SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 26
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Asteroid Ryugu's Salty Secrets, Solar Orbiter's Venus Encounter, and NASA's Lunar Resource Exploration
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the recent findings from the asteroid Richie, where scientists have discovered evidence of salt minerals, hinting at the presence of saline water in the outer solar system. This exciting revelation parallels previous discoveries from asteroid Bennu and enhances our understanding of the chemical history of these celestial bodies.
Europe's Solar Orbiter and Venus
We also explore the European Space Agency's Solar Orbiter spacecraft as it prepares for a close flyby of Venus. This maneuver will allow the spacecraft to adjust its orbit significantly, enabling unprecedented observations of the Sun's polar regions, which have remained elusive from Earth. The encounter will provide critical data to improve our understanding of solar activity and its impact on space weather.
NASA's Polar Ice Experiment
Additionally, we discuss NASA's Polar Resources Ice Mining Experiment (PRIME 1), which aims to analyze the Moon's subsurface for potential resources. This mission is pivotal for future manned lunar explorations under the Artemis program, as it seeks to identify local resources that can support sustained human presence on the Moon.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 26 for broadcast on 28 February 2025
00:49 Evidence of salt minerals in Richie samples
06:30 Implications for understanding outer solar system water
12:15 Solar Orbiter's close encounter with Venus
18:00 The significance of observing the Sun's polar regions
22:45 NASA's PRIME 1 mission and lunar resource exploration
27:00 Overview of recent findings on night owls and diabetes
30:15 The impact of glacier melting and climate change
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov (https://www.nasa.gov/)
European Space Agency
https://www.esa.int (https://www.esa.int/)
Nature Journal
https://www.nature.com/ (https://www.nature.com/)
Journal of Diabetes
https://www.diabetesjournals.org/ (https://www.diabetesjournals.org/)
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Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/25824874?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 28 episode 26
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 28th of February
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 2025 coming up on space time samples
00:00:09 --> 00:00:11 from the asteroid ryugu provide more
00:00:11 --> 00:00:13 evidence of salty water in the outer
00:00:13 --> 00:00:15 solar system Europe's solar orbit of
00:00:16 --> 00:00:17 spacecraft about to undertake a close
00:00:17 --> 00:00:20 encounter with Venus and NASA's polar
00:00:20 --> 00:00:22 ice experiment paves the way for future
00:00:22 --> 00:00:25 man missions to the Moon all that and
00:00:25 --> 00:00:28 more coming up on
00:00:28 --> 00:00:31 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:31 --> 00:00:40 steuart
00:00:40 --> 00:00:47 [Music]
00:00:47 --> 00:00:49 Gary following the recent discovery of
00:00:49 --> 00:00:51 salts and samples from the asteroid benu
00:00:51 --> 00:00:53 scientists have now also detected signs
00:00:53 --> 00:00:55 of salt water or at least the remnant
00:00:55 --> 00:00:58 left by it on the asteroid ryugu well
00:00:58 --> 00:01:01 bonu was the target of n Osiris Rex
00:01:01 --> 00:01:03 sample return Mission the 900 M wide
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 ryugo asteroid was visited by Japan's
00:01:05 --> 00:01:08 hyabusa 2 sample return Mission like
00:01:08 --> 00:01:11 benu rayu is a near Earth Apollo group
00:01:11 --> 00:01:14 asteroid scientists at Kyoto University
00:01:14 --> 00:01:16 have found evidence of mineral salts and
00:01:16 --> 00:01:18 the samples they recovered from ryugu
00:01:18 --> 00:01:20 during the initial phase of the HOSA 2
00:01:20 --> 00:01:23 mission the discovery includes deposits
00:01:23 --> 00:01:25 containing sodium carbonate halite and
00:01:25 --> 00:01:27 sodium sulfates suggesting that liquid
00:01:27 --> 00:01:30 Seline water once existed with within
00:01:30 --> 00:01:33 apparent body from which ryugo emerged
00:01:33 --> 00:01:35 the authors expected that the grains
00:01:35 --> 00:01:37 returned from the asteroid might contain
00:01:37 --> 00:01:39 substances not generally found in
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 meteorites they anticipated that these
00:01:41 --> 00:01:44 could be highly water soluble minerals
00:01:44 --> 00:01:45 which readily react with moisture in
00:01:45 --> 00:01:47 Earth atmosphere and are therefore
00:01:47 --> 00:01:48 difficult to detect unless examined in
00:01:49 --> 00:01:51 their pristine State as preserved in the
00:01:51 --> 00:01:53 vacuum of space one of the study's
00:01:53 --> 00:01:55 authors turu masamoto says careful
00:01:55 --> 00:01:58 handling allowed researchers to identify
00:01:58 --> 00:02:00 the delicate salt minerals providing a
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 unique glimpse into ryu's chemical
00:02:02 --> 00:02:05 history mamoto says the asteroid may
00:02:05 --> 00:02:07 have once been part of a larger parent
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 body that probably existed around 4 and
00:02:09 --> 00:02:11 a half billion years ago shortly after
00:02:11 --> 00:02:13 the formation of the solar system and
00:02:13 --> 00:02:15 that parent body would have been he by
00:02:15 --> 00:02:17 radioactive decay creating an
00:02:17 --> 00:02:20 environment where hot water could exist
00:02:20 --> 00:02:22 while ryugo and its grains didn't
00:02:22 --> 00:02:24 actually contain any moisture questions
00:02:24 --> 00:02:25 remain about how the liquid water would
00:02:25 --> 00:02:28 have been lost mamoto says these
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 crystals are showing how liquid water
00:02:30 --> 00:02:33 disappeared from ryu's parent body the
00:02:33 --> 00:02:35 salt crystals dissolved easily in water
00:02:35 --> 00:02:36 suggesting they could only have
00:02:36 --> 00:02:38 precipitated within a highly saline
00:02:38 --> 00:02:40 water solution and in conditions with a
00:02:40 --> 00:02:43 limited amount of liquid mamoto and
00:02:43 --> 00:02:45 colleages hypothesize that it fractures
00:02:45 --> 00:02:47 exposed the salt water to space or as
00:02:47 --> 00:02:49 the parent body cooled the liquid could
00:02:49 --> 00:02:51 have either evaporated sublimated or
00:02:51 --> 00:02:54 froze and the mineral salts are the
00:02:54 --> 00:02:56 crystallized remains of that water the
00:02:56 --> 00:02:58 deposits could prove crucial in
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 comparing the evolved water water on the
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 dwarf planet series located in the main
00:03:02 --> 00:03:03 asteroid belt and on the moons of
00:03:03 --> 00:03:06 Jupiter and Saturn since cus believe
00:03:06 --> 00:03:07 these icy bodies Harbor subsurface
00:03:07 --> 00:03:10 oceans or liquid reservoirs they expect
00:03:10 --> 00:03:12 sodium carbonate and Hite will be found
00:03:12 --> 00:03:15 in surface deposits on Series in water
00:03:15 --> 00:03:17 plumes from the saturnian ice moon
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 Enceladus and on the surfaces of the
00:03:19 --> 00:03:22 Jovian Galilean moons Europa and
00:03:22 --> 00:03:25 ganim since salt production is closely
00:03:25 --> 00:03:27 linked to the geological settings and
00:03:27 --> 00:03:29 brine chemistry in these aquous bodies
00:03:29 --> 00:03:30 the discovery of sodium salts in the
00:03:30 --> 00:03:33 ryugu samples provide new insights for
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 comparing the role water has played in
00:03:35 --> 00:03:36 the development of planets and moons
00:03:36 --> 00:03:39 throughout the outer solar system this
00:03:39 --> 00:03:42 is spacetime still to come Europe's
00:03:42 --> 00:03:44 solar orbit of spacecraft undertaking a
00:03:44 --> 00:03:46 close encounter with Venus and NASA's
00:03:46 --> 00:03:49 polar ice experiment Paving the way for
00:03:49 --> 00:03:51 future man missions to the Moon all that
00:03:51 --> 00:03:57 and more still to come on SpaceTime
00:03:57 --> 00:04:09 [Music]
00:04:09 --> 00:04:11 European Space Agency is now guiding its
00:04:11 --> 00:04:13 solar orbit of spacecraft through its
00:04:13 --> 00:04:15 closest ever encounter with the planet
00:04:15 --> 00:04:18 Venus the fly bite will be the first to
00:04:18 --> 00:04:20 significantly tilt the spacecraft's
00:04:20 --> 00:04:22 orbit allowing it to see the sun's polar
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 regions for the first time you see the
00:04:25 --> 00:04:27 sun's poles are not visible from the
00:04:27 --> 00:04:29 earth and studying these polar regions
00:04:29 --> 00:04:31 of our nearest star will improve our
00:04:31 --> 00:04:33 understanding of solar activity space
00:04:33 --> 00:04:36 weather and the sun earth connection
00:04:36 --> 00:04:38 since it's launched back in 2020 solar
00:04:38 --> 00:04:40 orbit has carried out a number of
00:04:40 --> 00:04:42 gravity assist flybys using both the
00:04:42 --> 00:04:44 Earth and Venus to gradually shrink its
00:04:44 --> 00:04:46 orbit bringing it closer and closer to
00:04:46 --> 00:04:48 the Sun during this encounter the
00:04:48 --> 00:04:51 spacecraft will fly just 379 km above
00:04:51 --> 00:04:54 Venus's surface Isa flight Dynamics
00:04:54 --> 00:04:56 expert Julia Schwarz says getting so
00:04:56 --> 00:04:58 close to Venus allows scientists to use
00:04:58 --> 00:05:00 its gravity to significantly change the
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 spacecraft's orbit without using lots of
00:05:02 --> 00:05:05 fuel our planets all orbit the sun on
00:05:05 --> 00:05:07 roughly the same flat plane called the
00:05:07 --> 00:05:09 ecliptic and for a spacecraft to get
00:05:09 --> 00:05:12 away from that ecliptic requires a great
00:05:12 --> 00:05:14 deal of fuel solar Orbiter will get
00:05:14 --> 00:05:16 around that problem by using Venus as a
00:05:16 --> 00:05:19 gravity assist slingshotting itself into
00:05:19 --> 00:05:21 a slightly different angle with respect
00:05:21 --> 00:05:23 to the ecliptic and that will eventually
00:05:23 --> 00:05:25 give the probe a much better view of the
00:05:25 --> 00:05:28 sun's polar regions future Venus flybys
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 such as one slated for December 2026
00:05:30 --> 00:05:32 will further tilt the spacecraft's orbit
00:05:32 --> 00:05:34 enabling high resolution imaging of the
00:05:34 --> 00:05:37 sun's entire polar regions from this
00:05:37 --> 00:05:39 unique orbit the mission will help
00:05:39 --> 00:05:40 scientists refine their understanding of
00:05:41 --> 00:05:43 solar activity and improve their ability
00:05:43 --> 00:05:45 to safeguard technology on Earth from
00:05:45 --> 00:05:47 powerful solar storms and erratic space
00:05:47 --> 00:05:48 weather
00:05:48 --> 00:05:51 events but passing so close to Venus in
00:05:51 --> 00:05:52 order to get this gravity assist
00:05:53 --> 00:05:54 presents a number of challenges for
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 Mission managers at E's European space
00:05:56 --> 00:05:59 operations center in damad Germany
00:05:59 --> 00:06:01 precise calculations and minor course
00:06:01 --> 00:06:03 Corrections will be necessary before and
00:06:03 --> 00:06:05 after each flyby in order to keep the
00:06:05 --> 00:06:07 spacecraft on track the flyby is been
00:06:07 --> 00:06:09 carefully planned to get as close to
00:06:09 --> 00:06:11 Venus as possible in order to get the
00:06:11 --> 00:06:13 most out of the encounter but at the
00:06:13 --> 00:06:14 same time keeping the spacecraft safely
00:06:14 --> 00:06:16 above the planet's atmosphere in order
00:06:16 --> 00:06:19 to avoid experiencing atmospheric drag
00:06:19 --> 00:06:21 but solar orbital will still be bathed
00:06:21 --> 00:06:23 in thermal radiation emitted by the
00:06:23 --> 00:06:26 planet as it swings past mission
00:06:26 --> 00:06:27 managers are expecting the spacecraft to
00:06:28 --> 00:06:30 hit up significantly during the fly
00:06:30 --> 00:06:32 and to prepare for this they've carried
00:06:32 --> 00:06:34 out a detailed simulation of the heating
00:06:34 --> 00:06:35 effect of Venus's gravity assist
00:06:35 --> 00:06:38 maneuver well it shows that several
00:06:38 --> 00:06:39 parts of the spacecraft will experience
00:06:39 --> 00:06:41 a significant temperature increase all
00:06:41 --> 00:06:43 components should stay well within the
00:06:43 --> 00:06:46 design limits during the maneuver solar
00:06:46 --> 00:06:47 orbital will continue to point its
00:06:47 --> 00:06:49 instruments and more importantly its
00:06:49 --> 00:06:51 heat shield towards the sun to keep the
00:06:51 --> 00:06:53 spacecraft safe of course this means it
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 won't be able to point any of its
00:06:55 --> 00:06:57 cameras towards Venus and its Cloud tops
00:06:57 --> 00:06:58 during the flyby but it will still have
00:06:58 --> 00:07:01 an opportunity to gather some scientific
00:07:01 --> 00:07:04 data see unlike the Earth Venus lacks a
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 global magnetic field to interact with
00:07:06 --> 00:07:07 the charged particles flowing from the
00:07:07 --> 00:07:10 Sun and the solar wind but there's a
00:07:10 --> 00:07:11 layer of the venusian atmosphere known
00:07:12 --> 00:07:13 as the ionosphere which interacts with
00:07:13 --> 00:07:16 the solar wind in rather unique ways
00:07:16 --> 00:07:19 solar Orbit's magnetometer and radio and
00:07:19 --> 00:07:21 plasma wave sensors will be switched on
00:07:21 --> 00:07:23 as the spacecraft passes Venus allowing
00:07:23 --> 00:07:25 it to record the planet's magnetic and
00:07:25 --> 00:07:28 plasma environment the data they collect
00:07:28 --> 00:07:30 will contribute to ongoing research on
00:07:30 --> 00:07:32 how the solar wind affects planetary
00:07:32 --> 00:07:35 atmospheres beyond Earth mind you solar
00:07:35 --> 00:07:37 Orbiter isn't the only EA Mission
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 visiting Venus this year isa's juice
00:07:40 --> 00:07:41 spacecraft which is on its way to
00:07:41 --> 00:07:43 Jupiter to explore its icy moons will
00:07:43 --> 00:07:46 also fly past the planet in August solar
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 Orbiter and Juice will pass Venus just
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 194 days apart that's less than one
00:07:50 --> 00:07:54 venutian day which lasts 243 Earth days
00:07:54 --> 00:07:55 the frequent visits highlight the
00:07:55 --> 00:07:57 planet's important role as a wayo for
00:07:57 --> 00:08:00 is's interplanetary voyages
00:08:00 --> 00:08:02 however while solar Orbiter and juice
00:08:02 --> 00:08:04 and making just brief visits to Earth's
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 neighboring planet for some EA missions
00:08:06 --> 00:08:09 Venus is the final destination from
00:08:09 --> 00:08:11 arrival in 2006 until the end of the
00:08:11 --> 00:08:13 mission in 2014 is's Venus Express
00:08:13 --> 00:08:15 spacecraft studied the planet's
00:08:15 --> 00:08:17 atmosphere and clouds in detail and also
00:08:17 --> 00:08:20 mapped its surface temperatures looking
00:08:20 --> 00:08:22 ahead isa's Envision mission is set to
00:08:22 --> 00:08:25 launch in the early 2030s Invision will
00:08:25 --> 00:08:26 be the first mission to provide a
00:08:26 --> 00:08:28 comprehensive view of Venus from its
00:08:28 --> 00:08:30 inner core right through upper
00:08:30 --> 00:08:32 atmosphere in doing so it will help
00:08:32 --> 00:08:34 scientists determine how and why despite
00:08:34 --> 00:08:37 starting off similar Venus and Earth
00:08:37 --> 00:08:40 have evolved in such different ways this
00:08:40 --> 00:08:43 is spacetime still to come NASA's polar
00:08:43 --> 00:08:45 ice experiment paves the way for future
00:08:45 --> 00:08:47 man missions to the moon and later in
00:08:47 --> 00:08:50 the science report claims that nouss
00:08:50 --> 00:08:52 have a higher likelihood of developing
00:08:52 --> 00:08:55 type 2 diabetes all that and more still
00:08:55 --> 00:08:57 to come on SpaceTime
00:08:57 --> 00:09:04 [Music]
00:09:12 --> 00:09:14 nessa's polar resources ice mining
00:09:14 --> 00:09:16 experiment one or prime one Mission will
00:09:16 --> 00:09:18 explore the moon's subsurface and
00:09:18 --> 00:09:21 analyze where lunar resources May reside
00:09:21 --> 00:09:23 the experiment's two key instruments
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 will extract and analyze lunar soil in
00:09:25 --> 00:09:27 order to better understand the lunar
00:09:27 --> 00:09:29 environment and subsurface resources in
00:09:29 --> 00:09:31 the process Paving the way for
00:09:31 --> 00:09:33 sustainable human exploration under the
00:09:33 --> 00:09:36 agency's emis campaign the scientific
00:09:36 --> 00:09:38 instruments will work in tandem the
00:09:38 --> 00:09:40 rigth and Ice drill for exploring new
00:09:40 --> 00:09:42 terrains or Trident instrument will
00:09:42 --> 00:09:44 drill deep into the moon's surface in
00:09:44 --> 00:09:46 order to collect samples while the mass
00:09:46 --> 00:09:48 spectrometer observing lunar operations
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 package will analyze these samples to
00:09:50 --> 00:09:52 determine the gas composition released
00:09:52 --> 00:09:55 across the sampling depth prime one
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 project manager Jackie quinnn from Nas's
00:09:57 --> 00:09:59 Kennedy Space Center in Florida says the
00:09:59 --> 00:10:01 ability to drill and analyze samples at
00:10:01 --> 00:10:03 the same time allows scientist to gather
00:10:03 --> 00:10:05 new insights into what will shape the
00:10:05 --> 00:10:08 future of lunar resource utilization you
00:10:08 --> 00:10:10 see human exploration of the Moon and
00:10:10 --> 00:10:12 deep space will depend on making good
00:10:12 --> 00:10:14 use of local resources in order to
00:10:14 --> 00:10:17 produce the life staing supplies needed
00:10:17 --> 00:10:19 to live and work for periods of time on
00:10:19 --> 00:10:22 other planetary bodies the prime one
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 experiment is one of NASA's payloads
00:10:24 --> 00:10:25 aboard the next lunar delivery through
00:10:25 --> 00:10:27 nessa's commercial lunar payload
00:10:27 --> 00:10:29 Services initiative which is set to a
00:10:29 --> 00:10:30 launch from the agency's Kennedy Space
00:10:30 --> 00:10:32 Center this week aboard the intuitive
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 machines Athena Luna Lander which will
00:10:34 --> 00:10:37 explore the Luna soil in mans Mutan Al
00:10:37 --> 00:10:40 Luna Plateau near the Moon South Pole
00:10:40 --> 00:10:42 developed by Blue origin Trident is a
00:10:42 --> 00:10:44 rotary percussive drill designed to
00:10:44 --> 00:10:46 excavate lunar regl and subsurface
00:10:46 --> 00:10:49 material up to a meter deep the drill
00:10:49 --> 00:10:52 will extract samples each about 10 cm in
00:10:52 --> 00:10:54 length allowing scientist to analyze how
00:10:54 --> 00:10:56 trapped and Frozen gases are distributed
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 at different depths below the surface
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 the trident drills equipped with carbide
00:11:00 --> 00:11:02 cutting teeth designed to penetrate even
00:11:02 --> 00:11:05 the toughest lunar materials unlike
00:11:05 --> 00:11:06 previous lunar drills used by the
00:11:06 --> 00:11:08 astronauts during the Apollo missions
00:11:08 --> 00:11:10 Trident will be controlled from Earth
00:11:10 --> 00:11:12 the drill May provide key information
00:11:12 --> 00:11:14 about subsurface soil temperatures as
00:11:14 --> 00:11:16 well as gain inside into the mechanical
00:11:16 --> 00:11:18 properties of the lunar South Pole soil
00:11:19 --> 00:11:20 learning more about the reg's
00:11:20 --> 00:11:22 temperatures and properties should
00:11:22 --> 00:11:23 greatly improve science's understanding
00:11:24 --> 00:11:25 of the local environment and where lunar
00:11:26 --> 00:11:28 resources may be stable in the process
00:11:28 --> 00:11:30 revealing what resources may be
00:11:30 --> 00:11:32 available for future missions a
00:11:32 --> 00:11:34 commercial offthe shelf spectrometer
00:11:34 --> 00:11:36 will then analyze any gas release from
00:11:36 --> 00:11:37 the Trident drill samples looking for
00:11:38 --> 00:11:39 the potential presence of water ice and
00:11:39 --> 00:11:42 gases trapped beneath the surface Quinn
00:11:42 --> 00:11:43 says these measurements will help
00:11:43 --> 00:11:45 scientists better understand the moon's
00:11:45 --> 00:11:47 potential for resource utilization when
00:11:47 --> 00:11:51 we eventually build infrastructure to
00:11:51 --> 00:11:54 enable sustained human presence on the
00:11:54 --> 00:11:55 moon we're going to need some of the
00:11:55 --> 00:11:58 engineering data that Prime 1 will
00:11:58 --> 00:12:00 provide Prime 1 stands for Polar
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 resource ice mining experiment one and
00:12:02 --> 00:12:05 prime one is a payload that's manifested
00:12:05 --> 00:12:07 and integrated onto the intuitive
00:12:07 --> 00:12:10 machine second lunar lander Athena prime
00:12:10 --> 00:12:13 one is comprised of two instruments a
00:12:13 --> 00:12:16 drill and a mass spectrometer the drill
00:12:16 --> 00:12:18 is called Trident the Trident drill has
00:12:19 --> 00:12:21 the ability to take a sample from depth
00:12:21 --> 00:12:23 and bring it to the surface for
00:12:23 --> 00:12:25 evaluation by the companying instrument
00:12:25 --> 00:12:29 M solo M solo is a commercially Manu
00:12:29 --> 00:12:30 ufactured Mass spectrometer that has
00:12:31 --> 00:12:32 been ruggedized for space flight
00:12:32 --> 00:12:35 collectively these two instruments will
00:12:35 --> 00:12:38 analyze across discrete depths lunar
00:12:38 --> 00:12:42 soil and tell us what gases are located
00:12:42 --> 00:12:45 at depth down to 1 meter we're also
00:12:45 --> 00:12:46 going to get some very interesting
00:12:46 --> 00:12:49 geotechnical data from the Trident drill
00:12:49 --> 00:12:51 all of the data that's gleaned from
00:12:51 --> 00:12:53 either M Solo or Trident will inform
00:12:53 --> 00:12:56 future emis missions as they look to
00:12:56 --> 00:13:00 design habitation capability long-term
00:13:00 --> 00:13:02 sustained presence on the lunar surface
00:13:02 --> 00:13:04 that's NASA's prime one project manager
00:13:04 --> 00:13:07 Jackie Quinn and this is
00:13:07 --> 00:13:16 [Music]
00:13:22 --> 00:13:24 spacetime and time now to take another
00:13:24 --> 00:13:26 brief look at some of the other stories
00:13:26 --> 00:13:27 making us in science this week with a
00:13:28 --> 00:13:30 science report new research presented at
00:13:30 --> 00:13:32 the annual meeting of the European
00:13:32 --> 00:13:34 Association for the study of diabetes
00:13:34 --> 00:13:36 suggests that being a nightow could put
00:13:36 --> 00:13:38 you at a higher likelihood of developing
00:13:38 --> 00:13:41 type 2 diabetes and it's not because of
00:13:41 --> 00:13:44 an unhealthy Lifestyle the authors
00:13:44 --> 00:13:46 looked into Data of over 5 people
00:13:46 --> 00:13:48 and found night hols had higher body
00:13:48 --> 00:13:51 mass indexes larger wastes more hidden
00:13:51 --> 00:13:54 body fat and were almost 50% more likely
00:13:54 --> 00:13:57 to develop type 2 diabetes the authors
00:13:57 --> 00:13:59 separated participants into three bed
00:13:59 --> 00:14:00 time categories and find those who had
00:14:01 --> 00:14:03 the latest bed times were most at
00:14:03 --> 00:14:06 risk a new study warns that glaciers
00:14:06 --> 00:14:09 worldwide are now losing ice at a faster
00:14:09 --> 00:14:12 rate with ice loss increasing 36% over
00:14:12 --> 00:14:13 the last 10 years compared to the
00:14:13 --> 00:14:16 previous decade the findings reported in
00:14:16 --> 00:14:18 the journal Nature are based on a huge
00:14:18 --> 00:14:21 Global effort to track glacial melting
00:14:21 --> 00:14:22 the study found that since the year
00:14:22 --> 00:14:25 200000 glaciers globally have lost
00:14:25 --> 00:14:27 around 5% of their ice but in some
00:14:27 --> 00:14:29 regions the ice loss has been as much
00:14:29 --> 00:14:32 much as 39% in New Zealand glaciers have
00:14:32 --> 00:14:35 lost an average of 29% of glacial Mass
00:14:35 --> 00:14:37 the authors said that this Global
00:14:37 --> 00:14:39 Glacier Mass loss is around 18% larger
00:14:39 --> 00:14:41 than the total loss of ice from the
00:14:41 --> 00:14:43 Greenland ice sheet and more than twice
00:14:43 --> 00:14:45 that of the Antarctic ice sheet they
00:14:45 --> 00:14:46 warned that the planets now facing
00:14:47 --> 00:14:48 continued and possibly accelerated Mass
00:14:49 --> 00:14:50 loss from glaciers until the end of the
00:14:50 --> 00:14:53 century and that underpins the call for
00:14:53 --> 00:14:55 Urgent concrete actions to reduce
00:14:55 --> 00:14:57 greenhouse gas
00:14:57 --> 00:15:00 emissions a new study has found that
00:15:00 --> 00:15:02 dogs trained to use soundboards to talk
00:15:02 --> 00:15:04 to people are capable of making two-word
00:15:04 --> 00:15:05 button combinations that go beyond
00:15:05 --> 00:15:08 random Behavior or simple imitation of
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 their owners the findings published in
00:15:10 --> 00:15:12 the journal scientific reports analyze
00:15:12 --> 00:15:15 data from 152 dogs over 21 months
00:15:15 --> 00:15:18 capturing more than 260 button
00:15:18 --> 00:15:21 presses 195 of which were made by dogs
00:15:21 --> 00:15:23 themselves the findings revealed that
00:15:23 --> 00:15:25 the dogs were pressing buttons purposely
00:15:25 --> 00:15:27 to express their desires and needs and
00:15:27 --> 00:15:29 not just imitating what their owners
00:15:29 --> 00:15:31 were doing and it seems when dogs
00:15:31 --> 00:15:33 combine two buttons the sequences
00:15:33 --> 00:15:35 weren't random but were instead designed
00:15:35 --> 00:15:38 to reflect a specific request the study
00:15:38 --> 00:15:40 observed that the buttons most commonly
00:15:40 --> 00:15:42 used were related to essential needs
00:15:42 --> 00:15:45 with words such as outside treat play
00:15:45 --> 00:15:48 and potty notably combinations of words
00:15:48 --> 00:15:50 like outside plus potty or food and
00:15:50 --> 00:15:53 water were used in meaningful ways
00:15:53 --> 00:15:54 occurring much more frequently than what
00:15:54 --> 00:15:56 would be expected simply by random
00:15:56 --> 00:15:59 chance
00:15:59 --> 00:16:00 the Australian Medical Association has
00:16:01 --> 00:16:02 urged local councils to reintroduce
00:16:02 --> 00:16:05 fluide to Water Supplies amid Rising
00:16:05 --> 00:16:08 incidents of oral disease fluides been
00:16:08 --> 00:16:10 shown to help prevent cavities by making
00:16:10 --> 00:16:12 tooth enamel more resistant to acids
00:16:12 --> 00:16:14 from bacteria in your mouth the
00:16:14 --> 00:16:16 Australian drinking water guidelines
00:16:16 --> 00:16:17 recommend three compounds for
00:16:17 --> 00:16:20 fluoridating water sodium fluoride
00:16:20 --> 00:16:22 sodium fluos silicates and fluosilicic
00:16:22 --> 00:16:25 acid usually one of these compounds is
00:16:25 --> 00:16:26 added under carefully monitored
00:16:26 --> 00:16:28 conditions during drinking water
00:16:28 --> 00:16:30 treatment before for it sent to the tab
00:16:30 --> 00:16:33 today around 90% of Australians access
00:16:33 --> 00:16:35 fluorated water at levels of between 0.6
00:16:35 --> 00:16:39 and 1.1 migr per liter and this is
00:16:39 --> 00:16:41 estimated to have reduced tooth decay in
00:16:41 --> 00:16:43 Australia by up to
00:16:43 --> 00:16:45 44% but it really depends on where you
00:16:45 --> 00:16:47 live as there are different policies in
00:16:47 --> 00:16:50 different states and territories for
00:16:50 --> 00:16:52 example around 28% of queenslanders do
00:16:52 --> 00:16:55 not have access to fluoridated water Tim
00:16:55 --> 00:16:57 menum from Australian skeptic says its
00:16:57 --> 00:16:58 benefits for oral health have been
00:16:58 --> 00:17:00 scientific if Al proven and it's
00:17:00 --> 00:17:01 concerning that some local government
00:17:01 --> 00:17:04 bodies seem to be bowing to uninformed
00:17:04 --> 00:17:06 pressure groups all the evidence points
00:17:06 --> 00:17:08 to that fluide being useful cutting down
00:17:08 --> 00:17:10 on tooth decay Etc I mean you only need
00:17:10 --> 00:17:13 to look at kids in modern society in
00:17:13 --> 00:17:15 places where the water is fluid to know
00:17:15 --> 00:17:17 that they have a lot less feelings the
00:17:17 --> 00:17:18 thing is fluide can be very natural it's
00:17:19 --> 00:17:20 in rocks which water goes through and
00:17:20 --> 00:17:22 they can be naturally fluoridated and
00:17:22 --> 00:17:25 therefore when your water authority
00:17:25 --> 00:17:26 fluides water they have to assess how
00:17:26 --> 00:17:28 much is there already and you don't want
00:17:28 --> 00:17:30 to overdose on fluide it can have a
00:17:30 --> 00:17:31 discoloring effect sometimes it has a
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 scraping effect Etc but in most cases
00:17:34 --> 00:17:35 it's that's not doing that it's not sort
00:17:35 --> 00:17:37 of at that level the good side is a lot
00:17:37 --> 00:17:38 better than any sort of downside but
00:17:38 --> 00:17:40 that hasn't stop people sort of claiming
00:17:40 --> 00:17:41 the fluide is an evil thing it's going
00:17:41 --> 00:17:43 to sort of build up in your body and
00:17:43 --> 00:17:44 it's going to sort of cause you all sort
00:17:44 --> 00:17:47 ofar there was a study in 2019 claiming
00:17:47 --> 00:17:50 it was uh affecting the IQ of kids yeah
00:17:50 --> 00:17:52 and that was actually one study that was
00:17:52 --> 00:17:53 looked at very closely and it was found
00:17:53 --> 00:17:55 to be pretty poor other people looked at
00:17:55 --> 00:17:57 it and said no there is no truth behind
00:17:57 --> 00:17:59 this thing is just a bad reason that's
00:17:59 --> 00:18:00 what you're supposed to do you're
00:18:00 --> 00:18:01 supposed to assess other people's
00:18:01 --> 00:18:03 research you put them up in the in the
00:18:03 --> 00:18:05 marketplace of scientific Endeavor and
00:18:05 --> 00:18:07 people then say yeah doesn't work does
00:18:07 --> 00:18:09 it not work let's look at what you did
00:18:09 --> 00:18:10 and in this particular case they found
00:18:10 --> 00:18:12 out it wasn't very good where always
00:18:12 --> 00:18:14 been added since the' 40s in America and
00:18:14 --> 00:18:16 you know ever since then in a lot of
00:18:16 --> 00:18:18 other places some places it's taken a
00:18:18 --> 00:18:20 long time to do it other times it's
00:18:20 --> 00:18:23 stopped because of fear tactics by the
00:18:23 --> 00:18:25 anti fluide Brigade with some towns not
00:18:25 --> 00:18:28 doing it and as soon as they sto doing
00:18:28 --> 00:18:30 it the incidence of dental decay
00:18:30 --> 00:18:32 increases bit like vaccination that that
00:18:32 --> 00:18:34 you stop doing vaccinating people
00:18:34 --> 00:18:35 suddenly these diseases that should
00:18:35 --> 00:18:38 never exist anymore rise up again so the
00:18:38 --> 00:18:40 same thing with tooth decay you stop the
00:18:40 --> 00:18:42 flu fluide works as simple as that it
00:18:42 --> 00:18:44 works and nothing is if you have too
00:18:44 --> 00:18:45 much fluoride is not good for you
00:18:45 --> 00:18:48 anything in it's a dosage which is the
00:18:48 --> 00:18:50 issue and in fluides a very low dosage
00:18:50 --> 00:18:51 but it has an effect everything is a
00:18:51 --> 00:18:53 drug it just depends on the amount you
00:18:53 --> 00:18:55 take that's right yeah Dr Carl told me
00:18:55 --> 00:18:57 that it is true it's AB true I mean if
00:18:57 --> 00:19:00 you overd on was it hydrogen no hydrogen
00:19:00 --> 00:19:02 dioxide dihydrogen monoxide yeah
00:19:02 --> 00:19:03 dihydrogen monoxide thank you and you
00:19:03 --> 00:19:06 can overdose on dihydrogen monoxide
00:19:06 --> 00:19:07 people say oh yeah it's a chemicals and
00:19:07 --> 00:19:09 it's water so yeah you count it in
00:19:09 --> 00:19:11 particularly sort of scary terms and
00:19:11 --> 00:19:12 anyone can believe it but in this
00:19:12 --> 00:19:14 particular case it's unfounded scary
00:19:14 --> 00:19:16 tactic but it still exists it's a simple
00:19:16 --> 00:19:17 thing to put in unfortunately it's just
00:19:17 --> 00:19:20 a simple to stop that's timum from
00:19:20 --> 00:19:23 Australian Skeptics
00:19:23 --> 00:19:37 [Music]
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