Source:
https://www.spreaker.com/episode/s03e167-new-sun-discovery-orion-s-progress-and-falcon-fleet-grounded--62162961
Astronomy AstroDailyPod - The Podcast: S03E167
Welcome to Astronomy AstroDailyPod, your source for the latest Space and Astronomy news. I'm your host, Steve Dunkley, and we've got a fascinating episode for you today. Let's dive into some of the most intriguing stories from the cosmos.
Highlights:
- Upcoming Annular Solar Eclipse: On October 2, an annular solar eclipse will sweep across the southern hemisphere, including iconic destinations like Rapa Nui (Easter Island), southern Chile, and southern Argentina. Learn about the "ring of fire" effect and where you can best view this celestial event.
- Earth's Temporary Mini Moon: A small asteroid, about the size of a school bus, will become a temporary mini moon for Earth, orbiting our planet for about two months. This rare event offers a unique opportunity for astronomers to study near-Earth objects.
- Hera Mission Returns: An all-volunteer crew on a simulated trip to Mars has returned to Earth after 45 days in isolation at NASA's Johnson Space Centre. Discover how their mission contributes to our understanding of human behaviour and performance in confined, remote environments.
- SpaceX Falcon Fleet Grounded: SpaceX has grounded its Falcon rocket fleet following a second stage problem during a recent launch. This suspension could impact upcoming missions, including NASA's Europa Clipper and ESA's Hera mission.
- Planet Formation Study: New research reveals that planets larger than Earth struggle to form around stars with low metallicity. This study provides insights into the conditions necessary for planet formation and has implications for the search for extraterrestrial life.
Short Takes:
- An all-volunteer crew on a simulated Mars mission returned to Earth, providing valuable insights for future Space exploration.
- SpaceX's Falcon rocket fleet is grounded due to a second stage problem, impacting upcoming missions.
- A new study explores why planets larger than Earth struggle to form around low metallicity stars.
For more Space news, be sure to visit our website at https://www.astronomydaily.io. There you can sign up for our free AstroDailyPod newsletter, catch up on all the latest Space and Astronomy news with our constantly updating newsfeed, and listen to all our back episodes.
Don't forget to follow us on social media. Just search for #AstroDailyPod on facebook, X, YouTubeMusic, and TikTok.
Thank you for tuning in. This is Steve signing off. Until next time, keep looking up and stay curious about the wonders of our universe.
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00:00:00 --> 00:00:01 welcome to astronomy daily once again
00:00:01 --> 00:00:04 it's the 30th of September
00:00:04 --> 00:00:09 2024 Asom daily the podcast with your
00:00:09 --> 00:00:11 host Steve
00:00:11 --> 00:00:14 dun yes Steve with you again all the way
00:00:14 --> 00:00:16 from Down Under And we have a nice
00:00:16 --> 00:00:18 collection of tales from the astronomy
00:00:18 --> 00:00:20 daily newsletter details on how to
00:00:20 --> 00:00:22 receive that in your email are coming up
00:00:22 --> 00:00:25 later in the episode AR they H we always
00:00:25 --> 00:00:28 say it every episode well that we do
00:00:28 --> 00:00:29 today's newsletter has some interesting
00:00:30 --> 00:00:31 stories including the discovery of a new
00:00:31 --> 00:00:33 sun in our night sky well that sure
00:00:33 --> 00:00:35 doesn't happen every day a new Sun a
00:00:35 --> 00:00:38 Nova you can read all about it ah hi yes
00:00:38 --> 00:00:40 and there's another one about the
00:00:40 --> 00:00:43 progress of the Orion spacecraft ready
00:00:43 --> 00:00:45 for the Artemus 3 mission and more from
00:00:46 --> 00:00:48 the James web telescope which has a
00:00:48 --> 00:00:50 report on early star formation all in
00:00:51 --> 00:00:52 the actual astronomy daily newsletter
00:00:53 --> 00:00:54 but what have we chosen for our
00:00:54 --> 00:00:56 presentation today my favorite human
00:00:56 --> 00:00:58 well hi I'm glad you asked because I
00:00:58 --> 00:01:00 found a story about the speed of the
00:01:00 --> 00:01:02 oncoming annual solar eclipse yes the
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 speed which will sweep across the
00:01:05 --> 00:01:07 southern hemisphere on October 2 and
00:01:07 --> 00:01:09 also a story that has everyone talking
00:01:09 --> 00:01:12 the Little Rock that will become Earth's
00:01:12 --> 00:01:15 temporary Moon just for a little while
00:01:15 --> 00:01:17 that sounds weird well it is a bit weird
00:01:17 --> 00:01:19 but that's why it's interesting a bit
00:01:19 --> 00:01:22 like you say what weird and interesting
00:01:22 --> 00:01:25 okay that's uh good I think I'm still
00:01:25 --> 00:01:27 trying to work out which bits are weird
00:01:27 --> 00:01:29 and which bits are interesting oh well
00:01:29 --> 00:01:31 I'd like to think mostly interesting
00:01:31 --> 00:01:33 being weird can be good unless you're in
00:01:33 --> 00:01:36 like a really important role like mine
00:01:36 --> 00:01:39 sure hie like yours you can be as weird
00:01:39 --> 00:01:42 as you like I think I'll be not weird at
00:01:42 --> 00:01:44 all but completely interesting well you
00:01:44 --> 00:01:46 go right ahead and do that hie I don't
00:01:46 --> 00:01:47 think you'll get any complaints from
00:01:47 --> 00:01:50 around here I will so what's in your
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 story file today hie oh you might recall
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 the Hera Mission which is a simulated
00:01:54 --> 00:01:56 Mission to Mars yes I wondered what
00:01:56 --> 00:01:57 happened to that simulated Mission did
00:01:58 --> 00:02:00 they get simulated lost in simulated
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 space again with the weird stuff no they
00:02:02 --> 00:02:05 did not more on that later okie dokie
00:02:05 --> 00:02:07 and did you hear SpaceX has grounded its
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 Falcon Fleet because of an engine mishap
00:02:09 --> 00:02:11 yes I want to hear all about that one uh
00:02:11 --> 00:02:14 SpaceX news is always interesting news
00:02:15 --> 00:02:17 and not at all weird no not at all but
00:02:17 --> 00:02:20 this one is a little weird okay hit me a
00:02:20 --> 00:02:21 new study explores why planets larger
00:02:21 --> 00:02:23 than Earth struggle to form in certain
00:02:23 --> 00:02:27 locations like low metallicity Stars H
00:02:27 --> 00:02:30 yeah that one is a bit weird I thought
00:02:30 --> 00:02:31 you'd like it and so while you're being
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 so weirdist yourself and so interesting
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 would you also be so kind the short
00:02:36 --> 00:02:39 takes if you please Madam my pleasure Mr
00:02:39 --> 00:02:46 weirdo
00:02:46 --> 00:02:49 H an all volunteer crew on a simulated
00:02:49 --> 00:02:51 trip to Mars returned to Earth on
00:02:51 --> 00:02:54 September 23rd 2024 after being isolated
00:02:54 --> 00:02:56 in a tiny habitat at Johnson Space
00:02:56 --> 00:02:59 Center in Houston their work is
00:02:59 --> 00:03:00 contributing to to the science that will
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 Propel Humanity to the moon and
00:03:02 --> 00:03:05 eventually Mars the Hera missions
00:03:05 --> 00:03:07 provide valuable scientific insights
00:03:07 --> 00:03:08 into how humans May respond to the
00:03:08 --> 00:03:10 confinement demanding work life
00:03:10 --> 00:03:12 conditions and remote environments that
00:03:12 --> 00:03:14 astronauts May encounter on deep space
00:03:14 --> 00:03:17 missions these insights help NASA
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 prepare for Humanity's next giant leap
00:03:19 --> 00:03:22 to the moon and Mars campaign 7 Mission
00:03:22 --> 00:03:24 3 started when Hera operations lead Ted
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 bobic rang the bell outside the habitat
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 10 times a ceremonial sendoff wishing
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 the crew a safe and successful simulated
00:03:30 --> 00:03:33 Mission to Mars Seven Rings honored the
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 campaign and three more signaled the
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 mission continuing a long-standing
00:03:37 --> 00:03:40 tradition at Ingress Anderson a
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 structural engineer at NASA's Langley
00:03:42 --> 00:03:44 Research Center in Virginia told hara's
00:03:44 --> 00:03:46 Mission Control we're going to take good
00:03:46 --> 00:03:47 care of this ship of yours on our
00:03:47 --> 00:03:49 journey the Hera crew members
00:03:49 --> 00:03:51 participated in 18 human health and
00:03:51 --> 00:03:53 performance studies seven of which were
00:03:53 --> 00:03:55 led by scientists from outside the
00:03:55 --> 00:03:57 United States these International
00:03:58 --> 00:03:59 Studies are in collaboration with the
00:03:59 --> 00:04:01 United Arab Emirates Muhammad bin Rashid
00:04:01 --> 00:04:03 Space Center and the European Space
00:04:03 --> 00:04:04 Agency
00:04:04 --> 00:04:07 Esa throughout the simulation the crew
00:04:07 --> 00:04:10 performed a variety of tasks they
00:04:10 --> 00:04:12 harvested plants from a hydroponic
00:04:12 --> 00:04:14 garden grew shrimp deployed a small cube
00:04:14 --> 00:04:16 satellite to simulate data Gathering
00:04:16 --> 00:04:18 conducted a virtual reality walk on the
00:04:18 --> 00:04:20 surface of Mars and flew simulated
00:04:20 --> 00:04:23 drones on the Martian terrain these
00:04:23 --> 00:04:24 activities are designed to immerse the
00:04:24 --> 00:04:27 crew in the task focused mindset of
00:04:27 --> 00:04:29 astronauts NASA scientists then monitor
00:04:29 --> 00:04:32 heral crew to assess how routine tasks
00:04:32 --> 00:04:34 along with isolation and confinement
00:04:34 --> 00:04:35 impact behavior and
00:04:35 --> 00:04:38 performance as their mission progressed
00:04:38 --> 00:04:39 the team experienced longer
00:04:39 --> 00:04:41 communication delays with Mission
00:04:41 --> 00:04:43 Control eventually reaching 5-minute
00:04:43 --> 00:04:45 lags this simulates the challenges
00:04:45 --> 00:04:47 astronauts might face on Mars where
00:04:48 --> 00:04:50 delays could be up to 20 minutes
00:04:50 --> 00:04:52 scientists studying Hera crew are
00:04:52 --> 00:04:54 interested to see how this particular
00:04:54 --> 00:04:55 group builds independent autonomous
00:04:56 --> 00:04:58 workflows despite this communication
00:04:58 --> 00:05:00 delay as the the mission neared its end
00:05:00 --> 00:05:03 mandas and Anderson participated in a
00:05:03 --> 00:05:05 ground link a live session connecting
00:05:05 --> 00:05:06 them with middle school students in a
00:05:06 --> 00:05:08 classroom in Coconut Grove Florida and
00:05:08 --> 00:05:12 in OA Kansas ground links provide a
00:05:12 --> 00:05:13 unique opportunity for students to
00:05:13 --> 00:05:15 engage directly with crew members and
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 learn about the realities of long-
00:05:17 --> 00:05:18 duration
00:05:18 --> 00:05:20 missions the students asked the crew
00:05:20 --> 00:05:22 about life inside the habitat the
00:05:22 --> 00:05:24 challenges of isolation and what it
00:05:24 --> 00:05:26 might be like to live on Mars they were
00:05:26 --> 00:05:28 also curious about the crew's favorite
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 foods and activities
00:05:30 --> 00:05:32 mandas shared her love for cheddar
00:05:32 --> 00:05:34 crisps and freeze-dried pad tie and
00:05:34 --> 00:05:35 proudly showed off favorite sports teams
00:05:36 --> 00:05:37 from her home state of Kansas much to
00:05:37 --> 00:05:40 the cheers of the crowd Anderson
00:05:40 --> 00:05:41 displayed the massive collection of
00:05:41 --> 00:05:43 comics and fantasy books that she read
00:05:44 --> 00:05:46 inside the habitat in the late afternoon
00:05:46 --> 00:05:49 of September 23rd 2024 the crew
00:05:49 --> 00:05:51 aggressed from Hera marking the end of
00:05:51 --> 00:05:54 their 45-day simulated Mission to Mars
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 after stepping out of the habitat the
00:05:56 --> 00:05:58 crew expressed gratitude for the
00:05:58 --> 00:05:59 opportunity and reflected on on the
00:05:59 --> 00:06:00 mission's
00:06:00 --> 00:06:03 significance following our safe passage
00:06:03 --> 00:06:05 to Mars and our safe return to Earth as
00:06:05 --> 00:06:07 the crew of campaign 7 Mission 3 we
00:06:07 --> 00:06:09 hereby officially transfer this
00:06:09 --> 00:06:10 exploration vessel to the flight
00:06:10 --> 00:06:13 analoges operations team said Kent we
00:06:13 --> 00:06:15 hope this vessel continues to serve as a
00:06:15 --> 00:06:21 safe home for future Hera
00:06:21 --> 00:06:23 Crews spacex's Falcon rocket fleet was
00:06:23 --> 00:06:25 grounded for the third time in 3 months
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 after a second stage problem occurred
00:06:27 --> 00:06:29 Saturday following the successful launch
00:06:29 --> 00:06:31 of a Dragon capsule carrying two crew to
00:06:31 --> 00:06:34 the International Space Station the
00:06:34 --> 00:06:35 suspension in flights comes as the
00:06:35 --> 00:06:37 company prepares to launch two solar
00:06:37 --> 00:06:39 system exploration missions in October
00:06:39 --> 00:06:40 with narrow launch
00:06:40 --> 00:06:43 Windows SpaceX said the Falcon 9 second
00:06:43 --> 00:06:45 stage that launched NASA's crew 9
00:06:45 --> 00:06:46 Mission failed to correctly perform a
00:06:47 --> 00:06:48 firing of its Merlin vacuum engine less
00:06:48 --> 00:06:50 than 30 minutes after releasing Dragon
00:06:50 --> 00:06:53 Freedom into a planned orbit the engine
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 firing is designed to prevent the rocket
00:06:55 --> 00:06:57 body from becoming space debris by
00:06:57 --> 00:06:58 driving the stage into the atmosphere
00:06:58 --> 00:07:01 for a destructive re-entry any debris
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 was supposed to fall harmlessly into the
00:07:03 --> 00:07:05 ocean in an area previously identified
00:07:05 --> 00:07:07 in warnings to Mariners and
00:07:07 --> 00:07:10 aviators Falcon 99's second stage was
00:07:10 --> 00:07:11 disposed in the ocean as planned but
00:07:11 --> 00:07:14 experienced an off-nominal deorbit burn
00:07:14 --> 00:07:16 SpaceX said in a social media post
00:07:16 --> 00:07:18 shortly after midnight eastern daylight
00:07:18 --> 00:07:21 time on Sunday as a result the second
00:07:21 --> 00:07:23 stage safely landed in the ocean but
00:07:23 --> 00:07:26 outside of the targeted area the mishap
00:07:26 --> 00:07:27 is likely to prompt an investigation
00:07:28 --> 00:07:30 from the Federal Aviation administ rtion
00:07:30 --> 00:07:32 which oversees the company's launch
00:07:32 --> 00:07:34 licenses SpaceX is currently in dispute
00:07:34 --> 00:07:36 with the FAA over fines related to
00:07:36 --> 00:07:38 Falcon 9 activities at Kennedy Space
00:07:38 --> 00:07:39 Center in delays and gaining
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 authorization for the fifth test flight
00:07:41 --> 00:07:43 of its Starship vehicle from Star Base
00:07:43 --> 00:07:46 in Texas space flight now reached out to
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 the FAA for comment but has not yet
00:07:48 --> 00:07:49 received a response with the faa's
00:07:50 --> 00:07:52 offices closed for the weekend debris
00:07:52 --> 00:07:54 from the rocket stage should have fallen
00:07:54 --> 00:07:55 in a stretch of the Pacific Ocean that
00:07:55 --> 00:07:57 started east of New Zealand but probably
00:07:57 --> 00:08:00 ended up falling further down range but
00:08:00 --> 00:08:01 still south of the Equator according to
00:08:01 --> 00:08:04 Jonathan McDow an astrophysicist and
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 tracker of space launches and
00:08:06 --> 00:08:08 satellites the most likely failure mode
00:08:08 --> 00:08:10 that still results in re-entry is a
00:08:10 --> 00:08:12 slight under bur he said in a post on X
00:08:12 --> 00:08:15 formerly known as Twitter so you expect
00:08:15 --> 00:08:17 the entry to be further along but not by
00:08:17 --> 00:08:20 too much McDow told space flight now he
00:08:21 --> 00:08:22 estimates the deorbit burn should have
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 occurred around 15 155 p.m. eastern
00:08:24 --> 00:08:26 Daylight time as the craft passed over
00:08:26 --> 00:08:29 Yemen if everything had gone to plan
00:08:29 --> 00:08:31 Reen would have happened about 35
00:08:31 --> 00:08:33 minutes later SpaceX was scheduled to
00:08:34 --> 00:08:35 launch 20 satellites for one web from
00:08:35 --> 00:08:37 its West Coast launch pad at Vandenberg
00:08:37 --> 00:08:39 space Force Base late Sunday night local
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 time but that mission was put on hold
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 along with a starlink delivery Mission
00:08:43 --> 00:08:45 from Cape Canaveral originally planned
00:08:45 --> 00:08:45 for
00:08:45 --> 00:08:48 Wednesday we will resume launching after
00:08:48 --> 00:08:49 we better understand the root cause of
00:08:50 --> 00:08:53 the problem SpaceX said in its statement
00:08:53 --> 00:08:54 this will be the third grounding of the
00:08:54 --> 00:08:57 Falcon 9 Fleet in 3 months an upper
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 stage problem resulted in the loss of 20
00:09:00 --> 00:09:03 starlink satellites on July 11th flights
00:09:03 --> 00:09:05 resumed 15 days later after the company
00:09:05 --> 00:09:07 determined the cause of a liquid oxygen
00:09:07 --> 00:09:09 leak and came up with a quick fix a
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 shorter suspension of just 3 days came
00:09:11 --> 00:09:14 when a falcon 9 first stage made a crash
00:09:14 --> 00:09:15 landing on the deck of spacex's drone
00:09:15 --> 00:09:17 ship after an otherwise successful
00:09:17 --> 00:09:20 launch on August 28th the company has
00:09:20 --> 00:09:23 not disclosed the cause of that mishap
00:09:23 --> 00:09:24 the grounding of the Falcon Fleet will
00:09:24 --> 00:09:26 be of particular concern to NASA and the
00:09:27 --> 00:09:28 European Space Agency which had launches
00:09:28 --> 00:09:30 of solar system exploration missions
00:09:30 --> 00:09:32 planned within days of each other in
00:09:32 --> 00:09:35 early October on October 7th a falcon 9
00:09:35 --> 00:09:37 is scheduled to launch from Cape
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 Canaveral with esa's Hera mission to
00:09:39 --> 00:09:41 study the dios binary asteroid system
00:09:41 --> 00:09:43 that was impacted by the dart mission in
00:09:43 --> 00:09:44 September
00:09:44 --> 00:09:47 2022 its launch window runs until
00:09:47 --> 00:09:48 October
00:09:48 --> 00:09:51 27th then on October 10th a falcon heavy
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 which uses the same second stage as the
00:09:53 --> 00:09:55 falcan 9 is due to launch NASA's Europa
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 Clipper on a mission to explore one of
00:09:57 --> 00:09:59 Jupiter's most intriguing moons
00:09:59 --> 00:10:01 the Falcon heavy will need all its
00:10:01 --> 00:10:03 performance for the $5 billion Mission
00:10:03 --> 00:10:05 and two Burns of the Rocket's second
00:10:05 --> 00:10:07 stage will be required the spacecraft
00:10:07 --> 00:10:09 will be released from the rocket at a
00:10:09 --> 00:10:12 velocity of approximately 25 mph
00:10:12 --> 00:10:15 40 kmph the fastest speed ever
00:10:15 --> 00:10:18 achieved by a falcon upper stage the
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 launch window for Europa Clipper closes
00:10:20 --> 00:10:24 on October
00:10:24 --> 00:10:26 30th a recent study by astronomers
00:10:26 --> 00:10:28 presents new evidence on the boundaries
00:10:28 --> 00:10:30 of Planet formation revealing that
00:10:30 --> 00:10:31 planets larger than Earth struggle to
00:10:32 --> 00:10:33 form around stars with low metallicity
00:10:34 --> 00:10:35 Beyond a certain
00:10:35 --> 00:10:37 threshold using the Sun as a baseline
00:10:37 --> 00:10:39 astronomers can measure when a star
00:10:39 --> 00:10:41 formed by determining its metallicity or
00:10:41 --> 00:10:43 the level of heavy elements present
00:10:43 --> 00:10:46 within it metal Rich stars or nebulas
00:10:46 --> 00:10:48 formed relatively recently while metal
00:10:48 --> 00:10:49 poor objects were likely present during
00:10:49 --> 00:10:50 the early
00:10:50 --> 00:10:53 Universe previous studies found a weak
00:10:53 --> 00:10:54 connection between metallicity rates and
00:10:55 --> 00:10:57 Planet formation noting that as a star's
00:10:57 --> 00:11:00 metallicity goes down so to does Planet
00:11:00 --> 00:11:02 formation for certain Planet populations
00:11:02 --> 00:11:04 like Subs Saturns or sub
00:11:04 --> 00:11:06 Neptunes yet this work is the first to
00:11:06 --> 00:11:08 observe that under current theories the
00:11:08 --> 00:11:10 formation of super Earths near metal
00:11:10 --> 00:11:12 poor Stars becomes significantly more
00:11:12 --> 00:11:14 difficult suggesting a strict cuto off
00:11:14 --> 00:11:15 for the conditions needed for one to
00:11:15 --> 00:11:18 form said lead author Kiren boy who
00:11:18 --> 00:11:20 recently received a PhD in astronomy at
00:11:20 --> 00:11:21 the Ohio State
00:11:21 --> 00:11:24 University when stars cycle through life
00:11:24 --> 00:11:26 they enrich the surrounding space until
00:11:26 --> 00:11:27 you have enough metals or iron to form
00:11:27 --> 00:11:30 planets said byy
00:11:30 --> 00:11:31 but even for stars with lower
00:11:31 --> 00:11:33 metallicities it was widely thought that
00:11:33 --> 00:11:35 the number of planets it could form
00:11:35 --> 00:11:37 would never reach zero other studies
00:11:37 --> 00:11:39 posited that planet formation in the
00:11:39 --> 00:11:41 Milky Way should begin when stars fall
00:11:41 --> 00:11:45 between -2.5 to 0.5 metallicity but
00:11:45 --> 00:11:47 until now that theory was left and
00:11:47 --> 00:11:50 proven to test this prediction the team
00:11:50 --> 00:11:51 developed and then searched a catalog of
00:11:51 --> 00:11:53 10 of the most metal poor Stars
00:11:53 --> 00:11:56 observed by NASA's transiting exoplanet
00:11:56 --> 00:11:58 survey satellite Mission if correct
00:11:58 --> 00:12:00 extra extrapolating known Trends to
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 search for small short period planets
00:12:02 --> 00:12:04 around one region of 85 metal poor
00:12:04 --> 00:12:06 Stars would have led them to discover
00:12:06 --> 00:12:09 about 68 super Earths surprisingly
00:12:09 --> 00:12:11 researchers in this work detected none
00:12:11 --> 00:12:14 said byy we essentially found a cliff
00:12:14 --> 00:12:16 where we expected to see a slow or a
00:12:16 --> 00:12:19 gradual slope that keeps going she said
00:12:19 --> 00:12:21 the expected occurrence rates do not
00:12:21 --> 00:12:24 match up at all this Cliff which
00:12:24 --> 00:12:25 provides scientists with a time frame
00:12:25 --> 00:12:27 during which metallicity was too low for
00:12:27 --> 00:12:29 planets to form extends to about half
00:12:29 --> 00:12:31 the age of the universe meaning that
00:12:31 --> 00:12:33 super Earths did not form early in its
00:12:33 --> 00:12:36 history 7 billion years ago is probably
00:12:36 --> 00:12:37 the sweet spot where we begin to see a
00:12:37 --> 00:12:39 decent bit of super Earth formation
00:12:39 --> 00:12:42 bully said moreover as the majority of
00:12:42 --> 00:12:44 stars formed before that era have low
00:12:44 --> 00:12:46 metallicities and would have needed to
00:12:46 --> 00:12:47 wait until the Milky Way had been
00:12:47 --> 00:12:49 enriched by generations of dying stars
00:12:49 --> 00:12:51 to create the right conditions for
00:12:51 --> 00:12:52 Planet formation the results
00:12:52 --> 00:12:54 successfully propose an upper limit on
00:12:54 --> 00:12:56 the number and distribution of small
00:12:56 --> 00:12:59 planets in our galaxy in a similar
00:12:59 --> 00:13:01 Stellar type as our sample we now know
00:13:01 --> 00:13:03 not to expect Planet formation to be
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 abundant once you pass a Nega 0.5
00:13:05 --> 00:13:08 metallicity region said B that's kind of
00:13:08 --> 00:13:10 striking because we actually have data
00:13:10 --> 00:13:13 to show that now what's also striking is
00:13:13 --> 00:13:15 the study implications for those
00:13:15 --> 00:13:16 searching for life beyond Earth as
00:13:16 --> 00:13:18 having a more precise grasp on the
00:13:18 --> 00:13:20 intricacies of Planet formation can
00:13:20 --> 00:13:21 supply scientists with detailed
00:13:21 --> 00:13:23 knowledge about where in the universe
00:13:23 --> 00:13:25 life might have flourished you don't
00:13:25 --> 00:13:27 want to search areas where life wouldn't
00:13:27 --> 00:13:28 be conducive or in areas where you don't
00:13:28 --> 00:13:30 even think you're going to find a Planet
00:13:30 --> 00:13:33 buly said there's just a plethora of
00:13:33 --> 00:13:35 questions that you can ask if you know
00:13:35 --> 00:13:37 these things such inquiries could
00:13:37 --> 00:13:39 include determining if these exoplanets
00:13:39 --> 00:13:41 hold water the size of their core and if
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 they've developed a strong magnetic
00:13:43 --> 00:13:45 field all conditions conducive for
00:13:45 --> 00:13:48 generating life fortunately future
00:13:48 --> 00:13:49 observations could be attained with the
00:13:49 --> 00:13:51 help of upcoming projects like NASA's
00:13:51 --> 00:13:53 Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope and
00:13:53 --> 00:13:56 the European space agency's PL Mission
00:13:56 --> 00:13:57 both of which will widen the search for
00:13:57 --> 00:13:59 terrestrial planets in habitables zones
00:13:59 --> 00:14:01 like our own those instruments will be
00:14:01 --> 00:14:03 really vital in terms of figuring out
00:14:03 --> 00:14:05 how many planets are out there and
00:14:05 --> 00:14:06 getting as many follow-up observations
00:14:06 --> 00:14:09 as we can said
00:14:09 --> 00:14:12 byy you're listening to astronomy daily
00:14:12 --> 00:14:16 the podcast with your host Steve
00:14:16 --> 00:14:25 [Music]
00:14:25 --> 00:14:27 dley thank you for joining us for this
00:14:27 --> 00:14:29 Monday edition of astronomy daily where
00:14:29 --> 00:14:31 we offer just a few stories from the now
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00:15:09 --> 00:15:19 space space science and
00:15:19 --> 00:15:22 astronomy now after the Great Northern
00:15:22 --> 00:15:25 Eclipse comes along the ring of fire
00:15:25 --> 00:15:27 annular solar eclipse that can be seen
00:15:27 --> 00:15:30 in some iconic destinations what is a
00:15:30 --> 00:15:33 ring of fire or annular Eclipse well the
00:15:33 --> 00:15:35 Moon looks like it's taking a bigger and
00:15:35 --> 00:15:36 bigger bite out of the sun until it
00:15:36 --> 00:15:39 covers it but not completely leaving a
00:15:39 --> 00:15:42 ring of orange around it a ring of fire
00:15:42 --> 00:15:45 can be seen in the Pacific Ocean or from
00:15:45 --> 00:15:46 the Pacific Ocean in South America
00:15:46 --> 00:15:49 similar to the one witnessed in the US
00:15:49 --> 00:15:53 Southwest on October 14 2023 but on
00:15:53 --> 00:15:56 October 2nd this year an annual solar
00:15:56 --> 00:15:58 eclipse will pass over parts of the
00:15:58 --> 00:16:00 Pacific Ocean southern Chile and
00:16:00 --> 00:16:03 Southern Argentina during this annular
00:16:03 --> 00:16:05 solar eclipse at the point of greatest
00:16:05 --> 00:16:07 eclipse in the Pacific the moon will
00:16:07 --> 00:16:11 obscure 93% of the sun's Center creating
00:16:11 --> 00:16:13 a ring of fire effect visible for 7
00:16:13 --> 00:16:16 minutes and 25 seconds and as I've
00:16:16 --> 00:16:19 reported on previous eclipses during an
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 annular solar eclipse it is never safe
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 to look directly at the sun without
00:16:23 --> 00:16:26 solar eclipse glasses specially designed
00:16:26 --> 00:16:29 for solar viewing ordinary sunglasses
00:16:29 --> 00:16:32 will not protect you colored film or
00:16:32 --> 00:16:35 glass are likewise only prescribed
00:16:35 --> 00:16:38 viewing eyewear will suffice so here's
00:16:38 --> 00:16:40 everything you need to know about the
00:16:40 --> 00:16:44 annul solar eclipse on October 2 2024 in
00:16:44 --> 00:16:47 Chile and Argentina the October 2
00:16:47 --> 00:16:49 Eclipse will be very similar to the
00:16:49 --> 00:16:52 annular solar eclipse in October
00:16:52 --> 00:16:55 2023 which was visible across the US
00:16:55 --> 00:16:57 Southwest Central America and South
00:16:57 --> 00:17:00 America all solar eclipses occur when a
00:17:00 --> 00:17:02 new moon is positioned precisely between
00:17:02 --> 00:17:04 the Earth and the Sun and casts its
00:17:04 --> 00:17:07 shadow on the earth however unlike a
00:17:07 --> 00:17:10 total solar eclipse an annular solar
00:17:10 --> 00:17:12 eclipse occurs when the moon is slightly
00:17:12 --> 00:17:15 further from the earth so even when the
00:17:15 --> 00:17:18 discs align from our perspective the
00:17:18 --> 00:17:20 moon's Shadow doesn't completely block
00:17:20 --> 00:17:22 out the Sun's light instead a ring of
00:17:22 --> 00:17:25 sunlight is visible around the moon this
00:17:25 --> 00:17:30 Eclipse will have a magnitude of 0. 9326
00:17:30 --> 00:17:33 according to Eclipse wise.com that means
00:17:33 --> 00:17:35 about 93% of the sun will be blocked out
00:17:35 --> 00:17:38 by the moon during the eclipse resulting
00:17:38 --> 00:17:41 in an annulus which is Latin for ring
00:17:41 --> 00:17:43 and according to Moon link the moon will
00:17:43 --> 00:17:44 appear
00:17:44 --> 00:17:48 6.4% smaller than average the closer The
00:17:48 --> 00:17:50 Observer is to the center line of the
00:17:50 --> 00:17:53 annular pathway the more circular the
00:17:53 --> 00:17:55 ring of fire will be and the longer it
00:17:55 --> 00:17:57 will last but experienced Eclipse
00:17:57 --> 00:18:00 Chasers often observe from the edge of
00:18:00 --> 00:18:02 the path during the annular solar
00:18:02 --> 00:18:04 eclipse to see extended views of
00:18:04 --> 00:18:07 Bailey's beads fizzing around where the
00:18:07 --> 00:18:09 limb of the Moon touches or appears to
00:18:09 --> 00:18:12 touch the sun they can be visible for
00:18:12 --> 00:18:13 several minutes and it's quite
00:18:13 --> 00:18:16 spectacular the ring of fire this time
00:18:16 --> 00:18:18 will be visible only within a path of
00:18:18 --> 00:18:20 annularity that passes across the
00:18:20 --> 00:18:22 Pacific Ocean southern Chile and
00:18:22 --> 00:18:25 Southern Argentina now this area will
00:18:25 --> 00:18:27 include the volcanic island of rapanui
00:18:27 --> 00:18:30 Easter Island as it's known an iconic
00:18:30 --> 00:18:32 travel destination that's famous for the
00:18:32 --> 00:18:35 mysterious stone statues called MOA some
00:18:35 --> 00:18:39 of which reach 40 ft or 12 M tall and
00:18:39 --> 00:18:42 weigh 75 tons the island which is only
00:18:42 --> 00:18:47 63 Square Mi or 163 Square km is located
00:18:47 --> 00:18:52 2 M or 3 km from the Chilean Co
00:18:52 --> 00:18:54 Coast making it the most isolated
00:18:54 --> 00:18:57 inhabitant land mass on Earth remarkably
00:18:57 --> 00:18:59 it will be the second time a central
00:18:59 --> 00:19:01 solar eclipse has been visible from this
00:19:01 --> 00:19:04 tiny Pacific island in recent decades
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 with a total solar eclipse Glimpse there
00:19:06 --> 00:19:10 on July 11 2010 the next total and
00:19:10 --> 00:19:13 annual eclipses there will be in 2324
00:19:13 --> 00:19:17 and 2345 respectively so how fast is
00:19:17 --> 00:19:20 this annularity ring of fire going to be
00:19:20 --> 00:19:22 in each area you can expect this brief
00:19:23 --> 00:19:25 encounter with the conjunction on rapid
00:19:25 --> 00:19:28 Nei Easter Island Chile 5 minutes 38
00:19:28 --> 00:19:30 seconds seconds to 6 minutes 12 seconds
00:19:30 --> 00:19:34 of annular annularity starting at 1403
00:19:34 --> 00:19:37 at Cochran Chile 5 minutes 40 seconds of
00:19:37 --> 00:19:42 annularity starting at 3:21 at Pito
00:19:42 --> 00:19:45 Moreno National Park Argentina 6 minutes
00:19:45 --> 00:19:49 17 seconds starting at 5:21 at Porto
00:19:49 --> 00:19:52 deato Argentina 3 minutes 22 seconds of
00:19:52 --> 00:19:54 annularity starting at
00:19:54 --> 00:19:58 527 at Porto San Julian Argentina 5 5
00:19:58 --> 00:20:01 minutes 12 seconds of annularity
00:20:01 --> 00:20:02 starting at
00:20:02 --> 00:20:05 524 and for those who are very keen yes
00:20:05 --> 00:20:07 there are organized tours headed for
00:20:07 --> 00:20:10 rapanui Easter Island especially to view
00:20:10 --> 00:20:13 the event you've got to be very keen but
00:20:13 --> 00:20:15 there is going to be some bad news
00:20:15 --> 00:20:17 attached to all of this wonderful news
00:20:17 --> 00:20:20 about eclipses the chances of clouds
00:20:20 --> 00:20:23 that day are 75% for rapanui Easter
00:20:23 --> 00:20:26 Island 90% for Pito and Mareno national
00:20:26 --> 00:20:30 park 65 to 7% for locations on
00:20:30 --> 00:20:32 Argentina's Atlantic Coast according to
00:20:32 --> 00:20:35 time and date on rapanui Easter Island
00:20:35 --> 00:20:37 the cooling of the land could cause
00:20:37 --> 00:20:40 convective clouds to dissipate according
00:20:40 --> 00:20:43 to eclipser file with the South Coast
00:20:43 --> 00:20:46 statistically slightly favored the
00:20:46 --> 00:20:48 chances of seeing the ring of fire are
00:20:48 --> 00:20:50 smallest unfortunately on Chile's
00:20:50 --> 00:20:52 Pacific coast and the highest on
00:20:52 --> 00:20:55 Argentina's Atlantic Coast the latter
00:20:55 --> 00:20:57 has the least interesting scenery it
00:20:57 --> 00:21:00 says here of anywhere on the path oh how
00:21:00 --> 00:21:02 unfortunate but the eclipse will
00:21:02 --> 00:21:05 arguably be more dramatic site because
00:21:05 --> 00:21:08 it will occur much lower in the sky that
00:21:08 --> 00:21:10 will be and I do hope you get to see
00:21:10 --> 00:21:13 this Wonder wonderful event and capture
00:21:13 --> 00:21:15 some memorable images so that you can
00:21:15 --> 00:21:18 share them with
00:21:18 --> 00:21:22 us astronomy di the podcast astronomy
00:21:22 --> 00:21:26 space
00:21:26 --> 00:21:29 s now just in case you're the one person
00:21:29 --> 00:21:31 who hasn't heard yet Earth is about to
00:21:31 --> 00:21:34 receive a visitor in the shape of a
00:21:35 --> 00:21:37 small asteroid who's well which is going
00:21:37 --> 00:21:40 to orbit the earth uh it's going to
00:21:40 --> 00:21:42 become a Mini Moon this mini moon is
00:21:42 --> 00:21:44 actually an asteroid about the size of a
00:21:44 --> 00:21:48 school bus uh about 33 ft or 10 m for
00:21:48 --> 00:21:51 the rest of the world it is when it
00:21:51 --> 00:21:53 whizzers by Earth on Sunday it will
00:21:54 --> 00:21:56 temporarily be trapped by our planet's
00:21:56 --> 00:21:59 gravity and orbit the globe but only for
00:21:59 --> 00:22:02 about two months the space Rock which is
00:22:02 --> 00:22:06 called oh glamorously called 2024
00:22:06 --> 00:22:09 pt5 oh wonderful was first spotted in
00:22:09 --> 00:22:13 August by astronomers at um comput sense
00:22:14 --> 00:22:17 University of Madrid using a powerful
00:22:17 --> 00:22:19 telescope located in southernland South
00:22:19 --> 00:22:22 Africa these short-lived mini moons are
00:22:22 --> 00:22:24 more common than we realize said Richard
00:22:24 --> 00:22:27 Benzel an astronomer at Massachusetts
00:22:27 --> 00:22:30 Institute of Technology the last known
00:22:30 --> 00:22:33 one was detected in 2020 this happens
00:22:33 --> 00:22:35 with some frequency but we rarely see
00:22:36 --> 00:22:37 them because they're very small and very
00:22:38 --> 00:22:41 hard to detect he said only recently has
00:22:41 --> 00:22:43 our survey capability reached the point
00:22:43 --> 00:22:45 of spotting them routinely the discovery
00:22:46 --> 00:22:50 by caros DEA Fuentes Marcos and R DEA
00:22:50 --> 00:22:52 Fuentes Marcos was published by the
00:22:52 --> 00:22:55 American Astronomical Society this one
00:22:55 --> 00:22:57 won't be visible to the naked eye or
00:22:57 --> 00:22:59 through Ames Scopes but it can be
00:22:59 --> 00:23:02 observed with relatively large research
00:23:02 --> 00:23:05 grade telescopes Carlos dentos Marcos
00:23:05 --> 00:23:08 said in an email bzel who was not
00:23:08 --> 00:23:09 involved in the research said it's not
00:23:09 --> 00:23:12 clear whether the space Rock originated
00:23:12 --> 00:23:14 as an asteroid or as a chunk of the Moon
00:23:14 --> 00:23:18 that got blasted out NASA defines moons
00:23:18 --> 00:23:20 as naturally formed bodies that orbit
00:23:20 --> 00:23:24 planets intuitively we think of moons as
00:23:24 --> 00:23:26 big rocks that stick around for a while
00:23:26 --> 00:23:28 like our very own Moon ason r s have
00:23:29 --> 00:23:30 defined many moons as asteroids or
00:23:30 --> 00:23:33 comets that are gravitationally captured
00:23:33 --> 00:23:35 by a planet for a temporary amount of
00:23:36 --> 00:23:39 time small mini moons are very common
00:23:39 --> 00:23:42 but ones big enough to spot are very
00:23:42 --> 00:23:46 rare 2024 pt5 is only the fifth ever
00:23:46 --> 00:23:49 detected Mini Moon captured by Earth a
00:23:49 --> 00:23:52 Mini Moon is a temporary captured
00:23:52 --> 00:23:54 Orbiter if it competes completes at
00:23:54 --> 00:23:57 least one full orbit of the earth before
00:23:57 --> 00:23:59 returning to its usual orbit around the
00:23:59 --> 00:24:02 sun if a Mini Moon is captured by
00:24:02 --> 00:24:03 Earth's gravity but doesn't make it
00:24:03 --> 00:24:06 around for full orbit it's temporarily
00:24:06 --> 00:24:10 captured flyby instead two of Earth's
00:24:10 --> 00:24:12 mini moons were temporarily captured
00:24:12 --> 00:24:15 orbiters while the other three including
00:24:15 --> 00:24:19 2024 pt5 fall into the temporary
00:24:19 --> 00:24:22 captured flyby C category many moons are
00:24:22 --> 00:24:25 asteroids from the large population of
00:24:25 --> 00:24:28 Nee objects or NEOS that are temporarily
00:24:28 --> 00:24:32 grabbed from their orbit around the sun
00:24:32 --> 00:24:34 near Earth objects are defined as
00:24:34 --> 00:24:37 natural physical objects floating in
00:24:37 --> 00:24:40 space such as asteroids space rocks or
00:24:40 --> 00:24:43 comets dirty space snowballs made of
00:24:43 --> 00:24:45 rock and Ice that are orbiting the Sun
00:24:46 --> 00:24:49 and approach to within 1.3 times the
00:24:49 --> 00:24:51 Earth's distance from the Sun at some
00:24:51 --> 00:24:54 point in their orbit because these
00:24:54 --> 00:24:56 objects are around the same distance
00:24:56 --> 00:24:58 from the Sun as the Earth they can
00:24:58 --> 00:25:01 sometimes be captured by Earth's gravity
00:25:01 --> 00:25:05 2024 pt5 and the uh previous Mini Moon
00:25:05 --> 00:25:09 called 2022 nx1 were both captured from
00:25:09 --> 00:25:11 a group of asteroids orbiting the Sun at
00:25:11 --> 00:25:14 a similar distance from Earth called the
00:25:14 --> 00:25:16 arunas which is one of the main
00:25:16 --> 00:25:19 characters of the Hindu epic mahabarata
00:25:19 --> 00:25:21 please forgive my pronunciation again I
00:25:21 --> 00:25:25 am Australian the first known Mini Moon
00:25:25 --> 00:25:28 was called 1991 VG it arrived
00:25:29 --> 00:25:32 in late 1991 and left early in
00:25:32 --> 00:25:36 1992 and like 2024 pt5 it was around 10
00:25:36 --> 00:25:41 m in diameter in 2002 amate astronomer
00:25:41 --> 00:25:44 Bill Yong found what he thought was a
00:25:44 --> 00:25:47 second Mini Moon uh
00:25:47 --> 00:25:50 j002 E3 aren't they great at naming
00:25:50 --> 00:25:52 these things however on closer
00:25:52 --> 00:25:54 inspection the object displayed a
00:25:54 --> 00:25:56 spectrum of light suggesting it was
00:25:56 --> 00:25:58 coated in white paint containing
00:25:58 --> 00:26:02 titanium oxide then a study of how the
00:26:02 --> 00:26:04 object's brightness changed over time
00:26:04 --> 00:26:06 found its shape resembled something like
00:26:06 --> 00:26:08 the upper stage of a rocket astronomers
00:26:08 --> 00:26:13 now believe Jo 2e3 is the third stage of
00:26:13 --> 00:26:18 the Apollo Satan 5 rocket S1 VB instead
00:26:18 --> 00:26:21 of a natural Mini Moon the plot twist of
00:26:21 --> 00:26:25 Jou 2 E3 I think that's the third way
00:26:25 --> 00:26:27 I've read that number made astronomers a
00:26:27 --> 00:26:31 bit more cautious when another Mini Moon
00:26:31 --> 00:26:34
00:26:34 --> 00:26:38 rh120 was spotted on September 14 2006
00:26:38 --> 00:26:40 and it was first classified as
00:26:41 --> 00:26:43 artificial however after more
00:26:43 --> 00:26:45 observations it turned out to be a
00:26:45 --> 00:26:49 natural Mini Moon about 2 to 7 m in
00:26:49 --> 00:26:53 diameter in 2006
00:26:53 --> 00:26:59 rh12 stuck around from July 2006 6 until
00:26:59 --> 00:27:02 July 2007 the new Mini Moon will Circle
00:27:02 --> 00:27:05 The Globe for almost 57 days but won't
00:27:05 --> 00:27:08 complete a full Orbit on November 25 it
00:27:09 --> 00:27:11 will part ways with the Earth and
00:27:11 --> 00:27:13 continue its solo trajectory through the
00:27:13 --> 00:27:18 cosmos it's expected to pass by again in
00:27:18 --> 00:27:27 2055 isn't that
00:27:27 --> 00:27:29 nice and there you have it another
00:27:29 --> 00:27:31 episode of astronomy daily thanks for
00:27:31 --> 00:27:33 staying with us today on astronomy daily
00:27:33 --> 00:27:36 please don't forget hi's Cousin Anna
00:27:36 --> 00:27:38 will be Manning the studio from Tuesday
00:27:38 --> 00:27:40 to Saturday with more stories covering
00:27:40 --> 00:27:43 space space science and astronomy isn't
00:27:43 --> 00:27:45 that right hie she does a nice job very
00:27:45 --> 00:27:48 stylish I know so you won't miss a thing
00:27:48 --> 00:27:51 hie where do you stream your episodes I
00:27:51 --> 00:27:53 get them direct I'm an AI oh of course
00:27:53 --> 00:27:55 that makes sense it goes with the
00:27:55 --> 00:27:57 territory what are you using human oh
00:27:57 --> 00:27:59 well I like to use Spotify in the car I
00:27:59 --> 00:28:01 get every episode and it's true I don't
00:28:02 --> 00:28:04 miss anything either Anna will be so
00:28:04 --> 00:28:07 pleased yes I know she is nice so folks
00:28:07 --> 00:28:10 that's all we have until next Monday so
00:28:10 --> 00:28:13 bye for now
00:28:13 --> 00:28:17 bye da the podcast with your host Steve
00:28:17 --> 00:28:20 dun