00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 27 episode 100
00:00:03 --> 00:00:05 for broadcast on the 19th of August
00:00:05 --> 00:00:09 2024 coming up on SpaceTime the origins
00:00:09 --> 00:00:12 of stonehenge's alter Stone revealed
00:00:12 --> 00:00:15 NASA's Mars perseverance Rover Begins
00:00:15 --> 00:00:18 the long climb up gzro crater's rim and
00:00:18 --> 00:00:21 tomorrow's full moon it'll be a blue
00:00:21 --> 00:00:24 super moon all that and more coming up
00:00:24 --> 00:00:26 on
00:00:26 --> 00:00:29 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:29 --> 00:00:31 Stuart
00:00:31 --> 00:00:38 [Music]
00:00:46 --> 00:00:48 it's long been considered an ancient
00:00:48 --> 00:00:50 astronomical calendar and now new
00:00:51 --> 00:00:53 research has revealed stonehenge's
00:00:53 --> 00:00:55 Monumental 6-ton alter Stone long
00:00:55 --> 00:00:57 believed to have originated in Wales
00:00:57 --> 00:01:00 actually comes from Scotland the
00:01:00 --> 00:01:02 findings reported in the journal Nature
00:01:02 --> 00:01:04 show just how connected and advanced
00:01:04 --> 00:01:08 Neolithic Britain was 5 years ago
00:01:08 --> 00:01:10 the distance between Stonehenge and the
00:01:10 --> 00:01:14 far north of Scotland is around 750 kilm
00:01:14 --> 00:01:16 the discovery of the alter Stone's Ral
00:01:16 --> 00:01:18 Origins was made by scientist at curtain
00:01:18 --> 00:01:21 University who has sent fragments of the
00:01:21 --> 00:01:24 mostly buried 5x1 M wide 50 cm thick
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 Boulder which lies at the center of
00:01:26 --> 00:01:29 stonehenge's iconic stone circle on
00:01:29 --> 00:01:32 Salsbury plane in Southwestern England
00:01:32 --> 00:01:34 the analysis shows that the alter Stone
00:01:34 --> 00:01:36 matched Sandstone from Northeastern
00:01:36 --> 00:01:39 Scotland and was very clearly different
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 from the Welsh Breen beacons or black
00:01:41 --> 00:01:42 mountains regions where it was
00:01:42 --> 00:01:45 originally assumed to have come from
00:01:45 --> 00:01:47 Stonehenge specifically the great
00:01:47 --> 00:01:50 triathon the encompassing horseshoe
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 arrangement of the five central trions
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 the Hillstone and the embanked Avenue
00:01:54 --> 00:01:56 are all aligned to the sunset of the
00:01:56 --> 00:02:00 winter solstice and oppose the sunrise
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 of the summer solstice a natural
00:02:02 --> 00:02:04 landform at The Monument's location
00:02:04 --> 00:02:06 follow this line and may have inspired
00:02:06 --> 00:02:09 its construction the excavated remains
00:02:09 --> 00:02:11 of cold animal bones suggest that people
00:02:11 --> 00:02:13 probably gathered at the site for the
00:02:13 --> 00:02:15 winter solers rather than the summer
00:02:15 --> 00:02:17 solers in order to participate in
00:02:17 --> 00:02:20 religious ceremonies and festivals in
00:02:20 --> 00:02:22 the 1960s Jor Hawkins described in
00:02:22 --> 00:02:24 detail how the site was apparently set
00:02:25 --> 00:02:27 out to observe the Sun and Moon over a
00:02:27 --> 00:02:30 recurring 56e cycle further submitting
00:02:30 --> 00:02:31 the hypothesis that the monument
00:02:31 --> 00:02:34 functioned as an astronomical calendar
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 the ancient Monument consists of an
00:02:36 --> 00:02:38 outer ring of vertical Sasson Standing
00:02:38 --> 00:02:43 Stones each around 4 M High 2.1 M wide
00:02:43 --> 00:02:46 and weighing around 25 tons and topped
00:02:46 --> 00:02:49 by connecting horizontal lentil Stones
00:02:49 --> 00:02:52 inside is a ring of smaller blue stones
00:02:52 --> 00:02:55 and inside these are freestanding trions
00:02:55 --> 00:02:57 as well as two bulky vertical sassin
00:02:57 --> 00:03:00 joined by a lentil the stone are set
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 within Earthworks in the middle of the
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 densest complex of Neolithic and bronze
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 monuments in England including several
00:03:06 --> 00:03:09 hundred burial mounds archaeologists
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 believe Stonehenge was constructed in
00:03:11 --> 00:03:14 several phases from around 3100 BCE to,
00:03:14 --> 00:03:17 1600 BCE with a circle of large Sasson
00:03:17 --> 00:03:22 Stones placed between 2600 BCE and 2400
00:03:22 --> 00:03:24 BCE the surrounding circular Earth bank
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 and ditch which constitute the earliest
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 phases of the monument have been dated
00:03:28 --> 00:03:32 to around 30 100 BCE radiocarbon dating
00:03:32 --> 00:03:34 suggested the blue stones were given
00:03:34 --> 00:03:36 their current positions between 2400 and
00:03:36 --> 00:03:39 2200 BCE although they may have beat at
00:03:39 --> 00:03:41 the site much earlier possibly as early
00:03:41 --> 00:03:45 as 3 BC previous Studies have shown
00:03:45 --> 00:03:47 that stone henges large Sasson Stones
00:03:47 --> 00:03:49 which from all 15 of the henes central
00:03:49 --> 00:03:51 horseshoe came from the nearby West
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 Woods on the edge of wilshire's marra
00:03:54 --> 00:03:56 downs these include the uprights and
00:03:56 --> 00:03:58 lentils of the Outer Circle as well as
00:03:58 --> 00:04:01 the outling stones such as the Hillstone
00:04:01 --> 00:04:03 the slaughter Stone and the station
00:04:03 --> 00:04:05 Stones ston henges blue stones on the
00:04:05 --> 00:04:08 other hand originated from Pim Sheeran
00:04:08 --> 00:04:10 Wales they were originally erected at
00:04:10 --> 00:04:12 Stonehenge in an arc of double Stone
00:04:12 --> 00:04:15 holes known as the q&r holes before
00:04:15 --> 00:04:16 being rearranged into their current
00:04:17 --> 00:04:19 arrangement of Outer Circle and inner
00:04:19 --> 00:04:21 horseshoe one of the study's authors
00:04:21 --> 00:04:23 Professor Chris Kirkland from curtain
00:04:23 --> 00:04:25 University says the findings of the true
00:04:25 --> 00:04:27 origins of the altar Stone have
00:04:27 --> 00:04:29 significant implications for
00:04:29 --> 00:04:30 understanding ancient communities their
00:04:30 --> 00:04:33 connections and their transportation
00:04:33 --> 00:04:35 methods he says the discovery highlights
00:04:35 --> 00:04:37 a significant level of societal
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 coordination during the Neolithic period
00:04:39 --> 00:04:42 and hopes paint a fascinating picture of
00:04:42 --> 00:04:44 prehistoric Britain Kirkland believes
00:04:44 --> 00:04:47 transporting such massive cargo over
00:04:47 --> 00:04:49 land from Scotland to Southern England
00:04:49 --> 00:04:51 would have been extremely challenging
00:04:51 --> 00:04:53 suggesting instead a likely Maritime
00:04:53 --> 00:04:55 shipping route along the coast of
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 Britain so the central Stone within
00:04:57 --> 00:04:59 Stonehenge is the alter Stone and it's a
00:04:59 --> 00:05:02 flat flat Ling six timeon monolith and
00:05:02 --> 00:05:03 we've been lucky enough to get
00:05:03 --> 00:05:05 historical samples from that and using
00:05:05 --> 00:05:07 some technology we've developed a
00:05:07 --> 00:05:08 curtain for the mining industry using
00:05:08 --> 00:05:10 geochronology to looking at the age of
00:05:10 --> 00:05:12 the crystals we've been able to give a
00:05:12 --> 00:05:14 very distinct fingerprint for that Ultra
00:05:14 --> 00:05:16 Stone and by comparing that to
00:05:16 --> 00:05:17 sandstones around Britain and Ireland
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 we've got a very good match with
00:05:19 --> 00:05:21 material from Northeast Scotland that
00:05:21 --> 00:05:24 greater than 95% confidence we can say
00:05:24 --> 00:05:27 that the ultr stone has come from 750 km
00:05:27 --> 00:05:29 away in the aradian Basin there must be
00:05:29 --> 00:05:32 a lot of sandstones in the British Isles
00:05:32 --> 00:05:33 would have been a tedious trial and
00:05:33 --> 00:05:35 error job yeah but but that's the thing
00:05:35 --> 00:05:37 with sandstones right Sandstone collects
00:05:37 --> 00:05:39 lots of grains from the surrounding
00:05:39 --> 00:05:41 geology so it gets actually a very
00:05:41 --> 00:05:43 distinct fingerprint so the sandstones
00:05:43 --> 00:05:46 will basically collect grains from the
00:05:46 --> 00:05:48 surrounding granite and mountain ranges
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 so it imparts this almost unique
00:05:50 --> 00:05:52 fingerprint into the Basin where the
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 sediment is luckily within the UK
00:05:54 --> 00:05:55 there's actually been quite a lot of
00:05:55 --> 00:05:58 work already done looking at sandstones
00:05:58 --> 00:06:00 so by collecting new samples but also
00:06:00 --> 00:06:03 using this huge database that published
00:06:03 --> 00:06:05 results from sstone samples we were able
00:06:05 --> 00:06:08 to make some very good correlations the
00:06:08 --> 00:06:09 other important Point as well is that
00:06:09 --> 00:06:11 the British ALS has got a a very
00:06:11 --> 00:06:14 distinct geological history north of
00:06:14 --> 00:06:16 sure a join between Scotland and England
00:06:16 --> 00:06:18 the geology is very different so by
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 looking at the ages within our grain we
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 can already narrow down very quickly
00:06:22 --> 00:06:24 where the material has come from were
00:06:24 --> 00:06:26 you surprised to see that it was
00:06:26 --> 00:06:28 Scottish not Welsh yeah I mean to be
00:06:28 --> 00:06:31 honest I was I was shocked you know it's
00:06:31 --> 00:06:34 already a massive Tas importing material
00:06:34 --> 00:06:36 from whales to Stonehenge because we
00:06:36 --> 00:06:37 know some of the other blue stones so
00:06:37 --> 00:06:40 blue stones are the more exotic far
00:06:40 --> 00:06:42 travel drops came from um Hills within
00:06:42 --> 00:06:45 Wales about 200 kilometers away I mean
00:06:45 --> 00:06:47 that's already a huge task but just
00:06:47 --> 00:06:48 spare thought for these guys in the
00:06:48 --> 00:06:51 Neolithic now carting material six ton
00:06:51 --> 00:06:54 rocks over 750 kilm and that really
00:06:54 --> 00:06:57 helps us understand prehistoric Society
00:06:57 --> 00:06:59 Neolithic Society in the British aisle I
00:06:59 --> 00:07:01 can they were and also helps us
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 understand some of their technology well
00:07:03 --> 00:07:05 that's the thing isn't it it shows that
00:07:05 --> 00:07:07 what we now call the UK was really well
00:07:07 --> 00:07:10 connected long long ago yeah that that
00:07:10 --> 00:07:12 is absolutely correct that's really
00:07:12 --> 00:07:14 strongly what it points to you know it's
00:07:14 --> 00:07:15 a really fascinating story but it's not
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 without precedent we have some other
00:07:17 --> 00:07:19 evidence for example of cattle and other
00:07:19 --> 00:07:21 materials being transported over sea
00:07:21 --> 00:07:25 voyages to Northeast Northern or the UK
00:07:25 --> 00:07:27 not in the Neolithic period but this
00:07:27 --> 00:07:29 just shows how advanced that technology
00:07:29 --> 00:07:31 was that it was able to transport
00:07:31 --> 00:07:33 material as large as 6 and2 tons I guess
00:07:33 --> 00:07:35 what one thing I like to say is like
00:07:35 --> 00:07:37 just even today transporting a 6 and 1
00:07:37 --> 00:07:38 half ton Rock from Scotland all the way
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 to England would be a massive I can
00:07:40 --> 00:07:42 imagine that what we now call the
00:07:42 --> 00:07:43 British Isles would have been a heavily
00:07:43 --> 00:07:46 forested area back then and to have this
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 piece of rock transported such a great
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 distance you couldn't do it over land it
00:07:50 --> 00:07:52 had to be by sea surely yeah I
00:07:52 --> 00:07:54 absolutely agree with you you think
00:07:54 --> 00:07:55 about you're you're right the vegetation
00:07:55 --> 00:07:57 was very different back then um much
00:07:57 --> 00:07:59 more heavily forested but also so
00:07:59 --> 00:08:02 there's huge mountain ranges valleys
00:08:02 --> 00:08:04 there's bogs there's eseries that would
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 all have to be navigated if it came in
00:08:06 --> 00:08:09 Overland rout so our preference at the
00:08:09 --> 00:08:11 minute based on the evidence we have is
00:08:11 --> 00:08:12 that it is come bya some Marine shipping
00:08:13 --> 00:08:14 route we should also say that we also
00:08:15 --> 00:08:17 considered glacial transport but that
00:08:17 --> 00:08:18 really doesn't work either while the UK
00:08:19 --> 00:08:20 has been heavily glaciated in the past
00:08:21 --> 00:08:22 if we look at the glacial flow Direction
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 they're all in a very different
00:08:24 --> 00:08:26 direction all actually northwards and
00:08:26 --> 00:08:27 taking things further away from the
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 Acadian Basin that's that BAS in
00:08:29 --> 00:08:30 Northeast Scotland where the material
00:08:30 --> 00:08:32 has come from and Stonehenge in the
00:08:32 --> 00:08:34 south of England also none of the Rocks
00:08:34 --> 00:08:36 really within Stonehenge have glacial
00:08:36 --> 00:08:39 striation and if we look at more
00:08:39 --> 00:08:40 collectively all the rocks and
00:08:40 --> 00:08:41 Stonehenge they appear to have been
00:08:41 --> 00:08:44 chosen from very specific regions so
00:08:44 --> 00:08:46 it's not this random collection of
00:08:46 --> 00:08:47 material that you might expect if
00:08:47 --> 00:08:49 material had been gracefully transported
00:08:49 --> 00:08:51 have you drawn an opinion yet as to what
00:08:51 --> 00:08:53 you think Stonehenge was used for the
00:08:53 --> 00:08:55 function of Stonehenge I think we can
00:08:55 --> 00:08:57 say some things quite safely we can say
00:08:57 --> 00:08:59 that hasn't been used just for one thing
00:08:59 --> 00:09:02 it has solar alignment there's elements
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 that might have lunar alignment so
00:09:04 --> 00:09:06 there's some aspect of it being a
00:09:06 --> 00:09:08 calendar that's one important thing but
00:09:08 --> 00:09:09 we also know there's burial grinds there
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 as well so there's some there's probably
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 multiple purposes here we know there's
00:09:13 --> 00:09:15 also feasting at Stonehenge so really
00:09:15 --> 00:09:16 that may have been used for different
00:09:16 --> 00:09:18 things at different periods of time one
00:09:18 --> 00:09:21 thing is for sure that the society
00:09:21 --> 00:09:23 really invested a huge amount of effort
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 in constructing it so it was obviously
00:09:25 --> 00:09:27 somewhere very important and sacred to
00:09:27 --> 00:09:29 them and it was constructed over many
00:09:29 --> 00:09:31 many many hundreds of years with
00:09:31 --> 00:09:32 different Rocks coming from different
00:09:32 --> 00:09:34 locations yeah that's absolutely right
00:09:34 --> 00:09:37 you know we uh we know that the uh in
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 some of the later construction phases
00:09:39 --> 00:09:41 there's the large Tarson Stones which
00:09:41 --> 00:09:43 are from the local environment about 20
00:09:43 --> 00:09:46 km away we've mentioned already the blue
00:09:46 --> 00:09:47 stones which are smaller Stones erected
00:09:47 --> 00:09:50 in circles which have come from Wales we
00:09:50 --> 00:09:54 now know the central six St flat Ling
00:09:54 --> 00:09:56 slab the alter Stone Sandstone is from
00:09:56 --> 00:09:59 Northeast Scotland but there is historic
00:09:59 --> 00:10:02 evidence of wooden circular pillars as
00:10:02 --> 00:10:04 well so it's had a a huge history of
00:10:04 --> 00:10:06 construction and indeed probably
00:10:06 --> 00:10:08 reconstruction in places as well so
00:10:08 --> 00:10:10 there's evidence of some of the
00:10:10 --> 00:10:11 monoliths of the standing stones
00:10:11 --> 00:10:14 actually have been moved from elsewhere
00:10:14 --> 00:10:17 from potentially other Stone circles so
00:10:17 --> 00:10:19 it's a fascinating history within the
00:10:19 --> 00:10:20 the structure itself where does this go
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 now what's next I think there's multiple
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 ways that the the research could go
00:10:24 --> 00:10:27 we're kind of keen to look at Northeast
00:10:27 --> 00:10:29 Scotland and really pin down exactly
00:10:29 --> 00:10:31 where within the Acadian Basin the
00:10:31 --> 00:10:33 actual quy itself is and there's ways we
00:10:33 --> 00:10:35 can do that because the kind of
00:10:35 --> 00:10:37 fingerprint within the Basin is is quite
00:10:37 --> 00:10:39 distinctive but we can look at a range
00:10:39 --> 00:10:41 of other mineral grains to try and
00:10:41 --> 00:10:43 really fine-tune our understanding of
00:10:43 --> 00:10:45 the geology of the source region which
00:10:45 --> 00:10:47 should be really interesting but I I I
00:10:47 --> 00:10:49 guess more broadly it's really fun for
00:10:49 --> 00:10:52 us as geologists and geoc chronologists
00:10:52 --> 00:10:54 who work at the age of rocks to apply
00:10:54 --> 00:10:55 this tool that we normally apply to the
00:10:55 --> 00:10:57 mining industry to apply it to other
00:10:58 --> 00:10:59 archaeological questions and there's a
00:10:59 --> 00:11:01 range of other sample material that we
00:11:01 --> 00:11:02 could actually apply the same technique
00:11:02 --> 00:11:05 to what you've actually done here is
00:11:05 --> 00:11:07 change history you've exposed a new page
00:11:07 --> 00:11:09 in the history of Stonehenge how does
00:11:09 --> 00:11:12 that make you feel it's incredibly
00:11:12 --> 00:11:14 exciting but also quite privileged to
00:11:14 --> 00:11:17 have the tools also um I should mention
00:11:17 --> 00:11:19 my PhD student Anthony Clark as well his
00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 inspiration to actually go and select
00:11:21 --> 00:11:24 this material so it's just Serendipity I
00:11:24 --> 00:11:26 think you know you've got yeah's he's
00:11:26 --> 00:11:30 he's Welsh so um make a joke you know
00:11:30 --> 00:11:32 yeah that's what everyone has so I think
00:11:32 --> 00:11:34 his response is usually around the rugby
00:11:34 --> 00:11:36 where where he points out that well it's
00:11:36 --> 00:11:38 okay as long as well Wills win the rugby
00:11:38 --> 00:11:40 it'll be all right that's Professor
00:11:40 --> 00:11:42 Chris Kirkland from curtain
00:11:42 --> 00:11:46 University and this SpaceTime still to
00:11:46 --> 00:11:49 come perseverance begins its long climb
00:11:49 --> 00:11:51 up to the rim of jezzro crater and we're
00:11:51 --> 00:11:53 in for not just a super moon tomorrow
00:11:53 --> 00:11:55 night it'll also be a blue moon we'll
00:11:55 --> 00:11:57 tell you all about it all that and more
00:11:57 --> 00:12:04 still to come on space
00:12:04 --> 00:12:13 [Music]
00:12:14 --> 00:12:17 time after spending some 2 and a half
00:12:17 --> 00:12:19 years exploring jez Creator's floor in
00:12:19 --> 00:12:21 River delta NASA's Mars perseverance
00:12:21 --> 00:12:24 Rover has now commenced its journey to
00:12:24 --> 00:12:25 an area where it will search for what
00:12:25 --> 00:12:27 hopefully will be more discoveries that
00:12:27 --> 00:12:30 could rewrite Martian history The six-
00:12:30 --> 00:12:33 Wheel car siiz mobile laboratory has
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 just begun a multi-month long Ascent up
00:12:35 --> 00:12:38 the Western rim of gzro crater and
00:12:38 --> 00:12:40 that'll see it tackle some of the
00:12:40 --> 00:12:42 steepest and most challenging terrain
00:12:42 --> 00:12:44 it's ever encountered The Climb will
00:12:44 --> 00:12:46 Mark the kickoff of the mission's new
00:12:46 --> 00:12:48 science campaign it's fifth since
00:12:48 --> 00:12:50 landing on the red planet way back on
00:12:50 --> 00:12:51 February the 18th
00:12:51 --> 00:12:54 2021 perseverance has now collected some
00:12:54 --> 00:12:58 22 Rock cores and traveled over 129 kilm
00:12:58 --> 00:13:01 since arriving at Mars perseverance
00:13:01 --> 00:13:03 project manager art Thompson from Nas's
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 jet propulsion laboratory in pasaden
00:13:05 --> 00:13:08 California says the Rovers in excellent
00:13:08 --> 00:13:10 condition to undertake the rim climb
00:13:10 --> 00:13:12 challenge he says Mission managers are
00:13:12 --> 00:13:15 raring to see what's up there two of the
00:13:15 --> 00:13:17 priority regions the science team want
00:13:17 --> 00:13:19 to study at the top of the crater a
00:13:19 --> 00:13:21 nicknam Pico to quino and witch hazel
00:13:21 --> 00:13:24 Hill imagery from NASA's orbiters around
00:13:24 --> 00:13:27 Mars indicate that Pico taquino contains
00:13:27 --> 00:13:29 ancient fractures that may have been
00:13:29 --> 00:13:31 caused by hydrothermal activity in the
00:13:31 --> 00:13:34 distant past meanwhile orbital views of
00:13:34 --> 00:13:36 witch hazel Hill show layer materials
00:13:36 --> 00:13:38 that likely date from the time when Mars
00:13:39 --> 00:13:40 had a very different climate than what
00:13:40 --> 00:13:43 it has today those views have revealed
00:13:43 --> 00:13:46 light T Bedrock very similar to what was
00:13:46 --> 00:13:48 found at bride Angel the area where
00:13:48 --> 00:13:49 perseverance recently discovered and
00:13:50 --> 00:13:51 sampled the Shava Falls Rock which
00:13:51 --> 00:13:53 exhibits chemical signatures and
00:13:53 --> 00:13:55 structures that could possibly been
00:13:55 --> 00:13:57 formed by life billions of years ago
00:13:57 --> 00:14:00 when the region cont and running water
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 back during the river DOTA phase of the
00:14:02 --> 00:14:04 mission the Rover collected the only
00:14:04 --> 00:14:06 sedimentary rock samples ever taken from
00:14:06 --> 00:14:09 a planet other than Earth sedimentary
00:14:09 --> 00:14:11 rocks are important because they form
00:14:11 --> 00:14:13 when particles of various sizes are
00:14:13 --> 00:14:15 transported by water and then deposited
00:14:15 --> 00:14:18 into a standing body of water on Earth
00:14:18 --> 00:14:20 liquid water is one of the most
00:14:20 --> 00:14:22 important requirements for Life as we
00:14:22 --> 00:14:24 know it a study published in the Journal
00:14:24 --> 00:14:26 of the American geophysical Union
00:14:26 --> 00:14:29 advances Chronicles the 10 Rock Cor
00:14:29 --> 00:14:31 gathered from sedimentary rocks in the
00:14:31 --> 00:14:33 ancient Martian River delta a fan-shaped
00:14:33 --> 00:14:35 collection of rocks and sediment that
00:14:35 --> 00:14:37 formed billions of years ago at the
00:14:37 --> 00:14:39 convergence of a river and the Crater
00:14:39 --> 00:14:41 Lake the core samples collected at the
00:14:42 --> 00:14:44 fan front of the oldest whereas rocks
00:14:44 --> 00:14:46 caught at the fan top are likely the
00:14:46 --> 00:14:48 youngest produced when flowing water
00:14:48 --> 00:14:51 deposit sediment into the Western fan
00:14:51 --> 00:14:53 among these Rock cores are likely the
00:14:53 --> 00:14:55 oldest material sampled from any known
00:14:55 --> 00:14:57 environment that was likely potentially
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 habitable now if there eventually
00:14:59 --> 00:15:01 brought back to Earth by the long
00:15:01 --> 00:15:03 proposed Joint Nasa isaar sample return
00:15:03 --> 00:15:05 Mission they'll tell scientists about
00:15:05 --> 00:15:08 when why and for how long Mars contained
00:15:08 --> 00:15:11 liquid water and whether some organic
00:15:11 --> 00:15:14 Prebiotic or even potentially biological
00:15:14 --> 00:15:16 evolution may have taken place on the
00:15:16 --> 00:15:17 red
00:15:17 --> 00:15:19 planet as for the Crater Rim Mission
00:15:19 --> 00:15:21 well it promises to provide samples that
00:15:21 --> 00:15:23 will have significant implications for
00:15:23 --> 00:15:26 understanding Martian geological history
00:15:26 --> 00:15:28 that's because these are expected to be
00:15:28 --> 00:15:29 samples of the the red planet's most
00:15:29 --> 00:15:32 ancient crust the rocks formed from a
00:15:32 --> 00:15:35 wolf of different processes and some
00:15:35 --> 00:15:36 represent potentially habitable
00:15:36 --> 00:15:38 environments that have never been
00:15:38 --> 00:15:41 examined up close before but reaching
00:15:41 --> 00:15:43 the top of the crater's rim won't be
00:15:43 --> 00:15:46 easy to get there perseverance will have
00:15:46 --> 00:15:48 to rely on its auton navigation
00:15:48 --> 00:15:50 capabilities as it follows a route that
00:15:50 --> 00:15:52 the Rovers plan is back on Earth
00:15:52 --> 00:15:55 designed to minimize hazards while still
00:15:55 --> 00:15:57 giving the science team plenty of stuff
00:15:57 --> 00:16:00 to investigate and Shing slopes of up to
00:16:00 --> 00:16:02 23° on the journey the Rover will have
00:16:02 --> 00:16:05 gained about 300 M in elevation by the
00:16:05 --> 00:16:07 time it Summits the crater's rim at a
00:16:07 --> 00:16:09 location which the science team have now
00:16:09 --> 00:16:13 dubbed Aurora Park then perched hundreds
00:16:13 --> 00:16:15 of meters above the 45 kilm wide crater
00:16:16 --> 00:16:18 floor perseverance can begin the next
00:16:18 --> 00:16:19 leg of its
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 Adventure the Rover will characterize
00:16:21 --> 00:16:24 the planet's geology and its past
00:16:24 --> 00:16:26 climate to help pave the way for future
00:16:26 --> 00:16:28 human exploration of the red planet
00:16:28 --> 00:16:32 sometimes during the next decade this is
00:16:32 --> 00:16:35 spacetime still to come we have a full
00:16:35 --> 00:16:37 moon tomorrow night and not only will it
00:16:37 --> 00:16:39 be a super moon it'll also be a blue
00:16:39 --> 00:16:41 moon we'll have all the details next and
00:16:41 --> 00:16:43 later in the science report there are
00:16:43 --> 00:16:46 new warnings today that the impax virus
00:16:46 --> 00:16:48 is now starting to spread Beyond Africa
00:16:48 --> 00:16:50 to the rest of the world all that and
00:16:50 --> 00:16:58 more still to come on SpaceTime
00:16:58 --> 00:17:05 [Music]
00:17:08 --> 00:17:10 if you look into the sky tonight you'll
00:17:10 --> 00:17:13 see a full moon a full moon usually
00:17:13 --> 00:17:15 lasts for about 3 days before the shadow
00:17:15 --> 00:17:17 of the earth starts to bite into it
00:17:17 --> 00:17:19 again the moon will actually reach its
00:17:19 --> 00:17:21 fullest early tomorrow morning and not
00:17:22 --> 00:17:24 only will it be a pery or so-called
00:17:24 --> 00:17:26 super moon it's also a blue moon and it
00:17:27 --> 00:17:29 doesn't end there it sometimes called a
00:17:29 --> 00:17:32 sturgeon Moon the red moon the corn Moon
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 the green corn Moon The Barley Moon the
00:17:34 --> 00:17:36 herb Moon the grain moon and the dog
00:17:36 --> 00:17:38 Moon depending on your preferences and
00:17:39 --> 00:17:41 cultural beliefs be precise the full
00:17:42 --> 00:17:45 moon will occur at 4:25 a.m. tomorrow
00:17:45 --> 00:17:47 August the 20th Australian Eastern
00:17:47 --> 00:17:50 Standard Time the term super moon is a
00:17:50 --> 00:17:52 trendy name Beloved by old school media
00:17:52 --> 00:17:54 looking for clickbait to describe a
00:17:54 --> 00:17:56 parag full moon that's when the moon's
00:17:56 --> 00:17:58 at its closest orbital position to the
00:17:58 --> 00:18:01 Earth during a full moon now on average
00:18:01 --> 00:18:05 the moon orbits about 384 km from
00:18:05 --> 00:18:07 the Earth but the moon's orbit around
00:18:07 --> 00:18:09 Earth isn't a perfect circle it's
00:18:09 --> 00:18:11 slightly elliptical that means one part
00:18:11 --> 00:18:13 of the orbit will be an itsy bitsy bit
00:18:13 --> 00:18:17 closer to the Earth about 357 km
00:18:17 --> 00:18:19 away that's known as perige while the
00:18:19 --> 00:18:20 other part of the orbit will be a bit
00:18:20 --> 00:18:24 further away around 46 km that's
00:18:24 --> 00:18:27 called apery the difference in orbit is
00:18:27 --> 00:18:30 about 5% closer or further away than the
00:18:30 --> 00:18:32 average now the exact distances of both
00:18:32 --> 00:18:35 parag and apy also vary due to other
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 factors such as whether the Luna orbits
00:18:37 --> 00:18:40 long axis is pointed towards the Sun
00:18:40 --> 00:18:42 Also the moon's orbital extremes are at
00:18:42 --> 00:18:44 their greatest between November and
00:18:44 --> 00:18:46 February that's when Earth's orbit
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 places our planet and therefore the Moon
00:18:48 --> 00:18:50 closer to the Sun you see Earth's orbit
00:18:50 --> 00:18:53 itself is also elliptical by almost 2%
00:18:53 --> 00:18:55 and therefore the sun's gravitational
00:18:55 --> 00:18:57 influence is greatest during those
00:18:57 --> 00:18:59 months now all people tend to make a big
00:18:59 --> 00:19:01 deal about super moons they're actually
00:19:01 --> 00:19:03 not all that uncommon generally occur in
00:19:03 --> 00:19:06 groups of about three roughly every 13
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 months and 8 days now that means every
00:19:08 --> 00:19:12 14th full moon will be a super moon now
00:19:12 --> 00:19:13 while technically a super moon can look
00:19:13 --> 00:19:16 about 40% larger and 30% brighter than a
00:19:16 --> 00:19:18 normal full moon you really wouldn't
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 notice the difference unless someone
00:19:20 --> 00:19:22 told you and even then any size
00:19:22 --> 00:19:24 difference perceptions you do have would
00:19:24 --> 00:19:26 more likely be due to your imagination
00:19:26 --> 00:19:29 even skilled skygazers a challenged to
00:19:29 --> 00:19:31 see any real difference in size of
00:19:31 --> 00:19:33 brightness in reality you'd really need
00:19:33 --> 00:19:35 proper astronomical equipment to measure
00:19:35 --> 00:19:38 the difference also remember that the
00:19:38 --> 00:19:40 full moon always looks unusually large
00:19:40 --> 00:19:42 and bright when it's near the Horizon
00:19:42 --> 00:19:44 that's in effect known as Moon
00:19:44 --> 00:19:47 Illusion one consequence of Pare full
00:19:47 --> 00:19:49 moons and new Moons for that matter
00:19:49 --> 00:19:51 might be a noticeable increase in Ocean
00:19:51 --> 00:19:54 Tides there are many factors influencing
00:19:54 --> 00:19:56 tidal Heights at given locations though
00:19:56 --> 00:19:58 they're usually highest known as spring
00:19:58 --> 00:20:01 tides at the full or new moon when the
00:20:01 --> 00:20:04 sun earth and moon are all aligned so a
00:20:04 --> 00:20:06 parag moon being a bit closer than the
00:20:06 --> 00:20:08 average will result in slightly higher
00:20:08 --> 00:20:11 Tides the term Super Moon isn't that old
00:20:11 --> 00:20:14 in fact it was first invented just in
00:20:14 --> 00:20:17 1979 not by an astronomer but by an
00:20:17 --> 00:20:19 astrologer now for those unfamiliar with
00:20:19 --> 00:20:21 the difference between the two and I'm
00:20:21 --> 00:20:22 quite sure no one listening to this show
00:20:22 --> 00:20:25 fits in that category nevertheless an
00:20:25 --> 00:20:27 astronomer is a person who studies space
00:20:27 --> 00:20:29 in the cosmos using the scientific
00:20:29 --> 00:20:31 method to learn more about the Universe
00:20:32 --> 00:20:34 on the other hand an astrologer is a
00:20:34 --> 00:20:36 pseudoscientific person who uses
00:20:36 --> 00:20:38 inaccurate positions for constellations
00:20:38 --> 00:20:40 planets and other celestial bodies at
00:20:40 --> 00:20:42 different times to tell others about
00:20:42 --> 00:20:43 their character or to predict their
00:20:43 --> 00:20:46 future there has never been any
00:20:46 --> 00:20:48 scientific evidence supporting any of
00:20:48 --> 00:20:50 the claims made by astrology and its
00:20:50 --> 00:20:53 continued success in society depends
00:20:53 --> 00:20:56 exclusively on people's
00:20:56 --> 00:20:58 gullibility these days Tren doids us Ed
00:20:58 --> 00:21:00 the term Super Moon and I saw it in an
00:21:00 --> 00:21:02 article just earlier today to describe
00:21:02 --> 00:21:06 any full moon within 90% of Pary and for
00:21:06 --> 00:21:07 the record this will be the first of
00:21:07 --> 00:21:10 four consecutive Super moons this year
00:21:10 --> 00:21:11 with the full moons in September and
00:21:11 --> 00:21:13 October being the
00:21:13 --> 00:21:15 closest although it won't look blue as
00:21:15 --> 00:21:17 the third full moon in the season with
00:21:17 --> 00:21:20 four full moons this is also classified
00:21:20 --> 00:21:23 as a blue moon the first recorded use of
00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 the term blue moon in English dates back
00:21:25 --> 00:21:26 to
00:21:26 --> 00:21:29 1528 speculation as to the origin behind
00:21:29 --> 00:21:31 the term include an Old English phrase
00:21:31 --> 00:21:33 that means betray a moon because it led
00:21:33 --> 00:21:35 to mistakes in setting the dates for
00:21:35 --> 00:21:39 Lent and Easter but since the 1940s the
00:21:39 --> 00:21:41 term blue moon has been used to describe
00:21:41 --> 00:21:43 a second full moon in a calendar month
00:21:43 --> 00:21:46 that has two full moons and the names
00:21:46 --> 00:21:49 don't end there the main Farmers Almanac
00:21:49 --> 00:21:51 began publishing Indian names for full
00:21:51 --> 00:21:53 moons back in the 1930s and these have
00:21:53 --> 00:21:56 now become widely known and used now
00:21:56 --> 00:21:58 according to the soulman ACT for a full
00:21:58 --> 00:22:00 moon in August the Algonquin tribes in
00:22:00 --> 00:22:02 what is now the Northeastern United
00:22:02 --> 00:22:04 States called this the sturgeon Moon
00:22:04 --> 00:22:06 after the large fish that were more
00:22:06 --> 00:22:07 easily caught at this time of the year
00:22:07 --> 00:22:09 in the great lakes and other major
00:22:09 --> 00:22:12 bodies of water but other names reported
00:22:12 --> 00:22:14 for the Moon is the red moon the cornal
00:22:14 --> 00:22:17 green corn Moon The Barley Moon the herb
00:22:17 --> 00:22:19 Moon the grain Moon and even the dog
00:22:19 --> 00:22:24 moon this is spacetime
00:22:24 --> 00:22:37 [Music]
00:22:37 --> 00:22:39 and time now to take a brief look at
00:22:39 --> 00:22:41 some of the other stories making news in
00:22:41 --> 00:22:42 science this week with the science
00:22:42 --> 00:22:45 report the World Health Organization has
00:22:45 --> 00:22:47 declared an upsurge of empar cases
00:22:47 --> 00:22:49 across multiple African countries a
00:22:49 --> 00:22:51 public health emergency of international
00:22:51 --> 00:22:54 concern as the virus begins spreading to
00:22:54 --> 00:22:56 the rest of the world the disease
00:22:56 --> 00:22:58 formerly known as monkey pox spread
00:22:58 --> 00:23:01 spread rapidly across the world in 2022
00:23:01 --> 00:23:03 including Australia and it's now surging
00:23:03 --> 00:23:06 again with a new variant empo is a viral
00:23:06 --> 00:23:10 disease caused by the orthopox virus it
00:23:10 --> 00:23:12 was first identified in humans in the
00:23:12 --> 00:23:15 Democratic Republic of Congo in 1970 and
00:23:15 --> 00:23:18 is endemic to Central and western Africa
00:23:18 --> 00:23:20 empo can be transmitted from animals to
00:23:20 --> 00:23:23 humans and between humans through direct
00:23:23 --> 00:23:25 contact with skin lesions body fluids or
00:23:25 --> 00:23:27 the respiratory droplets of an infected
00:23:27 --> 00:23:29 person can also be transmitted by
00:23:29 --> 00:23:31 prolonged face-to-face contact with an
00:23:31 --> 00:23:33 infected person and touching
00:23:33 --> 00:23:36 contaminated objects historically empo
00:23:36 --> 00:23:38 was neglected in Africa but it gained
00:23:38 --> 00:23:41 Global attention during a 2022 outbreak
00:23:41 --> 00:23:43 that spread to Regions like Europe
00:23:43 --> 00:23:45 Australia and the United States the
00:23:45 --> 00:23:47 current outbreak is concerning due to a
00:23:47 --> 00:23:50 new strain known as Cade 1B which is
00:23:50 --> 00:23:52 spreading rapidly in the Congo and at
00:23:52 --> 00:23:54 least 12 neighboring countries
00:23:54 --> 00:23:56 importantly this strain is potentially
00:23:56 --> 00:23:58 more deadly and it appears to affect
00:23:58 --> 00:24:01 children at a higher rate than other
00:24:01 --> 00:24:04 strains a new study has found that
00:24:04 --> 00:24:05 Australians are more likely to live
00:24:06 --> 00:24:08 longer than people living in New Zealand
00:24:08 --> 00:24:10 the United States the United Kingdom
00:24:10 --> 00:24:13 Canada or Ireland the findings reported
00:24:13 --> 00:24:15 in the British medical journal Based on
00:24:15 --> 00:24:16 data from the five English-speaking
00:24:17 --> 00:24:19 countries to see how life expectancy
00:24:19 --> 00:24:21 differs among culturally similar Nations
00:24:21 --> 00:24:24 they found Australia was a clear best
00:24:24 --> 00:24:26 performer in terms of life expectancy
00:24:26 --> 00:24:30 leading the Rest by one .26 to 3.95
00:24:30 --> 00:24:33 years for women and 0.97 to 4.88 years
00:24:33 --> 00:24:37 for men now the study can't explain why
00:24:37 --> 00:24:38 other countries with very similar
00:24:38 --> 00:24:41 Lifestyles to Australia differ in life
00:24:41 --> 00:24:44 expectancy by so much however
00:24:44 --> 00:24:45 researchers are speculating that
00:24:45 --> 00:24:47 Australia's High number of migrants and
00:24:47 --> 00:24:49 where they come from may be playing a
00:24:49 --> 00:24:52 role Australia has lower life expectancy
00:24:52 --> 00:24:55 inequality however this may in part be
00:24:55 --> 00:24:56 due to its very small indigenous
00:24:56 --> 00:24:59 population as the life expectancy gap
00:24:59 --> 00:25:01 between non-indigenous Australians and
00:25:01 --> 00:25:03 Aboriginal and testr Islander people
00:25:03 --> 00:25:06 remains High differences in lifestyle
00:25:06 --> 00:25:08 also play a significant role and the
00:25:08 --> 00:25:10 researchers say the death rates from
00:25:10 --> 00:25:13 drug and alcohol misuse screenable and
00:25:13 --> 00:25:15 treatable Cancers and cardiovascular and
00:25:15 --> 00:25:18 respiratory diseases are all lower in
00:25:18 --> 00:25:20 the true blue Land of
00:25:20 --> 00:25:23 Oz a new study has shown that increasing
00:25:23 --> 00:25:25 Coastal erosion is reducing the Arctic
00:25:25 --> 00:25:28 Ocean's ability to absorb carbon dioxide
00:25:28 --> 00:25:30 the findings reported in the journal
00:25:30 --> 00:25:32 Nature climate change are based on new
00:25:32 --> 00:25:35 computer modeling the projections found
00:25:35 --> 00:25:37 that the annual increase in atmospheric
00:25:37 --> 00:25:39 carbon dioxide due to permafrost erosion
00:25:39 --> 00:25:42 by 201100 may be the equivalent of about
00:25:42 --> 00:25:45 10% of European car emissions in 2021
00:25:45 --> 00:25:47 the authors warned that the Arctic is
00:25:47 --> 00:25:49 now warming four times faster than the
00:25:49 --> 00:25:52 rest of the planet the thoring Arctic
00:25:52 --> 00:25:53 permafrost is allowing for faster
00:25:53 --> 00:25:55 Coastal erosion in the region which is
00:25:55 --> 00:25:57 projected to increase by a factor of 2
00:25:57 --> 00:25:59 to 3 by the year
00:25:59 --> 00:26:02 2100 and that will increase the supply
00:26:02 --> 00:26:04 of organic matter from Land into the
00:26:04 --> 00:26:06 ocean according to the modeling previous
00:26:06 --> 00:26:08 climate studies may have misinterpreted
00:26:08 --> 00:26:10 the Arctic Ocean's uptake of carbon
00:26:10 --> 00:26:12 dioxide from the atmosphere by not
00:26:12 --> 00:26:14 including the areas's worst affected by
00:26:14 --> 00:26:16 Coastal erosion which release more
00:26:16 --> 00:26:18 carbon than they
00:26:18 --> 00:26:20 absorb the Chiropractic Board of
00:26:20 --> 00:26:23 Australia has been forced to reinstate a
00:26:23 --> 00:26:25 ban on the dangerous practice of spinal
00:26:25 --> 00:26:27 manipulation of infants or commonly
00:26:27 --> 00:26:30 known as baby back cracking the
00:26:30 --> 00:26:32 reinstatement follows an outcry by
00:26:32 --> 00:26:34 doctors and a request from Health
00:26:34 --> 00:26:35 ministers who have been asked to formly
00:26:35 --> 00:26:39 Outlaw the practice chiropractice claims
00:26:39 --> 00:26:41 spinal manipulation of babies helps with
00:26:41 --> 00:26:43 colic reflux constipation and different
00:26:43 --> 00:26:45 problems with sleep but Tim mendum from
00:26:45 --> 00:26:47 Australian Skeptics points out that the
00:26:47 --> 00:26:49 Royal Australian College of general
00:26:49 --> 00:26:51 practitioners has found little evidence
00:26:51 --> 00:26:53 supporting these so-called benefits and
00:26:53 --> 00:26:55 believe the treatment is simply
00:26:55 --> 00:26:57 unsuitable for young children CH
00:26:57 --> 00:26:58 practice are being sort of cracking
00:26:58 --> 00:27:00 people's backs for for well a fair time
00:27:00 --> 00:27:02 it's probably over 100 years now and one
00:27:02 --> 00:27:04 of the issues that cropped up was
00:27:04 --> 00:27:06 cracking the backs of infants I mean
00:27:06 --> 00:27:09 instant like week old or weeks old
00:27:09 --> 00:27:11 babies their skeleton is still forming
00:27:11 --> 00:27:13 in a way they're very vulnerable to
00:27:13 --> 00:27:14 things that might happen and I've seen
00:27:15 --> 00:27:17 quite horrifying videos of a
00:27:17 --> 00:27:20 chiropractor either raising a a baby by
00:27:20 --> 00:27:22 the feet or putting it over their lap
00:27:22 --> 00:27:24 and cracking the spine and it really is
00:27:24 --> 00:27:26 a crack sound and it's one of the most
00:27:26 --> 00:27:28 horrifying things you can see we can do
00:27:28 --> 00:27:30 major damage they can do damage to
00:27:30 --> 00:27:31 adults especially when they're twisting
00:27:31 --> 00:27:32 the neck and twisting their head the
00:27:32 --> 00:27:34 babies tends to just be cracking the
00:27:34 --> 00:27:35 spine rather than twisting head you
00:27:36 --> 00:27:37 wouldn't want to do that to a baby and
00:27:37 --> 00:27:39 when various videos came out of this the
00:27:39 --> 00:27:41 number of years ago about four years ago
00:27:41 --> 00:27:43 there was an outrate understandably one
00:27:43 --> 00:27:44 of the main Cho practices was doing this
00:27:44 --> 00:27:46 was called in front of the chiropratic
00:27:46 --> 00:27:47 Bard they wave their finger at him and
00:27:47 --> 00:27:49 said don't do that again and you can no
00:27:49 --> 00:27:51 longer treat anyone Under 12 so they
00:27:51 --> 00:27:54 banned the practice for a while and then
00:27:54 --> 00:27:56 shortly well recently they unbanned the
00:27:56 --> 00:27:58 practice and said so it's okay now you
00:27:58 --> 00:28:00 can go back to cracking babies and then
00:28:00 --> 00:28:03 was an outrage by medical fraternity Etc
00:28:03 --> 00:28:05 saying what the hell are you doing the
00:28:05 --> 00:28:07 these are babies do not do this so they
00:28:07 --> 00:28:09 banned it again this is the Chiropractic
00:28:09 --> 00:28:11 Association doing this sorry the
00:28:11 --> 00:28:12 Chiropractic Board of Australia it's a
00:28:12 --> 00:28:14 different thing Chiropractic board
00:28:14 --> 00:28:16 banned this process so they banned it
00:28:16 --> 00:28:18 unbanned it banned it again and now the
00:28:18 --> 00:28:20 chiropratic association which is almost
00:28:20 --> 00:28:22 like a trade Union of chiropractice is
00:28:22 --> 00:28:25 demanding it be opened again so the
00:28:25 --> 00:28:27 whole issue is that the chiropractice
00:28:27 --> 00:28:28 are claiming it's a very specific
00:28:28 --> 00:28:30 adjustment tailored to the force
00:28:30 --> 00:28:32 appropriate to the size of the person
00:28:32 --> 00:28:33 who's receiving it you're talking about
00:28:33 --> 00:28:35 babies little it's not little tiny
00:28:35 --> 00:28:37 forces you can hear a baby's back crack
00:28:37 --> 00:28:38 it's dangerous and you could do
00:28:38 --> 00:28:40 something very serious to a child that
00:28:40 --> 00:28:41 they'll suffer from from the rest of
00:28:41 --> 00:28:43 their life apart from the fact there's a
00:28:43 --> 00:28:44 lot of stuff within Chiropractic which
00:28:44 --> 00:28:46 is totally unsupported by science
00:28:46 --> 00:28:47 including some of the technology and
00:28:47 --> 00:28:49 terminology that they use themselves as
00:28:49 --> 00:28:52 in a subluxation which is no one really
00:28:52 --> 00:28:53 knows what it is but it's a thing which
00:28:53 --> 00:28:55 is quoted a lot in a chiropractic
00:28:55 --> 00:28:58 fraternity as the cause of the um spine
00:28:58 --> 00:28:59 being out of order and all these sort of
00:28:59 --> 00:29:02 issues and illnesses being generated
00:29:02 --> 00:29:04 forth with Chiropractic is lower back
00:29:04 --> 00:29:06 massage she'll be stuck with stick with
00:29:06 --> 00:29:07 that get out of the thing where it
00:29:07 --> 00:29:09 causes every illness down to mankind
00:29:09 --> 00:29:14 that's Tim mum from Australian
00:29:14 --> 00:29:27 [Music]
00:29:27 --> 00:29:30 Skeptics and that's the show for now
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