Source:
https://www.spreaker.com/episode/s27e101-mars-hidden-oceans-galactic-clusters-growth-and-aussie-satellites-aboard-iss--61099734
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the discovery of vast oceans of liquid water beneath Mars' surface, uncover new insights into galaxy growth in dense environments, and celebrate the arrival of three Australian satellites aboard the International Space Station. Join us for these fascinating updates and more!
00:00:00 - This is SpaceTime series 27, episode 101 for broadcast on the 21st of August 2024
00:00:45 - Oceans of liquid water found deep under the Martian surface
00:12:30 - New study shows galaxies in dense environments tend to grow bigger
00:23:45 - Three Australian satellites arrive aboard the International Space Station
00:32:15 - The science report: New figures confirm July was the 14th consecutive month of record-breaking heat
00:45:00 - Google releases new AI-equipped Pixel smartphone range
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00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 27 episode 101
00:00:03 --> 00:00:05 for broadcast on the 21st of August
00:00:05 --> 00:00:09 2024 coming up on SpaceTime oceans of
00:00:09 --> 00:00:12 water found on Mars a new study shows
00:00:12 --> 00:00:14 galaxies in dense environments tend to
00:00:15 --> 00:00:17 grow bigger and three Australian
00:00:17 --> 00:00:18 satellites arrive aboard the
00:00:18 --> 00:00:21 International Space Station all that and
00:00:21 --> 00:00:24 more coming up on
00:00:24 --> 00:00:27 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:27 --> 00:00:29 Stuart Gary
00:00:29 --> 00:00:36 [Music]
00:00:44 --> 00:00:46 scientists have found evidence of oceans
00:00:46 --> 00:00:49 of liquid water deep under the Martian
00:00:49 --> 00:00:51 surface enough to cover the red planet
00:00:51 --> 00:00:54 to a depth of more than a kilometer the
00:00:54 --> 00:00:56 findings reported in the Journal of the
00:00:56 --> 00:00:57 proceedings of the National Academy of
00:00:57 --> 00:00:59 Sciences based on seismic activity
00:00:59 --> 00:01:02 observ ation recorded by NASA's Mars
00:01:02 --> 00:01:04 Insight land emission which monitored
00:01:04 --> 00:01:05 seismic data from Mars Quakes and
00:01:06 --> 00:01:08 asteroid impacts the disc Discovery
00:01:08 --> 00:01:10 provides one answer to the long-standing
00:01:10 --> 00:01:12 question of what happened to Mars's
00:01:12 --> 00:01:14 water as the planet transitioned from a
00:01:14 --> 00:01:17 warm wet world to a freeze dried desert
00:01:17 --> 00:01:19 billions of years ago as the planet's
00:01:19 --> 00:01:22 atmosphere eroded into space the new
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 analysis shows that these vast
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 reservoirs of liquid water are located
00:01:26 --> 00:01:28 in tiny cracks and pores in the Rock in
00:01:28 --> 00:01:30 the middle of the Martian crust between
00:01:31 --> 00:01:33 11 and 20 km below the surface meaning
00:01:33 --> 00:01:36 it would be inaccessible for future man
00:01:36 --> 00:01:39 missions to Mars NASA's Insight Lander
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 was sent to Mars in 2018 to investigate
00:01:41 --> 00:01:44 the crust mantle core and atmosphere and
00:01:44 --> 00:01:46 it recorded invaluable information about
00:01:46 --> 00:01:48 the Martian interior before its Mission
00:01:48 --> 00:01:49 ended in
00:01:49 --> 00:01:52 2022 Insight greatly exceeded
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 expectations hoping to determine the
00:01:54 --> 00:01:56 planet's internal structure the
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 thickness of its crust the depth and
00:01:58 --> 00:02:00 composition of the core and even the
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 temperature within the mantle Insight
00:02:02 --> 00:02:04 detected M Quakes up to around a
00:02:04 --> 00:02:07 magnitude 5 meteor impacts and Rumblings
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 from volcanic areas all of which produce
00:02:09 --> 00:02:12 seismic waves allowing geophysicists to
00:02:12 --> 00:02:14 probe the interior previous research
00:02:14 --> 00:02:17 showed that above a depth of about 5 km
00:02:17 --> 00:02:20 the upper Martian crust doesn't contain
00:02:20 --> 00:02:22 any water ice but this new study
00:02:22 --> 00:02:24 analyzed the deeper crust and concluded
00:02:25 --> 00:02:26 that the available data is best
00:02:26 --> 00:02:29 explained by a water saturated mid crust
00:02:29 --> 00:02:32 below sight's location now assuming the
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 crust is similar throughout the planet
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 the authors argue there should be more
00:02:36 --> 00:02:38 water in this mid crust Zone than the
00:02:38 --> 00:02:39 volumes proposed to have filled
00:02:39 --> 00:02:42 hypothesized ancient Martian oceans one
00:02:42 --> 00:02:45 of the study's authors vashan Wright
00:02:45 --> 00:02:47 from San Diego scripts institution of
00:02:47 --> 00:02:49 oceanography says understanding the
00:02:49 --> 00:02:51 Martian water cycle is critical for
00:02:51 --> 00:02:52 understanding the evolution of the
00:02:52 --> 00:02:55 planet's climate its surface and its
00:02:55 --> 00:02:58 interior it's a useful starting point to
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 identify where water is and how much
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 there is to undertake their study the
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 authors used a mathematical model of
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 rock physics identical to models used on
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 Earth to map underground aquafers and
00:03:08 --> 00:03:11 oil fields this let them determine that
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 the seismic data from inside could be
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 best explained by a deep layer of
00:03:15 --> 00:03:18 fractured ous Rock saturated with liquid
00:03:18 --> 00:03:21 water ous rocks are cooled hot magmas
00:03:21 --> 00:03:24 like granite and bassal intriguingly
00:03:24 --> 00:03:25 this discovery pinpoints another
00:03:25 --> 00:03:28 promising place to look for Life on Mars
00:03:28 --> 00:03:29 that's if they could ever drill that
00:03:29 --> 00:03:31 deep you see there's no reason to assume
00:03:31 --> 00:03:34 an underwater reservoir on Mars wouldn't
00:03:34 --> 00:03:36 be a habitable environment for life
00:03:36 --> 00:03:37 after all it's certainly true here on
00:03:38 --> 00:03:40 Earth where even the deepest M shafts
00:03:40 --> 00:03:41 have been found to play hose to
00:03:41 --> 00:03:46 microbial life this is spacetime still
00:03:46 --> 00:03:48 to come a new study shows galaxies in
00:03:48 --> 00:03:51 dense environments tend to get bigger
00:03:51 --> 00:03:53 and three Australian satellites arrive
00:03:53 --> 00:03:55 aboard the International Space Station
00:03:55 --> 00:03:57 all that and more still to come on
00:03:57 --> 00:04:00 SpaceTime
00:04:00 --> 00:04:14 [Music]
00:04:14 --> 00:04:16 a new study has shown that galaxies
00:04:16 --> 00:04:18 located within Galaxy clusters and lots
00:04:18 --> 00:04:20 of other galaxies nearby tend to be up
00:04:20 --> 00:04:23 to 25% larger than more isolated
00:04:23 --> 00:04:25 galaxies drifting through the darkness
00:04:25 --> 00:04:27 of the cosmos
00:04:27 --> 00:04:29 alone the findings reported in the the
00:04:29 --> 00:04:31 astrophysical journal are showing a
00:04:31 --> 00:04:34 constant size rule even when accounting
00:04:34 --> 00:04:35 for their counterparts with similar
00:04:35 --> 00:04:38 shapes and mass the research which used
00:04:38 --> 00:04:40 a new machine learning tool to analyze
00:04:40 --> 00:04:42 millions of galaxies helped resolve a
00:04:42 --> 00:04:43 long-standing debate among
00:04:43 --> 00:04:46 astrophysicists over the relationship
00:04:46 --> 00:04:48 between a Galaxy size and its
00:04:48 --> 00:04:50 environment the findings are also
00:04:50 --> 00:04:52 raising new questions about how galaxies
00:04:52 --> 00:04:55 form and evolve over billions of years
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 the study's lead author arra go from the
00:04:57 --> 00:04:59 University of Washington says current
00:05:00 --> 00:05:01 theories of Galaxy formation and
00:05:01 --> 00:05:03 evolution can't adequately explain the
00:05:03 --> 00:05:05 findings that clustered galaxies are
00:05:05 --> 00:05:07 larger than their identical counterparts
00:05:07 --> 00:05:10 in less dense regions of the universe go
00:05:10 --> 00:05:12 says some of what theories predict and
00:05:12 --> 00:05:14 what the surveys are actually finding
00:05:14 --> 00:05:16 simply are no longer in agreement and so
00:05:16 --> 00:05:18 astronomers have to go back to the
00:05:18 --> 00:05:20 drawing boards and try and modify
00:05:20 --> 00:05:22 existing theories to better explain the
00:05:23 --> 00:05:25 observations past studies looking at
00:05:25 --> 00:05:27 relationships between Galaxy size and
00:05:27 --> 00:05:28 environment have come up with
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 contradictory results
00:05:30 --> 00:05:31 some determined that galaxies and
00:05:31 --> 00:05:33 clusters were smaller than isolated
00:05:33 --> 00:05:35 galaxies While others came to the
00:05:35 --> 00:05:37 opposite conclusion now the important
00:05:37 --> 00:05:39 Point here is these studies were all
00:05:39 --> 00:05:41 much smaller in scope based on
00:05:41 --> 00:05:43 observations of just a few hundreds or
00:05:43 --> 00:05:45 thousands of galaxies but in this new
00:05:45 --> 00:05:47 study giian colleagues have utilized a
00:05:47 --> 00:05:49 survey of millions of galaxies conducted
00:05:49 --> 00:05:52 by the Subaru telescope in Hawaii the
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 authors then selected approximately 3
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 million galaxies the highest quality
00:05:56 --> 00:05:58 data and used a machine learning
00:05:58 --> 00:06:00 algorithm to determine the size of each
00:06:00 --> 00:06:02 one they then essentially placed a
00:06:02 --> 00:06:05 circle one with a radius of around 30
00:06:05 --> 00:06:07 million light years around each of these
00:06:07 --> 00:06:08 galaxies in order to represent their
00:06:09 --> 00:06:10 immediate vicinity in order to determine
00:06:10 --> 00:06:12 how many neighboring galaxies were
00:06:12 --> 00:06:15 within that Circle and the answer showed
00:06:15 --> 00:06:18 a clear General Trend galaxies with more
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 neighbors were also on average much
00:06:20 --> 00:06:23 larger the reason could be that dens
00:06:23 --> 00:06:25 clustered galaxies are simply larger
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 when they first form or are more likely
00:06:27 --> 00:06:30 to undergo efficient merges with close
00:06:30 --> 00:06:32 neighbors but then again perhaps dark
00:06:32 --> 00:06:35 matter is the reason that mysterious
00:06:35 --> 00:06:37 invisible substance that makes up most
00:06:37 --> 00:06:38 of the matter in the universe yet cannot
00:06:38 --> 00:06:40 be detected directly by any current
00:06:40 --> 00:06:44 means may be playing a role after all
00:06:44 --> 00:06:46 all galaxies form within individual
00:06:46 --> 00:06:47 Halos of dark matter and the
00:06:47 --> 00:06:50 gravitational pull from those Halos is
00:06:50 --> 00:06:52 playing a crucial role on how galaxies
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 evolve so for now at least the mystery
00:06:55 --> 00:06:57 of galaxies
00:06:57 --> 00:07:01 continues this report from NASA TV
00:07:01 --> 00:07:04 looking back some 13 billion years
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 NASA's Hubble Space Telescope offers a
00:07:06 --> 00:07:09 glimpse of the early Universe revealing
00:07:09 --> 00:07:12 countless galaxies in a tiny area of
00:07:12 --> 00:07:15 Sky galaxies are the visible foundation
00:07:15 --> 00:07:18 of the universe each one a collection of
00:07:18 --> 00:07:22 stars planets gas dust and dark matter
00:07:22 --> 00:07:23 held together by
00:07:24 --> 00:07:26 gravity Hubble's observations give us
00:07:26 --> 00:07:30 insight into how galaxies form grow and
00:07:30 --> 00:07:31 evolve Through
00:07:31 --> 00:07:34 Time Hubble's namesake astronomer Edwin
00:07:34 --> 00:07:37 Hubble pioneered the study of galaxies
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 based simply on their appearance he
00:07:39 --> 00:07:43 divided galaxies into three basic forms
00:07:43 --> 00:07:47 ellipticals Spirals and Irregulars
00:07:47 --> 00:07:49 labeled The Tuning Fork diagram Edwin
00:07:49 --> 00:07:52 Hubble's basic Arrangement is still in
00:07:52 --> 00:07:53 use
00:07:53 --> 00:07:56 today elliptical galaxies are nearly
00:07:56 --> 00:07:58 spherical to egg-shaped groups of old
00:07:58 --> 00:08:01 Stars that lack the gas and dust needed
00:08:01 --> 00:08:04 to form new stars rotation doesn't play
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 a big part in their shape the movements
00:08:06 --> 00:08:10 of Their Stars often in Long oval orbits
00:08:10 --> 00:08:12 determines an elliptical shape
00:08:12 --> 00:08:15 elliptical galaxies are often near the
00:08:15 --> 00:08:17 center of Galaxy clusters suggesting
00:08:17 --> 00:08:20 they may form when galaxies
00:08:20 --> 00:08:24 merge the best known galaxies are
00:08:24 --> 00:08:27 spirals the center of a spiral galaxy
00:08:27 --> 00:08:30 has a large roughly spherical swarm of
00:08:30 --> 00:08:33 stars called a bulge this bulge looks
00:08:33 --> 00:08:35 similar to an elliptical galaxy but
00:08:35 --> 00:08:37 spirals differ from ellipticals because
00:08:37 --> 00:08:40 they rotate rotation gives spiral
00:08:40 --> 00:08:43 galaxies the flat disc that holds their
00:08:43 --> 00:08:46 spiral-shaped arms unlike ellipticals
00:08:46 --> 00:08:49 spirals have a mix of young and old
00:08:49 --> 00:08:52 stars star formation in spirals is
00:08:52 --> 00:08:54 similar to a traffic jam on the
00:08:54 --> 00:08:57 interstate like cars on the highway
00:08:57 --> 00:08:59 slower moving matter in the spirals disc
00:08:59 --> 00:09:02 creates a bottleneck concentrating star
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 forming gas and dust along the inner
00:09:04 --> 00:09:07 part of their spiral arms this traffic
00:09:07 --> 00:09:10 jam of matter can get so dense that it
00:09:10 --> 00:09:13 gravitationally collapses creating new
00:09:13 --> 00:09:16 stars spiral galaxies are subdivided
00:09:17 --> 00:09:20 into unbarred and barred and organized
00:09:20 --> 00:09:22 by the size of their Central bulge and
00:09:22 --> 00:09:25 how tightly their arms are wound bars
00:09:25 --> 00:09:28 form in spiral galaxies when Star orbits
00:09:28 --> 00:09:30 become unstable and stretched out as
00:09:31 --> 00:09:33 their orbits lengthen they create a bar
00:09:33 --> 00:09:36 the bar grows as gravity captures more
00:09:36 --> 00:09:37 nearby
00:09:37 --> 00:09:40 Stars irregular galaxies don't fit into
00:09:40 --> 00:09:42 one of the other categories they are
00:09:42 --> 00:09:45 shapeless and have no symmetry or
00:09:45 --> 00:09:48 ordered structure Irregulars May hold
00:09:48 --> 00:09:51 old and young stars and often have knots
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 of gas and dust forming new
00:09:53 --> 00:09:56 stars astronomers have expanded Edwin
00:09:56 --> 00:09:59 Hubble's basic Tuning Fork diagram to
00:09:59 --> 00:10:01 include galaxies that fall between his
00:10:01 --> 00:10:04 three categories intermediate spiral
00:10:04 --> 00:10:07 galaxies sit between unbarred and barred
00:10:07 --> 00:10:10 Spirals and have a small bar lenticular
00:10:10 --> 00:10:13 galaxies sit between elliptical galaxies
00:10:13 --> 00:10:16 and spirals they have a central bulge of
00:10:16 --> 00:10:19 stars and a flattened disc but no spiral
00:10:19 --> 00:10:22 arms like ellipticals lenticular
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 galaxies don't have much gas and dust
00:10:24 --> 00:10:27 and also have mainly old Stars when
00:10:27 --> 00:10:30 viewed Edge on there shape resembles a
00:10:30 --> 00:10:32 lens which is why they're called
00:10:32 --> 00:10:35 lenticular Edwin Hubble's tuning fork
00:10:35 --> 00:10:37 was a first step in understanding
00:10:37 --> 00:10:39 galaxies and how they evolve
00:10:39 --> 00:10:41 observations by the Hubble Space
00:10:41 --> 00:10:44 Telescope will continue to improve our
00:10:44 --> 00:10:46 understanding of galaxies and their role
00:10:46 --> 00:10:48 in the evolution of the
00:10:48 --> 00:10:52 universe this is spacetime still to come
00:10:52 --> 00:10:54 three Australian satellites arrive above
00:10:54 --> 00:10:56 the International Space Station and
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 later in the science report new figures
00:10:58 --> 00:11:01 confirmed July was the 14th consecutive
00:11:01 --> 00:11:03 month of record-breaking heat all that
00:11:03 --> 00:11:08 and more still to come on
00:11:08 --> 00:11:15 [Music]
00:11:20 --> 00:11:23 SpaceTime nor Ro grumman's signis ng21
00:11:23 --> 00:11:26 cargo ship has successfully docked with
00:11:26 --> 00:11:28 International Space Station carrying
00:11:28 --> 00:11:30 fresh supplies and equipment including
00:11:30 --> 00:11:33 three australian-built experimental
00:11:33 --> 00:11:35 satellites the launch abought a SpaceX
00:11:35 --> 00:11:37 Faron 9 rocket from space launch complex
00:11:37 --> 00:11:39 40 at the cape canabal space force
00:11:39 --> 00:11:42 station in Florida was delayed by a day
00:11:42 --> 00:11:44 due to bad weather and the mission
00:11:44 --> 00:11:46 suffered some initial problems once in
00:11:46 --> 00:11:48 orbit with signis missing its first
00:11:48 --> 00:11:50 scheduled engine burn due to a late
00:11:50 --> 00:11:53 entry to burn sequencing the burn was
00:11:53 --> 00:11:55 rescheduled but then aborted when Engine
00:11:55 --> 00:11:58 sensors detected low initial pressure
00:11:58 --> 00:12:00 signis deployed its two solar arrays as
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 northop Grumman Engineers investigated
00:12:02 --> 00:12:04 the issue eventually they determined the
00:12:04 --> 00:12:06 pressure reading was acceptable and they
00:12:06 --> 00:12:08 commanded sign to undertake two engine
00:12:08 --> 00:12:10 Burns putting it on a trajectory to meet
00:12:10 --> 00:12:12 the orbital Outpost scheduled docking
00:12:12 --> 00:12:14 under the station's Unity modules in
00:12:14 --> 00:12:17 that de Port 40 hours after launch the
00:12:17 --> 00:12:19 spacecraft was loaded with some
00:12:19 --> 00:12:23 3 kg of cargo the Manifest included
00:12:23 --> 00:12:26 just over 1 kg of crew supplies
00:12:26 --> 00:12:29 1 kg of scientific experiments
00:12:29 --> 00:12:31 these included equipment for stem cell
00:12:31 --> 00:12:33 research in microgravity and
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 investigation to explore how space
00:12:35 --> 00:12:38 flight affects DNA repair mechanisms and
00:12:38 --> 00:12:40 the packed bed reactor experiment water
00:12:40 --> 00:12:42 recovery series which will evaluate
00:12:42 --> 00:12:44 gravity's effects on eight test articles
00:12:44 --> 00:12:46 by the way packed bed reactors are
00:12:46 --> 00:12:48 systems using materials such as pellets
00:12:48 --> 00:12:50 and Beads packed inside a structure to
00:12:50 --> 00:12:52 increase contact between different
00:12:52 --> 00:12:55 phases of fluids such as liquid and gas
00:12:55 --> 00:12:57 these reactors are used for various
00:12:57 --> 00:12:59 applications including water recovery
00:12:59 --> 00:13:02 thermal management and fuel cells also
00:13:02 --> 00:13:05 aboard signis were 43 kg of spacewalk
00:13:05 --> 00:13:09 equipment 13 kg of Computer Resources
00:13:09 --> 00:13:09 and
00:13:09 --> 00:13:13 1 kg of space station Hardware
00:13:13 --> 00:13:14 including repair equipment for the
00:13:14 --> 00:13:16 neutron star interior composition
00:13:16 --> 00:13:19 Explorer or nicer telescope signis also
00:13:19 --> 00:13:22 carried the banar 2 three and four Cube
00:13:22 --> 00:13:25 sets built by curtain University they'll
00:13:25 --> 00:13:26 be deployed into their own orbits from
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28 the Japanese Keo module by the space
00:13:28 --> 00:13:31 station crew within the next few weeks
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 once deployed the cube sets which are
00:13:33 --> 00:13:35 carrying experimental technologies will
00:13:35 --> 00:13:37 orbit the Earth every 90 minutes for
00:13:37 --> 00:13:39 between 6 and 12 months at an orbital
00:13:39 --> 00:13:43 altitude of 400 km the satellites are
00:13:43 --> 00:13:44 carrying instrumentation developed by
00:13:44 --> 00:13:47 the CSO to test how new materials can
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 protect Electronics against the harmful
00:13:49 --> 00:13:52 effects of space radiation they'll also
00:13:52 --> 00:13:54 Test new transmitters and an ten
00:13:54 --> 00:13:56 commmunication systems developed by
00:13:56 --> 00:13:59 Perth based company Avi this lert banar
00:13:59 --> 00:14:01 Trio follow the successful orbit
00:14:01 --> 00:14:03 deployment of the original banar 1 Cube
00:14:03 --> 00:14:04 set in August
00:14:04 --> 00:14:07 2021 that satellite used an Innovative
00:14:07 --> 00:14:09 design which put all the satellite
00:14:09 --> 00:14:12 systems onto the one circuit board benar
00:14:12 --> 00:14:14 one eventually re-entered its atmosphere
00:14:14 --> 00:14:16 and burnt up its planned in October
00:14:16 --> 00:14:19 2022 or most signis missions have been
00:14:19 --> 00:14:21 launched aboard northr groman and T's
00:14:21 --> 00:14:23 Rockets from Nas's wop's Island Flight
00:14:23 --> 00:14:25 Facility on the Virginia Mid-Atlantic
00:14:25 --> 00:14:27 Coast ng21 is the second of three
00:14:27 --> 00:14:30 missions slated to launch on Falcon 9es
00:14:30 --> 00:14:33 from Cape Canaveral you see North R
00:14:33 --> 00:14:35 Grumman exhausted its supply of anari's
00:14:35 --> 00:14:38 230 Rockets after the ng19 mission
00:14:38 --> 00:14:40 although the antaris is built in the
00:14:40 --> 00:14:42 United States it uses russian-built
00:14:42 --> 00:14:44 rocket engines and a Ukrainian built
00:14:44 --> 00:14:46 first stage and production of those
00:14:46 --> 00:14:48 ceased after the Russian invasion of
00:14:48 --> 00:14:51 Ukraine so North Ro grman instead began
00:14:51 --> 00:14:54 developing a Next Generation 's 300
00:14:54 --> 00:14:57 rocket one which does not need Ukrainian
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 or Russian components it it's slated to
00:14:59 --> 00:15:02 be ready to fly on the ng23 mission in
00:15:02 --> 00:15:03 August
00:15:03 --> 00:15:05 2025 but as an inm solution Northrop
00:15:05 --> 00:15:07 grman contracted its NASA commercial
00:15:07 --> 00:15:10 resupply service competitor SpaceX to
00:15:10 --> 00:15:14 launch NG 20 21 and 22 using Falcon 99's
00:15:15 --> 00:15:16 this is spacetime
00:15:16 --> 00:15:32 [Music]
00:15:32 --> 00:15:33 and time now to take another brief look
00:15:33 --> 00:15:35 at some of the other stories making new
00:15:35 --> 00:15:37 in science this week with the science
00:15:37 --> 00:15:40 report a new study by scientists at the
00:15:40 --> 00:15:42 Walter and Eliza Hall Medical Research
00:15:42 --> 00:15:43 Institute could help solve a
00:15:43 --> 00:15:46 long-standing mystery into why a key
00:15:46 --> 00:15:48 immune system organ called the thymus
00:15:48 --> 00:15:51 shrinks and loses its function as people
00:15:51 --> 00:15:53 get older the thymus is important
00:15:53 --> 00:15:55 because it produces tea lymphocytes
00:15:55 --> 00:15:57 they're a type of white blood cell that
00:15:57 --> 00:15:59 plays a crucial role in the immune
00:15:59 --> 00:16:01 system they're essential for good health
00:16:01 --> 00:16:03 and they're responsible for fighting
00:16:03 --> 00:16:05 infections and cancer a curious feature
00:16:06 --> 00:16:08 of the thymus is that it's the first
00:16:08 --> 00:16:11 organ to shrink as you get older and by
00:16:11 --> 00:16:13 the time you hit 65 it's almost gone
00:16:13 --> 00:16:16 ending Tel production the new research
00:16:16 --> 00:16:18 reported in the journal Nature
00:16:18 --> 00:16:20 discovered two cell types that caused
00:16:20 --> 00:16:22 the thymus to lose its function these
00:16:22 --> 00:16:25 cells were found to form clusters around
00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 te- cell growth areas impairing the
00:16:27 --> 00:16:29 organ's ability to make these immune
00:16:29 --> 00:16:31 cells the authors also discovered that
00:16:31 --> 00:16:33 these clusters form scars in the thymus
00:16:33 --> 00:16:35 preventing the organ from restoring and
00:16:35 --> 00:16:38 repairing itself after damage the new
00:16:38 --> 00:16:39 findings will allow scientists to
00:16:39 --> 00:16:41 investigate whether these cells can be
00:16:41 --> 00:16:43 therapeutically targeted in order to
00:16:43 --> 00:16:45 help turn back the clock on the Aging
00:16:45 --> 00:16:47 thymus and Boost te- cell functions in
00:16:47 --> 00:16:49 humans as they
00:16:49 --> 00:16:52 age more details now on a story we ran
00:16:52 --> 00:16:54 earlier this month when the World
00:16:54 --> 00:16:56 Meteorological organization reported
00:16:56 --> 00:16:58 that July was likely the hottest month
00:16:58 --> 00:16:59 on record
00:16:59 --> 00:17:02 it now turns out July was also the 14th
00:17:02 --> 00:17:04 consecutive month of record-breaking
00:17:04 --> 00:17:06 heat the extreme heat hit hundreds of
00:17:06 --> 00:17:09 millions of people throughout July
00:17:09 --> 00:17:11 globally July the 22nd was the hottest
00:17:11 --> 00:17:14 day with the 23rd a virtual tie the
00:17:14 --> 00:17:15 highest monthly average July
00:17:15 --> 00:17:17 temperatures on record occurred in Japan
00:17:17 --> 00:17:20 China Bahrain Greece Hungary Slovenia
00:17:20 --> 00:17:23 Croatia and Bulgaria while new daily
00:17:23 --> 00:17:25 temperature records were set in Morocco
00:17:25 --> 00:17:29 and Spain the wo says the Spy in average
00:17:29 --> 00:17:31 global temperatures is likely due at
00:17:31 --> 00:17:33 least in part to very high average
00:17:33 --> 00:17:35 temperatures over large parts of the
00:17:35 --> 00:17:37 Antarctic with temperatures there more
00:17:37 --> 00:17:41 than 10° C above average in some
00:17:41 --> 00:17:44 places programmers have discovered that
00:17:44 --> 00:17:46 using artificial intelligence generated
00:17:46 --> 00:17:48 data sets to train future generations of
00:17:48 --> 00:17:50 machine learning models might pollute
00:17:50 --> 00:17:53 their output causing model collapse a
00:17:53 --> 00:17:55 study reported in the journal Nature
00:17:55 --> 00:17:57 found that within just a few Generations
00:17:57 --> 00:17:59 original content was replaced by
00:17:59 --> 00:18:02 unrelated nonsense the authors used
00:18:02 --> 00:18:05 mathematical models to show that AI May
00:18:05 --> 00:18:06 Overlook certain outputs in training
00:18:06 --> 00:18:09 data such as less common lines of text
00:18:09 --> 00:18:11 causing it to Trend itself on only a
00:18:11 --> 00:18:13 small portion of the data set and when
00:18:13 --> 00:18:15 data sets mostly created with AI were
00:18:15 --> 00:18:17 used to train AI models the authors
00:18:17 --> 00:18:19 found that it degradated their ability
00:18:19 --> 00:18:21 to learn and even caused them to display
00:18:21 --> 00:18:24 repeating phrases for example a test
00:18:24 --> 00:18:27 using text about medieval architecture
00:18:27 --> 00:18:29 as original input eventually output a
00:18:29 --> 00:18:32 list of jack rabbits by generation
00:18:32 --> 00:18:34 9 well as we mentioned last week Google
00:18:34 --> 00:18:36 have finally released the new AI equi
00:18:36 --> 00:18:38 pixel smartphone range and our
00:18:38 --> 00:18:40 technology editor Alex AAR Ro from Tech
00:18:40 --> 00:18:43 advice. life has been playing with them
00:18:43 --> 00:18:46 now the pixel 9 is their sort of entry
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 level phone but it's got the same chip
00:18:48 --> 00:18:51 the G4 the ker processing unit that the
00:18:51 --> 00:18:53 more advanced models have it's got a you
00:18:53 --> 00:18:55 know 48 megapixel camera it's beautiful
00:18:55 --> 00:18:57 design sort of takes design keys from
00:18:57 --> 00:18:58 the iPhone a bit but it's it's they're
00:18:59 --> 00:19:00 really striking phones now theyve got
00:19:00 --> 00:19:03 the the pro 9 which is the same size and
00:19:03 --> 00:19:04 then they have the pro XL which is the
00:19:05 --> 00:19:07 largest 6.8 in size and so what they've
00:19:07 --> 00:19:08 done is same sort of thing as Apple they
00:19:09 --> 00:19:10 have two pro phones but unlike Apple the
00:19:10 --> 00:19:12 only difference is the size the the
00:19:12 --> 00:19:14 check inside is the same and the pro
00:19:14 --> 00:19:16 ones have three cameras 16 gig of RAM
00:19:16 --> 00:19:18 the thing that sets these phones apart
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 from the rest of the market is the fact
00:19:20 --> 00:19:22 that Google has built AI in from the
00:19:22 --> 00:19:24 ground level as much as possible in fact
00:19:24 --> 00:19:26 they're still rewriting Android so that
00:19:26 --> 00:19:28 AI is baked at the core but you now have
00:19:28 --> 00:19:31 this Gemini Nano large language model
00:19:31 --> 00:19:33 within the phone itself doing as much of
00:19:33 --> 00:19:35 the work on device as possible so you
00:19:35 --> 00:19:38 can be recording phone calls and see the
00:19:38 --> 00:19:40 notes and transcriptions and get insight
00:19:40 --> 00:19:42 you can be using the the call waiting
00:19:42 --> 00:19:43 which I've had before for the phone to
00:19:43 --> 00:19:45 be answering the phone for you waiting
00:19:45 --> 00:19:47 in the call tree predicting how long you
00:19:47 --> 00:19:48 wait on hold I mean I've had some of
00:19:48 --> 00:19:49 those things before but it's now
00:19:49 --> 00:19:51 improved but you also have this Gemini
00:19:51 --> 00:19:53 live now to get the full access to
00:19:53 --> 00:19:56 Gemini live you will need to pay fee for
00:19:56 --> 00:19:57 that but this is where you've
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 effectively got the equivalent of chat
00:19:59 --> 00:20:02 GPT multimo so you can speak to it show
00:20:02 --> 00:20:04 it things from the camera and um you
00:20:04 --> 00:20:06 know let it listen to music and tell you
00:20:06 --> 00:20:07 what it is I mean you know the sort of
00:20:07 --> 00:20:08 things we've had before but now it's all
00:20:08 --> 00:20:11 being done on device and the Gemini live
00:20:11 --> 00:20:13 can take actions for you within apps you
00:20:13 --> 00:20:15 do have to give it permission to look at
00:20:15 --> 00:20:17 your calendar or your emails but Google
00:20:17 --> 00:20:20 is out witing apple and even Samsung
00:20:20 --> 00:20:23 Apple's equivalent Siri in 2.0 won't
00:20:23 --> 00:20:25 arrive till sometime in 2025 the other
00:20:25 --> 00:20:28 big thing besides a new 45mm watch and
00:20:28 --> 00:20:30 the new the earbuds that are able to
00:20:30 --> 00:20:32 give double the noise cancellation but
00:20:32 --> 00:20:34 the other great thing they've launched
00:20:34 --> 00:20:36 is the pixel fold second generation
00:20:36 --> 00:20:38 which has the name of the pixel 9 Pro
00:20:38 --> 00:20:41 fold that is the biggest screen on a
00:20:41 --> 00:20:43 smartphone so when you unfold it it is 8
00:20:43 --> 00:20:45 in when you have it closed it's the same
00:20:45 --> 00:20:48 as the the regular 9 and the 9 Pro and
00:20:48 --> 00:20:51 the thickness of each side of the phone
00:20:51 --> 00:20:53 when unfolded is dramatically Slimmer
00:20:53 --> 00:20:55 than any other folding phone on the
00:20:55 --> 00:20:58 market so when it folded it's only 1 mm
00:20:58 --> 00:21:00 thicker than the traditional pixel 9
00:21:00 --> 00:21:02 which is quite remarkable because it is
00:21:02 --> 00:21:04 the Samsung fold 6 although it is a
00:21:04 --> 00:21:06 millimeter Slimmer than the fold 5 I
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 mean this is dramatically Slimmer and
00:21:08 --> 00:21:10 makes it much easier well it doesn't
00:21:10 --> 00:21:11 feel like two phones stuck together
00:21:11 --> 00:21:13 which is what a lot of the previous
00:21:13 --> 00:21:15 folding devices were effectively grab
00:21:15 --> 00:21:16 two phones put them together and that's
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 your fault so this is much more of a
00:21:18 --> 00:21:21 single phone thickness which is an
00:21:21 --> 00:21:24 amazing thing to to feel and see but one
00:21:24 --> 00:21:26 thing that holds the pixel fold 9 Pro
00:21:26 --> 00:21:28 back is that it doesn't have any offic
00:21:28 --> 00:21:30 stylish support when that is something
00:21:30 --> 00:21:31 you've had on the Samsung for years and
00:21:31 --> 00:21:33 years that's alexara Roy from Tech
00:21:33 --> 00:21:36 advice.
00:21:36 --> 00:21:45 [Music]
00:21:49 --> 00:21:52 live and that's the show for now
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