Source:
https://www.spreaker.com/episode/s27e100-stonehenge-s-scottish-secret-perseverance-s-epic-climb-and-a-blue-super-moon--61076940
In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover the origins of Stonehenge's altar stone, delve into NASA's Mars Perseverance rover's ambitious climb up Jezero crater's rim, and anticipate tomorrow's blue super moon. Join us for these fascinating updates and more!
00:00:00 - This is spacetime series 27, episode 100, for broadcast on 19 August 2024
00:00:46 - New research has revealed Stonehenge's monumental altar stone comes from Scotland
00:08:49 - Have you drawn an opinion yet as to what Stonehenge was used for
00:11:39 - Tomorrow night's super moon will also be a blue moon
00:12:15 - NASA's Mars Perseverance rover begins climb up western rim of crater
00:17:08 - The moon will reach its fullest early tomorrow morning in Australia
00:19:45 - One consequence of perigee full moons is an increase in ocean tides
00:22:20 - A new study finds Australians are more likely to live longer than other nations
00:25:18 - Increasing coastal erosion is reducing Arctic Ocean's ability to absorb carbon dioxide
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00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 27 episode 100
00:00:03 --> 00:00:05 for broadcast on the 19th of August
00:00:05 --> 00:00:09 2024 coming up on SpaceTime the origins
00:00:09 --> 00:00:12 of stonehenge's alter Stone revealed
00:00:12 --> 00:00:15 NASA's Mars perseverance Rover Begins
00:00:15 --> 00:00:18 the long climb up gzro crater's rim and
00:00:18 --> 00:00:21 tomorrow's full moon it'll be a blue
00:00:21 --> 00:00:24 super moon all that and more coming up
00:00:24 --> 00:00:26 on
00:00:26 --> 00:00:29 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:29 --> 00:00:31 Stuart
00:00:31 --> 00:00:38 [Music]
00:00:46 --> 00:00:48 it's long been considered an ancient
00:00:48 --> 00:00:50 astronomical calendar and now new
00:00:51 --> 00:00:53 research has revealed stonehenge's
00:00:53 --> 00:00:55 Monumental 6-ton alter Stone long
00:00:55 --> 00:00:57 believed to have originated in Wales
00:00:57 --> 00:01:00 actually comes from Scotland the
00:01:00 --> 00:01:02 findings reported in the journal Nature
00:01:02 --> 00:01:04 show just how connected and advanced
00:01:04 --> 00:01:08 Neolithic Britain was 5 years ago
00:01:08 --> 00:01:10 the distance between Stonehenge and the
00:01:10 --> 00:01:14 far north of Scotland is around 750 kilm
00:01:14 --> 00:01:16 the discovery of the alter Stone's Ral
00:01:16 --> 00:01:18 Origins was made by scientist at curtain
00:01:18 --> 00:01:21 University who has sent fragments of the
00:01:21 --> 00:01:24 mostly buried 5x1 M wide 50 cm thick
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 Boulder which lies at the center of
00:01:26 --> 00:01:29 stonehenge's iconic stone circle on
00:01:29 --> 00:01:32 Salsbury plane in Southwestern England
00:01:32 --> 00:01:34 the analysis shows that the alter Stone
00:01:34 --> 00:01:36 matched Sandstone from Northeastern
00:01:36 --> 00:01:39 Scotland and was very clearly different
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 from the Welsh Breen beacons or black
00:01:41 --> 00:01:42 mountains regions where it was
00:01:42 --> 00:01:45 originally assumed to have come from
00:01:45 --> 00:01:47 Stonehenge specifically the great
00:01:47 --> 00:01:50 triathon the encompassing horseshoe
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 arrangement of the five central trions
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 the Hillstone and the embanked Avenue
00:01:54 --> 00:01:56 are all aligned to the sunset of the
00:01:56 --> 00:02:00 winter solstice and oppose the sunrise
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 of the summer solstice a natural
00:02:02 --> 00:02:04 landform at The Monument's location
00:02:04 --> 00:02:06 follow this line and may have inspired
00:02:06 --> 00:02:09 its construction the excavated remains
00:02:09 --> 00:02:11 of cold animal bones suggest that people
00:02:11 --> 00:02:13 probably gathered at the site for the
00:02:13 --> 00:02:15 winter solers rather than the summer
00:02:15 --> 00:02:17 solers in order to participate in
00:02:17 --> 00:02:20 religious ceremonies and festivals in
00:02:20 --> 00:02:22 the 1960s Jor Hawkins described in
00:02:22 --> 00:02:24 detail how the site was apparently set
00:02:25 --> 00:02:27 out to observe the Sun and Moon over a
00:02:27 --> 00:02:30 recurring 56e cycle further submitting
00:02:30 --> 00:02:31 the hypothesis that the monument
00:02:31 --> 00:02:34 functioned as an astronomical calendar
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 the ancient Monument consists of an
00:02:36 --> 00:02:38 outer ring of vertical Sasson Standing
00:02:38 --> 00:02:43 Stones each around 4 M High 2.1 M wide
00:02:43 --> 00:02:46 and weighing around 25 tons and topped
00:02:46 --> 00:02:49 by connecting horizontal lentil Stones
00:02:49 --> 00:02:52 inside is a ring of smaller blue stones
00:02:52 --> 00:02:55 and inside these are freestanding trions
00:02:55 --> 00:02:57 as well as two bulky vertical sassin
00:02:57 --> 00:03:00 joined by a lentil the stone are set
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 within Earthworks in the middle of the
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 densest complex of Neolithic and bronze
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 monuments in England including several
00:03:06 --> 00:03:09 hundred burial mounds archaeologists
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 believe Stonehenge was constructed in
00:03:11 --> 00:03:14 several phases from around 3100 BCE to,
00:03:14 --> 00:03:17 1600 BCE with a circle of large Sasson
00:03:17 --> 00:03:22 Stones placed between 2600 BCE and 2400
00:03:22 --> 00:03:24 BCE the surrounding circular Earth bank
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 and ditch which constitute the earliest
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 phases of the monument have been dated
00:03:28 --> 00:03:32 to around 30 100 BCE radiocarbon dating
00:03:32 --> 00:03:34 suggested the blue stones were given
00:03:34 --> 00:03:36 their current positions between 2400 and
00:03:36 --> 00:03:39 2200 BCE although they may have beat at
00:03:39 --> 00:03:41 the site much earlier possibly as early
00:03:41 --> 00:03:45 as 3 BC previous Studies have shown
00:03:45 --> 00:03:47 that stone henges large Sasson Stones
00:03:47 --> 00:03:49 which from all 15 of the henes central
00:03:49 --> 00:03:51 horseshoe came from the nearby West
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 Woods on the edge of wilshire's marra
00:03:54 --> 00:03:56 downs these include the uprights and
00:03:56 --> 00:03:58 lentils of the Outer Circle as well as
00:03:58 --> 00:04:01 the outling stones such as the Hillstone
00:04:01 --> 00:04:03 the slaughter Stone and the station
00:04:03 --> 00:04:05 Stones ston henges blue stones on the
00:04:05 --> 00:04:08 other hand originated from Pim Sheeran
00:04:08 --> 00:04:10 Wales they were originally erected at
00:04:10 --> 00:04:12 Stonehenge in an arc of double Stone
00:04:12 --> 00:04:15 holes known as the q&r holes before
00:04:15 --> 00:04:16 being rearranged into their current
00:04:17 --> 00:04:19 arrangement of Outer Circle and inner
00:04:19 --> 00:04:21 horseshoe one of the study's authors
00:04:21 --> 00:04:23 Professor Chris Kirkland from curtain
00:04:23 --> 00:04:25 University says the findings of the true
00:04:25 --> 00:04:27 origins of the altar Stone have
00:04:27 --> 00:04:29 significant implications for
00:04:29 --> 00:04:30 understanding ancient communities their
00:04:30 --> 00:04:33 connections and their transportation
00:04:33 --> 00:04:35 methods he says the discovery highlights
00:04:35 --> 00:04:37 a significant level of societal
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 coordination during the Neolithic period
00:04:39 --> 00:04:42 and hopes paint a fascinating picture of
00:04:42 --> 00:04:44 prehistoric Britain Kirkland believes
00:04:44 --> 00:04:47 transporting such massive cargo over
00:04:47 --> 00:04:49 land from Scotland to Southern England
00:04:49 --> 00:04:51 would have been extremely challenging
00:04:51 --> 00:04:53 suggesting instead a likely Maritime
00:04:53 --> 00:04:55 shipping route along the coast of
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 Britain so the central Stone within
00:04:57 --> 00:04:59 Stonehenge is the alter Stone and it's a
00:04:59 --> 00:05:02 flat flat Ling six timeon monolith and
00:05:02 --> 00:05:03 we've been lucky enough to get
00:05:03 --> 00:05:05 historical samples from that and using
00:05:05 --> 00:05:07 some technology we've developed a
00:05:07 --> 00:05:08 curtain for the mining industry using
00:05:08 --> 00:05:10 geochronology to looking at the age of
00:05:10 --> 00:05:12 the crystals we've been able to give a
00:05:12 --> 00:05:14 very distinct fingerprint for that Ultra
00:05:14 --> 00:05:16 Stone and by comparing that to
00:05:16 --> 00:05:17 sandstones around Britain and Ireland
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 we've got a very good match with
00:05:19 --> 00:05:21 material from Northeast Scotland that
00:05:21 --> 00:05:24 greater than 95% confidence we can say
00:05:24 --> 00:05:27 that the ultr stone has come from 750 km
00:05:27 --> 00:05:29 away in the aradian Basin there must be
00:05:29 --> 00:05:32 a lot of sandstones in the British Isles
00:05:32 --> 00:05:33 would have been a tedious trial and
00:05:33 --> 00:05:35 error job yeah but but that's the thing
00:05:35 --> 00:05:37 with sandstones right Sandstone collects
00:05:37 --> 00:05:39 lots of grains from the surrounding
00:05:39 --> 00:05:41 geology so it gets actually a very
00:05:41 --> 00:05:43 distinct fingerprint so the sandstones
00:05:43 --> 00:05:46 will basically collect grains from the
00:05:46 --> 00:05:48 surrounding granite and mountain ranges
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 so it imparts this almost unique
00:05:50 --> 00:05:52 fingerprint into the Basin where the
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 sediment is luckily within the UK
00:05:54 --> 00:05:55 there's actually been quite a lot of
00:05:55 --> 00:05:58 work already done looking at sandstones
00:05:58 --> 00:06:00 so by collecting new samples but also
00:06:00 --> 00:06:03 using this huge database that published
00:06:03 --> 00:06:05 results from sstone samples we were able
00:06:05 --> 00:06:08 to make some very good correlations the
00:06:08 --> 00:06:09 other important Point as well is that
00:06:09 --> 00:06:11 the British ALS has got a a very
00:06:11 --> 00:06:14 distinct geological history north of
00:06:14 --> 00:06:16 sure a join between Scotland and England
00:06:16 --> 00:06:18 the geology is very different so by
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 looking at the ages within our grain we
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 can already narrow down very quickly
00:06:22 --> 00:06:24 where the material has come from were
00:06:24 --> 00:06:26 you surprised to see that it was
00:06:26 --> 00:06:28 Scottish not Welsh yeah I mean to be
00:06:28 --> 00:06:31 honest I was I was shocked you know it's
00:06:31 --> 00:06:34 already a massive Tas importing material
00:06:34 --> 00:06:36 from whales to Stonehenge because we
00:06:36 --> 00:06:37 know some of the other blue stones so
00:06:37 --> 00:06:40 blue stones are the more exotic far
00:06:40 --> 00:06:42 travel drops came from um Hills within
00:06:42 --> 00:06:45 Wales about 200 kilometers away I mean
00:06:45 --> 00:06:47 that's already a huge task but just
00:06:47 --> 00:06:48 spare thought for these guys in the
00:06:48 --> 00:06:51 Neolithic now carting material six ton
00:06:51 --> 00:06:54 rocks over 750 kilm and that really
00:06:54 --> 00:06:57 helps us understand prehistoric Society
00:06:57 --> 00:06:59 Neolithic Society in the British aisle I
00:06:59 --> 00:07:01 can they were and also helps us
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 understand some of their technology well
00:07:03 --> 00:07:05 that's the thing isn't it it shows that
00:07:05 --> 00:07:07 what we now call the UK was really well
00:07:07 --> 00:07:10 connected long long ago yeah that that
00:07:10 --> 00:07:12 is absolutely correct that's really
00:07:12 --> 00:07:14 strongly what it points to you know it's
00:07:14 --> 00:07:15 a really fascinating story but it's not
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 without precedent we have some other
00:07:17 --> 00:07:19 evidence for example of cattle and other
00:07:19 --> 00:07:21 materials being transported over sea
00:07:21 --> 00:07:25 voyages to Northeast Northern or the UK
00:07:25 --> 00:07:27 not in the Neolithic period but this
00:07:27 --> 00:07:29 just shows how advanced that technology
00:07:29 --> 00:07:31 was that it was able to transport
00:07:31 --> 00:07:33 material as large as 6 and2 tons I guess
00:07:33 --> 00:07:35 what one thing I like to say is like
00:07:35 --> 00:07:37 just even today transporting a 6 and 1
00:07:37 --> 00:07:38 half ton Rock from Scotland all the way
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 to England would be a massive I can
00:07:40 --> 00:07:42 imagine that what we now call the
00:07:42 --> 00:07:43 British Isles would have been a heavily
00:07:43 --> 00:07:46 forested area back then and to have this
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 piece of rock transported such a great
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 distance you couldn't do it over land it
00:07:50 --> 00:07:52 had to be by sea surely yeah I
00:07:52 --> 00:07:54 absolutely agree with you you think
00:07:54 --> 00:07:55 about you're you're right the vegetation
00:07:55 --> 00:07:57 was very different back then um much
00:07:57 --> 00:07:59 more heavily forested but also so
00:07:59 --> 00:08:02 there's huge mountain ranges valleys
00:08:02 --> 00:08:04 there's bogs there's eseries that would
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 all have to be navigated if it came in
00:08:06 --> 00:08:09 Overland rout so our preference at the
00:08:09 --> 00:08:11 minute based on the evidence we have is
00:08:11 --> 00:08:12 that it is come bya some Marine shipping
00:08:13 --> 00:08:14 route we should also say that we also
00:08:15 --> 00:08:17 considered glacial transport but that
00:08:17 --> 00:08:18 really doesn't work either while the UK
00:08:19 --> 00:08:20 has been heavily glaciated in the past
00:08:21 --> 00:08:22 if we look at the glacial flow Direction
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 they're all in a very different
00:08:24 --> 00:08:26 direction all actually northwards and
00:08:26 --> 00:08:27 taking things further away from the
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 Acadian Basin that's that BAS in
00:08:29 --> 00:08:30 Northeast Scotland where the material
00:08:30 --> 00:08:32 has come from and Stonehenge in the
00:08:32 --> 00:08:34 south of England also none of the Rocks
00:08:34 --> 00:08:36 really within Stonehenge have glacial
00:08:36 --> 00:08:39 striation and if we look at more
00:08:39 --> 00:08:40 collectively all the rocks and
00:08:40 --> 00:08:41 Stonehenge they appear to have been
00:08:41 --> 00:08:44 chosen from very specific regions so
00:08:44 --> 00:08:46 it's not this random collection of
00:08:46 --> 00:08:47 material that you might expect if
00:08:47 --> 00:08:49 material had been gracefully transported
00:08:49 --> 00:08:51 have you drawn an opinion yet as to what
00:08:51 --> 00:08:53 you think Stonehenge was used for the
00:08:53 --> 00:08:55 function of Stonehenge I think we can
00:08:55 --> 00:08:57 say some things quite safely we can say
00:08:57 --> 00:08:59 that hasn't been used just for one thing
00:08:59 --> 00:09:02 it has solar alignment there's elements
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 that might have lunar alignment so
00:09:04 --> 00:09:06 there's some aspect of it being a
00:09:06 --> 00:09:08 calendar that's one important thing but
00:09:08 --> 00:09:09 we also know there's burial grinds there
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 as well so there's some there's probably
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 multiple purposes here we know there's
00:09:13 --> 00:09:15 also feasting at Stonehenge so really
00:09:15 --> 00:09:16 that may have been used for different
00:09:16 --> 00:09:18 things at different periods of time one
00:09:18 --> 00:09:21 thing is for sure that the society
00:09:21 --> 00:09:23 really invested a huge amount of effort
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 in constructing it so it was obviously
00:09:25 --> 00:09:27 somewhere very important and sacred to
00:09:27 --> 00:09:29 them and it was constructed over many
00:09:29 --> 00:09:31 many many hundreds of years with
00:09:31 --> 00:09:32 different Rocks coming from different
00:09:32 --> 00:09:34 locations yeah that's absolutely right
00:09:34 --> 00:09:37 you know we uh we know that the uh in
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 some of the later construction phases
00:09:39 --> 00:09:41 there's the large Tarson Stones which
00:09:41 --> 00:09:43 are from the local environment about 20
00:09:43 --> 00:09:46 km away we've mentioned already the blue
00:09:46 --> 00:09:47 stones which are smaller Stones erected
00:09:47 --> 00:09:50 in circles which have come from Wales we
00:09:50 --> 00:09:54 now know the central six St flat Ling
00:09:54 --> 00:09:56 slab the alter Stone Sandstone is from
00:09:56 --> 00:09:59 Northeast Scotland but there is historic
00:09:59 --> 00:10:02 evidence of wooden circular pillars as
00:10:02 --> 00:10:04 well so it's had a a huge history of
00:10:04 --> 00:10:06 construction and indeed probably
00:10:06 --> 00:10:08 reconstruction in places as well so
00:10:08 --> 00:10:10 there's evidence of some of the
00:10:10 --> 00:10:11 monoliths of the standing stones
00:10:11 --> 00:10:14 actually have been moved from elsewhere
00:10:14 --> 00:10:17 from potentially other Stone circles so
00:10:17 --> 00:10:19 it's a fascinating history within the
00:10:19 --> 00:10:20 the structure itself where does this go
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 now what's next I think there's multiple
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 ways that the the research could go
00:10:24 --> 00:10:27 we're kind of keen to look at Northeast
00:10:27 --> 00:10:29 Scotland and really pin down exactly
00:10:29 --> 00:10:31 where within the Acadian Basin the
00:10:31 --> 00:10:33 actual quy itself is and there's ways we
00:10:33 --> 00:10:35 can do that because the kind of
00:10:35 --> 00:10:37 fingerprint within the Basin is is quite
00:10:37 --> 00:10:39 distinctive but we can look at a range
00:10:39 --> 00:10:41 of other mineral grains to try and
00:10:41 --> 00:10:43 really fine-tune our understanding of
00:10:43 --> 00:10:45 the geology of the source region which
00:10:45 --> 00:10:47 should be really interesting but I I I
00:10:47 --> 00:10:49 guess more broadly it's really fun for
00:10:49 --> 00:10:52 us as geologists and geoc chronologists
00:10:52 --> 00:10:54 who work at the age of rocks to apply
00:10:54 --> 00:10:55 this tool that we normally apply to the
00:10:55 --> 00:10:57 mining industry to apply it to other
00:10:58 --> 00:10:59 archaeological questions and there's a
00:10:59 --> 00:11:01 range of other sample material that we
00:11:01 --> 00:11:02 could actually apply the same technique
00:11:02 --> 00:11:05 to what you've actually done here is
00:11:05 --> 00:11:07 change history you've exposed a new page
00:11:07 --> 00:11:09 in the history of Stonehenge how does
00:11:09 --> 00:11:12 that make you feel it's incredibly
00:11:12 --> 00:11:14 exciting but also quite privileged to
00:11:14 --> 00:11:17 have the tools also um I should mention
00:11:17 --> 00:11:19 my PhD student Anthony Clark as well his
00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 inspiration to actually go and select
00:11:21 --> 00:11:24 this material so it's just Serendipity I
00:11:24 --> 00:11:26 think you know you've got yeah's he's
00:11:26 --> 00:11:30 he's Welsh so um make a joke you know
00:11:30 --> 00:11:32 yeah that's what everyone has so I think
00:11:32 --> 00:11:34 his response is usually around the rugby
00:11:34 --> 00:11:36 where where he points out that well it's
00:11:36 --> 00:11:38 okay as long as well Wills win the rugby
00:11:38 --> 00:11:40 it'll be all right that's Professor
00:11:40 --> 00:11:42 Chris Kirkland from curtain
00:11:42 --> 00:11:46 University and this SpaceTime still to
00:11:46 --> 00:11:49 come perseverance begins its long climb
00:11:49 --> 00:11:51 up to the rim of jezzro crater and we're
00:11:51 --> 00:11:53 in for not just a super moon tomorrow
00:11:53 --> 00:11:55 night it'll also be a blue moon we'll
00:11:55 --> 00:11:57 tell you all about it all that and more
00:11:57 --> 00:12:04 still to come on space
00:12:04 --> 00:12:13 [Music]
00:12:14 --> 00:12:17 time after spending some 2 and a half
00:12:17 --> 00:12:19 years exploring jez Creator's floor in
00:12:19 --> 00:12:21 River delta NASA's Mars perseverance
00:12:21 --> 00:12:24 Rover has now commenced its journey to
00:12:24 --> 00:12:25 an area where it will search for what
00:12:25 --> 00:12:27 hopefully will be more discoveries that
00:12:27 --> 00:12:30 could rewrite Martian history The six-
00:12:30 --> 00:12:33 Wheel car siiz mobile laboratory has
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 just begun a multi-month long Ascent up
00:12:35 --> 00:12:38 the Western rim of gzro crater and
00:12:38 --> 00:12:40 that'll see it tackle some of the
00:12:40 --> 00:12:42 steepest and most challenging terrain
00:12:42 --> 00:12:44 it's ever encountered The Climb will
00:12:44 --> 00:12:46 Mark the kickoff of the mission's new
00:12:46 --> 00:12:48 science campaign it's fifth since
00:12:48 --> 00:12:50 landing on the red planet way back on
00:12:50 --> 00:12:51 February the 18th
00:12:51 --> 00:12:54 2021 perseverance has now collected some
00:12:54 --> 00:12:58 22 Rock cores and traveled over 129 kilm
00:12:58 --> 00:13:01 since arriving at Mars perseverance
00:13:01 --> 00:13:03 project manager art Thompson from Nas's
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 jet propulsion laboratory in pasaden
00:13:05 --> 00:13:08 California says the Rovers in excellent
00:13:08 --> 00:13:10 condition to undertake the rim climb
00:13:10 --> 00:13:12 challenge he says Mission managers are
00:13:12 --> 00:13:15 raring to see what's up there two of the
00:13:15 --> 00:13:17 priority regions the science team want
00:13:17 --> 00:13:19 to study at the top of the crater a
00:13:19 --> 00:13:21 nicknam Pico to quino and witch hazel
00:13:21 --> 00:13:24 Hill imagery from NASA's orbiters around
00:13:24 --> 00:13:27 Mars indicate that Pico taquino contains
00:13:27 --> 00:13:29 ancient fractures that may have been
00:13:29 --> 00:13:31 caused by hydrothermal activity in the
00:13:31 --> 00:13:34 distant past meanwhile orbital views of
00:13:34 --> 00:13:36 witch hazel Hill show layer materials
00:13:36 --> 00:13:38 that likely date from the time when Mars
00:13:39 --> 00:13:40 had a very different climate than what
00:13:40 --> 00:13:43 it has today those views have revealed
00:13:43 --> 00:13:46 light T Bedrock very similar to what was
00:13:46 --> 00:13:48 found at bride Angel the area where
00:13:48 --> 00:13:49 perseverance recently discovered and
00:13:50 --> 00:13:51 sampled the Shava Falls Rock which
00:13:51 --> 00:13:53 exhibits chemical signatures and
00:13:53 --> 00:13:55 structures that could possibly been
00:13:55 --> 00:13:57 formed by life billions of years ago
00:13:57 --> 00:14:00 when the region cont and running water
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 back during the river DOTA phase of the
00:14:02 --> 00:14:04 mission the Rover collected the only
00:14:04 --> 00:14:06 sedimentary rock samples ever taken from
00:14:06 --> 00:14:09 a planet other than Earth sedimentary
00:14:09 --> 00:14:11 rocks are important because they form
00:14:11 --> 00:14:13 when particles of various sizes are
00:14:13 --> 00:14:15 transported by water and then deposited
00:14:15 --> 00:14:18 into a standing body of water on Earth
00:14:18 --> 00:14:20 liquid water is one of the most
00:14:20 --> 00:14:22 important requirements for Life as we
00:14:22 --> 00:14:24 know it a study published in the Journal
00:14:24 --> 00:14:26 of the American geophysical Union
00:14:26 --> 00:14:29 advances Chronicles the 10 Rock Cor
00:14:29 --> 00:14:31 gathered from sedimentary rocks in the
00:14:31 --> 00:14:33 ancient Martian River delta a fan-shaped
00:14:33 --> 00:14:35 collection of rocks and sediment that
00:14:35 --> 00:14:37 formed billions of years ago at the
00:14:37 --> 00:14:39 convergence of a river and the Crater
00:14:39 --> 00:14:41 Lake the core samples collected at the
00:14:42 --> 00:14:44 fan front of the oldest whereas rocks
00:14:44 --> 00:14:46 caught at the fan top are likely the
00:14:46 --> 00:14:48 youngest produced when flowing water
00:14:48 --> 00:14:51 deposit sediment into the Western fan
00:14:51 --> 00:14:53 among these Rock cores are likely the
00:14:53 --> 00:14:55 oldest material sampled from any known
00:14:55 --> 00:14:57 environment that was likely potentially
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 habitable now if there eventually
00:14:59 --> 00:15:01 brought back to Earth by the long
00:15:01 --> 00:15:03 proposed Joint Nasa isaar sample return
00:15:03 --> 00:15:05 Mission they'll tell scientists about
00:15:05 --> 00:15:08 when why and for how long Mars contained
00:15:08 --> 00:15:11 liquid water and whether some organic
00:15:11 --> 00:15:14 Prebiotic or even potentially biological
00:15:14 --> 00:15:16 evolution may have taken place on the
00:15:16 --> 00:15:17 red
00:15:17 --> 00:15:19 planet as for the Crater Rim Mission
00:15:19 --> 00:15:21 well it promises to provide samples that
00:15:21 --> 00:15:23 will have significant implications for
00:15:23 --> 00:15:26 understanding Martian geological history
00:15:26 --> 00:15:28 that's because these are expected to be
00:15:28 --> 00:15:29 samples of the the red planet's most
00:15:29 --> 00:15:32 ancient crust the rocks formed from a
00:15:32 --> 00:15:35 wolf of different processes and some
00:15:35 --> 00:15:36 represent potentially habitable
00:15:36 --> 00:15:38 environments that have never been
00:15:38 --> 00:15:41 examined up close before but reaching
00:15:41 --> 00:15:43 the top of the crater's rim won't be
00:15:43 --> 00:15:46 easy to get there perseverance will have
00:15:46 --> 00:15:48 to rely on its auton navigation
00:15:48 --> 00:15:50 capabilities as it follows a route that
00:15:50 --> 00:15:52 the Rovers plan is back on Earth
00:15:52 --> 00:15:55 designed to minimize hazards while still
00:15:55 --> 00:15:57 giving the science team plenty of stuff
00:15:57 --> 00:16:00 to investigate and Shing slopes of up to
00:16:00 --> 00:16:02 23° on the journey the Rover will have
00:16:02 --> 00:16:05 gained about 300 M in elevation by the
00:16:05 --> 00:16:07 time it Summits the crater's rim at a
00:16:07 --> 00:16:09 location which the science team have now
00:16:09 --> 00:16:13 dubbed Aurora Park then perched hundreds
00:16:13 --> 00:16:15 of meters above the 45 kilm wide crater
00:16:16 --> 00:16:18 floor perseverance can begin the next
00:16:18 --> 00:16:19 leg of its
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 Adventure the Rover will characterize
00:16:21 --> 00:16:24 the planet's geology and its past
00:16:24 --> 00:16:26 climate to help pave the way for future
00:16:26 --> 00:16:28 human exploration of the red planet
00:16:28 --> 00:16:32 sometimes during the next decade this is
00:16:32 --> 00:16:35 spacetime still to come we have a full
00:16:35 --> 00:16:37 moon tomorrow night and not only will it
00:16:37 --> 00:16:39 be a super moon it'll also be a blue
00:16:39 --> 00:16:41 moon we'll have all the details next and
00:16:41 --> 00:16:43 later in the science report there are
00:16:43 --> 00:16:46 new warnings today that the impax virus
00:16:46 --> 00:16:48 is now starting to spread Beyond Africa
00:16:48 --> 00:16:50 to the rest of the world all that and
00:16:50 --> 00:16:58 more still to come on SpaceTime
00:16:58 --> 00:17:05 [Music]
00:17:08 --> 00:17:10 if you look into the sky tonight you'll
00:17:10 --> 00:17:13 see a full moon a full moon usually
00:17:13 --> 00:17:15 lasts for about 3 days before the shadow
00:17:15 --> 00:17:17 of the earth starts to bite into it
00:17:17 --> 00:17:19 again the moon will actually reach its
00:17:19 --> 00:17:21 fullest early tomorrow morning and not
00:17:22 --> 00:17:24 only will it be a pery or so-called
00:17:24 --> 00:17:26 super moon it's also a blue moon and it
00:17:27 --> 00:17:29 doesn't end there it sometimes called a
00:17:29 --> 00:17:32 sturgeon Moon the red moon the corn Moon
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 the green corn Moon The Barley Moon the
00:17:34 --> 00:17:36 herb Moon the grain moon and the dog
00:17:36 --> 00:17:38 Moon depending on your preferences and
00:17:39 --> 00:17:41 cultural beliefs be precise the full
00:17:42 --> 00:17:45 moon will occur at 4:25 a.m. tomorrow
00:17:45 --> 00:17:47 August the 20th Australian Eastern
00:17:47 --> 00:17:50 Standard Time the term super moon is a
00:17:50 --> 00:17:52 trendy name Beloved by old school media
00:17:52 --> 00:17:54 looking for clickbait to describe a
00:17:54 --> 00:17:56 parag full moon that's when the moon's
00:17:56 --> 00:17:58 at its closest orbital position to the
00:17:58 --> 00:18:01 Earth during a full moon now on average
00:18:01 --> 00:18:05 the moon orbits about 384 km from
00:18:05 --> 00:18:07 the Earth but the moon's orbit around
00:18:07 --> 00:18:09 Earth isn't a perfect circle it's
00:18:09 --> 00:18:11 slightly elliptical that means one part
00:18:11 --> 00:18:13 of the orbit will be an itsy bitsy bit
00:18:13 --> 00:18:17 closer to the Earth about 357 km
00:18:17 --> 00:18:19 away that's known as perige while the
00:18:19 --> 00:18:20 other part of the orbit will be a bit
00:18:20 --> 00:18:24 further away around 46 km that's
00:18:24 --> 00:18:27 called apery the difference in orbit is
00:18:27 --> 00:18:30 about 5% closer or further away than the
00:18:30 --> 00:18:32 average now the exact distances of both
00:18:32 --> 00:18:35 parag and apy also vary due to other
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 factors such as whether the Luna orbits
00:18:37 --> 00:18:40 long axis is pointed towards the Sun
00:18:40 --> 00:18:42 Also the moon's orbital extremes are at
00:18:42 --> 00:18:44 their greatest between November and
00:18:44 --> 00:18:46 February that's when Earth's orbit
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 places our planet and therefore the Moon
00:18:48 --> 00:18:50 closer to the Sun you see Earth's orbit
00:18:50 --> 00:18:53 itself is also elliptical by almost 2%
00:18:53 --> 00:18:55 and therefore the sun's gravitational
00:18:55 --> 00:18:57 influence is greatest during those
00:18:57 --> 00:18:59 months now all people tend to make a big
00:18:59 --> 00:19:01 deal about super moons they're actually
00:19:01 --> 00:19:03 not all that uncommon generally occur in
00:19:03 --> 00:19:06 groups of about three roughly every 13
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 months and 8 days now that means every
00:19:08 --> 00:19:12 14th full moon will be a super moon now
00:19:12 --> 00:19:13 while technically a super moon can look
00:19:13 --> 00:19:16 about 40% larger and 30% brighter than a
00:19:16 --> 00:19:18 normal full moon you really wouldn't
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 notice the difference unless someone
00:19:20 --> 00:19:22 told you and even then any size
00:19:22 --> 00:19:24 difference perceptions you do have would
00:19:24 --> 00:19:26 more likely be due to your imagination
00:19:26 --> 00:19:29 even skilled skygazers a challenged to
00:19:29 --> 00:19:31 see any real difference in size of
00:19:31 --> 00:19:33 brightness in reality you'd really need
00:19:33 --> 00:19:35 proper astronomical equipment to measure
00:19:35 --> 00:19:38 the difference also remember that the
00:19:38 --> 00:19:40 full moon always looks unusually large
00:19:40 --> 00:19:42 and bright when it's near the Horizon
00:19:42 --> 00:19:44 that's in effect known as Moon
00:19:44 --> 00:19:47 Illusion one consequence of Pare full
00:19:47 --> 00:19:49 moons and new Moons for that matter
00:19:49 --> 00:19:51 might be a noticeable increase in Ocean
00:19:51 --> 00:19:54 Tides there are many factors influencing
00:19:54 --> 00:19:56 tidal Heights at given locations though
00:19:56 --> 00:19:58 they're usually highest known as spring
00:19:58 --> 00:20:01 tides at the full or new moon when the
00:20:01 --> 00:20:04 sun earth and moon are all aligned so a
00:20:04 --> 00:20:06 parag moon being a bit closer than the
00:20:06 --> 00:20:08 average will result in slightly higher
00:20:08 --> 00:20:11 Tides the term Super Moon isn't that old
00:20:11 --> 00:20:14 in fact it was first invented just in
00:20:14 --> 00:20:17 1979 not by an astronomer but by an
00:20:17 --> 00:20:19 astrologer now for those unfamiliar with
00:20:19 --> 00:20:21 the difference between the two and I'm
00:20:21 --> 00:20:22 quite sure no one listening to this show
00:20:22 --> 00:20:25 fits in that category nevertheless an
00:20:25 --> 00:20:27 astronomer is a person who studies space
00:20:27 --> 00:20:29 in the cosmos using the scientific
00:20:29 --> 00:20:31 method to learn more about the Universe
00:20:32 --> 00:20:34 on the other hand an astrologer is a
00:20:34 --> 00:20:36 pseudoscientific person who uses
00:20:36 --> 00:20:38 inaccurate positions for constellations
00:20:38 --> 00:20:40 planets and other celestial bodies at
00:20:40 --> 00:20:42 different times to tell others about
00:20:42 --> 00:20:43 their character or to predict their
00:20:43 --> 00:20:46 future there has never been any
00:20:46 --> 00:20:48 scientific evidence supporting any of
00:20:48 --> 00:20:50 the claims made by astrology and its
00:20:50 --> 00:20:53 continued success in society depends
00:20:53 --> 00:20:56 exclusively on people's
00:20:56 --> 00:20:58 gullibility these days Tren doids us Ed
00:20:58 --> 00:21:00 the term Super Moon and I saw it in an
00:21:00 --> 00:21:02 article just earlier today to describe
00:21:02 --> 00:21:06 any full moon within 90% of Pary and for
00:21:06 --> 00:21:07 the record this will be the first of
00:21:07 --> 00:21:10 four consecutive Super moons this year
00:21:10 --> 00:21:11 with the full moons in September and
00:21:11 --> 00:21:13 October being the
00:21:13 --> 00:21:15 closest although it won't look blue as
00:21:15 --> 00:21:17 the third full moon in the season with
00:21:17 --> 00:21:20 four full moons this is also classified
00:21:20 --> 00:21:23 as a blue moon the first recorded use of
00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 the term blue moon in English dates back
00:21:25 --> 00:21:26 to
00:21:26 --> 00:21:29 1528 speculation as to the origin behind
00:21:29 --> 00:21:31 the term include an Old English phrase
00:21:31 --> 00:21:33 that means betray a moon because it led
00:21:33 --> 00:21:35 to mistakes in setting the dates for
00:21:35 --> 00:21:39 Lent and Easter but since the 1940s the
00:21:39 --> 00:21:41 term blue moon has been used to describe
00:21:41 --> 00:21:43 a second full moon in a calendar month
00:21:43 --> 00:21:46 that has two full moons and the names
00:21:46 --> 00:21:49 don't end there the main Farmers Almanac
00:21:49 --> 00:21:51 began publishing Indian names for full
00:21:51 --> 00:21:53 moons back in the 1930s and these have
00:21:53 --> 00:21:56 now become widely known and used now
00:21:56 --> 00:21:58 according to the soulman ACT for a full
00:21:58 --> 00:22:00 moon in August the Algonquin tribes in
00:22:00 --> 00:22:02 what is now the Northeastern United
00:22:02 --> 00:22:04 States called this the sturgeon Moon
00:22:04 --> 00:22:06 after the large fish that were more
00:22:06 --> 00:22:07 easily caught at this time of the year
00:22:07 --> 00:22:09 in the great lakes and other major
00:22:09 --> 00:22:12 bodies of water but other names reported
00:22:12 --> 00:22:14 for the Moon is the red moon the cornal
00:22:14 --> 00:22:17 green corn Moon The Barley Moon the herb
00:22:17 --> 00:22:19 Moon the grain Moon and even the dog
00:22:19 --> 00:22:24 moon this is spacetime
00:22:24 --> 00:22:37 [Music]
00:22:37 --> 00:22:39 and time now to take a brief look at
00:22:39 --> 00:22:41 some of the other stories making news in
00:22:41 --> 00:22:42 science this week with the science
00:22:42 --> 00:22:45 report the World Health Organization has
00:22:45 --> 00:22:47 declared an upsurge of empar cases
00:22:47 --> 00:22:49 across multiple African countries a
00:22:49 --> 00:22:51 public health emergency of international
00:22:51 --> 00:22:54 concern as the virus begins spreading to
00:22:54 --> 00:22:56 the rest of the world the disease
00:22:56 --> 00:22:58 formerly known as monkey pox spread
00:22:58 --> 00:23:01 spread rapidly across the world in 2022
00:23:01 --> 00:23:03 including Australia and it's now surging
00:23:03 --> 00:23:06 again with a new variant empo is a viral
00:23:06 --> 00:23:10 disease caused by the orthopox virus it
00:23:10 --> 00:23:12 was first identified in humans in the
00:23:12 --> 00:23:15 Democratic Republic of Congo in 1970 and
00:23:15 --> 00:23:18 is endemic to Central and western Africa
00:23:18 --> 00:23:20 empo can be transmitted from animals to
00:23:20 --> 00:23:23 humans and between humans through direct
00:23:23 --> 00:23:25 contact with skin lesions body fluids or
00:23:25 --> 00:23:27 the respiratory droplets of an infected
00:23:27 --> 00:23:29 person can also be transmitted by
00:23:29 --> 00:23:31 prolonged face-to-face contact with an
00:23:31 --> 00:23:33 infected person and touching
00:23:33 --> 00:23:36 contaminated objects historically empo
00:23:36 --> 00:23:38 was neglected in Africa but it gained
00:23:38 --> 00:23:41 Global attention during a 2022 outbreak
00:23:41 --> 00:23:43 that spread to Regions like Europe
00:23:43 --> 00:23:45 Australia and the United States the
00:23:45 --> 00:23:47 current outbreak is concerning due to a
00:23:47 --> 00:23:50 new strain known as Cade 1B which is
00:23:50 --> 00:23:52 spreading rapidly in the Congo and at
00:23:52 --> 00:23:54 least 12 neighboring countries
00:23:54 --> 00:23:56 importantly this strain is potentially
00:23:56 --> 00:23:58 more deadly and it appears to affect
00:23:58 --> 00:24:01 children at a higher rate than other
00:24:01 --> 00:24:04 strains a new study has found that
00:24:04 --> 00:24:05 Australians are more likely to live
00:24:06 --> 00:24:08 longer than people living in New Zealand
00:24:08 --> 00:24:10 the United States the United Kingdom
00:24:10 --> 00:24:13 Canada or Ireland the findings reported
00:24:13 --> 00:24:15 in the British medical journal Based on
00:24:15 --> 00:24:16 data from the five English-speaking
00:24:17 --> 00:24:19 countries to see how life expectancy
00:24:19 --> 00:24:21 differs among culturally similar Nations
00:24:21 --> 00:24:24 they found Australia was a clear best
00:24:24 --> 00:24:26 performer in terms of life expectancy
00:24:26 --> 00:24:30 leading the Rest by one .26 to 3.95
00:24:30 --> 00:24:33 years for women and 0.97 to 4.88 years
00:24:33 --> 00:24:37 for men now the study can't explain why
00:24:37 --> 00:24:38 other countries with very similar
00:24:38 --> 00:24:41 Lifestyles to Australia differ in life
00:24:41 --> 00:24:44 expectancy by so much however
00:24:44 --> 00:24:45 researchers are speculating that
00:24:45 --> 00:24:47 Australia's High number of migrants and
00:24:47 --> 00:24:49 where they come from may be playing a
00:24:49 --> 00:24:52 role Australia has lower life expectancy
00:24:52 --> 00:24:55 inequality however this may in part be
00:24:55 --> 00:24:56 due to its very small indigenous
00:24:56 --> 00:24:59 population as the life expectancy gap
00:24:59 --> 00:25:01 between non-indigenous Australians and
00:25:01 --> 00:25:03 Aboriginal and testr Islander people
00:25:03 --> 00:25:06 remains High differences in lifestyle
00:25:06 --> 00:25:08 also play a significant role and the
00:25:08 --> 00:25:10 researchers say the death rates from
00:25:10 --> 00:25:13 drug and alcohol misuse screenable and
00:25:13 --> 00:25:15 treatable Cancers and cardiovascular and
00:25:15 --> 00:25:18 respiratory diseases are all lower in
00:25:18 --> 00:25:20 the true blue Land of
00:25:20 --> 00:25:23 Oz a new study has shown that increasing
00:25:23 --> 00:25:25 Coastal erosion is reducing the Arctic
00:25:25 --> 00:25:28 Ocean's ability to absorb carbon dioxide
00:25:28 --> 00:25:30 the findings reported in the journal
00:25:30 --> 00:25:32 Nature climate change are based on new
00:25:32 --> 00:25:35 computer modeling the projections found
00:25:35 --> 00:25:37 that the annual increase in atmospheric
00:25:37 --> 00:25:39 carbon dioxide due to permafrost erosion
00:25:39 --> 00:25:42 by 201100 may be the equivalent of about
00:25:42 --> 00:25:45 10% of European car emissions in 2021
00:25:45 --> 00:25:47 the authors warned that the Arctic is
00:25:47 --> 00:25:49 now warming four times faster than the
00:25:49 --> 00:25:52 rest of the planet the thoring Arctic
00:25:52 --> 00:25:53 permafrost is allowing for faster
00:25:53 --> 00:25:55 Coastal erosion in the region which is
00:25:55 --> 00:25:57 projected to increase by a factor of 2
00:25:57 --> 00:25:59 to 3 by the year
00:25:59 --> 00:26:02 2100 and that will increase the supply
00:26:02 --> 00:26:04 of organic matter from Land into the
00:26:04 --> 00:26:06 ocean according to the modeling previous
00:26:06 --> 00:26:08 climate studies may have misinterpreted
00:26:08 --> 00:26:10 the Arctic Ocean's uptake of carbon
00:26:10 --> 00:26:12 dioxide from the atmosphere by not
00:26:12 --> 00:26:14 including the areas's worst affected by
00:26:14 --> 00:26:16 Coastal erosion which release more
00:26:16 --> 00:26:18 carbon than they
00:26:18 --> 00:26:20 absorb the Chiropractic Board of
00:26:20 --> 00:26:23 Australia has been forced to reinstate a
00:26:23 --> 00:26:25 ban on the dangerous practice of spinal
00:26:25 --> 00:26:27 manipulation of infants or commonly
00:26:27 --> 00:26:30 known as baby back cracking the
00:26:30 --> 00:26:32 reinstatement follows an outcry by
00:26:32 --> 00:26:34 doctors and a request from Health
00:26:34 --> 00:26:35 ministers who have been asked to formly
00:26:35 --> 00:26:39 Outlaw the practice chiropractice claims
00:26:39 --> 00:26:41 spinal manipulation of babies helps with
00:26:41 --> 00:26:43 colic reflux constipation and different
00:26:43 --> 00:26:45 problems with sleep but Tim mendum from
00:26:45 --> 00:26:47 Australian Skeptics points out that the
00:26:47 --> 00:26:49 Royal Australian College of general
00:26:49 --> 00:26:51 practitioners has found little evidence
00:26:51 --> 00:26:53 supporting these so-called benefits and
00:26:53 --> 00:26:55 believe the treatment is simply
00:26:55 --> 00:26:57 unsuitable for young children CH
00:26:57 --> 00:26:58 practice are being sort of cracking
00:26:58 --> 00:27:00 people's backs for for well a fair time
00:27:00 --> 00:27:02 it's probably over 100 years now and one
00:27:02 --> 00:27:04 of the issues that cropped up was
00:27:04 --> 00:27:06 cracking the backs of infants I mean
00:27:06 --> 00:27:09 instant like week old or weeks old
00:27:09 --> 00:27:11 babies their skeleton is still forming
00:27:11 --> 00:27:13 in a way they're very vulnerable to
00:27:13 --> 00:27:14 things that might happen and I've seen
00:27:15 --> 00:27:17 quite horrifying videos of a
00:27:17 --> 00:27:20 chiropractor either raising a a baby by
00:27:20 --> 00:27:22 the feet or putting it over their lap
00:27:22 --> 00:27:24 and cracking the spine and it really is
00:27:24 --> 00:27:26 a crack sound and it's one of the most
00:27:26 --> 00:27:28 horrifying things you can see we can do
00:27:28 --> 00:27:30 major damage they can do damage to
00:27:30 --> 00:27:31 adults especially when they're twisting
00:27:31 --> 00:27:32 the neck and twisting their head the
00:27:32 --> 00:27:34 babies tends to just be cracking the
00:27:34 --> 00:27:35 spine rather than twisting head you
00:27:36 --> 00:27:37 wouldn't want to do that to a baby and
00:27:37 --> 00:27:39 when various videos came out of this the
00:27:39 --> 00:27:41 number of years ago about four years ago
00:27:41 --> 00:27:43 there was an outrate understandably one
00:27:43 --> 00:27:44 of the main Cho practices was doing this
00:27:44 --> 00:27:46 was called in front of the chiropratic
00:27:46 --> 00:27:47 Bard they wave their finger at him and
00:27:47 --> 00:27:49 said don't do that again and you can no
00:27:49 --> 00:27:51 longer treat anyone Under 12 so they
00:27:51 --> 00:27:54 banned the practice for a while and then
00:27:54 --> 00:27:56 shortly well recently they unbanned the
00:27:56 --> 00:27:58 practice and said so it's okay now you
00:27:58 --> 00:28:00 can go back to cracking babies and then
00:28:00 --> 00:28:03 was an outrage by medical fraternity Etc
00:28:03 --> 00:28:05 saying what the hell are you doing the
00:28:05 --> 00:28:07 these are babies do not do this so they
00:28:07 --> 00:28:09 banned it again this is the Chiropractic
00:28:09 --> 00:28:11 Association doing this sorry the
00:28:11 --> 00:28:12 Chiropractic Board of Australia it's a
00:28:12 --> 00:28:14 different thing Chiropractic board
00:28:14 --> 00:28:16 banned this process so they banned it
00:28:16 --> 00:28:18 unbanned it banned it again and now the
00:28:18 --> 00:28:20 chiropratic association which is almost
00:28:20 --> 00:28:22 like a trade Union of chiropractice is
00:28:22 --> 00:28:25 demanding it be opened again so the
00:28:25 --> 00:28:27 whole issue is that the chiropractice
00:28:27 --> 00:28:28 are claiming it's a very specific
00:28:28 --> 00:28:30 adjustment tailored to the force
00:28:30 --> 00:28:32 appropriate to the size of the person
00:28:32 --> 00:28:33 who's receiving it you're talking about
00:28:33 --> 00:28:35 babies little it's not little tiny
00:28:35 --> 00:28:37 forces you can hear a baby's back crack
00:28:37 --> 00:28:38 it's dangerous and you could do
00:28:38 --> 00:28:40 something very serious to a child that
00:28:40 --> 00:28:41 they'll suffer from from the rest of
00:28:41 --> 00:28:43 their life apart from the fact there's a
00:28:43 --> 00:28:44 lot of stuff within Chiropractic which
00:28:44 --> 00:28:46 is totally unsupported by science
00:28:46 --> 00:28:47 including some of the technology and
00:28:47 --> 00:28:49 terminology that they use themselves as
00:28:49 --> 00:28:52 in a subluxation which is no one really
00:28:52 --> 00:28:53 knows what it is but it's a thing which
00:28:53 --> 00:28:55 is quoted a lot in a chiropractic
00:28:55 --> 00:28:58 fraternity as the cause of the um spine
00:28:58 --> 00:28:59 being out of order and all these sort of
00:28:59 --> 00:29:02 issues and illnesses being generated
00:29:02 --> 00:29:04 forth with Chiropractic is lower back
00:29:04 --> 00:29:06 massage she'll be stuck with stick with
00:29:06 --> 00:29:07 that get out of the thing where it
00:29:07 --> 00:29:09 causes every illness down to mankind
00:29:09 --> 00:29:14 that's Tim mum from Australian
00:29:14 --> 00:29:27 [Music]
00:29:27 --> 00:29:30 Skeptics and that's the show for now
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00:30:06 --> 00:30:08 gives you access to Triple episode
00:30:08 --> 00:30:10 commercial free versions of the show as
00:30:10 --> 00:30:12 well as lots of burnus audio content
00:30:12 --> 00:30:14 which doesn't go to a access to our
00:30:14 --> 00:30:16 exclusive Facebook group and other
00:30:16 --> 00:30:19 Awards just go to SpaceTime with Stewart
00:30:19 --> 00:30:22 gary.com for full details you've been
00:30:22 --> 00:30:25 listening to SpaceTime with Stuart Gary
00:30:25 --> 00:30:27 this has been another quality podcast
00:30:27 --> 00:30:30 production from fights.com