00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 28 episode 25
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 26th of February
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 2025 coming up on space time physicists
00:00:09 --> 00:00:12 discover two hours of time emerging from
00:00:12 --> 00:00:14 the quantum realm NASA's perseverance
00:00:14 --> 00:00:16 Rover finds new kinds of rocks which
00:00:16 --> 00:00:18 could be the oldest ever found on the
00:00:18 --> 00:00:21 red planet Mars and stand by for the
00:00:21 --> 00:00:23 launch of NASA's lunar Trail Glazer
00:00:23 --> 00:00:27 Mission all that and more coming up on
00:00:27 --> 00:00:30 SpaceTime welcome to space time with
00:00:30 --> 00:00:33 steuart
00:00:33 --> 00:00:40 [Music]
00:00:47 --> 00:00:49 Gary Einstein has already shown us that
00:00:49 --> 00:00:52 time is malleable it slows down as you
00:00:52 --> 00:00:55 increase in speed and as you get closer
00:00:55 --> 00:00:57 to a massive object but now physicists
00:00:58 --> 00:00:59 have discovered evidence for what
00:00:59 --> 00:01:01 appears to to be two separate Arrow of
00:01:01 --> 00:01:04 time emerging from the quantum realm the
00:01:04 --> 00:01:06 discovery published in the journal
00:01:06 --> 00:01:08 scientific reports pures the fascinating
00:01:08 --> 00:01:11 proposition that opposing ARS of time
00:01:11 --> 00:01:13 can theoretically emerge from certain
00:01:13 --> 00:01:16 Quantum systems so once again we have to
00:01:16 --> 00:01:19 face the idea that time is not as fixed
00:01:19 --> 00:01:21 as we thought imagine that instead of
00:01:21 --> 00:01:23 flowing in just one direction from the
00:01:23 --> 00:01:25 past to the Future time could flow
00:01:25 --> 00:01:27 forward or backwards due to processes
00:01:27 --> 00:01:30 taking place in the quantum level for
00:01:30 --> 00:01:32 centuries scientists have puzzled over
00:01:32 --> 00:01:34 the arrow of time the idea that time
00:01:34 --> 00:01:36 flows irreversibly from the past to the
00:01:36 --> 00:01:39 Future now while that seems obvious in
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 our everyday lives the way we experience
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 reality the simple fact is the
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 underlying laws of physics don't
00:01:45 --> 00:01:48 inherently favor a single Direction put
00:01:48 --> 00:01:50 simply whether time moves forward or
00:01:50 --> 00:01:53 backwards the equations remain the same
00:01:53 --> 00:01:55 the study's lead author Andrea rer from
00:01:55 --> 00:01:57 the University of Sur says one way to
00:01:57 --> 00:01:59 explain this is like looking at a
00:01:59 --> 00:02:01 process where spilt milk is spreading
00:02:01 --> 00:02:04 across a tabletop Now by watching that
00:02:04 --> 00:02:06 happen it's clear that time is moving in
00:02:06 --> 00:02:08 One Direction forward after all that's
00:02:08 --> 00:02:11 how entropy works and if you would have
00:02:11 --> 00:02:12 played it in reverse like a movie you'd
00:02:13 --> 00:02:15 immediately know something was wrong it
00:02:15 --> 00:02:16 would be hard to believe that milk could
00:02:16 --> 00:02:19 simply gather itself back into a glass
00:02:19 --> 00:02:21 that's not how entropy works but then
00:02:21 --> 00:02:23 again there are other processes like the
00:02:23 --> 00:02:26 motion of a pendulum that look exactly
00:02:26 --> 00:02:28 the same and believable whether the
00:02:28 --> 00:02:29 movie was played forwards or back
00:02:29 --> 00:02:32 backwards the puzzle is that at the most
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 fundamental level the laws of physics
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 resemble the pendulum not the spiled
00:02:36 --> 00:02:39 milk consequently they do not account
00:02:39 --> 00:02:42 for irreversible processes Rocco says
00:02:42 --> 00:02:43 that while the findings suggest that our
00:02:43 --> 00:02:45 common experience tells us that time
00:02:45 --> 00:02:48 only travels one way we simply unaware
00:02:48 --> 00:02:49 that the opposite direction would have
00:02:49 --> 00:02:52 an equal possibility now the study was
00:02:52 --> 00:02:54 exploring how a Quantum system that's
00:02:54 --> 00:02:55 the world of the subatomic interacts
00:02:55 --> 00:02:57 with its environment in what's known as
00:02:57 --> 00:03:00 an open Quantum system the author has
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 investigated why we perceive time moving
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 in Just One Direction and whether this
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 perception emerges from open quantum
00:03:06 --> 00:03:09 mechanics to simplify the problem they
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 made two key assumptions first they
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 traded the vast environment surrounding
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 the system in such a way that they could
00:03:15 --> 00:03:17 focus only on the quantum system itself
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 and secondly they assume that the
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 environment like the entire universe is
00:03:21 --> 00:03:23 so large that Energy Information
00:03:23 --> 00:03:26 dissipate into it never returning and
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 this approach allowed them to examine
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 how time could emerge as a one wave
00:03:30 --> 00:03:31 phenomenon even though at the
00:03:31 --> 00:03:33 microscopic level time could
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 theoretically move in both directions
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 the problem is even after applying these
00:03:37 --> 00:03:39 assumptions the systems still behaved in
00:03:39 --> 00:03:41 exactly the same way whether time moved
00:03:41 --> 00:03:42 forward or backwards there was no
00:03:42 --> 00:03:45 difference the discoveries provided a
00:03:45 --> 00:03:47 mathematical foundation for the idea
00:03:47 --> 00:03:49 that time reversal symmetry still holds
00:03:49 --> 00:03:52 in open Quantum systems suggesting that
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 Time's Arrow may not be as fixed as we
00:03:54 --> 00:03:57 experience it the authors also found a
00:03:57 --> 00:03:58 small but important detail which is
00:03:58 --> 00:04:00 usually overlooked
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 they discovered a Time discontinuous
00:04:02 --> 00:04:04 factor that keeps the time symmetry
00:04:04 --> 00:04:07 property intact it's unusual to see such
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 a mathematical mechanism in a physics
00:04:09 --> 00:04:11 equation that's because it's not
00:04:11 --> 00:04:13 continuous and Roco says it's very
00:04:13 --> 00:04:16 surprising to see it pop up so naturally
00:04:16 --> 00:04:18 I guess this research is offering a
00:04:18 --> 00:04:19 fresh perspective on one of the biggest
00:04:19 --> 00:04:22 mysteries in physics understanding the
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 true nature of time could have profound
00:04:24 --> 00:04:26 implications for Quantum Mechanics for
00:04:26 --> 00:04:30 cosmology and well for everything else
00:04:30 --> 00:04:32 and I guess if you still want to explode
00:04:32 --> 00:04:34 your mind well try explaining to a
00:04:34 --> 00:04:38 5-year-old exactly what time is this is
00:04:38 --> 00:04:41 spacetime still to come NASA's Ms
00:04:41 --> 00:04:43 perseverance Rovers discovered some new
00:04:43 --> 00:04:45 kinds of rock which may be the oldest
00:04:45 --> 00:04:47 material ever found on the red planet
00:04:47 --> 00:04:50 and it's all systems go fin nessa's next
00:04:50 --> 00:04:52 moon mission lunar Trailblazer all that
00:04:52 --> 00:05:03 and more still to come on SpaceTime
00:05:03 --> 00:05:10 [Music]
00:05:10 --> 00:05:12 NASA's M perseverance Rover has
00:05:12 --> 00:05:14 discovered some new kinds of rocks on
00:05:14 --> 00:05:16 the rim of jro crater which may be the
00:05:16 --> 00:05:18 oldest material ever found on the red
00:05:18 --> 00:05:21 planet the car-sized six World mobile
00:05:21 --> 00:05:23 laboratory is now engaged in what's
00:05:23 --> 00:05:26 known as the Crater Rim campaign it's
00:05:26 --> 00:05:28 looking for ancient uplifted Rock in
00:05:28 --> 00:05:29 order to better understand understand
00:05:29 --> 00:05:31 the geological processes occurring in
00:05:31 --> 00:05:34 early Martian history and to search for
00:05:34 --> 00:05:36 ancient habitable environments and
00:05:36 --> 00:05:38 recent discoveries haven't disappointed
00:05:38 --> 00:05:40 so far in this portion of the room that
00:05:40 --> 00:05:42 it's been exploring every outcrop that
00:05:42 --> 00:05:44 the Rover has taken a close look at has
00:05:44 --> 00:05:47 ended up providing something new after
00:05:47 --> 00:05:48 acquiring the Silver Mountain core which
00:05:49 --> 00:05:50 is rich in the mineral pyxine
00:05:50 --> 00:05:52 perseverance approached a nearby rock
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 that had signatures of the mineral
00:05:54 --> 00:05:55 Serpentine which has been fittingly
00:05:55 --> 00:05:58 nicknamed Serpentine Lake following this
00:05:58 --> 00:06:00 the Roba used its abrasion tool to clean
00:06:00 --> 00:06:02 this rock with dust and Coatings in
00:06:02 --> 00:06:04 order to carry out a detailed scientific
00:06:04 --> 00:06:07 interrogation and the science team was
00:06:07 --> 00:06:09 stunned by the Intriguing rocks texture
00:06:09 --> 00:06:11 which actually resembles a cookies and
00:06:11 --> 00:06:13 cream type dessert it contains a very
00:06:13 --> 00:06:15 high abundance of minerals like
00:06:15 --> 00:06:17 Serpentine which form in the presence of
00:06:17 --> 00:06:19 water after finishing that investigation
00:06:19 --> 00:06:21 Mission managers decided to have
00:06:21 --> 00:06:23 perseverance double back to the side of
00:06:23 --> 00:06:24 its first abrasion in this part of the
00:06:24 --> 00:06:27 rim named catam Reservoir in order to
00:06:27 --> 00:06:29 acquire a sample results from that early
00:06:29 --> 00:06:31 analysis showed a rock texture with
00:06:31 --> 00:06:34 coarse pyx seene and fill Spar crystals
00:06:34 --> 00:06:36 consistent with an ous origin however
00:06:36 --> 00:06:39 the sample tube turned up empty now it's
00:06:39 --> 00:06:40 not a common occurrence but sometimes
00:06:40 --> 00:06:42 the Rocks perseverance tries to sample
00:06:42 --> 00:06:44 are so weak that upon coring they
00:06:44 --> 00:06:46 essentially disintegrate into powder
00:06:46 --> 00:06:49 instead of remaining in the tube the
00:06:49 --> 00:06:51 Rover drove to a nearby spot and tried
00:06:51 --> 00:06:53 again but when the second attempt at
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 cing this rock also failed to retain a
00:06:55 --> 00:06:58 sample Mission managers decided to move
00:06:58 --> 00:07:00 on this week Mission managers will once
00:07:00 --> 00:07:02 again return to the site of the
00:07:02 --> 00:07:04 serpentine Lake abrasion patch in order
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 to acquire a coarse sample of this
00:07:06 --> 00:07:08 fascinating Rock which records intense
00:07:08 --> 00:07:11 alteration by water and fingers crossed
00:07:11 --> 00:07:12 scientists are hoping it will prove
00:07:12 --> 00:07:15 strong enough to acquire a core and if
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 successful perseverance May perform more
00:07:17 --> 00:07:20 scans on the abrasion patch afterwards
00:07:20 --> 00:07:22 the plan is to drive downhill to an area
00:07:22 --> 00:07:24 called broom Point that's home to a
00:07:24 --> 00:07:26 spectacular sequence of layer Rock and
00:07:26 --> 00:07:29 who knows what exciting new discoveries
00:07:29 --> 00:07:31 the mission will make there this is
00:07:31 --> 00:07:34 spacetime still to come NASA's lunar
00:07:34 --> 00:07:36 Trailblazer about to blast off on a new
00:07:36 --> 00:07:38 mission to the moon and later in the
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 science report a new study claims that
00:07:40 --> 00:07:42 the artificial squid at aspartame could
00:07:42 --> 00:07:44 increase your risk of a heart attack or
00:07:44 --> 00:07:47 stroke all that and more still to come
00:07:47 --> 00:07:50 on SpaceTime
00:07:50 --> 00:08:04 [Music]
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 NASA's lunar troll Blazer mission's
00:08:06 --> 00:08:08 about to blast off on a journey to the
00:08:08 --> 00:08:10 Moon to search for water ice the troll
00:08:10 --> 00:08:12 Blazer spacecraft has now been
00:08:12 --> 00:08:14 incorporated into its SpaceX Falcon 9
00:08:14 --> 00:08:17 launcher in preparation for the 2-year
00:08:17 --> 00:08:19 Mission shipped from lockhead Martin
00:08:19 --> 00:08:21 space in Littleton Colorado the flight
00:08:21 --> 00:08:23 from launch complex 39a at the Kennedy
00:08:23 --> 00:08:25 Space Center in Florida is part of
00:08:25 --> 00:08:27 NASA's commercial Luna payload Services
00:08:27 --> 00:08:30 initiative the probes riding along On
00:08:30 --> 00:08:33 intuitive machines IM to spacecraft
00:08:33 --> 00:08:35 approximately 48 minutes after launch
00:08:35 --> 00:08:37 lunar Trailblazer will separate from the
00:08:37 --> 00:08:39 rocket and the primary payload and begin
00:08:39 --> 00:08:42 its own independent flight to the Moon
00:08:42 --> 00:08:44 it'll use the gravity of the sun earth
00:08:44 --> 00:08:46 and moon over several months to
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 gradually line up for lunar orbit
00:08:48 --> 00:08:51 insertion once in orbit it'll look for
00:08:51 --> 00:08:53 where the moon's water's located what
00:08:53 --> 00:08:56 form that water's in and how it changes
00:08:56 --> 00:08:58 over time producing the best yet maps of
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 water on the L lunar surface the
00:09:00 --> 00:09:02 observations gathered during its 2-year
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 Prime mission will contribute to an
00:09:04 --> 00:09:06 understanding of water cycles on airless
00:09:06 --> 00:09:08 bodies throughout our solar system while
00:09:08 --> 00:09:10 at the same time also supporting future
00:09:10 --> 00:09:12 man and robotic missions to the Moon by
00:09:12 --> 00:09:15 identifying where water can be located
00:09:15 --> 00:09:17 key to achieving these goals are the
00:09:17 --> 00:09:19 spacecraft's two state-of-the-art
00:09:19 --> 00:09:21 science instrument packages there's a
00:09:21 --> 00:09:23 highresolution volatiles and minerals
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 Moon mapper infrared spectrometer and a
00:09:26 --> 00:09:27 Luna thermal mapper infrared
00:09:27 --> 00:09:30 multispectral Imager the high resolution
00:09:30 --> 00:09:32 instrument was built by NASA's jet
00:09:32 --> 00:09:34 proportion laboratory in Pasa California
00:09:34 --> 00:09:36 while the thermal mappa was built by the
00:09:36 --> 00:09:39 University of Oxford in the UK but
00:09:39 --> 00:09:41 before he can use these instruments to
00:09:41 --> 00:09:43 collect scientific data Lun the
00:09:43 --> 00:09:44 Trailblazer will spend several months
00:09:45 --> 00:09:46 performing a series of Luna flybys
00:09:46 --> 00:09:50 Thruster Burns and looping orbits these
00:09:50 --> 00:09:51 highly choreographed Maneuvers will
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 eventually position the spacecraft so
00:09:53 --> 00:09:55 that it can map the surface in great
00:09:55 --> 00:09:58 detail weighing only 200 kg and
00:09:58 --> 00:10:00 measuring just 3 half m in length and
00:10:00 --> 00:10:01 that's where its solar panels fully
00:10:01 --> 00:10:03 deployed Luna Trailblazer is no bigger
00:10:04 --> 00:10:05 than a dishwasher and has a relatively
00:10:05 --> 00:10:08 small engine to make its 4 to 7 month
00:10:08 --> 00:10:10 depending on launch date Journey To The
00:10:10 --> 00:10:12 Moon the missions design and navigation
00:10:12 --> 00:10:14 team have planned a trajectory that will
00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 use gravity assist from the sun earth
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 and moon to guide and slingshot the
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 spacecraft into its correct position a
00:10:20 --> 00:10:23 technique known as low energy transfer
00:10:23 --> 00:10:25 the initial boost provided by the launch
00:10:25 --> 00:10:27 vehicle will send the spacecraft past
00:10:27 --> 00:10:29 the moon and into deep space and its
00:10:29 --> 00:10:31 trajectory will then naturally be
00:10:31 --> 00:10:33 reshaped by gravity after several Luna
00:10:33 --> 00:10:35 flybys and loops around the earth
00:10:35 --> 00:10:37 Trailblazers Mission design navigation
00:10:37 --> 00:10:40 League Gregory lanton from JPL says this
00:10:40 --> 00:10:42 will allow the spacecraft to be captured
00:10:42 --> 00:10:44 into lunar orbit with minimal propulsion
00:10:44 --> 00:10:46 needs after all the less fuel you need
00:10:46 --> 00:10:49 the more payload you can carry as it
00:10:49 --> 00:10:51 flies past the moon several times lunat
00:10:51 --> 00:10:53 Trailblazer will use small thrust to
00:10:53 --> 00:10:55 burst trajectory correction Maneuvers
00:10:55 --> 00:10:57 they'll slowly change its orbit from
00:10:57 --> 00:10:59 highly elliptical to Circular bringing
00:10:59 --> 00:11:01 the satellite down to an altitude just
00:11:01 --> 00:11:04 100 km above the moon's surface once in
00:11:04 --> 00:11:06 its scientific orbit Trailblazer will
00:11:06 --> 00:11:09 Glide over the moon's surface making 12
00:11:09 --> 00:11:11 orbits a day and observing the surface
00:11:11 --> 00:11:13 at a variety of different times of the
00:11:13 --> 00:11:15 day over the course of its Mission and
00:11:15 --> 00:11:17 the spacecraft will also be perfectly
00:11:17 --> 00:11:19 placed to peer deep into the permanently
00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 shadowed craters near the moon's South
00:11:21 --> 00:11:24 Pole these craters har cold traps areas
00:11:24 --> 00:11:26 on the floor that never see direct
00:11:26 --> 00:11:29 sunlight if lunar Trailblazer finds
00:11:29 --> 00:11:30 significant quantities of ice on the
00:11:30 --> 00:11:32 crater floors those locations could be
00:11:32 --> 00:11:34 pinpointed as a resource for future
00:11:34 --> 00:11:37 lunar explorers Mission scientist car
00:11:37 --> 00:11:39 Donaldson Hannah from the University of
00:11:39 --> 00:11:40 Central Florida says the high resolution
00:11:41 --> 00:11:43 maps of water ice on the moon created by
00:11:43 --> 00:11:45 lunar Trailblazer will help researchers
00:11:45 --> 00:11:46 understand where water exists on the
00:11:47 --> 00:11:49 lunar surface and play a key role in the
00:11:49 --> 00:11:51 future of M exploration of the moon
00:11:51 --> 00:11:54 lunar Trailblazer is a small satellite
00:11:54 --> 00:11:57 spacecraft that has two main instruments
00:11:57 --> 00:11:58 it has two spectrometers that are going
00:11:58 --> 00:12:00 to be looking at different parts of the
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 electromagnetic spectrum so we're going
00:12:02 --> 00:12:05 to be looking at signals of sunlight
00:12:05 --> 00:12:07 that's reflected off the surface of the
00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 Moon and then we'll also be looking at
00:12:09 --> 00:12:11 the heat that's emanating from the
00:12:11 --> 00:12:14 surface of the Moon and so this small
00:12:14 --> 00:12:16 satellite will go in orbit about the
00:12:16 --> 00:12:19 moon and collect data and help us
00:12:19 --> 00:12:21 understand how water exists on the
00:12:21 --> 00:12:24 linear surface where it exists how much
00:12:24 --> 00:12:26 of it exists and they'll also be looking
00:12:26 --> 00:12:29 at different interesting geologic land
00:12:29 --> 00:12:32 sites for future exploration the L Vice
00:12:32 --> 00:12:33 team is super excited about ler
00:12:33 --> 00:12:36 Trailblazer because ler Trailblazer will
00:12:36 --> 00:12:38 carry a thermal INF Fred instrument that
00:12:38 --> 00:12:39 will'll be looking again at the heat
00:12:39 --> 00:12:41 that's coming off the surface and this
00:12:41 --> 00:12:43 will be similar to an instrument that
00:12:43 --> 00:12:46 will be on Lun visce on our Rover and so
00:12:46 --> 00:12:48 we'll get really high spatial resolution
00:12:48 --> 00:12:51 from lunar orbit looking at the gr THS
00:12:51 --> 00:12:53 and domes and we'll give us a sneak peak
00:12:53 --> 00:12:55 at what we're going to be able to see
00:12:55 --> 00:12:57 with our thermal infrared camera when
00:12:58 --> 00:13:00 lunar Vice gets the tyen doomes so the
00:13:00 --> 00:13:02 instruments are very small but where we
00:13:02 --> 00:13:05 you know the solar panel arrays are are
00:13:05 --> 00:13:06 actually much larger but still in that
00:13:06 --> 00:13:09 sense it's a very small spacecraft the
00:13:09 --> 00:13:12 main goal of lunar trail laser is really
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 to study the water cycle on the moon we
00:13:14 --> 00:13:16 have all this remote sensing
00:13:16 --> 00:13:18 observations in the Moon that suggest
00:13:18 --> 00:13:20 that water is there but we haven't made
00:13:20 --> 00:13:23 a definitive detection of water at the
00:13:23 --> 00:13:26 surface and so we don't really know when
00:13:26 --> 00:13:29 we talk about water is it actual H2O
00:13:29 --> 00:13:33 uh that's attached to different um
00:13:33 --> 00:13:37 minerals or is it oxygen and hydrogen in
00:13:37 --> 00:13:39 the form of hydroxy that are just
00:13:39 --> 00:13:41 attached uh that might come from the
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 solar wind we also don't know if there's
00:13:43 --> 00:13:46 maybe water ice this is all been
00:13:46 --> 00:13:49 suggested to be there but we haven't had
00:13:49 --> 00:13:52 definitive identifications of it so
00:13:52 --> 00:13:54 permanently shadowed regions are
00:13:54 --> 00:13:56 actually at the North and South Pole of
00:13:56 --> 00:14:00 the Moon and so when we think um about
00:14:00 --> 00:14:01 the Earth as an example when we're
00:14:02 --> 00:14:04 spitting on our axes where it's actually
00:14:04 --> 00:14:07 bent the moon isn't it's actually pretty
00:14:07 --> 00:14:10 perpendicular and so what that means is
00:14:10 --> 00:14:12 that there's some areas of the poles
00:14:12 --> 00:14:15 that get absolutely no sunshine and so
00:14:15 --> 00:14:17 like there's uh bottoms of impact
00:14:17 --> 00:14:19 craters that get no sunshine and so
00:14:19 --> 00:14:22 because uh they get no sunshine
00:14:22 --> 00:14:23 throughout the year they're called
00:14:23 --> 00:14:26 permanently shadowed regions and so
00:14:26 --> 00:14:28 they're truly the only spot on the moon
00:14:28 --> 00:14:31 that that are dark while water on the
00:14:31 --> 00:14:34 moon is certainly very exciting I think
00:14:34 --> 00:14:36 some of the things that excite me most
00:14:36 --> 00:14:38 are actually looking at other parts of
00:14:38 --> 00:14:40 the lunar surface and so we're going to
00:14:40 --> 00:14:44 Target key areas of geologic interest uh
00:14:44 --> 00:14:47 to really use these new instruments to
00:14:47 --> 00:14:49 look at them in new wavelengths and in
00:14:49 --> 00:14:52 more detail and so things like the gr TI
00:14:52 --> 00:14:54 and domes and other areas where we see
00:14:54 --> 00:14:56 solstic vulcanism we're going to have
00:14:56 --> 00:14:59 new spectral coverage and higher Spa
00:14:59 --> 00:15:02 resolution data it will help us better
00:15:02 --> 00:15:05 understand how these solstic magmas form
00:15:05 --> 00:15:08 and then I'm also really curious about
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 uh this area or areas across the lar
00:15:10 --> 00:15:13 surface called anorthosites and so this
00:15:13 --> 00:15:15 is the original crust of the Moon that
00:15:15 --> 00:15:17 formed uh and this is something that I
00:15:17 --> 00:15:20 studied as a graduate student um and so
00:15:20 --> 00:15:22 we're going to be able to study these
00:15:22 --> 00:15:24 regions of pure northa site across the
00:15:24 --> 00:15:27 moon which will really help us unlock
00:15:27 --> 00:15:29 and understand how the moon cross for so
00:15:29 --> 00:15:31 I'm super excited about that that's
00:15:31 --> 00:15:33 lunar Trailblazer Mission scientist
00:15:33 --> 00:15:34 Carrie Donaldson Hannah from the
00:15:34 --> 00:15:37 University of Central Florida and this
00:15:37 --> 00:15:47 is
00:15:47 --> 00:15:53 [Music]
00:15:53 --> 00:15:55 spacetime and time now to take another
00:15:56 --> 00:15:57 brief look at some of the other stories
00:15:57 --> 00:15:58 making news ins science this week with
00:15:59 --> 00:16:01 the science report a new study has found
00:16:01 --> 00:16:03 that one of the most common sugar
00:16:03 --> 00:16:05 substitutes of Spartan can Spike insulin
00:16:06 --> 00:16:08 levels and build up fatty pluck in
00:16:08 --> 00:16:10 arteries increasing the risk of a heart
00:16:10 --> 00:16:12 attack or stroke the findings reported
00:16:12 --> 00:16:14 in the journal cell metabolism show that
00:16:14 --> 00:16:16 foods containing a spart equivalent to
00:16:16 --> 00:16:19 about three cans of diet soda a day
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 developed larger and more fatty arterial
00:16:21 --> 00:16:22 plaques and showed higher levels of
00:16:23 --> 00:16:25 inflammation the authors believe that
00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 because Aspartame is around 200 times
00:16:27 --> 00:16:28 sweeter than sugar it's able to treat
00:16:28 --> 00:16:30 trick receptors in the intestines to
00:16:30 --> 00:16:32 releasee more insulin which in turn
00:16:32 --> 00:16:34 causes the heart
00:16:34 --> 00:16:36 issues a new study claims Australia's
00:16:36 --> 00:16:39 LGBT plus Community has more than
00:16:39 --> 00:16:41 doubled between 2012 and 2020 rising
00:16:41 --> 00:16:46 from 0.58 million to 1.18 million people
00:16:46 --> 00:16:48 the study claims the LGBT plus
00:16:48 --> 00:16:51 population made up just 3.3% of the
00:16:51 --> 00:16:55 population in 2012 but by 2020 that had
00:16:55 --> 00:16:56 increased to
00:16:56 --> 00:16:58 5.8% the findings reported in the
00:16:58 --> 00:17:00 Journal population studies are based on
00:17:00 --> 00:17:02 the long running government Hilder
00:17:02 --> 00:17:04 survey hilder's representative of the
00:17:04 --> 00:17:07 population age 15 and over part from
00:17:07 --> 00:17:09 very remote parts of Australia and has
00:17:09 --> 00:17:12 been conducted regularly since 2001 the
00:17:12 --> 00:17:14 authors say more men than women
00:17:14 --> 00:17:17 identified as LGBT Plus in 2012 but that
00:17:17 --> 00:17:18 had reversed by
00:17:18 --> 00:17:21 2016 and the survey suggest that the
00:17:21 --> 00:17:23 LGBT plus Community is mainly young and
00:17:23 --> 00:17:26 getting younger the authors say the
00:17:26 --> 00:17:28 growth in the LGBT plus Community has
00:17:28 --> 00:17:29 primarily been being driven by young
00:17:29 --> 00:17:31 women who are now identifying as
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 bisexual they conclude that the size of
00:17:34 --> 00:17:36 the change suggest Australia's in the
00:17:36 --> 00:17:37 midst of a remarkable demographic and
00:17:37 --> 00:17:40 social transformation and the growth of
00:17:40 --> 00:17:43 the LGBT plus community may continue of
00:17:43 --> 00:17:45 course there's one big problem with a
00:17:45 --> 00:17:48 survey modable previous studies dating
00:17:48 --> 00:17:50 way back to the 1980s and 90s had
00:17:50 --> 00:17:53 already established that around 5% of
00:17:53 --> 00:17:55 the Australian population in fact 5% of
00:17:55 --> 00:17:57 the world population is gay lesbian or
00:17:58 --> 00:18:00 bisexual so in reality in terms of the
00:18:00 --> 00:18:03 overall LGBT population not much has
00:18:03 --> 00:18:05 really
00:18:05 --> 00:18:07 changed now speaking of surveys a new
00:18:07 --> 00:18:09 survey shows that around one in 10
00:18:09 --> 00:18:12 Australians have already used chat GPT
00:18:12 --> 00:18:15 to ask for medical advice the findings
00:18:15 --> 00:18:16 reported in the medical journal of
00:18:16 --> 00:18:18 Australia based on a questionnaire
00:18:18 --> 00:18:20 filled up by 2 people during
00:18:20 --> 00:18:23 2024 participants were asked whether
00:18:23 --> 00:18:24 they were aware of the artificial
00:18:24 --> 00:18:26 intelligence chatbot and whether they
00:18:26 --> 00:18:29 had used it to ask medical questions
00:18:29 --> 00:18:32 they say 84.7% of participants knew
00:18:32 --> 00:18:35 about chat GPT and 99.9% had already
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 used it to obtain health related
00:18:37 --> 00:18:40 information while a further 38.8% were
00:18:40 --> 00:18:42 considering doing so in the next 6
00:18:42 --> 00:18:44 months questions most frequently related
00:18:44 --> 00:18:46 to a specific health condition finding
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 out what symptoms mean finding actions
00:18:48 --> 00:18:51 to take and understanding medical terms
00:18:51 --> 00:18:53 they also found that some 61% of
00:18:53 --> 00:18:55 participants who had already asked chat
00:18:55 --> 00:18:57 GPT for medical information had asked
00:18:57 --> 00:18:59 the question that would typically need a
00:18:59 --> 00:19:02 doctor's input the survey also found
00:19:02 --> 00:19:04 that people who face barriers to Health
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 Care access such as those with limited
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 English or low health literacy were more
00:19:08 --> 00:19:11 likely to end up using chat
00:19:11 --> 00:19:14 GPT well Apple's just released its new
00:19:14 --> 00:19:17 affordable iPhone 16e with the details
00:19:17 --> 00:19:19 we're joined by technology editor Alex
00:19:19 --> 00:19:22 Sara Roy from Tech advice. life Apple
00:19:22 --> 00:19:25 has launched the iPhone 16e this is the
00:19:25 --> 00:19:29 replacement for the 2022 iPhone SE model
00:19:29 --> 00:19:31 which was the last one to feature the
00:19:31 --> 00:19:33 home button the traditional home button
00:19:33 --> 00:19:35 and also the thick bezels at the top and
00:19:35 --> 00:19:37 the bottom and for those who are on an
00:19:37 --> 00:19:39 older iPhone still like an iPhone 8 you
00:19:39 --> 00:19:41 can buy those refurbished from around
00:19:41 --> 00:19:43 about $300 which would be a great
00:19:43 --> 00:19:44 upgrade for somebody on an older device
00:19:44 --> 00:19:46 but for those wanting to get the latest
00:19:47 --> 00:19:49 Apple intelligence features including
00:19:49 --> 00:19:50 visual intelligence where you can hold
00:19:50 --> 00:19:53 your phone in front of anything the
00:19:53 --> 00:19:55 Eiffel Tower flowers in your garden you
00:19:55 --> 00:19:57 know whatever it might be and ask chat
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 gbt what it can see this is the cheapest
00:19:59 --> 00:20:02 way to get this capability it's starting
00:20:02 --> 00:20:02 at
00:20:02 --> 00:20:05 $999 in Australia and
00:20:05 --> 00:20:09 $599 in the US for the 128 gig model and
00:20:09 --> 00:20:11 it goes up now it's the same size as the
00:20:11 --> 00:20:14 iPhone 14 the 6.1 in also the iPhone 15
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 it has the notch so it does not have the
00:20:16 --> 00:20:19 dynamic Island but it does have the a18
00:20:19 --> 00:20:22 chip now that's not the a18 pro that's
00:20:22 --> 00:20:26 in the iPhone Pro 16 and pro Max models
00:20:26 --> 00:20:28 but it is more or less on par with the
00:20:28 --> 00:20:30 A7 17 Pro chip from the year before so
00:20:30 --> 00:20:32 it's got basically the latest chip there
00:20:32 --> 00:20:34 is still an a18 Pro which is in the
00:20:34 --> 00:20:36 iPhone 16 Pro Models but with clearly
00:20:36 --> 00:20:38 talking about the the value end of the
00:20:38 --> 00:20:41 iPhone scale and enough memory to do
00:20:41 --> 00:20:43 Apple intelligence it's got a 48
00:20:43 --> 00:20:45 megapixel camera so you get the ability
00:20:45 --> 00:20:48 to do a clean two times optical zoom you
00:20:48 --> 00:20:49 can zoom in the pixels basically without
00:20:49 --> 00:20:51 any degradation because it's delivering
00:20:51 --> 00:20:54 you a 12 megapix or 24 megapix photo
00:20:54 --> 00:20:55 depending on which mode you're using but
00:20:55 --> 00:20:57 it's got the 48 megapix camera now you
00:20:57 --> 00:20:59 don't have obviously the ultrawide you
00:20:59 --> 00:21:00 don't have longer zooms there's only one
00:21:00 --> 00:21:02 camera not two or three so this is an
00:21:02 --> 00:21:05 excellent way of getting into the Apple
00:21:05 --> 00:21:06 ecosystem but with effectively the
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 latest tech now you do have competition
00:21:08 --> 00:21:11 with the iPhone 15 Pro Models I see them
00:21:11 --> 00:21:13 online for as low as
00:21:13 --> 00:21:16 $1 but that's in good condition not
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 very good or excellent being refurbished
00:21:18 --> 00:21:20 and again as I said before we have the
00:21:20 --> 00:21:23 the iPhone uh SE from 2022 I see them
00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 online refurbish from about $300 so if
00:21:25 --> 00:21:27 you on a budget there are uh
00:21:27 --> 00:21:29 alternatives it's often said that
00:21:29 --> 00:21:31 Apple's biggest competitor is not sub
00:21:31 --> 00:21:33 $500 Android phones or the flagships
00:21:33 --> 00:21:35 from Samsung and Google but itself its
00:21:35 --> 00:21:37 own older models which for many people
00:21:37 --> 00:21:40 if they're on an iPhone uh you know 10 x
00:21:40 --> 00:21:42 you know or the 11 or 12 I mean if they
00:21:42 --> 00:21:43 want to upgrade to something with a
00:21:43 --> 00:21:46 faster processor this is a great way of
00:21:46 --> 00:21:47 doing it that's Alex Sahara Roy from
00:21:48 --> 00:21:51 Tech advice. life
00:21:51 --> 00:22:05 [Music]
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