Source:
https://www.spreaker.com/episode/s03e145-spaceflight-health-discoveries-bepicolombo-s-new-route-and-ganymede-s-titanic-collision--61260548
Astronomy Daily - The Podcast: 4th September 2024
Welcome to another episode of Astronomy Daily, your go-to source for the latest in space and Astronomy news. I'm your host, Anna, and today we have some fascinating stories to delve into, from groundbreaking research uncovering how spaceflight affects human physiology to the thruster issues delaying the BepiColombo spacecraft's journey to Mercury. We also have the intriguing tale of a peculiar noise heard on NASA's Starliner and a look at how a titanic asteroid impact reshaped Jupiter's moon Ganymede. So sit back, relax, and let's explore the cosmos together.
Highlights:
- Spaceflight and Human Physiology: Recent research has shed light on how spaceflight extensively alters the gut microbiome, a bustling community of bacteria essential for digestion and immune function. Led by researchers from University College Dublin and McGill University in collaboration with NASA, the study revealed significant shifts in specific bacteria, affecting gene expression related to immune and metabolic functions. These findings have profound implications for astronaut health during long-duration missions and could also benefit health protocols here on Earth.
- BepiColombo's Thruster Issues: The European-Japanese BepiColombo spacecraft has faced thruster issues, delaying its arrival at Mercury until 2026. Launched in 2018, BepiColombo needs to follow a complex route involving multiple flybys. However, a glitch in the spacecraft's thrusters has led to inadequate thrust. Engineers have revised the spacecraft's trajectory, allowing it to still achieve its scientific objectives despite the delay.
- Peculiar Noise on NASA's Starliner: Astronaut Butch Wilmore reported hearing a strange pulsing noise from Boeing's Starliner spacecraft docked to the ISS. NASA explained that the noise originated from feedback in the audio configuration between Starliner and the ISS. This issue had no technical impact on the crew or the spacecraft's operations.
- Titanic Asteroid Impact on Ganymede: Research led by a planetologist from Kobe University has revealed that an asteroid impact around 4 billion years ago reshaped Jupiter's moon Ganymede. The impact was so colossal that it altered not just Ganymede's surface but potentially its rotation as well. This ancient event provides invaluable insights into the early solar system's dynamics and the moon's geological history.
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00:00:00 --> 00:00:01 welcome listeners to another episode of
00:00:01 --> 00:00:04 astronomy daily your go-to source for
00:00:04 --> 00:00:06 the latest in space and astronomy news
00:00:06 --> 00:00:08 I'm your host Anna and today we have
00:00:08 --> 00:00:10 some fascinating stories to delve into
00:00:10 --> 00:00:12 from groundbreaking research uncovering
00:00:12 --> 00:00:13 how space flight affects human
00:00:13 --> 00:00:15 physiology to the Thruster issues
00:00:16 --> 00:00:17 delaying the Bey Columbo spacecraft's
00:00:17 --> 00:00:19 journey to Mercury we also have the
00:00:20 --> 00:00:21 Intriguing Tale Of A peculiar noise
00:00:21 --> 00:00:23 heard on NASA's Starliner and a look at
00:00:23 --> 00:00:26 how a Titanic asteroid impact reshaped
00:00:26 --> 00:00:28 Jupiter's moon ganam so sit back relax
00:00:28 --> 00:00:30 and let's explore the cause most
00:00:30 --> 00:00:32 together let's start today with
00:00:32 --> 00:00:34 astronauts and health space travel has
00:00:34 --> 00:00:35 always been a frontier filled with
00:00:35 --> 00:00:38 mystery and Discovery but what about the
00:00:38 --> 00:00:40 Mysteries that unravel inside the human
00:00:40 --> 00:00:42 body during space flight Recent research
00:00:42 --> 00:00:44 has shed some light on this fascinating
00:00:44 --> 00:00:46 subject and the findings could be
00:00:46 --> 00:00:48 gamechanging for future long duration
00:00:48 --> 00:00:50 missions let's start with the gut
00:00:50 --> 00:00:52 microbiome a bustling community of
00:00:52 --> 00:00:54 bacteria residing within us essential
00:00:54 --> 00:00:56 for everything from digestion to immune
00:00:56 --> 00:00:58 function well it turns out that space
00:00:58 --> 00:01:00 flight extensively alter this internal
00:01:00 --> 00:01:03 ecosystem researchers from University
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 College Dublin and McGill University LED
00:01:05 --> 00:01:07 an international team in collaboration
00:01:07 --> 00:01:10 with NASA to explore these changes the
00:01:10 --> 00:01:13 study published in npj biofilms and
00:01:13 --> 00:01:15 microbiomes dived deep into genetic
00:01:15 --> 00:01:18 analyses to understand how space travel
00:01:18 --> 00:01:20 impacts the gut microbiome and the
00:01:20 --> 00:01:21 results are nothing short of
00:01:21 --> 00:01:23 extraordinary the researchers used
00:01:23 --> 00:01:25 Advanced genetic Technologies to examine
00:01:25 --> 00:01:27 the gut microbiomes of mice aboard the
00:01:27 --> 00:01:29 International Space Station over 3
00:01:29 --> 00:01:30 months their findings revealed
00:01:31 --> 00:01:33 significant shifts in specific bacteria
00:01:33 --> 00:01:35 which in turn affected gene expression
00:01:35 --> 00:01:36 related to immune and metabolic
00:01:36 --> 00:01:38 functions this isn't just about gut
00:01:38 --> 00:01:40 health these shifts have profound
00:01:40 --> 00:01:42 implications for overall astronaut
00:01:42 --> 00:01:44 physiology spaceflight extensively
00:01:44 --> 00:01:47 Alters astronaut physiology said Dr
00:01:47 --> 00:01:49 Emanuel Gonzalez of McGill University
00:01:49 --> 00:01:51 and the study's first author the results
00:01:51 --> 00:01:53 showed previously unknown effects on
00:01:53 --> 00:01:55 host physiology a crucial piece in
00:01:56 --> 00:01:57 solving the space flight puzzle
00:01:57 --> 00:01:59 essentially it's not just the humans and
00:01:59 --> 00:02:01 animal that make the journey to space
00:02:01 --> 00:02:04 it's entire ecosystems traveling with us
00:02:04 --> 00:02:06 ecosystems whose well-being might be
00:02:06 --> 00:02:08 just as critical as the astronauts one
00:02:08 --> 00:02:10 of the key discoveries was how these
00:02:10 --> 00:02:12 changes in the gut microbiome affect
00:02:12 --> 00:02:15 bile acid and cholesterol metabolism
00:02:15 --> 00:02:17 vital elements that play roles in
00:02:17 --> 00:02:20 maintaining energy and metabolic balance
00:02:20 --> 00:02:21 such insights are indispensable for
00:02:22 --> 00:02:23 Designing protocols to safeguard
00:02:23 --> 00:02:25 astronaut health during missions to the
00:02:25 --> 00:02:28 Moon Mars and Beyond this groundbreaking
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 research was part of a larger in itive
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 by NASA's Gene lab the international
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 collaboration saw contributions from an
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 array of scientists and institutions
00:02:36 --> 00:02:37 highlighting the importance of
00:02:37 --> 00:02:40 Cooperative open science the goal
00:02:40 --> 00:02:41 accelerate discoveries and turn
00:02:42 --> 00:02:44 complexities into actionable findings
00:02:44 --> 00:02:47 Jonathan gasa a space biology portfolio
00:02:47 --> 00:02:50 scientist at NASA's as Research Center
00:02:50 --> 00:02:52 emphasized how such collaborative
00:02:52 --> 00:02:54 efforts can speed up our understanding
00:02:54 --> 00:02:57 of space flight impacts but it's not
00:02:57 --> 00:02:58 just about safeguarding astronaut health
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 for distant missions
00:03:00 --> 00:03:01 these findings have significant
00:03:01 --> 00:03:03 implications for improving Health right
00:03:03 --> 00:03:06 here on Earth stressful environments can
00:03:06 --> 00:03:07 disrupt the delicate symbiosis between
00:03:07 --> 00:03:10 humans and their gut bacteria leading to
00:03:10 --> 00:03:12 various health issues by studying these
00:03:12 --> 00:03:15 disruptions in space researchers hope to
00:03:15 --> 00:03:16 devise Better Health protocols that
00:03:16 --> 00:03:18 could benefit everyone Professor
00:03:18 --> 00:03:21 Nicholas Britton of the UCD School of
00:03:21 --> 00:03:23 biology and environmental science
00:03:23 --> 00:03:25 described the discoveries as
00:03:25 --> 00:03:26 highlighting the intricate dialogue
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 between specific gut bacteria and their
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 Mouse hosts
00:03:30 --> 00:03:32 essentially the study lays the
00:03:32 --> 00:03:34 groundwork for future space medicine
00:03:34 --> 00:03:35 while offering insights that could
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 extend to Earthbound Medical Care
00:03:37 --> 00:03:39 looking ahead the knowledge gained from
00:03:40 --> 00:03:41 this research is set to support missions
00:03:41 --> 00:03:44 like NASA's Artemis program which aims
00:03:44 --> 00:03:46 to put humans back on the moon and the
00:03:46 --> 00:03:48 Gateway deep space station as we set our
00:03:48 --> 00:03:50 sights on Mars understanding these
00:03:50 --> 00:03:52 microbial shifts and their physiological
00:03:52 --> 00:03:55 impacts becomes Paramount so what does
00:03:55 --> 00:03:57 this mean for the future imagine
00:03:57 --> 00:03:59 astronauts on a mission to Mars equipped
00:03:59 --> 00:04:00 with person personalized Health
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 protocols based on their unique gut
00:04:02 --> 00:04:04 microbiomes insights from this study
00:04:04 --> 00:04:06 could help develop such tailored
00:04:06 --> 00:04:08 strategies ensuring that the men and
00:04:08 --> 00:04:11 women who undertake these epic Journeys
00:04:11 --> 00:04:14 are as prepared as possible in summary
00:04:14 --> 00:04:16 the research unveils the multi-layered
00:04:16 --> 00:04:17 impacts of space flight on the gut
00:04:17 --> 00:04:20 microbiome providing invaluable
00:04:20 --> 00:04:21 information for future long duration
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 missions it's a remarkable step forward
00:04:24 --> 00:04:26 illustrating how our ever expanding
00:04:26 --> 00:04:28 knowledge of space can Circle back to
00:04:28 --> 00:04:30 benefit life on Earth as well
00:04:30 --> 00:04:32 next up on astronomy daily let's talk
00:04:32 --> 00:04:34 about the Thruster issues faced by the
00:04:34 --> 00:04:37 European Japanese Bey Columbo spacecraft
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 which has led to a delay in its arrival
00:04:39 --> 00:04:41 at Mercury until
00:04:41 --> 00:04:43 2026 this story has a lot of intriguing
00:04:43 --> 00:04:46 engineering and problemsolving elements
00:04:46 --> 00:04:48 that highlight the complexities of space
00:04:48 --> 00:04:51 exploration BP Columbo a joint Mission
00:04:51 --> 00:04:54 between the European Space Agency Esa
00:04:54 --> 00:04:56 and the Japan Aerospace Exploration
00:04:56 --> 00:05:00 Agency jxa launched back in 2018
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 with the ambitious goal of exploring
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 Mercury and unlocking some of its many
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 Mysteries the spacecraft needs to follow
00:05:06 --> 00:05:08 a highly complex and circuitous route to
00:05:08 --> 00:05:11 reach Mercury involving multiple flybys
00:05:11 --> 00:05:13 of Earth Venus and Mercury itself the
00:05:13 --> 00:05:15 plan was for Bey Columbo to use its
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 thrusters for these Maneuvers but
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 earlier this year in April Engineers
00:05:19 --> 00:05:21 encountered a hitch a glitch affected
00:05:21 --> 00:05:23 the spacecraft's thrusters causing them
00:05:23 --> 00:05:25 not to operate at full power this
00:05:25 --> 00:05:27 malfunction was related to unexpected
00:05:27 --> 00:05:29 electric currents between the Mercury
00:05:29 --> 00:05:32 trans module MTM solar array and the
00:05:32 --> 00:05:35 power extraction and distribution unit
00:05:35 --> 00:05:37 essentially the setup designed to manage
00:05:37 --> 00:05:38 and distribute power throughout the
00:05:38 --> 00:05:39 spacecraft wasn't functioning as
00:05:39 --> 00:05:42 intended resulting in inadequate thrust
00:05:42 --> 00:05:45 after months of intensive investigations
00:05:45 --> 00:05:48 es Mission manager Santa Martinez
00:05:48 --> 00:05:51 confirmed the troubling news the mtm's
00:05:51 --> 00:05:53 electric thrusters were irrevocably
00:05:53 --> 00:05:55 compromised and would not meet the
00:05:55 --> 00:05:56 thrust requirements needed for the
00:05:56 --> 00:05:58 planned insertion into Mercury's orbit
00:05:58 --> 00:06:01 in December 2025 however Engineers are
00:06:01 --> 00:06:04 nothing if not resilient despite this
00:06:04 --> 00:06:05 significant setback they quickly got to
00:06:06 --> 00:06:08 work on a solution isa's flight Dynamics
00:06:08 --> 00:06:10 Team came up with a viable workaround to
00:06:10 --> 00:06:12 ensure the mission could still achieve
00:06:12 --> 00:06:14 its primary goals they revised the
00:06:14 --> 00:06:16 spacecraft's trajectory calculating A
00:06:16 --> 00:06:18 New Path that would conserve the
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 remaining thrust while still allowing
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 Bey Columbo to meet its scientific
00:06:22 --> 00:06:24 objectives the ingenious new plan
00:06:24 --> 00:06:26 involves having Bey Columbo fly
00:06:26 --> 00:06:28 approximately 22 mil closer to Mercury
00:06:29 --> 00:06:30 during its th flyby than originally
00:06:30 --> 00:06:33 planned this maneuver reduces the thrust
00:06:33 --> 00:06:35 requirements for subsequent flybys and
00:06:35 --> 00:06:36 sets the spacecraft on a course that
00:06:36 --> 00:06:38 will enable it to arrive at mercury in
00:06:38 --> 00:06:41 November 2026 about a year later than
00:06:41 --> 00:06:43 initially planned despite this delay the
00:06:43 --> 00:06:46 mission remains poised for Success beepy
00:06:46 --> 00:06:47 Columbo is equipped with an impressive
00:06:47 --> 00:06:50 Suite of 16 scientific instruments
00:06:50 --> 00:06:52 distributed across two orbiters
00:06:52 --> 00:06:54 developed separately by Esa and jaxa
00:06:54 --> 00:06:56 once they arrive the two orbiters will
00:06:56 --> 00:06:58 separate and begin their respective
00:06:58 --> 00:07:00 tasks studying Mer's magnetic field
00:07:00 --> 00:07:02 surface and exosphere for at least one
00:07:02 --> 00:07:04 year with a possibility of extending to
00:07:04 --> 00:07:07 a second year project scientist Johannes
00:07:07 --> 00:07:09 benoff emphasized the silver lining the
00:07:10 --> 00:07:11 new trajectory still allows the
00:07:11 --> 00:07:13 spacecraft to gather valuable data
00:07:13 --> 00:07:15 during the flybys which wouldn't be
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 feasible once it's locked into Mercury's
00:07:17 --> 00:07:19 orbit this preliminary science phase
00:07:19 --> 00:07:21 provides crucial preparation time that
00:07:21 --> 00:07:23 will help ensure a smoother transition
00:07:23 --> 00:07:25 into the main mission phase once the
00:07:25 --> 00:07:27 spacecraft arrives at Mercury Bey
00:07:27 --> 00:07:29 Columbo's main science camera remains
00:07:29 --> 00:07:31 remains shielded until the orbiters
00:07:31 --> 00:07:33 separate but during this period the
00:07:33 --> 00:07:35 spacecraft's monitoring cameras will
00:07:35 --> 00:07:36 capture images of Mercury's heavily
00:07:36 --> 00:07:39 cratered surface giving us a tantalizing
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 preview of what's to come now an
00:07:42 --> 00:07:44 intriguing Starliner story recently
00:07:44 --> 00:07:46 astronaut Butch Wilmore aboard the
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 International Space Station reported
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 hearing a strange pulsing noise
00:07:50 --> 00:07:51 emanating from Boeing Starliner
00:07:51 --> 00:07:54 spacecraft docked to the ISS the
00:07:54 --> 00:07:56 Intriguing incident sparked much
00:07:56 --> 00:07:58 curiosity and speculation but NASA has
00:07:58 --> 00:08:01 now provided a clear explanation putting
00:08:01 --> 00:08:03 many Minds at ease according to NASA the
00:08:03 --> 00:08:05 mysterious noise originated from
00:08:05 --> 00:08:07 feedback in the audio configuration
00:08:07 --> 00:08:10 between Starliner and the ISS this was
00:08:10 --> 00:08:12 not entirely unexpected given the
00:08:12 --> 00:08:14 complexity of the Space Station's audio
00:08:14 --> 00:08:16 system which allows multiple spacecraft
00:08:16 --> 00:08:19 and modules to be interconnected NASA
00:08:19 --> 00:08:21 noted that feedback and noise issues are
00:08:21 --> 00:08:23 relatively common under these conditions
00:08:23 --> 00:08:25 and are routinely managed by the crew in
00:08:25 --> 00:08:27 contact with Mission Control during his
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 work inside Starliner on a recent
00:08:29 --> 00:08:29 Saturday
00:08:30 --> 00:08:32 Wilmore first noticed the unusual sound
00:08:32 --> 00:08:34 NASA promptly addressed the concern and
00:08:34 --> 00:08:35 reassured that this noise had no
00:08:35 --> 00:08:38 technical impact on the crew Starliner
00:08:38 --> 00:08:40 or station operations the issue
00:08:40 --> 00:08:42 fortunately did not interfere with
00:08:42 --> 00:08:45 Starliner planned activities including
00:08:45 --> 00:08:47 its uncrewed undocking scheduled for no
00:08:47 --> 00:08:50 earlier than Friday September 6th moving
00:08:50 --> 00:08:52 on let's take a look at a big bang a
00:08:52 --> 00:08:54 really big bang it's hard to imagine the
00:08:54 --> 00:08:56 tremendous force that reshaped a moon as
00:08:56 --> 00:08:59 vast as ganam but an asteroid impact
00:08:59 --> 00:09:01 around around 4 billion years ago did
00:09:01 --> 00:09:03 just that ganam the largest moon in our
00:09:03 --> 00:09:05 solar system even out sizing the planet
00:09:05 --> 00:09:08 Mercury bore the brunt of an asteroid
00:09:08 --> 00:09:10 impact so colossal it reshaped not just
00:09:10 --> 00:09:12 its surface but potentially its very
00:09:12 --> 00:09:15 rotation as well research led by a
00:09:15 --> 00:09:17 planetologist from Kobe university has
00:09:17 --> 00:09:19 illuminated this ancient transformative
00:09:19 --> 00:09:22 event by analyzing the furrows on ganam
00:09:22 --> 00:09:24 Surface which form concentric circles
00:09:24 --> 00:09:26 around a specific region scientists have
00:09:26 --> 00:09:28 traced these geological features back to
00:09:28 --> 00:09:31 a massive impact these furrows might
00:09:31 --> 00:09:33 look like Curious surface patterns but
00:09:33 --> 00:09:35 they tell the story of an event that was
00:09:35 --> 00:09:38 20 times more powerful than the asteroid
00:09:38 --> 00:09:39 that led to the extinction of the
00:09:39 --> 00:09:42 dinosaurs on Earth ganam surface is
00:09:42 --> 00:09:45 unique in its own right not only is this
00:09:45 --> 00:09:46 Moon tidally locked to Jupiter much like
00:09:46 --> 00:09:48 our own moon is to Earth but it also
00:09:48 --> 00:09:51 boasts subsurface oceans beneath its icy
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 exterior this intriguing mix of traits
00:09:53 --> 00:09:55 makes it a prime candidate for studying
00:09:55 --> 00:09:58 the effects of such a titanized impact
00:09:58 --> 00:10:00 the location of the impact was almost
00:10:00 --> 00:10:02 precisely on the Meridian farthest away
00:10:02 --> 00:10:04 from Jupiter this detail implied a
00:10:04 --> 00:10:06 significant reorientation event that
00:10:06 --> 00:10:07 mirrors what we've observed from the New
00:10:07 --> 00:10:10 Horizon's mission on Pluto both
00:10:10 --> 00:10:12 celestial bodies showcased the traces of
00:10:12 --> 00:10:13 ancient impacts that were powerful
00:10:13 --> 00:10:16 enough to tilt their axes and reshuffle
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 their geologies the Crux of the study
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 lies in the computations that simulated
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 this Monumental Collision according to
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 the findings the asteroid in question
00:10:24 --> 00:10:27 likely had a diameter of around 300 km
00:10:27 --> 00:10:28 to put this in perspective that's
00:10:28 --> 00:10:30 roughly the distance from Washington DC
00:10:30 --> 00:10:33 to New York City such a massive object
00:10:33 --> 00:10:35 striking gamed would have generated a
00:10:35 --> 00:10:37 transient crater between
00:10:37 --> 00:10:41 1 and 1 km in
00:10:41 --> 00:10:43 diameter if you're wondering what a
00:10:43 --> 00:10:45 transient crater is think of it as the
00:10:45 --> 00:10:48 immediate initial cavity formed right
00:10:48 --> 00:10:50 after the Collision before any material
00:10:50 --> 00:10:52 starts filling it back in or before
00:10:52 --> 00:10:54 geological processes begin to alter its
00:10:54 --> 00:10:57 shape it's essentially the raw footprint
00:10:57 --> 00:10:59 of the impact and provides crucial data
00:10:59 --> 00:11:02 for simulations research leader na Yuki
00:11:02 --> 00:11:05 harata from Kobe University took things
00:11:05 --> 00:11:07 a step further by examining the impact
00:11:07 --> 00:11:09 on ganim's internal structure and
00:11:09 --> 00:11:11 rotation his simulations revealed that
00:11:11 --> 00:11:13 only an impact of the calculated
00:11:13 --> 00:11:15 magnitude could have caused such a
00:11:15 --> 00:11:16 considerable shift in the moon's
00:11:16 --> 00:11:18 rotational axis this means that the
00:11:18 --> 00:11:21 asteroid didn't just Scar the surface it
00:11:21 --> 00:11:22 also jumbled the internal Mass
00:11:22 --> 00:11:25 distribution to a degree that altered
00:11:25 --> 00:11:27 ganim's orientation permanently these
00:11:27 --> 00:11:31 insights are invaluable as Hirata notes
00:11:31 --> 00:11:32 understanding such early significant
00:11:32 --> 00:11:35 events provides broader comprehension
00:11:35 --> 00:11:38 not only of ganim's past but potentially
00:11:38 --> 00:11:40 of the early solar systems Dynamics
00:11:40 --> 00:11:43 furthermore ganim's ongoing Intrigue
00:11:43 --> 00:11:45 lies in its subsurface oceans areas that
00:11:45 --> 00:11:47 future missions like the European space
00:11:47 --> 00:11:50 agency's juice probe aim to explore
00:11:50 --> 00:11:53 juice set to arrive at ganam in 2034
00:11:53 --> 00:11:56 will orbit the Moon for 6 months
00:11:56 --> 00:11:57 Gathering data that could answer many of
00:11:58 --> 00:11:59 the questions raised by by this
00:11:59 --> 00:12:02 impactful discovery the importance of
00:12:02 --> 00:12:04 future missions cannot be overstated
00:12:04 --> 00:12:07 with advanced technology and instruments
00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 these missions could verify herat's
00:12:09 --> 00:12:12 simulations and perhaps uncover more
00:12:12 --> 00:12:14 about ganim's mysterious oceans and
00:12:14 --> 00:12:17 geological history these discoveries
00:12:17 --> 00:12:18 don't just add to our knowledge of one
00:12:18 --> 00:12:20 Moon they help us piece together the
00:12:20 --> 00:12:22 grand puzzle of our solar systems
00:12:22 --> 00:12:24 formation and evolution in summary the
00:12:24 --> 00:12:26 ancient cataclysmic event on ganam is a
00:12:26 --> 00:12:29 Cornerstone in planetary science it
00:12:29 --> 00:12:30 underscores the interconnectedness of
00:12:31 --> 00:12:33 celestial mechanics surface geology and
00:12:33 --> 00:12:36 internal planetary structures and
00:12:36 --> 00:12:38 reaffirms why missions to icy moons and
00:12:38 --> 00:12:40 distant planets are vital for unraveling
00:12:40 --> 00:12:43 the complexities of
00:12:43 --> 00:12:45 space thank you for tuning in to
00:12:45 --> 00:12:48 astronomy daily I'm Anna and it's been a
00:12:48 --> 00:12:49 pleasure bringing you the latest in
00:12:50 --> 00:12:52 space news don't forget to visit our
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