SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 25
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Two Arrows of Time, Ancient Rocks on Mars, and NASA's Lunar Trailblazer Mission
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into a groundbreaking discovery by physicists revealing the possibility of two distinct arrows of time emerging from the quantum realm. This fascinating research challenges our conventional understanding of time, suggesting that it may not flow in just one direction, but could theoretically move both forwards and backwards under certain quantum conditions.
NASA's Perseverance Rover Finds Ancient Martian Rocks
We also highlight the latest findings from NASA's Perseverance rover, which has uncovered new types of rocks that may be the oldest material ever found on Mars. As the rover continues its Crater Rim campaign, it is providing critical insights into the geological history of the Red Planet and the potential for ancient habitable environments.
Countdown to NASA's Lunar Trailblazer Mission
Additionally, we preview the upcoming launch of NASA's Lunar Trailblazer mission, designed to search for water ice on the Moon. The mission aims to map the distribution and form of lunar water, contributing vital information for future manned and robotic missions to the Moon.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 25 for broadcast on 26 February 2025
00:49 Discovery of two arrows of time in quantum physics
06:30 Implications for our understanding of time
12:15 Perseverance rover's exploration of ancient Martian rocks
18:00 The significance of the Crater Rim campaign
22:45 Overview of NASA's Lunar Trailblazer mission
27:00 The importance of mapping lunar water resources
30:15 Health concerns linked to aspartame consumption
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov (https://www.nasa.gov/)
Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/srep (https://www.nature.com/srep)
Cell Metabolism
https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism (https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism)
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Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/25783307?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 28 episode 25
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 26th of February
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 2025 coming up on space time physicists
00:00:09 --> 00:00:12 discover two hours of time emerging from
00:00:12 --> 00:00:14 the quantum realm NASA's perseverance
00:00:14 --> 00:00:16 Rover finds new kinds of rocks which
00:00:16 --> 00:00:18 could be the oldest ever found on the
00:00:18 --> 00:00:21 red planet Mars and stand by for the
00:00:21 --> 00:00:23 launch of NASA's lunar Trail Glazer
00:00:23 --> 00:00:27 Mission all that and more coming up on
00:00:27 --> 00:00:30 SpaceTime welcome to space time with
00:00:30 --> 00:00:33 steuart
00:00:33 --> 00:00:40 [Music]
00:00:47 --> 00:00:49 Gary Einstein has already shown us that
00:00:49 --> 00:00:52 time is malleable it slows down as you
00:00:52 --> 00:00:55 increase in speed and as you get closer
00:00:55 --> 00:00:57 to a massive object but now physicists
00:00:58 --> 00:00:59 have discovered evidence for what
00:00:59 --> 00:01:01 appears to to be two separate Arrow of
00:01:01 --> 00:01:04 time emerging from the quantum realm the
00:01:04 --> 00:01:06 discovery published in the journal
00:01:06 --> 00:01:08 scientific reports pures the fascinating
00:01:08 --> 00:01:11 proposition that opposing ARS of time
00:01:11 --> 00:01:13 can theoretically emerge from certain
00:01:13 --> 00:01:16 Quantum systems so once again we have to
00:01:16 --> 00:01:19 face the idea that time is not as fixed
00:01:19 --> 00:01:21 as we thought imagine that instead of
00:01:21 --> 00:01:23 flowing in just one direction from the
00:01:23 --> 00:01:25 past to the Future time could flow
00:01:25 --> 00:01:27 forward or backwards due to processes
00:01:27 --> 00:01:30 taking place in the quantum level for
00:01:30 --> 00:01:32 centuries scientists have puzzled over
00:01:32 --> 00:01:34 the arrow of time the idea that time
00:01:34 --> 00:01:36 flows irreversibly from the past to the
00:01:36 --> 00:01:39 Future now while that seems obvious in
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 our everyday lives the way we experience
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 reality the simple fact is the
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 underlying laws of physics don't
00:01:45 --> 00:01:48 inherently favor a single Direction put
00:01:48 --> 00:01:50 simply whether time moves forward or
00:01:50 --> 00:01:53 backwards the equations remain the same
00:01:53 --> 00:01:55 the study's lead author Andrea rer from
00:01:55 --> 00:01:57 the University of Sur says one way to
00:01:57 --> 00:01:59 explain this is like looking at a
00:01:59 --> 00:02:01 process where spilt milk is spreading
00:02:01 --> 00:02:04 across a tabletop Now by watching that
00:02:04 --> 00:02:06 happen it's clear that time is moving in
00:02:06 --> 00:02:08 One Direction forward after all that's
00:02:08 --> 00:02:11 how entropy works and if you would have
00:02:11 --> 00:02:12 played it in reverse like a movie you'd
00:02:13 --> 00:02:15 immediately know something was wrong it
00:02:15 --> 00:02:16 would be hard to believe that milk could
00:02:16 --> 00:02:19 simply gather itself back into a glass
00:02:19 --> 00:02:21 that's not how entropy works but then
00:02:21 --> 00:02:23 again there are other processes like the
00:02:23 --> 00:02:26 motion of a pendulum that look exactly
00:02:26 --> 00:02:28 the same and believable whether the
00:02:28 --> 00:02:29 movie was played forwards or back
00:02:29 --> 00:02:32 backwards the puzzle is that at the most
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 fundamental level the laws of physics
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 resemble the pendulum not the spiled
00:02:36 --> 00:02:39 milk consequently they do not account
00:02:39 --> 00:02:42 for irreversible processes Rocco says
00:02:42 --> 00:02:43 that while the findings suggest that our
00:02:43 --> 00:02:45 common experience tells us that time
00:02:45 --> 00:02:48 only travels one way we simply unaware
00:02:48 --> 00:02:49 that the opposite direction would have
00:02:49 --> 00:02:52 an equal possibility now the study was
00:02:52 --> 00:02:54 exploring how a Quantum system that's
00:02:54 --> 00:02:55 the world of the subatomic interacts
00:02:55 --> 00:02:57 with its environment in what's known as
00:02:57 --> 00:03:00 an open Quantum system the author has
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 investigated why we perceive time moving
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 in Just One Direction and whether this
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 perception emerges from open quantum
00:03:06 --> 00:03:09 mechanics to simplify the problem they
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 made two key assumptions first they
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 traded the vast environment surrounding
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 the system in such a way that they could
00:03:15 --> 00:03:17 focus only on the quantum system itself
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 and secondly they assume that the
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 environment like the entire universe is
00:03:21 --> 00:03:23 so large that Energy Information
00:03:23 --> 00:03:26 dissipate into it never returning and
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 this approach allowed them to examine
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 how time could emerge as a one wave
00:03:30 --> 00:03:31 phenomenon even though at the
00:03:31 --> 00:03:33 microscopic level time could
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 theoretically move in both directions
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 the problem is even after applying these
00:03:37 --> 00:03:39 assumptions the systems still behaved in
00:03:39 --> 00:03:41 exactly the same way whether time moved
00:03:41 --> 00:03:42 forward or backwards there was no
00:03:42 --> 00:03:45 difference the discoveries provided a
00:03:45 --> 00:03:47 mathematical foundation for the idea
00:03:47 --> 00:03:49 that time reversal symmetry still holds
00:03:49 --> 00:03:52 in open Quantum systems suggesting that
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 Time's Arrow may not be as fixed as we
00:03:54 --> 00:03:57 experience it the authors also found a
00:03:57 --> 00:03:58 small but important detail which is
00:03:58 --> 00:04:00 usually overlooked
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 they discovered a Time discontinuous
00:04:02 --> 00:04:04 factor that keeps the time symmetry
00:04:04 --> 00:04:07 property intact it's unusual to see such
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 a mathematical mechanism in a physics
00:04:09 --> 00:04:11 equation that's because it's not
00:04:11 --> 00:04:13 continuous and Roco says it's very
00:04:13 --> 00:04:16 surprising to see it pop up so naturally
00:04:16 --> 00:04:18 I guess this research is offering a
00:04:18 --> 00:04:19 fresh perspective on one of the biggest
00:04:19 --> 00:04:22 mysteries in physics understanding the
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 true nature of time could have profound
00:04:24 --> 00:04:26 implications for Quantum Mechanics for
00:04:26 --> 00:04:30 cosmology and well for everything else
00:04:30 --> 00:04:32 and I guess if you still want to explode
00:04:32 --> 00:04:34 your mind well try explaining to a
00:04:34 --> 00:04:38 5-year-old exactly what time is this is
00:04:38 --> 00:04:41 spacetime still to come NASA's Ms
00:04:41 --> 00:04:43 perseverance Rovers discovered some new
00:04:43 --> 00:04:45 kinds of rock which may be the oldest
00:04:45 --> 00:04:47 material ever found on the red planet
00:04:47 --> 00:04:50 and it's all systems go fin nessa's next
00:04:50 --> 00:04:52 moon mission lunar Trailblazer all that
00:04:52 --> 00:05:03 and more still to come on SpaceTime
00:05:03 --> 00:05:10 [Music]
00:05:10 --> 00:05:12 NASA's M perseverance Rover has
00:05:12 --> 00:05:14 discovered some new kinds of rocks on
00:05:14 --> 00:05:16 the rim of jro crater which may be the
00:05:16 --> 00:05:18 oldest material ever found on the red
00:05:18 --> 00:05:21 planet the car-sized six World mobile
00:05:21 --> 00:05:23 laboratory is now engaged in what's
00:05:23 --> 00:05:26 known as the Crater Rim campaign it's
00:05:26 --> 00:05:28 looking for ancient uplifted Rock in
00:05:28 --> 00:05:29 order to better understand understand
00:05:29 --> 00:05:31 the geological processes occurring in
00:05:31 --> 00:05:34 early Martian history and to search for
00:05:34 --> 00:05:36 ancient habitable environments and
00:05:36 --> 00:05:38 recent discoveries haven't disappointed
00:05:38 --> 00:05:40 so far in this portion of the room that
00:05:40 --> 00:05:42 it's been exploring every outcrop that
00:05:42 --> 00:05:44 the Rover has taken a close look at has
00:05:44 --> 00:05:47 ended up providing something new after
00:05:47 --> 00:05:48 acquiring the Silver Mountain core which
00:05:49 --> 00:05:50 is rich in the mineral pyxine
00:05:50 --> 00:05:52 perseverance approached a nearby rock
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 that had signatures of the mineral
00:05:54 --> 00:05:55 Serpentine which has been fittingly
00:05:55 --> 00:05:58 nicknamed Serpentine Lake following this
00:05:58 --> 00:06:00 the Roba used its abrasion tool to clean
00:06:00 --> 00:06:02 this rock with dust and Coatings in
00:06:02 --> 00:06:04 order to carry out a detailed scientific
00:06:04 --> 00:06:07 interrogation and the science team was
00:06:07 --> 00:06:09 stunned by the Intriguing rocks texture
00:06:09 --> 00:06:11 which actually resembles a cookies and
00:06:11 --> 00:06:13 cream type dessert it contains a very
00:06:13 --> 00:06:15 high abundance of minerals like
00:06:15 --> 00:06:17 Serpentine which form in the presence of
00:06:17 --> 00:06:19 water after finishing that investigation
00:06:19 --> 00:06:21 Mission managers decided to have
00:06:21 --> 00:06:23 perseverance double back to the side of
00:06:23 --> 00:06:24 its first abrasion in this part of the
00:06:24 --> 00:06:27 rim named catam Reservoir in order to
00:06:27 --> 00:06:29 acquire a sample results from that early
00:06:29 --> 00:06:31 analysis showed a rock texture with
00:06:31 --> 00:06:34 coarse pyx seene and fill Spar crystals
00:06:34 --> 00:06:36 consistent with an ous origin however
00:06:36 --> 00:06:39 the sample tube turned up empty now it's
00:06:39 --> 00:06:40 not a common occurrence but sometimes
00:06:40 --> 00:06:42 the Rocks perseverance tries to sample
00:06:42 --> 00:06:44 are so weak that upon coring they
00:06:44 --> 00:06:46 essentially disintegrate into powder
00:06:46 --> 00:06:49 instead of remaining in the tube the
00:06:49 --> 00:06:51 Rover drove to a nearby spot and tried
00:06:51 --> 00:06:53 again but when the second attempt at
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 cing this rock also failed to retain a
00:06:55 --> 00:06:58 sample Mission managers decided to move
00:06:58 --> 00:07:00 on this week Mission managers will once
00:07:00 --> 00:07:02 again return to the site of the
00:07:02 --> 00:07:04 serpentine Lake abrasion patch in order
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 to acquire a coarse sample of this
00:07:06 --> 00:07:08 fascinating Rock which records intense
00:07:08 --> 00:07:11 alteration by water and fingers crossed
00:07:11 --> 00:07:12 scientists are hoping it will prove
00:07:12 --> 00:07:15 strong enough to acquire a core and if
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 successful perseverance May perform more
00:07:17 --> 00:07:20 scans on the abrasion patch afterwards
00:07:20 --> 00:07:22 the plan is to drive downhill to an area
00:07:22 --> 00:07:24 called broom Point that's home to a
00:07:24 --> 00:07:26 spectacular sequence of layer Rock and
00:07:26 --> 00:07:29 who knows what exciting new discoveries
00:07:29 --> 00:07:31 the mission will make there this is
00:07:31 --> 00:07:34 spacetime still to come NASA's lunar
00:07:34 --> 00:07:36 Trailblazer about to blast off on a new
00:07:36 --> 00:07:38 mission to the moon and later in the
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 science report a new study claims that
00:07:40 --> 00:07:42 the artificial squid at aspartame could
00:07:42 --> 00:07:44 increase your risk of a heart attack or
00:07:44 --> 00:07:47 stroke all that and more still to come
00:07:47 --> 00:07:50 on SpaceTime
00:07:50 --> 00:08:04 [Music]
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 NASA's lunar troll Blazer mission's
00:08:06 --> 00:08:08 about to blast off on a journey to the
00:08:08 --> 00:08:10 Moon to search for water ice the troll
00:08:10 --> 00:08:12 Blazer spacecraft has now been
00:08:12 --> 00:08:14 incorporated into its SpaceX Falcon 9
00:08:14 --> 00:08:17 launcher in preparation for the 2-year
00:08:17 --> 00:08:19 Mission shipped from lockhead Martin
00:08:19 --> 00:08:21 space in Littleton Colorado the flight
00:08:21 --> 00:08:23 from launch complex 39a at the Kennedy
00:08:23 --> 00:08:25 Space Center in Florida is part of
00:08:25 --> 00:08:27 NASA's commercial Luna payload Services
00:08:27 --> 00:08:30 initiative the probes riding along On
00:08:30 --> 00:08:33 intuitive machines IM to spacecraft
00:08:33 --> 00:08:35 approximately 48 minutes after launch
00:08:35 --> 00:08:37 lunar Trailblazer will separate from the
00:08:37 --> 00:08:39 rocket and the primary payload and begin
00:08:39 --> 00:08:42 its own independent flight to the Moon
00:08:42 --> 00:08:44 it'll use the gravity of the sun earth
00:08:44 --> 00:08:46 and moon over several months to
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 gradually line up for lunar orbit
00:08:48 --> 00:08:51 insertion once in orbit it'll look for
00:08:51 --> 00:08:53 where the moon's water's located what
00:08:53 --> 00:08:56 form that water's in and how it changes
00:08:56 --> 00:08:58 over time producing the best yet maps of
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 water on the L lunar surface the
00:09:00 --> 00:09:02 observations gathered during its 2-year
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 Prime mission will contribute to an
00:09:04 --> 00:09:06 understanding of water cycles on airless
00:09:06 --> 00:09:08 bodies throughout our solar system while
00:09:08 --> 00:09:10 at the same time also supporting future
00:09:10 --> 00:09:12 man and robotic missions to the Moon by
00:09:12 --> 00:09:15 identifying where water can be located
00:09:15 --> 00:09:17 key to achieving these goals are the
00:09:17 --> 00:09:19 spacecraft's two state-of-the-art
00:09:19 --> 00:09:21 science instrument packages there's a
00:09:21 --> 00:09:23 highresolution volatiles and minerals
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 Moon mapper infrared spectrometer and a
00:09:26 --> 00:09:27 Luna thermal mapper infrared
00:09:27 --> 00:09:30 multispectral Imager the high resolution
00:09:30 --> 00:09:32 instrument was built by NASA's jet
00:09:32 --> 00:09:34 proportion laboratory in Pasa California
00:09:34 --> 00:09:36 while the thermal mappa was built by the
00:09:36 --> 00:09:39 University of Oxford in the UK but
00:09:39 --> 00:09:41 before he can use these instruments to
00:09:41 --> 00:09:43 collect scientific data Lun the
00:09:43 --> 00:09:44 Trailblazer will spend several months
00:09:45 --> 00:09:46 performing a series of Luna flybys
00:09:46 --> 00:09:50 Thruster Burns and looping orbits these
00:09:50 --> 00:09:51 highly choreographed Maneuvers will
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 eventually position the spacecraft so
00:09:53 --> 00:09:55 that it can map the surface in great
00:09:55 --> 00:09:58 detail weighing only 200 kg and
00:09:58 --> 00:10:00 measuring just 3 half m in length and
00:10:00 --> 00:10:01 that's where its solar panels fully
00:10:01 --> 00:10:03 deployed Luna Trailblazer is no bigger
00:10:04 --> 00:10:05 than a dishwasher and has a relatively
00:10:05 --> 00:10:08 small engine to make its 4 to 7 month
00:10:08 --> 00:10:10 depending on launch date Journey To The
00:10:10 --> 00:10:12 Moon the missions design and navigation
00:10:12 --> 00:10:14 team have planned a trajectory that will
00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 use gravity assist from the sun earth
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 and moon to guide and slingshot the
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 spacecraft into its correct position a
00:10:20 --> 00:10:23 technique known as low energy transfer
00:10:23 --> 00:10:25 the initial boost provided by the launch
00:10:25 --> 00:10:27 vehicle will send the spacecraft past
00:10:27 --> 00:10:29 the moon and into deep space and its
00:10:29 --> 00:10:31 trajectory will then naturally be
00:10:31 --> 00:10:33 reshaped by gravity after several Luna
00:10:33 --> 00:10:35 flybys and loops around the earth
00:10:35 --> 00:10:37 Trailblazers Mission design navigation
00:10:37 --> 00:10:40 League Gregory lanton from JPL says this
00:10:40 --> 00:10:42 will allow the spacecraft to be captured
00:10:42 --> 00:10:44 into lunar orbit with minimal propulsion
00:10:44 --> 00:10:46 needs after all the less fuel you need
00:10:46 --> 00:10:49 the more payload you can carry as it
00:10:49 --> 00:10:51 flies past the moon several times lunat
00:10:51 --> 00:10:53 Trailblazer will use small thrust to
00:10:53 --> 00:10:55 burst trajectory correction Maneuvers
00:10:55 --> 00:10:57 they'll slowly change its orbit from
00:10:57 --> 00:10:59 highly elliptical to Circular bringing
00:10:59 --> 00:11:01 the satellite down to an altitude just
00:11:01 --> 00:11:04 100 km above the moon's surface once in
00:11:04 --> 00:11:06 its scientific orbit Trailblazer will
00:11:06 --> 00:11:09 Glide over the moon's surface making 12
00:11:09 --> 00:11:11 orbits a day and observing the surface
00:11:11 --> 00:11:13 at a variety of different times of the
00:11:13 --> 00:11:15 day over the course of its Mission and
00:11:15 --> 00:11:17 the spacecraft will also be perfectly
00:11:17 --> 00:11:19 placed to peer deep into the permanently
00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 shadowed craters near the moon's South
00:11:21 --> 00:11:24 Pole these craters har cold traps areas
00:11:24 --> 00:11:26 on the floor that never see direct
00:11:26 --> 00:11:29 sunlight if lunar Trailblazer finds
00:11:29 --> 00:11:30 significant quantities of ice on the
00:11:30 --> 00:11:32 crater floors those locations could be
00:11:32 --> 00:11:34 pinpointed as a resource for future
00:11:34 --> 00:11:37 lunar explorers Mission scientist car
00:11:37 --> 00:11:39 Donaldson Hannah from the University of
00:11:39 --> 00:11:40 Central Florida says the high resolution
00:11:41 --> 00:11:43 maps of water ice on the moon created by
00:11:43 --> 00:11:45 lunar Trailblazer will help researchers
00:11:45 --> 00:11:46 understand where water exists on the
00:11:47 --> 00:11:49 lunar surface and play a key role in the
00:11:49 --> 00:11:51 future of M exploration of the moon
00:11:51 --> 00:11:54 lunar Trailblazer is a small satellite
00:11:54 --> 00:11:57 spacecraft that has two main instruments
00:11:57 --> 00:11:58 it has two spectrometers that are going
00:11:58 --> 00:12:00 to be looking at different parts of the
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 electromagnetic spectrum so we're going
00:12:02 --> 00:12:05 to be looking at signals of sunlight
00:12:05 --> 00:12:07 that's reflected off the surface of the
00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 Moon and then we'll also be looking at
00:12:09 --> 00:12:11 the heat that's emanating from the
00:12:11 --> 00:12:14 surface of the Moon and so this small
00:12:14 --> 00:12:16 satellite will go in orbit about the
00:12:16 --> 00:12:19 moon and collect data and help us
00:12:19 --> 00:12:21 understand how water exists on the
00:12:21 --> 00:12:24 linear surface where it exists how much
00:12:24 --> 00:12:26 of it exists and they'll also be looking
00:12:26 --> 00:12:29 at different interesting geologic land
00:12:29 --> 00:12:32 sites for future exploration the L Vice
00:12:32 --> 00:12:33 team is super excited about ler
00:12:33 --> 00:12:36 Trailblazer because ler Trailblazer will
00:12:36 --> 00:12:38 carry a thermal INF Fred instrument that
00:12:38 --> 00:12:39 will'll be looking again at the heat
00:12:39 --> 00:12:41 that's coming off the surface and this
00:12:41 --> 00:12:43 will be similar to an instrument that
00:12:43 --> 00:12:46 will be on Lun visce on our Rover and so
00:12:46 --> 00:12:48 we'll get really high spatial resolution
00:12:48 --> 00:12:51 from lunar orbit looking at the gr THS
00:12:51 --> 00:12:53 and domes and we'll give us a sneak peak
00:12:53 --> 00:12:55 at what we're going to be able to see
00:12:55 --> 00:12:57 with our thermal infrared camera when
00:12:58 --> 00:13:00 lunar Vice gets the tyen doomes so the
00:13:00 --> 00:13:02 instruments are very small but where we
00:13:02 --> 00:13:05 you know the solar panel arrays are are
00:13:05 --> 00:13:06 actually much larger but still in that
00:13:06 --> 00:13:09 sense it's a very small spacecraft the
00:13:09 --> 00:13:12 main goal of lunar trail laser is really
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 to study the water cycle on the moon we
00:13:14 --> 00:13:16 have all this remote sensing
00:13:16 --> 00:13:18 observations in the Moon that suggest
00:13:18 --> 00:13:20 that water is there but we haven't made
00:13:20 --> 00:13:23 a definitive detection of water at the
00:13:23 --> 00:13:26 surface and so we don't really know when
00:13:26 --> 00:13:29 we talk about water is it actual H2O
00:13:29 --> 00:13:33 uh that's attached to different um
00:13:33 --> 00:13:37 minerals or is it oxygen and hydrogen in
00:13:37 --> 00:13:39 the form of hydroxy that are just
00:13:39 --> 00:13:41 attached uh that might come from the
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 solar wind we also don't know if there's
00:13:43 --> 00:13:46 maybe water ice this is all been
00:13:46 --> 00:13:49 suggested to be there but we haven't had
00:13:49 --> 00:13:52 definitive identifications of it so
00:13:52 --> 00:13:54 permanently shadowed regions are
00:13:54 --> 00:13:56 actually at the North and South Pole of
00:13:56 --> 00:14:00 the Moon and so when we think um about
00:14:00 --> 00:14:01 the Earth as an example when we're
00:14:02 --> 00:14:04 spitting on our axes where it's actually
00:14:04 --> 00:14:07 bent the moon isn't it's actually pretty
00:14:07 --> 00:14:10 perpendicular and so what that means is
00:14:10 --> 00:14:12 that there's some areas of the poles
00:14:12 --> 00:14:15 that get absolutely no sunshine and so
00:14:15 --> 00:14:17 like there's uh bottoms of impact
00:14:17 --> 00:14:19 craters that get no sunshine and so
00:14:19 --> 00:14:22 because uh they get no sunshine
00:14:22 --> 00:14:23 throughout the year they're called
00:14:23 --> 00:14:26 permanently shadowed regions and so
00:14:26 --> 00:14:28 they're truly the only spot on the moon
00:14:28 --> 00:14:31 that that are dark while water on the
00:14:31 --> 00:14:34 moon is certainly very exciting I think
00:14:34 --> 00:14:36 some of the things that excite me most
00:14:36 --> 00:14:38 are actually looking at other parts of
00:14:38 --> 00:14:40 the lunar surface and so we're going to
00:14:40 --> 00:14:44 Target key areas of geologic interest uh
00:14:44 --> 00:14:47 to really use these new instruments to
00:14:47 --> 00:14:49 look at them in new wavelengths and in
00:14:49 --> 00:14:52 more detail and so things like the gr TI
00:14:52 --> 00:14:54 and domes and other areas where we see
00:14:54 --> 00:14:56 solstic vulcanism we're going to have
00:14:56 --> 00:14:59 new spectral coverage and higher Spa
00:14:59 --> 00:15:02 resolution data it will help us better
00:15:02 --> 00:15:05 understand how these solstic magmas form
00:15:05 --> 00:15:08 and then I'm also really curious about
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 uh this area or areas across the lar
00:15:10 --> 00:15:13 surface called anorthosites and so this
00:15:13 --> 00:15:15 is the original crust of the Moon that
00:15:15 --> 00:15:17 formed uh and this is something that I
00:15:17 --> 00:15:20 studied as a graduate student um and so
00:15:20 --> 00:15:22 we're going to be able to study these
00:15:22 --> 00:15:24 regions of pure northa site across the
00:15:24 --> 00:15:27 moon which will really help us unlock
00:15:27 --> 00:15:29 and understand how the moon cross for so
00:15:29 --> 00:15:31 I'm super excited about that that's
00:15:31 --> 00:15:33 lunar Trailblazer Mission scientist
00:15:33 --> 00:15:34 Carrie Donaldson Hannah from the
00:15:34 --> 00:15:37 University of Central Florida and this
00:15:37 --> 00:15:47 is
00:15:47 --> 00:15:53 [Music]
00:15:53 --> 00:15:55 spacetime and time now to take another
00:15:56 --> 00:15:57 brief look at some of the other stories
00:15:57 --> 00:15:58 making news ins science this week with
00:15:59 --> 00:16:01 the science report a new study has found
00:16:01 --> 00:16:03 that one of the most common sugar
00:16:03 --> 00:16:05 substitutes of Spartan can Spike insulin
00:16:06 --> 00:16:08 levels and build up fatty pluck in
00:16:08 --> 00:16:10 arteries increasing the risk of a heart
00:16:10 --> 00:16:12 attack or stroke the findings reported
00:16:12 --> 00:16:14 in the journal cell metabolism show that
00:16:14 --> 00:16:16 foods containing a spart equivalent to
00:16:16 --> 00:16:19 about three cans of diet soda a day
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 developed larger and more fatty arterial
00:16:21 --> 00:16:22 plaques and showed higher levels of
00:16:23 --> 00:16:25 inflammation the authors believe that
00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 because Aspartame is around 200 times
00:16:27 --> 00:16:28 sweeter than sugar it's able to treat
00:16:28 --> 00:16:30 trick receptors in the intestines to
00:16:30 --> 00:16:32 releasee more insulin which in turn
00:16:32 --> 00:16:34 causes the heart
00:16:34 --> 00:16:36 issues a new study claims Australia's
00:16:36 --> 00:16:39 LGBT plus Community has more than
00:16:39 --> 00:16:41 doubled between 2012 and 2020 rising
00:16:41 --> 00:16:46 from 0.58 million to 1.18 million people
00:16:46 --> 00:16:48 the study claims the LGBT plus
00:16:48 --> 00:16:51 population made up just 3.3% of the
00:16:51 --> 00:16:55 population in 2012 but by 2020 that had
00:16:55 --> 00:16:56 increased to
00:16:56 --> 00:16:58 5.8% the findings reported in the
00:16:58 --> 00:17:00 Journal population studies are based on
00:17:00 --> 00:17:02 the long running government Hilder
00:17:02 --> 00:17:04 survey hilder's representative of the
00:17:04 --> 00:17:07 population age 15 and over part from
00:17:07 --> 00:17:09 very remote parts of Australia and has
00:17:09 --> 00:17:12 been conducted regularly since 2001 the
00:17:12 --> 00:17:14 authors say more men than women
00:17:14 --> 00:17:17 identified as LGBT Plus in 2012 but that
00:17:17 --> 00:17:18 had reversed by
00:17:18 --> 00:17:21 2016 and the survey suggest that the
00:17:21 --> 00:17:23 LGBT plus Community is mainly young and
00:17:23 --> 00:17:26 getting younger the authors say the
00:17:26 --> 00:17:28 growth in the LGBT plus Community has
00:17:28 --> 00:17:29 primarily been being driven by young
00:17:29 --> 00:17:31 women who are now identifying as
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 bisexual they conclude that the size of
00:17:34 --> 00:17:36 the change suggest Australia's in the
00:17:36 --> 00:17:37 midst of a remarkable demographic and
00:17:37 --> 00:17:40 social transformation and the growth of
00:17:40 --> 00:17:43 the LGBT plus community may continue of
00:17:43 --> 00:17:45 course there's one big problem with a
00:17:45 --> 00:17:48 survey modable previous studies dating
00:17:48 --> 00:17:50 way back to the 1980s and 90s had
00:17:50 --> 00:17:53 already established that around 5% of
00:17:53 --> 00:17:55 the Australian population in fact 5% of
00:17:55 --> 00:17:57 the world population is gay lesbian or
00:17:58 --> 00:18:00 bisexual so in reality in terms of the
00:18:00 --> 00:18:03 overall LGBT population not much has
00:18:03 --> 00:18:05 really
00:18:05 --> 00:18:07 changed now speaking of surveys a new
00:18:07 --> 00:18:09 survey shows that around one in 10
00:18:09 --> 00:18:12 Australians have already used chat GPT
00:18:12 --> 00:18:15 to ask for medical advice the findings
00:18:15 --> 00:18:16 reported in the medical journal of
00:18:16 --> 00:18:18 Australia based on a questionnaire
00:18:18 --> 00:18:20 filled up by 2 people during
00:18:20 --> 00:18:23 2024 participants were asked whether
00:18:23 --> 00:18:24 they were aware of the artificial
00:18:24 --> 00:18:26 intelligence chatbot and whether they
00:18:26 --> 00:18:29 had used it to ask medical questions
00:18:29 --> 00:18:32 they say 84.7% of participants knew
00:18:32 --> 00:18:35 about chat GPT and 99.9% had already
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 used it to obtain health related
00:18:37 --> 00:18:40 information while a further 38.8% were
00:18:40 --> 00:18:42 considering doing so in the next 6
00:18:42 --> 00:18:44 months questions most frequently related
00:18:44 --> 00:18:46 to a specific health condition finding
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 out what symptoms mean finding actions
00:18:48 --> 00:18:51 to take and understanding medical terms
00:18:51 --> 00:18:53 they also found that some 61% of
00:18:53 --> 00:18:55 participants who had already asked chat
00:18:55 --> 00:18:57 GPT for medical information had asked
00:18:57 --> 00:18:59 the question that would typically need a
00:18:59 --> 00:19:02 doctor's input the survey also found
00:19:02 --> 00:19:04 that people who face barriers to Health
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 Care access such as those with limited
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 English or low health literacy were more
00:19:08 --> 00:19:11 likely to end up using chat
00:19:11 --> 00:19:14 GPT well Apple's just released its new
00:19:14 --> 00:19:17 affordable iPhone 16e with the details
00:19:17 --> 00:19:19 we're joined by technology editor Alex
00:19:19 --> 00:19:22 Sara Roy from Tech advice. life Apple
00:19:22 --> 00:19:25 has launched the iPhone 16e this is the
00:19:25 --> 00:19:29 replacement for the 2022 iPhone SE model
00:19:29 --> 00:19:31 which was the last one to feature the
00:19:31 --> 00:19:33 home button the traditional home button
00:19:33 --> 00:19:35 and also the thick bezels at the top and
00:19:35 --> 00:19:37 the bottom and for those who are on an
00:19:37 --> 00:19:39 older iPhone still like an iPhone 8 you
00:19:39 --> 00:19:41 can buy those refurbished from around
00:19:41 --> 00:19:43 about $300 which would be a great
00:19:43 --> 00:19:44 upgrade for somebody on an older device
00:19:44 --> 00:19:46 but for those wanting to get the latest
00:19:47 --> 00:19:49 Apple intelligence features including
00:19:49 --> 00:19:50 visual intelligence where you can hold
00:19:50 --> 00:19:53 your phone in front of anything the
00:19:53 --> 00:19:55 Eiffel Tower flowers in your garden you
00:19:55 --> 00:19:57 know whatever it might be and ask chat
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 gbt what it can see this is the cheapest
00:19:59 --> 00:20:02 way to get this capability it's starting
00:20:02 --> 00:20:02 at
00:20:02 --> 00:20:05 $999 in Australia and
00:20:05 --> 00:20:09 $599 in the US for the 128 gig model and
00:20:09 --> 00:20:11 it goes up now it's the same size as the
00:20:11 --> 00:20:14 iPhone 14 the 6.1 in also the iPhone 15
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 it has the notch so it does not have the
00:20:16 --> 00:20:19 dynamic Island but it does have the a18
00:20:19 --> 00:20:22 chip now that's not the a18 pro that's
00:20:22 --> 00:20:26 in the iPhone Pro 16 and pro Max models
00:20:26 --> 00:20:28 but it is more or less on par with the
00:20:28 --> 00:20:30 A7 17 Pro chip from the year before so
00:20:30 --> 00:20:32 it's got basically the latest chip there
00:20:32 --> 00:20:34 is still an a18 Pro which is in the
00:20:34 --> 00:20:36 iPhone 16 Pro Models but with clearly
00:20:36 --> 00:20:38 talking about the the value end of the
00:20:38 --> 00:20:41 iPhone scale and enough memory to do
00:20:41 --> 00:20:43 Apple intelligence it's got a 48
00:20:43 --> 00:20:45 megapixel camera so you get the ability
00:20:45 --> 00:20:48 to do a clean two times optical zoom you
00:20:48 --> 00:20:49 can zoom in the pixels basically without
00:20:49 --> 00:20:51 any degradation because it's delivering
00:20:51 --> 00:20:54 you a 12 megapix or 24 megapix photo
00:20:54 --> 00:20:55 depending on which mode you're using but
00:20:55 --> 00:20:57 it's got the 48 megapix camera now you
00:20:57 --> 00:20:59 don't have obviously the ultrawide you
00:20:59 --> 00:21:00 don't have longer zooms there's only one
00:21:00 --> 00:21:02 camera not two or three so this is an
00:21:02 --> 00:21:05 excellent way of getting into the Apple
00:21:05 --> 00:21:06 ecosystem but with effectively the
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 latest tech now you do have competition
00:21:08 --> 00:21:11 with the iPhone 15 Pro Models I see them
00:21:11 --> 00:21:13 online for as low as
00:21:13 --> 00:21:16 $1 but that's in good condition not
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 very good or excellent being refurbished
00:21:18 --> 00:21:20 and again as I said before we have the
00:21:20 --> 00:21:23 the iPhone uh SE from 2022 I see them
00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 online refurbish from about $300 so if
00:21:25 --> 00:21:27 you on a budget there are uh
00:21:27 --> 00:21:29 alternatives it's often said that
00:21:29 --> 00:21:31 Apple's biggest competitor is not sub
00:21:31 --> 00:21:33 $500 Android phones or the flagships
00:21:33 --> 00:21:35 from Samsung and Google but itself its
00:21:35 --> 00:21:37 own older models which for many people
00:21:37 --> 00:21:40 if they're on an iPhone uh you know 10 x
00:21:40 --> 00:21:42 you know or the 11 or 12 I mean if they
00:21:42 --> 00:21:43 want to upgrade to something with a
00:21:43 --> 00:21:46 faster processor this is a great way of
00:21:46 --> 00:21:47 doing it that's Alex Sahara Roy from
00:21:48 --> 00:21:51 Tech advice. life
00:21:51 --> 00:22:05 [Music]
00:22:05 --> 00:22:07 and that's the show for now SpaceTime is
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00:22:59 --> 00:23:00 you've been listening to SpaceTime with
00:23:00 --> 00:23:03 Stuart Gary this has been another
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