18 [Music]
00:17:18 --> 00:17:21 spacetime and time now to take a brief
00:17:21 --> 00:17:22 look at some of the other stories making
00:17:22 --> 00:17:24 new in science this week with a science
00:17:24 --> 00:17:27 report a new study has found increases
00:17:27 --> 00:17:29 in ambient air pollution ution
00:17:29 --> 00:17:31 especially if sustained for several days
00:17:31 --> 00:17:33 appears to correlate with a higher risk
00:17:33 --> 00:17:35 of hospitalization for people suffering
00:17:35 --> 00:17:38 from schizophrenia the findings reported
00:17:38 --> 00:17:40 in the Journal of the American Medical
00:17:40 --> 00:17:42 Association looked at over 800
00:17:42 --> 00:17:44 hospitalizations for schizophrenia in
00:17:44 --> 00:17:47 250 Chinese cities and short-term
00:17:47 --> 00:17:50 increases in a range of air pollutants
00:17:50 --> 00:17:51 scientists found the link was strongest
00:17:52 --> 00:17:54 for nitrogen dioxide pollution which
00:17:54 --> 00:17:56 could account for over 6% of
00:17:56 --> 00:17:58 hospitalizations the authors say that
00:17:58 --> 00:17:59 these short short-term relative
00:17:59 --> 00:18:02 increases rather than only absolute
00:18:02 --> 00:18:04 concentrations of air pollution should
00:18:04 --> 00:18:06 be factored in when targeting
00:18:06 --> 00:18:08 intervention
00:18:08 --> 00:18:10 strategies a new study suggest that
00:18:10 --> 00:18:12 eating more fruits and vegetables could
00:18:12 --> 00:18:14 help reduce depression although the
00:18:15 --> 00:18:16 benefits of high fruit and vegetable
00:18:16 --> 00:18:18 intake has previously been reported few
00:18:18 --> 00:18:21 Studies have focused on adults aged over
00:18:21 --> 00:18:24 45 the new research by the University of
00:18:24 --> 00:18:26 New South Wales assist associations
00:18:26 --> 00:18:28 between fruit and vegetable intake and
00:18:28 --> 00:18:30 depressive symptoms over 11 years in
00:18:31 --> 00:18:34 3 twins from Australia Denmark
00:18:34 --> 00:18:36 Sweden and the United States the
00:18:36 --> 00:18:38 findings published in the journal
00:18:38 --> 00:18:40 scientific reports shows that higher
00:18:40 --> 00:18:42 intakes of both fruit and vegetables
00:18:42 --> 00:18:44 were associated with lower symptoms of
00:18:44 --> 00:18:47 depression over time a low intake of
00:18:47 --> 00:18:49 fruit on average is considered to be 0.3
00:18:49 --> 00:18:51 serves per day while a low intake of
00:18:51 --> 00:18:53 vegetables is considered to be 0.5
00:18:53 --> 00:18:55 serves daily whereas high fruit intake
00:18:55 --> 00:18:58 was 2.1 serves per day and high
00:18:58 --> 00:19:01 vegetable int take was too serves daily
00:19:01 --> 00:19:02 interestingly the total fruit and
00:19:02 --> 00:19:03 vegetable consumption in the high
00:19:03 --> 00:19:06 category still fell notably below the
00:19:06 --> 00:19:09 dietary recommendations for most
00:19:09 --> 00:19:11 countries paleontologists have released
00:19:11 --> 00:19:15 details of a 166 million euro dinosaur
00:19:15 --> 00:19:17 trackway and covered in an Oxford she
00:19:17 --> 00:19:20 Limestone Quarry the footprints belong
00:19:20 --> 00:19:23 to a herbivorous ctsa surus caod and a
00:19:23 --> 00:19:25 Megalosaurus theropod carnivore and were
00:19:25 --> 00:19:27 made in what was once a warm shallow
00:19:27 --> 00:19:30 Lagoon they were discovered by a quarry
00:19:30 --> 00:19:32 worker clearing clay with a
00:19:32 --> 00:19:35 scientists have now Unearthed around 200
00:19:35 --> 00:19:36 large Footprints in five separate
00:19:36 --> 00:19:38 trackways in the Quarry stretching up to
00:19:38 --> 00:19:41 150 m in
00:19:41 --> 00:19:44 length well it seems a much anticipated
00:19:44 --> 00:19:46 United States Congressional hearing into
00:19:46 --> 00:19:47 evidence for the existence of
00:19:47 --> 00:19:49 unidentified anomalous phenoma has
00:19:49 --> 00:19:51 turned out to be a major flop with
00:19:51 --> 00:19:53 nothing but third person hearsay and
00:19:53 --> 00:19:57 vague unsubstantiated claims it was
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 meant to be the big reveal were those
00:19:59 --> 00:20:01 behind all the UFO claims and there
00:20:01 --> 00:20:03 exposing the cover up would come forward
00:20:03 --> 00:20:05 and tell all under Congressional
00:20:05 --> 00:20:08 protection from prosecution hope for
00:20:08 --> 00:20:09 actual heart evidence such as the
00:20:09 --> 00:20:12 presentation of actual alien technology
00:20:12 --> 00:20:14 or firstperson testimony was
00:20:14 --> 00:20:17 nonexistant Tim mendum from a strange
00:20:17 --> 00:20:20 skeptic says he for one isn't surprised
00:20:20 --> 00:20:22 this is the latest Hearing in the US
00:20:22 --> 00:20:23 Congress the house Review Committee
00:20:23 --> 00:20:25 always sort of interviews all these
00:20:25 --> 00:20:27 different sort of government departments
00:20:27 --> 00:20:29 most countries have the say how are you
00:20:29 --> 00:20:30 going are you spending money correctly
00:20:30 --> 00:20:32 blah blah blah and so this one's popped
00:20:32 --> 00:20:34 up about UFOs same as one last year
00:20:34 --> 00:20:37 popped up about UFOs with people who are
00:20:37 --> 00:20:39 reasonable authorities at least in their
00:20:39 --> 00:20:41 proper career jobs the people who sound
00:20:41 --> 00:20:43 good retired rear Admiral I think was
00:20:43 --> 00:20:44 one of these speaking to this Congress
00:20:44 --> 00:20:48 committee about the UFO or UAP as it's
00:20:48 --> 00:20:50 called these days work that being
00:20:50 --> 00:20:52 undertaken by the government and these
00:20:52 --> 00:20:52 people always saying that the
00:20:53 --> 00:20:54 government's covering up they got the
00:20:54 --> 00:20:55 technology if worst case they got the
00:20:55 --> 00:20:57 alien bodies Etc and they're developing
00:20:57 --> 00:21:00 all these products and one day all of
00:21:00 --> 00:21:01 this is going to be revealed and the
00:21:01 --> 00:21:03 trouble is these people who do front up
00:21:03 --> 00:21:05 to Congress hearings Etc I don't think
00:21:05 --> 00:21:07 they've ever seen it but they've heard
00:21:07 --> 00:21:08 about it and so it's all third party
00:21:09 --> 00:21:10 third person testimony they don't but I
00:21:10 --> 00:21:12 know someone who did or I know someone
00:21:12 --> 00:21:14 and they know someone have seen an alien
00:21:14 --> 00:21:15 body or something UFA proponents have
00:21:15 --> 00:21:17 been talking this way for 70 years at
00:21:17 --> 00:21:19 any day now the evidence is going to be
00:21:19 --> 00:21:21 revealed and everyone would be shocked
00:21:21 --> 00:21:23 at the government cover up and that they
00:21:23 --> 00:21:24 really do have spaceships under the
00:21:24 --> 00:21:26 Nevada desert or something like that and
00:21:26 --> 00:21:28 it hasn't happened and this was no this
00:21:29 --> 00:21:31 was the great day for the big reveal and
00:21:31 --> 00:21:33 nothing was revealed it's just claims
00:21:33 --> 00:21:34 including some of the people who were
00:21:34 --> 00:21:35 there supposedly going to have a big
00:21:35 --> 00:21:37 reveal we're pointing out that yeah you
00:21:37 --> 00:21:39 know there's unidentified things out
00:21:39 --> 00:21:40 there but you know maybe they'll be
00:21:40 --> 00:21:42 identified and that's the whole problem
00:21:42 --> 00:21:44 that's what UFOs and uaps are they're
00:21:44 --> 00:21:45 unidentified and the only reason they
00:21:45 --> 00:21:47 being called up as aliens is because we
00:21:47 --> 00:21:48 don't know what they are they very well
00:21:49 --> 00:21:51 might be identified one day and most of
00:21:51 --> 00:21:52 these things are identified the vast
00:21:52 --> 00:21:54 majority but yep some will probably
00:21:54 --> 00:21:56 remain unidentified not enough witness
00:21:56 --> 00:21:58 testimony bit unreliable no record of
00:21:58 --> 00:22:01 them etc etc etc or just unclear vague
00:22:01 --> 00:22:03 sort of thing that they couldn't be
00:22:03 --> 00:22:05 identified unidentified this was a big
00:22:05 --> 00:22:08 thing UI Community saying fantastic it's
00:22:08 --> 00:22:09 all going to be revealed someone's going
00:22:09 --> 00:22:11 to drop the information on the on the
00:22:11 --> 00:22:12 desk in front of Congress and say here
00:22:13 --> 00:22:14 you go here's the evidence here's where
00:22:14 --> 00:22:17 it's at or the photos or whatever no
00:22:17 --> 00:22:19 didn't happen didn't happen last year
00:22:19 --> 00:22:21 hasn't happened anything definitive
00:22:21 --> 00:22:23 anything that hasn't been questioned for
00:22:23 --> 00:22:25 70 years and yet they keep saying any
00:22:25 --> 00:22:27 day now any day now it'll be revealed
00:22:27 --> 00:22:30 within 12 12 months and I've heard gilo
00:22:30 --> 00:22:31 people say that all the time and they
00:22:31 --> 00:22:33 always find excuses mainly because the
00:22:33 --> 00:22:35 government's cover up is very good or
00:22:35 --> 00:22:36 people are frightened to reveal the
00:22:37 --> 00:22:38 truth that they know because they're
00:22:38 --> 00:22:40 going to be sacked or intimidated or
00:22:40 --> 00:22:41 what or laughed at whatever that might
00:22:41 --> 00:22:43 be true also might be true that they
00:22:43 --> 00:22:44 don't know anything and there are people
00:22:44 --> 00:22:46 who making wild claims that they haven't
00:22:46 --> 00:22:48 then just substantiated journalists who
00:22:48 --> 00:22:50 saying it's off the Record or I don't
00:22:50 --> 00:22:52 want to reveal my sources Australian
00:22:52 --> 00:22:53 journalist who's been doing this for a
00:22:53 --> 00:22:55 couple of years pointing out that
00:22:55 --> 00:22:58 there's 11 12 13 enormous spaceships
00:22:58 --> 00:23:00 buried around the earth often with a big
00:23:00 --> 00:23:02 building on top of them um people were
00:23:02 --> 00:23:04 wondering where which buildings Etc and
00:23:04 --> 00:23:06 they did say not in the US so it might
00:23:06 --> 00:23:07 be under the Sydney Opera house or
00:23:07 --> 00:23:09 something or CERN in Europe or the
00:23:09 --> 00:23:11 Vatican or who knows what and all you
00:23:11 --> 00:23:12 have to do is ask well where are they
00:23:13 --> 00:23:14 surely we can sort of put a little hole
00:23:14 --> 00:23:16 down and find this things that oh no I
00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 can't do that because we reveal the
00:23:18 --> 00:23:19 sources don't reveal the sources just
00:23:19 --> 00:23:21 tell us where it is and then we can go
00:23:21 --> 00:23:23 and have a look is this enormous I mean
00:23:23 --> 00:23:24 really normous the are building siiz
00:23:24 --> 00:23:26 flying sources are buried somewhere they
00:23:26 --> 00:23:28 should be pretty easy to find but no 70
00:23:28 --> 00:23:31 years no evidence put forward always
00:23:31 --> 00:23:33 going to be any day now that excuse is
00:23:33 --> 00:23:35 used every time to raise journalists and
00:23:36 --> 00:23:38 raise the interest of newspapers and
00:23:38 --> 00:23:39 shock jocks and that sort of stuff
00:23:39 --> 00:23:41 course the latest ones are the drones
00:23:41 --> 00:23:44 flying over us bases that have been uh
00:23:44 --> 00:23:46 in the headlines of late and I looked at
00:23:46 --> 00:23:48 those pictures and straight away I said
00:23:48 --> 00:23:50 well that's a highflying airliner an
00:23:50 --> 00:23:53 Airbus or or a boing 737 or something
00:23:53 --> 00:23:56 and lo and behold a week later Mick West
00:23:56 --> 00:23:57 comes out with exactly the same
00:23:57 --> 00:23:59 conclusion so yes yeah yeah Mick W is
00:24:00 --> 00:24:01 very useful he did the same with the the
00:24:01 --> 00:24:03 famous Pentagon videos that were these
00:24:03 --> 00:24:05 Top Secret videos that everyone knew
00:24:05 --> 00:24:06 about and they were they finally
00:24:06 --> 00:24:08 released them and said here they are
00:24:08 --> 00:24:09 this is what some of our Pilots have
00:24:09 --> 00:24:10 seen I think Nick spent about five
00:24:11 --> 00:24:12 minutes on each of them and explain what
00:24:12 --> 00:24:14 they were so he it's very much worth
00:24:14 --> 00:24:16 seeking out mck west pedon don't want to
00:24:16 --> 00:24:18 admit anything because what it does it
00:24:18 --> 00:24:21 shows just how inefficient the most
00:24:21 --> 00:24:23 advanced Optical technology we have on
00:24:23 --> 00:24:26 our most advanced fighter jets really is
00:24:26 --> 00:24:29 yeah that's right yeah yeah it it it uh
00:24:29 --> 00:24:30 picks up a lot of things which they
00:24:30 --> 00:24:31 should know better as to what they are
00:24:31 --> 00:24:33 but the truth is out there and it's
00:24:33 --> 00:24:34 amazing actually some of these people in
00:24:34 --> 00:24:36 this latest Congress hearing said
00:24:36 --> 00:24:37 exactly that the truth is out there all
00:24:37 --> 00:24:39 we have to do is find it Well maybe the
00:24:39 --> 00:24:41 truth is not out there by saying this
00:24:41 --> 00:24:42 exists but I have no evidence for it
00:24:42 --> 00:24:44 doesn't mean it exists it just means
00:24:44 --> 00:24:45 that you don't know what you're talking
00:24:45 --> 00:24:47 about one thing I found through my many
00:24:47 --> 00:24:49 years on this planet studying you people
00:24:49 --> 00:24:52 is that most politicians and and most
00:24:52 --> 00:24:54 senior bureaucrats aren't playing some
00:24:54 --> 00:24:57 four-dimensional mavian chess game they
00:24:57 --> 00:24:59 really aren't that bright and they
00:24:59 --> 00:25:01 really are just doing the first thing
00:25:01 --> 00:25:02 that comes to mind yes that's right I
00:25:02 --> 00:25:04 mean the the people asking the questions
00:25:04 --> 00:25:06 at these Congress things you get both
00:25:06 --> 00:25:08 sort people asking with a Ry smile is
00:25:09 --> 00:25:10 this what you're claiming and someone
00:25:10 --> 00:25:11 else with their Wise Eyes Wide Open
00:25:11 --> 00:25:14 saying wow this must be true they do
00:25:14 --> 00:25:15 they run a gamut of brightness or lack
00:25:15 --> 00:25:17 of brightness and the people they're
00:25:17 --> 00:25:18 interviewing people who who are
00:25:18 --> 00:25:19 presenting giving evidence tend to have
00:25:19 --> 00:25:21 a bit better qualifications than the
00:25:21 --> 00:25:22 politicians do so naturally the
00:25:23 --> 00:25:25 politicians believe them that's Tim mum
00:25:25 --> 00:25:28 from Australian Skeptics
00:25:28 --> 00:25:42 [Music]
00:25:42 --> 00:25:44 and that's the show for now SpaceTime is
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00:26:36 --> 00:26:38 been listening to SpaceTime with Stuart
00:26:38 --> 00:26:40 Gary this has been another quality
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