Source:
https://www.spreaker.com/episode/s27e103-astronauts-swap-ships-dinosaur-killer-asteroid-s-journey-and-juice-s-gravity-maneuver--61154192
In this episode of SpaceTime, NASA decides to return the stranded Starliner crew to Earth aboard SpaceX's Dragon, a new study tracks down the asteroid that killed the dinosaurs, the JUICE spacecraft completes the first-ever joint lunar-Earth gravity assist flyby, and three more Australian satellites are sent into orbit. Join us for these fascinating updates and more!
00:00:00 - This is SpaceTime series 27, episode 103, for broadcast on 26 August 2024
00:00:45 - NASA to return Starliner crew aboard SpaceX's Dragon due to ongoing spacecraft issues
00:12:30 - New study reveals the asteroid that killed the dinosaurs originated beyond Jupiter
00:23:45 - Juice spacecraft completes first-ever joint lunar-Earth gravity assist flyby
00:32:15 - Three more Australian satellites launched into orbit
00:45:00 - The science report: Tiny volcanic glass shards in Tasmania linked to a supereruption in New Zealand
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00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 27 episode 103
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 26th of August
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 2024 coming up on SP space time NASA
00:00:09 --> 00:00:12 decides to return the stranded styliner
00:00:12 --> 00:00:14 crew to Earth aboard rival spacex's
00:00:14 --> 00:00:17 Dragon tracking down the asteroid that
00:00:17 --> 00:00:19 killed the dinosaurs the juice
00:00:19 --> 00:00:22 spacecraft completes the first ever
00:00:22 --> 00:00:25 joint Luna Earth gravity assist flyby
00:00:25 --> 00:00:27 and three more Australian satellites
00:00:27 --> 00:00:30 sent into orbit all that and more coming
00:00:30 --> 00:00:32 up on
00:00:32 --> 00:00:35 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:35 --> 00:00:37 steuart
00:00:37 --> 00:00:44 [Music]
00:00:51 --> 00:00:54 Gary nesser has decided to return the
00:00:54 --> 00:00:56 stranded styliner crew to Earth aboard
00:00:56 --> 00:01:00 rival spacex's Dragon capsule the move
00:01:00 --> 00:01:02 follows ongoing concerns about the
00:01:02 --> 00:01:04 reliability of the Starliner spacecraft
00:01:04 --> 00:01:07 they flew up on the decision means Butch
00:01:07 --> 00:01:09 Wilmore and sunny Williams planned 8-day
00:01:09 --> 00:01:11 test flight to the International Space
00:01:11 --> 00:01:14 Station will now stretch out to some 8
00:01:14 --> 00:01:16 months the pair not returning to Earth
00:01:16 --> 00:01:19 until February next year NASA's now
00:01:19 --> 00:01:21 instructed Boeing to return the styliner
00:01:21 --> 00:01:24 to Earth without astronauts on board so
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 they can continue Gathering test data on
00:01:26 --> 00:01:28 the spacecraft during its flight home
00:01:28 --> 00:01:30 Wilmore Williams will now formally
00:01:30 --> 00:01:33 become part of the Expedition 7172 crew
00:01:33 --> 00:01:35 through to February
00:01:35 --> 00:01:37 2025 they'll then fly back to Earth
00:01:37 --> 00:01:39 aboard of dragon spacecraft with two
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 other crew members assigned to the
00:01:41 --> 00:01:44 agency's SpaceX crew9 Mission Starlin is
00:01:44 --> 00:01:46 expected to depart the space station and
00:01:46 --> 00:01:48 make a controlled autonomous re-entry
00:01:48 --> 00:01:50 and landing at the Whit Sands Missile
00:01:50 --> 00:01:53 Range in New Mexico sometime next month
00:01:53 --> 00:01:56 the problems with Starliner are quite
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 extensive but mostly center around
00:01:58 --> 00:02:00 ongoing helium leaks in the the service
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 module and issues which caus the sudden
00:02:02 --> 00:02:04 shutdown of reaction control system
00:02:04 --> 00:02:06 thrusters they're used to maneuver the
00:02:06 --> 00:02:08 spacecraft especially during The crucial
00:02:09 --> 00:02:10 approach and dogging to the space
00:02:10 --> 00:02:12 station the docking which was supposed
00:02:12 --> 00:02:14 to be carried out automatically instead
00:02:14 --> 00:02:16 needed to be carried out manually
00:02:16 --> 00:02:19 because of the ongoing Thruster problems
00:02:19 --> 00:02:20 since then engineering teams have
00:02:20 --> 00:02:22 completed a significant amount of work
00:02:22 --> 00:02:24 including reviewing collection of data
00:02:24 --> 00:02:26 conducting flight and ground testing
00:02:26 --> 00:02:29 hosting independent reviews with agency
00:02:29 --> 00:02:31 propulsion experts and developing
00:02:31 --> 00:02:33 various return contingency plans however
00:02:33 --> 00:02:36 the ongoing uncertainty and the lack of
00:02:36 --> 00:02:38 expert agreement between boing and NASA
00:02:38 --> 00:02:40 has forced NASA to make the decision to
00:02:40 --> 00:02:43 Cascade the Boeing crew under the SpaceX
00:02:43 --> 00:02:45 crew 9 mission styliner is designed to
00:02:45 --> 00:02:48 operate autonomously and previously
00:02:48 --> 00:02:50 completed two unmanned orbital test
00:02:50 --> 00:02:52 flights the first of which almost ended
00:02:52 --> 00:02:54 in disaster following a series of major
00:02:54 --> 00:02:57 computer issues these firstly put star
00:02:57 --> 00:02:59 liner into the wrong orbit preventing it
00:02:59 --> 00:03:01 from stalking with the space station a
00:03:01 --> 00:03:03 second computer issue meant that even if
00:03:03 --> 00:03:05 they had reached the orbiting Outpost
00:03:05 --> 00:03:07 they still would not have been able to
00:03:07 --> 00:03:09 talk but the biggest problem was the
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 third computer issue that would have
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 caused the Command Module to collide
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 with the service module as it was being
00:03:15 --> 00:03:18 jettisoned prior to re-entry NASA anding
00:03:18 --> 00:03:20 are now developing a new end of mission
00:03:20 --> 00:03:23 flight plan and set up styline systems
00:03:23 --> 00:03:25 for the unman return flight in coming
00:03:25 --> 00:03:28 weeks styliner needs to return to Earth
00:03:28 --> 00:03:29 before the dragon crew 9 mission
00:03:29 --> 00:03:31 launches in order to ensure a docking
00:03:31 --> 00:03:34 port will be available on the station
00:03:34 --> 00:03:36 Following styliner return to Earth NASA
00:03:36 --> 00:03:38 will review all Mission related data to
00:03:38 --> 00:03:40 determine what additional actions need
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 to be taken in order to meet NASA's
00:03:42 --> 00:03:45 future certification requirements the
00:03:45 --> 00:03:47 agency's Space X crew9 Mission
00:03:47 --> 00:03:49 originally slated for four crew members
00:03:49 --> 00:03:51 will launch no earlier than Tuesday
00:03:51 --> 00:03:54 September the 24th NASA and SpaceX are
00:03:54 --> 00:03:56 currently working on several items
00:03:56 --> 00:03:58 before launch including reconfiguring
00:03:58 --> 00:04:00 the seating on the crew n dragon and
00:04:00 --> 00:04:01 adjusting the Manifest to carry
00:04:01 --> 00:04:04 additional cargo personal effects and
00:04:04 --> 00:04:06 dragon specific space suits for Wilmore
00:04:06 --> 00:04:08 and Williams in addition Naser and
00:04:08 --> 00:04:10 SpaceX will now use the new facilities
00:04:11 --> 00:04:12 at space launch complex 40 at Cape
00:04:12 --> 00:04:15 canaval to launch crew n it provides
00:04:15 --> 00:04:18 increased operational flexibility around
00:04:18 --> 00:04:20 NASA's planned Europa Clipper launch the
00:04:20 --> 00:04:22 crew n Mission will be the ninth
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 rotational mission for SpaceX and the
00:04:24 --> 00:04:27 NASA's commercial crew program the
00:04:27 --> 00:04:29 transport astronauts to and from the
00:04:29 --> 00:04:32 international space station this
00:04:32 --> 00:04:35 SpaceTime still to come tracking down
00:04:35 --> 00:04:37 the asteroid that killed the dinosaurs
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 the juice spacecraft completes the first
00:04:39 --> 00:04:42 ever joint Luna Earth gravity assist
00:04:42 --> 00:04:44 flyby and three more Australian
00:04:44 --> 00:04:47 satellites sent into orbit all that and
00:04:47 --> 00:04:53 more still to come on SpaceTime
00:04:53 --> 00:05:02 [Music]
00:05:02 --> 00:05:05 a new study claims the asteroid which
00:05:05 --> 00:05:07 triggered the extinction of 75% of all
00:05:08 --> 00:05:09 life on Earth including all the
00:05:09 --> 00:05:12 non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago
00:05:12 --> 00:05:14 originated beyond the orbit of Jupiter
00:05:14 --> 00:05:16 during the early development of the
00:05:16 --> 00:05:19 solar system the findings reported in
00:05:19 --> 00:05:21 the journal science are based on a new
00:05:21 --> 00:05:24 analysis of the KT boundary layer a
00:05:24 --> 00:05:26 global geological feature composed of
00:05:26 --> 00:05:28 Ash and debris from the asteroid impact
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 event containing a new usually high
00:05:30 --> 00:05:33 levels of aridium a metal rare on Earth
00:05:33 --> 00:05:36 but common in asteroids the impact which
00:05:36 --> 00:05:37 triggered the planet's fifth mass
00:05:37 --> 00:05:39 extinction event was caused by a 10 to
00:05:39 --> 00:05:42 15 km wide asteroid slamming into a
00:05:42 --> 00:05:45 shallow sea off the coast of what now is
00:05:45 --> 00:05:47 the Gulf of Mexico's Yucatan
00:05:47 --> 00:05:50 Peninsula that Collision released as
00:05:50 --> 00:05:54 much energy as 100 teratons of TNT to
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 put that another way that's a billion
00:05:56 --> 00:05:58 times more power than the hoshima and
00:05:58 --> 00:06:01 Nagasaki atomic bombs used to end the
00:06:01 --> 00:06:03 second world war the initial impact
00:06:03 --> 00:06:06 created the 180 km wide chick saloop
00:06:06 --> 00:06:08 crater throwing molon ejector and debris
00:06:08 --> 00:06:10 High into the atmosphere and triggering
00:06:10 --> 00:06:13 a massive tsunami hundreds of meters
00:06:13 --> 00:06:14 high together with devastating
00:06:14 --> 00:06:17 earthquakes volcanic eruptions and even
00:06:17 --> 00:06:20 land tsunamis all of which combined to
00:06:20 --> 00:06:23 shake the entire planet in fact shock
00:06:23 --> 00:06:24 waves from the Collision circled the
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 Earth several times burning debris from
00:06:27 --> 00:06:29 the impact ejector eventually began
00:06:29 --> 00:06:32 raining back down onto the surface
00:06:32 --> 00:06:34 causing an intense pulse of infrared
00:06:34 --> 00:06:36 radiation which began cooking any life
00:06:36 --> 00:06:39 exposed to it and when combined with the
00:06:39 --> 00:06:40 molten lava flowing from all those
00:06:40 --> 00:06:43 volcanic eruptions sparked Global
00:06:43 --> 00:06:46 wildfires which devastated vast areas
00:06:46 --> 00:06:48 burning out vegetation and killing any
00:06:48 --> 00:06:51 animal life that managed to survive the
00:06:51 --> 00:06:54 initial blast wave making matters even
00:06:54 --> 00:06:56 worse the asteroid impacted the planet
00:06:56 --> 00:06:58 at a location rich in suet containing
00:06:59 --> 00:07:01 gypsum which was instantly vaporized and
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 then dispersed as an aerosol into the
00:07:03 --> 00:07:05 atmosphere only to fall back down onto
00:07:05 --> 00:07:08 the surface as highly costic acid rain
00:07:08 --> 00:07:10 burning anything it touched and causing
00:07:10 --> 00:07:13 long-term effects to the environment
00:07:13 --> 00:07:16 climate and food chain smoke and Ash
00:07:16 --> 00:07:17 from the wildfires and volcanic
00:07:17 --> 00:07:19 eruptions together with dust from the
00:07:19 --> 00:07:21 ejected debris initially created a
00:07:22 --> 00:07:23 blanket likee greenhouse effect
00:07:23 --> 00:07:25 preventing heat from escaping the planet
00:07:25 --> 00:07:27 and causing the Earth's surface
00:07:27 --> 00:07:29 temperatures to soore now eventually
00:07:30 --> 00:07:32 those temperatures cooled as the smoke
00:07:32 --> 00:07:34 Ash dust and ejected debris blocked out
00:07:34 --> 00:07:36 the sunlight for months if not years on
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 end creating an impact winter causing
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 temperatures to plummet now at around
00:07:41 --> 00:07:43 the same time as all this was happening
00:07:43 --> 00:07:45 massive volcanic eruptions in what is
00:07:45 --> 00:07:47 now India known as the deck and traps
00:07:47 --> 00:07:50 flood basalts began flowing across the
00:07:50 --> 00:07:52 subcontinent that pumped out even more
00:07:52 --> 00:07:54 toxic gas and pollution to the
00:07:54 --> 00:07:56 atmosphere further contributing to the
00:07:56 --> 00:07:57 growing impact
00:07:57 --> 00:08:00 winter now some scientists have been
00:08:00 --> 00:08:02 examining the Katy boundary layer
00:08:02 --> 00:08:03 looking at its high concentrations of
00:08:04 --> 00:08:05 Platinum Group Metals which came from
00:08:06 --> 00:08:08 the asteroid and are extremely rare in
00:08:08 --> 00:08:10 the Earth's crust by analyzing the
00:08:10 --> 00:08:12 isotopic composition of the Platinum
00:08:12 --> 00:08:14 metal ruthenium the authors discovered
00:08:14 --> 00:08:16 that the asteroids composition is
00:08:16 --> 00:08:18 consistent with that of carbonous
00:08:18 --> 00:08:20 meteorites these originally formed
00:08:20 --> 00:08:22 beyond the orbit of Jupiter during the
00:08:22 --> 00:08:25 solar systems formation 4.6 billion
00:08:25 --> 00:08:28 years ago the stud's lead author Mario
00:08:28 --> 00:08:30 Fisher Gotti from the University of
00:08:30 --> 00:08:32 cologne says the impact of an asteroid
00:08:32 --> 00:08:34 like the one at chickalo is a very rare
00:08:34 --> 00:08:37 and unique event in geological time the
00:08:37 --> 00:08:39 authors also looked at renum isotope
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 compositions from other crators and
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 impact structures of different ages on
00:08:43 --> 00:08:45 Earth for comparison and that data was
00:08:45 --> 00:08:48 surprising it shows that within the last
00:08:48 --> 00:08:50 500 million years almost exclusively
00:08:51 --> 00:08:53 fragments of stype asteroids have been
00:08:53 --> 00:08:55 hitting the Earth in contrast to the
00:08:55 --> 00:08:58 impact of the KT boundary event asteroid
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 66 million years ago these other
00:09:00 --> 00:09:02 asteroids usually tend to originate from
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 the inner solar system as do well over
00:09:04 --> 00:09:07 80% of all asteroid impacts on Earth
00:09:07 --> 00:09:09 making the chick Salu event rare and
00:09:09 --> 00:09:13 unique in geological time this is
00:09:13 --> 00:09:17 spacetime still to come Europe's juice
00:09:17 --> 00:09:18 spacecraft completes the first ever
00:09:18 --> 00:09:22 joint lunar Earth gravity assist flyby
00:09:22 --> 00:09:24 and three more Australian satellit sent
00:09:24 --> 00:09:26 into orbit all that and more still to
00:09:26 --> 00:09:33 come on SpaceTime
00:09:33 --> 00:09:41 [Music]
00:09:44 --> 00:09:47 the European space agency's jued Jupiter
00:09:47 --> 00:09:49 icy Moon Explorer spacecraft has
00:09:49 --> 00:09:51 successfully completed the first ever
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 joint lunar Earth gravity assist flyby
00:09:53 --> 00:09:56 flinging itself just as planned towards
00:09:56 --> 00:09:58 the planet Venus the Venus Excursion
00:09:58 --> 00:10:01 will be another gravity assist flyby all
00:10:01 --> 00:10:03 part of a Celestial dance designed to
00:10:04 --> 00:10:05 accelerate juice towards its ultimate
00:10:05 --> 00:10:08 Target Jupiter and its icy Galilean
00:10:08 --> 00:10:11 moons during its Luna flyby juice
00:10:11 --> 00:10:13 captured some stunning new images of the
00:10:13 --> 00:10:16 moon with its monitoring cameras the
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 images are showing signs of real color
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 differences in large scale features on
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 the lunar surface all the more
00:10:22 --> 00:10:23 impressive because the monitoring
00:10:23 --> 00:10:25 cameras were designed to monitor the
00:10:25 --> 00:10:27 spacecraft's various booms and antennas
00:10:28 --> 00:10:29 especially during the challenging
00:10:29 --> 00:10:31 deployment period following launch they
00:10:31 --> 00:10:33 weren't designed to carry out science or
00:10:33 --> 00:10:36 image the moon for that there's a
00:10:36 --> 00:10:38 purpose-built scientific camera called
00:10:38 --> 00:10:40 Janis it's providing high resolution
00:10:40 --> 00:10:42 imagery during the cruise phase as well
00:10:42 --> 00:10:44 as the flybys of the Earth the moon and
00:10:44 --> 00:10:47 Venus and of course of Jupiter and its
00:10:47 --> 00:10:49 icy moons once the spacecraft is in the
00:10:49 --> 00:10:52 Jovian system the close gravity assist
00:10:52 --> 00:10:54 flyby approach to the moon was designed
00:10:54 --> 00:10:56 to guide you towards a similar close
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 approach with the Earth just 24 hours
00:10:58 --> 00:10:59 later
00:10:59 --> 00:11:02 and just as with the moon as juice flew
00:11:02 --> 00:11:05 just 6 km above southeast Asia and
00:11:05 --> 00:11:07 the Pacific Ocean it snapped a series of
00:11:08 --> 00:11:09 images with its onboard monitoring
00:11:09 --> 00:11:12 cameras and collected scientific data
00:11:12 --> 00:11:14 with eight of its 10 instruments EA
00:11:14 --> 00:11:16 Mission managers say the gravity assist
00:11:16 --> 00:11:18 flybys of the Moon and Earth were
00:11:18 --> 00:11:21 Flawless the flyby of the Moon increased
00:11:21 --> 00:11:24 Juice's speed by 0.9 km/ second relative
00:11:24 --> 00:11:26 to the sun guiding juice towards the
00:11:26 --> 00:11:29 Earth then the flyby of the Earth Earth
00:11:29 --> 00:11:32 just a day later reduced Juice's speed
00:11:32 --> 00:11:35 by 4.8 km/s relative to the Sun but also
00:11:35 --> 00:11:38 guided juice on a new trory towards
00:11:38 --> 00:11:41 Venus overall the lunar Earth flyby is
00:11:41 --> 00:11:43 deflected Juice by an angle of around
00:11:43 --> 00:11:46 100° compared to its pre flyby path
00:11:46 --> 00:11:49 these inherently risky flyby Maneuvers
00:11:49 --> 00:11:51 require Ultra precise realtime
00:11:51 --> 00:11:53 navigation but at the same time it's
00:11:53 --> 00:11:56 saving the mission around 100 to 150 kg
00:11:56 --> 00:11:58 of propellant over the past month
00:11:58 --> 00:12:00 Mission man managers gave juice a series
00:12:00 --> 00:12:03 of slight nudges in order to put it on
00:12:03 --> 00:12:05 exactly the right approach trajectory
00:12:05 --> 00:12:08 and thanks to a Flawless Arion 5 launch
00:12:08 --> 00:12:10 from kuu back in April last year juice
00:12:10 --> 00:12:12 already had a little extra propellant
00:12:12 --> 00:12:14 left in its tanks to get closer to
00:12:14 --> 00:12:15 Jupiter's big moon gy made and
00:12:15 --> 00:12:18 originally planned the success of the
00:12:18 --> 00:12:21 Luna Earth flyby has now safeguarded
00:12:21 --> 00:12:24 this bonus science whilst the main goal
00:12:24 --> 00:12:26 was to alter juices trajectory the Luna
00:12:26 --> 00:12:28 Earth flyby also provided an opportunity
00:12:28 --> 00:12:30 to test out uses scientific instruments
00:12:30 --> 00:12:33 in space with all 10 switched on during
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 the moon flyby and eight switched on
00:12:35 --> 00:12:37 during the Earth close encounter Juice's
00:12:38 --> 00:12:40 next encounter will be with Venus in
00:12:40 --> 00:12:41 August
00:12:41 --> 00:12:44 2025 and that Venus flyby will boost
00:12:44 --> 00:12:45 juice back towards the Earth for yet
00:12:45 --> 00:12:49 another flyby the spacecraft will Zoom
00:12:49 --> 00:12:51 past our home planet again in September
00:12:51 --> 00:12:55 2026 and then again in January 2029 in
00:12:55 --> 00:12:57 the process getting two more gravity
00:12:57 --> 00:12:59 assist boosts before finally arriving in
00:12:59 --> 00:13:02 the Jovian system in July
00:13:02 --> 00:13:04 2031 the European Space Agency Leed
00:13:04 --> 00:13:07 Mission also includes technology from
00:13:07 --> 00:13:10 NASA jaxa and the Israeli space agency
00:13:10 --> 00:13:12 juice will undertake detailed
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 observations of the gas giant Jupiter as
00:13:14 --> 00:13:16 well as its three largest subsurface
00:13:16 --> 00:13:19 ocean bearing moons ganim Kalisto and
00:13:19 --> 00:13:21 Europa the mission will characterize
00:13:21 --> 00:13:23 these moons using a powerful Suite of
00:13:23 --> 00:13:26 remote sensing geophysical and inital
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28 instruments to discover more about these
00:13:28 --> 00:13:30 B IES and help determine their
00:13:30 --> 00:13:33 habitability for past or maybe even
00:13:33 --> 00:13:36 present life juice will also monitor
00:13:36 --> 00:13:38 Jupiter's complex magnetic radiation and
00:13:38 --> 00:13:40 plasma environment and its interplay
00:13:40 --> 00:13:42 with the moons studying the Jovian
00:13:42 --> 00:13:45 system as an archetype for gas giant
00:13:45 --> 00:13:48 systems Across the Universe juice will
00:13:48 --> 00:13:51 make 35 flybys of the three large moons
00:13:51 --> 00:13:53 while orbiting Jupiter before finally
00:13:53 --> 00:13:55 settling down into a permanent orbit
00:13:55 --> 00:13:59 around ganim this report from
00:13:59 --> 00:14:02 ACV last year our Jupiter icy moons
00:14:02 --> 00:14:05 Explorer also known as juice set off on
00:14:05 --> 00:14:07 its 8-year journey to
00:14:08 --> 00:14:10 Jupiter juice is on its way to study
00:14:10 --> 00:14:12 Jupiter and its three largest moons
00:14:12 --> 00:14:15 Kalisto Europa and ganam the mission
00:14:15 --> 00:14:17 will investigate these moons potential
00:14:17 --> 00:14:19 to support life by examining their
00:14:19 --> 00:14:21 subsurface
00:14:21 --> 00:14:24 oceans juice is expected to arrive at
00:14:24 --> 00:14:27 Jupiter in July 2031 8 years after
00:14:27 --> 00:14:30 launch after a series of flybys of Earth
00:14:31 --> 00:14:33 Venus and the Earth Moon system the
00:14:33 --> 00:14:36 first maneuver of its
00:14:36 --> 00:14:39 kind but why is the journey so long at
00:14:39 --> 00:14:42 their closest point Earth and Jupiter
00:14:42 --> 00:14:44 are separated by almost 600 million
00:14:44 --> 00:14:47 kilomet juice has already traveled over
00:14:47 --> 00:14:50 1 million kilm yet it's only 15% of
00:14:50 --> 00:14:53 the way there the answer depends on a
00:14:53 --> 00:14:55 variety of factors that our flight
00:14:55 --> 00:14:58 Dynamic experts know well from the
00:14:58 --> 00:15:00 amount of fuel used to the power of the
00:15:00 --> 00:15:03 rocket mass of a spacecraft and geometry
00:15:03 --> 00:15:05 of the
00:15:05 --> 00:15:07 planets what are the challenges to get
00:15:07 --> 00:15:08 to
00:15:08 --> 00:15:11 Jupiter one the Earth is
00:15:11 --> 00:15:14 moving on the surface of Earth typically
00:15:14 --> 00:15:16 the fastest way to travel somewhere is
00:15:16 --> 00:15:19 the straightest possible line however in
00:15:19 --> 00:15:22 space straight lines are a massive waste
00:15:22 --> 00:15:23 of
00:15:23 --> 00:15:26 energy when we look up at the night sky
00:15:26 --> 00:15:29 and track the Motions of planets moons
00:15:29 --> 00:15:31 stars and galaxies you'll see they're
00:15:31 --> 00:15:34 always in motion around another object
00:15:34 --> 00:15:36 when we launch a rocket it doesn't leap
00:15:36 --> 00:15:38 from a still Earth but from a planet
00:15:38 --> 00:15:41 zooming at about 30 km/ second around
00:15:41 --> 00:15:42 the
00:15:42 --> 00:15:45 Sun as such a spacecraft launch from
00:15:45 --> 00:15:47 Earth already has a great deal of
00:15:47 --> 00:15:49 orbital energy the only unit that
00:15:49 --> 00:15:51 matters when determining the size of an
00:15:51 --> 00:15:54 orbit around a central body just after
00:15:55 --> 00:15:57 launch a spacecraft is in more or less
00:15:57 --> 00:15:59 the same orbit as our planet around the
00:15:59 --> 00:16:02 Sun to break free from this orbit and
00:16:02 --> 00:16:04 fly in the shortest possible straight
00:16:04 --> 00:16:06 line from Earth to Jupiter would need a
00:16:06 --> 00:16:10 big rocket and a lot of fuel it can be
00:16:10 --> 00:16:12 done but the problem is you then need
00:16:12 --> 00:16:15 even more fuel to break and go into
00:16:15 --> 00:16:17 orbit around Jupiter and not be flung
00:16:17 --> 00:16:18 past
00:16:18 --> 00:16:22 it two Jupiter and Earth are both moving
00:16:22 --> 00:16:24 and not on the same route Jupiter and
00:16:24 --> 00:16:27 Earth are always moving with respect to
00:16:27 --> 00:16:29 each other this means at their furthest
00:16:29 --> 00:16:31 distance when they are on opposite sides
00:16:31 --> 00:16:33 of the sun they are separated by
00:16:33 --> 00:16:34 whopping
00:16:34 --> 00:16:36 968 million
00:16:36 --> 00:16:39 km the shortest distance between them is
00:16:39 --> 00:16:43 just under 600 million km when they are
00:16:43 --> 00:16:45 both on the same side of the Sun but
00:16:45 --> 00:16:47 they're only in this position for a
00:16:47 --> 00:16:50 moment before the distance grows again
00:16:50 --> 00:16:53 and the distance never remains constant
00:16:53 --> 00:16:55 all the solar system planets are moving
00:16:55 --> 00:16:57 at different rates in their orbits
00:16:57 --> 00:17:00 around the Sun launching a spacecraft is
00:17:00 --> 00:17:02 like throwing a ball at a moving Target
00:17:02 --> 00:17:06 from a moving vehicle not an easy
00:17:06 --> 00:17:09 feat Engineers must calculate the ideal
00:17:09 --> 00:17:12 time to make the jump on a circular path
00:17:12 --> 00:17:14 from Earth's orbit to where Jupiter will
00:17:14 --> 00:17:18 be when the spacecraft arrives not where
00:17:18 --> 00:17:21 it is when the spacecraft leaves
00:17:21 --> 00:17:23 Earth so assuming we have the most
00:17:23 --> 00:17:25 powerful launcher available and we
00:17:25 --> 00:17:28 launch on the shortest trajectory at the
00:17:28 --> 00:17:30 right time when the planets are aligned
00:17:30 --> 00:17:33 correctly how long would it
00:17:33 --> 00:17:35 take early space missions such as the
00:17:35 --> 00:17:38 Voyager and Pioneer probes made the
00:17:38 --> 00:17:41 journey in less than 2 years and the
00:17:41 --> 00:17:43 fastest any object has traveled to
00:17:43 --> 00:17:46 Jupiter was the New Horizon's Mission
00:17:46 --> 00:17:49 launched on 19th January 2006 New
00:17:49 --> 00:17:52 Horizons made its closest approach to
00:17:52 --> 00:17:56 Jupiter on 28th February 2007 taking a
00:17:56 --> 00:17:59 little over a year to reach the planet
00:17:59 --> 00:18:01 however all these missions continued
00:18:01 --> 00:18:04 onwards receiving a boost from Jupiter
00:18:04 --> 00:18:06 but none were captured by the orbit like
00:18:06 --> 00:18:08 juice will
00:18:08 --> 00:18:11 be three we want to be captured by
00:18:11 --> 00:18:14 Jupiter's gravity not boosted by it to
00:18:14 --> 00:18:17 get into orbit around the huge planet we
00:18:17 --> 00:18:19 need to lose some energy but slamming on
00:18:19 --> 00:18:21 juices breakes at Jupiter would require
00:18:21 --> 00:18:24 an enormous amount of fuel Engineers
00:18:24 --> 00:18:26 need to control the spacecraft's mass
00:18:26 --> 00:18:28 balancing the amount of fuel with the
00:18:28 --> 00:18:30 instruments it needs to carry to
00:18:30 --> 00:18:33 complete its Mission The more mass the
00:18:33 --> 00:18:35 spacecraft has the more fuel it needs to
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 carry which increases its weight and
00:18:37 --> 00:18:39 makes it more difficult to launch from
00:18:39 --> 00:18:41 Earth Juice is one of the heaviest
00:18:41 --> 00:18:43 interplanetary probes ever launched at
00:18:43 --> 00:18:46 just over 6 kilos with the largest
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 Suite of scientific instruments ever
00:18:48 --> 00:18:51 flown to Jupiter to get a spacecraft
00:18:51 --> 00:18:54 into orbit around another planet we must
00:18:54 --> 00:18:57 match its orbital energy when juice was
00:18:57 --> 00:18:59 launched its orbital energy was the same
00:18:59 --> 00:19:02 as Earth's it must gain energy to
00:19:02 --> 00:19:04 overcome the pull of the Sun's gravity
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 and will do so by stealing some orbital
00:19:06 --> 00:19:09 energy from Earth and Venus depending on
00:19:09 --> 00:19:11 the relative direction of motion of the
00:19:11 --> 00:19:14 planet and the spacecraft a gravity
00:19:14 --> 00:19:17 assist can either speed up slow down or
00:19:17 --> 00:19:19 change the direction of the
00:19:19 --> 00:19:21 mission the spacecraft also deflects the
00:19:21 --> 00:19:24 planet but by such a minuscule amount as
00:19:24 --> 00:19:27 to be insignificant nonetheless Newton's
00:19:27 --> 00:19:30 third law of motion has been preserved
00:19:30 --> 00:19:32 to every action there is an equal and
00:19:32 --> 00:19:33 opposite
00:19:33 --> 00:19:36 reaction the world of orbital mechanics
00:19:36 --> 00:19:39 can be a counterintuitive place but with
00:19:39 --> 00:19:41 a bit of patience and a lot of planning
00:19:41 --> 00:19:43 it allows us to do a great deal of
00:19:43 --> 00:19:46 science with just a little
00:19:46 --> 00:19:49 fuel so ju is taking the scenic route
00:19:49 --> 00:19:51 using the gravity of other planets to
00:19:51 --> 00:19:53 carefully adjust his trajectory through
00:19:53 --> 00:19:56 space and ensure it arrives at Jupiter
00:19:56 --> 00:19:58 with precisely the right speed and
00:19:58 --> 00:19:59 direction
00:19:59 --> 00:20:02 this incredibly complex constantly
00:20:02 --> 00:20:04 evolving route has been carefully
00:20:04 --> 00:20:06 planned out by juices dedicated Mission
00:20:06 --> 00:20:10 analysis team over the last 20 years
00:20:10 --> 00:20:12 somewhat counterintuitively using the
00:20:12 --> 00:20:14 lunar Earth flyby to slow juice down at
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 this point in its journey is actually
00:20:16 --> 00:20:18 more efficient than using the flyby to
00:20:19 --> 00:20:21 speed it up if we had instead used this
00:20:21 --> 00:20:24 flyby to give juice a boost towards Mars
00:20:24 --> 00:20:26 we would have had to wait a long time
00:20:26 --> 00:20:29 for the next planetary flyby this first
00:20:29 --> 00:20:31 braking maneuver is a way of taking a
00:20:31 --> 00:20:34 shortcut through the inner solar
00:20:34 --> 00:20:37 system ju come extremely close to both
00:20:37 --> 00:20:40 the Moon and Earth meaning that realtime
00:20:40 --> 00:20:42 pinpoint accuracy is required in all
00:20:42 --> 00:20:45 navigation Maneuvers during the flyby
00:20:45 --> 00:20:48 operators keep a careful watch on the
00:20:48 --> 00:20:51 data coming down from juice making any
00:20:51 --> 00:20:53 tiny adjustments needed to keep the
00:20:53 --> 00:20:55 spacecraft on the right
00:20:55 --> 00:20:57 course lunar Earth flyby provides a
00:20:57 --> 00:20:59 prime test environment for instrument
00:20:59 --> 00:21:02 teams to collect and analyze data from a
00:21:02 --> 00:21:04 actal surface in space for the first
00:21:04 --> 00:21:06 time for some instruments this is the
00:21:07 --> 00:21:09 only opportunity to make certain
00:21:09 --> 00:21:11 measurements during Juice's entire 8year
00:21:11 --> 00:21:14 journey to Jupiter it gives scientists
00:21:14 --> 00:21:16 and Engineers the chance to calibrate
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 their instruments smooth out any
00:21:18 --> 00:21:21 remaining issues and who knows they may
00:21:21 --> 00:21:24 even make some surprising scientific
00:21:24 --> 00:21:26 discoveries it will change 's speed and
00:21:26 --> 00:21:28 direction to alter its course through
00:21:28 --> 00:21:33 through space but it's a daring
00:21:33 --> 00:21:36 feet thanks to this flyby earthbend uses
00:21:36 --> 00:21:38 trajectory through space breaking it and
00:21:38 --> 00:21:41 redirecting it on course for a flyby of
00:21:41 --> 00:21:43 Venus in August
00:21:43 --> 00:21:46 2025 from that moment on the energy
00:21:46 --> 00:21:48 boost will begin with juice being
00:21:48 --> 00:21:51 whizzed up by Venus and then twice by
00:21:51 --> 00:21:53 Earth the space exporation equivalent of
00:21:53 --> 00:21:56 drinking three backtack
00:21:56 --> 00:21:59 espressos once juice arrives at Ju juper
00:21:59 --> 00:22:01 it will get close to Jupiter's moons
00:22:01 --> 00:22:03 trading energy with them that they've
00:22:03 --> 00:22:06 held on to for billions of years to get
00:22:06 --> 00:22:09 a view of these environments like never
00:22:09 --> 00:22:11 before helping us answer some questions
00:22:11 --> 00:22:13 such as could there be life under the
00:22:14 --> 00:22:18 Frozen oceans of ganam Kalisto or Europa
00:22:18 --> 00:22:20 what can we learn about the formation of
00:22:20 --> 00:22:23 planets and moons throughout the
00:22:23 --> 00:22:25 Universe Through The Wonder of flight
00:22:25 --> 00:22:27 Dynamics by trading energy with the
00:22:27 --> 00:22:31 universe we will soonish find
00:22:31 --> 00:22:39 [Music]
00:22:39 --> 00:22:43 out this SpaceTime still to come three
00:22:43 --> 00:22:45 more Australian satellites sent into
00:22:45 --> 00:22:47 orbit and later in the science report a
00:22:47 --> 00:22:50 new study has found that tiny volcanic
00:22:50 --> 00:22:52 glass shards found in Tasmania actually
00:22:52 --> 00:22:55 originated in a volcanic super eruption
00:22:55 --> 00:22:57 in New Zealand all that and more still
00:22:57 --> 00:23:04 to come
00:23:04 --> 00:23:14 [Music]
00:23:14 --> 00:23:16 SpaceTime three more Australian
00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 satellites have been sent into orbit
00:23:18 --> 00:23:20 this latest Trio flew up aboard spacex's
00:23:20 --> 00:23:23 transporter 11 Mission aboard a Falcon 9
00:23:23 --> 00:23:25 rocket from space launch complex 4E at
00:23:25 --> 00:23:27 the Vandenberg space force space in
00:23:27 --> 00:23:29 California
00:23:29 --> 00:23:32 transport 11 is carrying 116 payload
00:23:32 --> 00:23:34 satellites including Cube sets micro
00:23:34 --> 00:23:36 sets and an orbital transfer vehicle
00:23:36 --> 00:23:38 carrying eight payloads the three
00:23:38 --> 00:23:41 Australian satellites on the Manifest
00:23:41 --> 00:23:44 included the warar seed and kuava 2 six
00:23:44 --> 00:23:46 unit cube sets and the canini micro
00:23:46 --> 00:23:48 satellite they follow the arrival in
00:23:49 --> 00:23:51 orbit of curtain University's binar 2 3
00:23:51 --> 00:23:53 and 4 Cube set which now aboard the
00:23:53 --> 00:23:56 International Space Station's kbo module
00:23:56 --> 00:23:57 after flying up a few weeks earlier
00:23:57 --> 00:24:01 aboard the signis ng21 cargo ship as for
00:24:01 --> 00:24:03 the new Aussie arrivals in orbit well
00:24:03 --> 00:24:05 the warar seed space qualification
00:24:05 --> 00:24:07 mission was developed by the University
00:24:07 --> 00:24:09 of Sydney and is carrying a range of
00:24:09 --> 00:24:11 experimental technology demonstrators
00:24:11 --> 00:24:13 for five Australian space startups as
00:24:13 --> 00:24:16 well as several local commercial clients
00:24:16 --> 00:24:18 the Australian research council's kuava
00:24:18 --> 00:24:20 2 Cube set is equipped with a
00:24:20 --> 00:24:22 hyperspectral imager as well as a GPS
00:24:22 --> 00:24:24 reflectometry payload developed by the
00:24:24 --> 00:24:26 University of New South Wales for Earth
00:24:26 --> 00:24:29 observation and resource monitor ing
00:24:29 --> 00:24:31 meanwhile South Australia's canini
00:24:31 --> 00:24:33 spacecraft is also carrying a locally
00:24:33 --> 00:24:35 developed hyperspectral imager designed
00:24:35 --> 00:24:36 to analyze vegetation and soil
00:24:37 --> 00:24:39 compositions and detect smoke from bush
00:24:39 --> 00:24:41 fires other payloads aboard the
00:24:41 --> 00:24:43 transporter 11 Mission included the
00:24:43 --> 00:24:45 European space agency's Arctic weather
00:24:45 --> 00:24:49 satellite and the fat 2 cubat isa's
00:24:49 --> 00:24:51 Arctic weather satellite is a prototype
00:24:51 --> 00:24:53 Mission it aims to improve weather
00:24:53 --> 00:24:55 forecasting in the Arctic region an area
00:24:56 --> 00:24:57 that currently lacks data for accurate
00:24:57 --> 00:24:58 short
00:24:58 --> 00:25:01 forecasts it's equipped with a 19
00:25:01 --> 00:25:03 Channel cross track scanning microwave
00:25:03 --> 00:25:04 radiometer which will provide high
00:25:04 --> 00:25:06 resolution humidity and temperature
00:25:06 --> 00:25:08 soundings of the atmosphere in all
00:25:08 --> 00:25:11 weather conditions it's a forerunner for
00:25:11 --> 00:25:13 a potential constellation of similar
00:25:13 --> 00:25:16 satellites to be known as the EPS sterer
00:25:16 --> 00:25:17 designed to provide an almost constant
00:25:17 --> 00:25:20 stream of temperature and humidity data
00:25:20 --> 00:25:22 from every location on Earth that will
00:25:22 --> 00:25:24 support Research into climate change
00:25:24 --> 00:25:26 which is occurring at a faster Pace in
00:25:26 --> 00:25:28 the Arctic compared to other parts of
00:25:28 --> 00:25:31 the Planet as for fisat 2 well it's a
00:25:31 --> 00:25:33 cube set showcasing different artificial
00:25:33 --> 00:25:35 intelligence Technologies designed for
00:25:35 --> 00:25:37 Earth observation the probe's equipped
00:25:37 --> 00:25:39 with a multispectral camera and a
00:25:39 --> 00:25:41 computer running six different AI
00:25:41 --> 00:25:44 applications that analyze and process
00:25:44 --> 00:25:46 imagery while in orbit the satellites
00:25:46 --> 00:25:49 designed to turn images into Maps detect
00:25:49 --> 00:25:51 clouds in the images classify them and
00:25:51 --> 00:25:53 provide insites in a cloud distribution
00:25:53 --> 00:25:56 detect and classify vessels compress
00:25:56 --> 00:25:57 images on board and reconstruct them on
00:25:57 --> 00:26:00 the ground reducing download time spot
00:26:00 --> 00:26:03 anomalies in Maritime ecosystems and
00:26:03 --> 00:26:04 detect
00:26:04 --> 00:26:06 wildfires this space
00:26:06 --> 00:26:21 [Music]
00:26:21 --> 00:26:24 time and time now to take a brief look
00:26:24 --> 00:26:25 at some of the other stories making USS
00:26:25 --> 00:26:27 in science this week with the science
00:26:27 --> 00:26:28 report
00:26:28 --> 00:26:30 a new study has shown that babies born
00:26:30 --> 00:26:33 to fathers of an older age may be more
00:26:33 --> 00:26:35 likely to have several Health
00:26:35 --> 00:26:37 complications at Birth a report in the
00:26:37 --> 00:26:39 Journal of the American Medical
00:26:39 --> 00:26:41 Association looked at data from a decade
00:26:41 --> 00:26:43 of births across the United States
00:26:43 --> 00:26:45 totaling over 45 million in order to
00:26:45 --> 00:26:48 investigate the age of fathers and how
00:26:48 --> 00:26:51 that might impact on birth outcomes the
00:26:51 --> 00:26:53 authors found that proportion of babies
00:26:53 --> 00:26:55 being born in the United States to
00:26:55 --> 00:26:57 fathers over the age of 50s growing with
00:26:57 --> 00:26:59 these fathers is more racially and
00:26:59 --> 00:27:01 educationally diverse than the general
00:27:01 --> 00:27:03 population the authors say that after
00:27:03 --> 00:27:05 controlling for risk factors that come
00:27:05 --> 00:27:07 from the mother having an older father
00:27:07 --> 00:27:09 was associated with a higher risk of
00:27:09 --> 00:27:12 pre-term birth and lower birth weight
00:27:12 --> 00:27:14 they also found that older fathers are
00:27:14 --> 00:27:16 more likely to use assisted reproductive
00:27:16 --> 00:27:18 Technologies and also more likely to
00:27:18 --> 00:27:20 have female
00:27:20 --> 00:27:22 children Korean scientists have
00:27:23 --> 00:27:24 developed bacteria that can produce
00:27:24 --> 00:27:27 rigid heat stable Plastics similar to
00:27:27 --> 00:27:28 pet and
00:27:28 --> 00:27:31 polystyrene the findings reported in the
00:27:31 --> 00:27:33 journal Trends in biotechnology could
00:27:33 --> 00:27:35 bring industry a step closer to
00:27:35 --> 00:27:38 replacing petroleum based Plastics the
00:27:38 --> 00:27:40 authors engineered the bacteria
00:27:40 --> 00:27:41 specifically to produce and withstand
00:27:41 --> 00:27:43 the plastic in ring-shaped structures
00:27:43 --> 00:27:45 which are usually toxic to
00:27:45 --> 00:27:47 microorganisms while more research is
00:27:47 --> 00:27:49 still needed the authors say the
00:27:49 --> 00:27:52 resulting product is biodegradable and
00:27:52 --> 00:27:53 has physical properties that could lend
00:27:53 --> 00:27:55 it to biom Medical applications
00:27:55 --> 00:27:58 including drug delivery
00:27:58 --> 00:28:00 a new study has found that tiny volcanic
00:28:00 --> 00:28:03 glass shards found in Tasmanian Wetland
00:28:03 --> 00:28:05 sediments could have originated from a
00:28:05 --> 00:28:07 super volcanic eruption in New Zealand
00:28:07 --> 00:28:11 over 250 years ago if confirmed it's
00:28:11 --> 00:28:14 the first such example of this type of
00:28:14 --> 00:28:17 glass being identified in Australia the
00:28:17 --> 00:28:19 findings reported in the journal quenary
00:28:19 --> 00:28:21 science reviews follows the discovery of
00:28:21 --> 00:28:24 silica Rich volcanic glass in 2 and 1/2
00:28:24 --> 00:28:26 M deep Pete and river sediment from the
00:28:26 --> 00:28:28 yellow Marsh District the authors
00:28:28 --> 00:28:30 estimated its age using radiocarbon
00:28:30 --> 00:28:33 dating of plant Sports and sedit above
00:28:33 --> 00:28:35 it and then compared its chemistry to
00:28:35 --> 00:28:37 signatures of glass shards from various
00:28:37 --> 00:28:39 volcanic eruptions around the planet the
00:28:39 --> 00:28:42 samples best match the oruanui super
00:28:42 --> 00:28:45 eruption 256 years ago at the site
00:28:45 --> 00:28:48 of present day Lake Tapo the finding
00:28:48 --> 00:28:51 support modeling showing Oro noi Ash may
00:28:51 --> 00:28:53 have reached
00:28:53 --> 00:28:56 Australia from prehistoric times long
00:28:56 --> 00:28:58 before language human have been using
00:28:58 --> 00:29:01 nonverbal cues for communication the
00:29:01 --> 00:29:03 shaking of the head the lifting of an
00:29:03 --> 00:29:05 eyebrow a smile these are all
00:29:05 --> 00:29:07 Expressions that humans use to
00:29:07 --> 00:29:10 communicate nowadays many studies and
00:29:10 --> 00:29:12 peer-reviewed research on non-verbal
00:29:12 --> 00:29:14 communication shows that a lot of
00:29:14 --> 00:29:16 non-verbal Behavior can be a sign of
00:29:16 --> 00:29:19 underlying emotional states however that
00:29:19 --> 00:29:21 doesn't mean that you can read a person
00:29:21 --> 00:29:24 confidently just by their body language
00:29:24 --> 00:29:26 and that's the thing so many experts
00:29:26 --> 00:29:28 have come out of the woodwor work each
00:29:28 --> 00:29:30 claiming to be proficient in body
00:29:30 --> 00:29:33 language reading Tim menum from
00:29:33 --> 00:29:35 Australian skeptic says psychologists
00:29:35 --> 00:29:37 agree that emotional states can find an
00:29:38 --> 00:29:40 outlet in body language but there's just
00:29:40 --> 00:29:42 no complete scientific evidence for many
00:29:42 --> 00:29:45 of the claims being made by socalled
00:29:45 --> 00:29:47 Body Language experts everyone uses body
00:29:47 --> 00:29:49 language to see how someone is reacting
00:29:49 --> 00:29:51 to you someone raises their eyebrows
00:29:51 --> 00:29:54 it's in shock Etc or hello what's going
00:29:54 --> 00:29:55 on here all sorts of things that people
00:29:55 --> 00:29:57 do in reaction in communication with
00:29:57 --> 00:29:59 each other people do it naturally it's
00:29:59 --> 00:30:00 just part of the human condition but
00:30:00 --> 00:30:03 other people autism in which case you
00:30:03 --> 00:30:05 have no idea what they mean that's right
00:30:05 --> 00:30:06 yeah that's makes it very hard it's
00:30:06 --> 00:30:08 everything about you it's your arm
00:30:08 --> 00:30:10 movements it's the way you stand way you
00:30:10 --> 00:30:12 have nervous ticks or whatever or just
00:30:12 --> 00:30:14 habits that you do when you confronted
00:30:14 --> 00:30:15 with other people or in a difficult
00:30:15 --> 00:30:16 situation or even a non difficult
00:30:16 --> 00:30:18 situation it's when you try and make it
00:30:18 --> 00:30:20 a science there are um some people who
00:30:20 --> 00:30:23 have said that there are 20 facial
00:30:23 --> 00:30:25 expressions that people can have I've
00:30:25 --> 00:30:27 got no idea how they measured 20
00:30:27 --> 00:30:29 could it that they make it up it
00:30:29 --> 00:30:30 probably is easy to make it up this was
00:30:30 --> 00:30:32 someone in 1952 saying this with a
00:30:32 --> 00:30:33 wonderful name of bird whistle but I
00:30:33 --> 00:30:36 mean he said that and he also said that
00:30:36 --> 00:30:38 65% of face-to-face communication is
00:30:38 --> 00:30:41 done non-verbally others have said 7% is
00:30:41 --> 00:30:44 via what he said 38% through tone and
00:30:44 --> 00:30:46 voice and 55% is through body language
00:30:46 --> 00:30:47 there's all sorts of figures thrown
00:30:47 --> 00:30:49 around some are talking about fleeting
00:30:49 --> 00:30:51 Expressions lasting as short as a 25th
00:30:51 --> 00:30:54 of a second that's a short time you that
00:30:54 --> 00:30:55 should be very very quick to pick up on
00:30:55 --> 00:30:57 that others have said obviously the
00:30:57 --> 00:30:58 faces the big thing you can see your
00:30:58 --> 00:31:00 face not normally covered others have
00:31:00 --> 00:31:03 suggested no the real seat of body
00:31:03 --> 00:31:04 language is the feet and I think that's
00:31:04 --> 00:31:05 an interesting one to measure you're
00:31:05 --> 00:31:06 talking to someone their feet are under
00:31:06 --> 00:31:08 the desk you really can't see them but
00:31:08 --> 00:31:10 apparently if obviously if if you're
00:31:10 --> 00:31:11 shaking your feet Etc you might be
00:31:11 --> 00:31:13 nervous if you cross your legs or
00:31:13 --> 00:31:14 whatever let saying if they're
00:31:14 --> 00:31:16 interested your feet are facing the
00:31:16 --> 00:31:18 speaker if you're not interested the
00:31:18 --> 00:31:20 feet are facing the door which would be
00:31:20 --> 00:31:21 difficult if the door is behind you all
00:31:21 --> 00:31:23 sorts of issues that have cropped up a
00:31:23 --> 00:31:26 lot um I was always told handshakes are
00:31:26 --> 00:31:27 an important one too when you shake
00:31:27 --> 00:31:29 someone's hand and as you shake the hand
00:31:29 --> 00:31:31 if you move your wrist so that your palm
00:31:31 --> 00:31:34 is facing downwards going to dominate
00:31:34 --> 00:31:35 that conversation in the same ways you
00:31:36 --> 00:31:37 have a two-handed shake you know one
00:31:37 --> 00:31:39 hand and one on the forearm it means you
00:31:39 --> 00:31:41 have control over them you do the pull
00:31:41 --> 00:31:43 towards you handshake that's also a
00:31:43 --> 00:31:45 dominant thing and of course the old
00:31:45 --> 00:31:47 squeeze too hard it's also just someone
00:31:47 --> 00:31:48 just being nasty you and hurting your
00:31:48 --> 00:31:50 hand that puts you off so they can then
00:31:50 --> 00:31:52 win over any argument the problem is
00:31:52 --> 00:31:54 that as a science it's very unreliable
00:31:54 --> 00:31:55 try and get some sort of reliable thing
00:31:55 --> 00:31:58 out of it using it to read people apart
00:31:58 --> 00:32:00 from what you can normally do which is
00:32:00 --> 00:32:02 some eye movements
00:32:02 --> 00:32:05 Etc using body language experts to work
00:32:05 --> 00:32:07 out who really won the debate the
00:32:07 --> 00:32:08 presidential debate or something like
00:32:08 --> 00:32:11 that yes and I've seen I I get regular
00:32:11 --> 00:32:13 correspondence from a body language
00:32:13 --> 00:32:14 expert who looks at every video of a
00:32:14 --> 00:32:16 politician and then run through what
00:32:16 --> 00:32:18 they did wrong expressing themselves a
00:32:18 --> 00:32:20 lot of it's exaggerated a lot of it
00:32:20 --> 00:32:22 comes from 20 facial expressions or
00:32:22 --> 00:32:24 whatever that picking up and getting
00:32:24 --> 00:32:26 something empirical out of it apart from
00:32:26 --> 00:32:28 the obvious things that everyone reacts
00:32:28 --> 00:32:30 to everyone's aware of it's not a pseudo
00:32:30 --> 00:32:32 science as such but it's a it can be a
00:32:32 --> 00:32:34 bit of over exaggerated science I think
00:32:34 --> 00:32:35 it's the ability to actually do things
00:32:36 --> 00:32:37 some people put forward things you can
00:32:37 --> 00:32:40 do to express yourself with I don't that
00:32:40 --> 00:32:41 means fooling people one is the concept
00:32:42 --> 00:32:43 of mirror neurons when someone does
00:32:43 --> 00:32:45 something you do it too spatial
00:32:45 --> 00:32:46 awareness don't come too close to
00:32:46 --> 00:32:48 someone you know give them their body
00:32:48 --> 00:32:50 space posture make sure your posture
00:32:50 --> 00:32:51 like regularly checking your posture
00:32:52 --> 00:32:53 make sure you can sit upright Etc and
00:32:54 --> 00:32:56 eye contact variability practice varying
00:32:56 --> 00:32:58 your eye contact don't always stare at
00:32:58 --> 00:32:59 someone in the face actually most people
00:32:59 --> 00:33:01 don't most people do look away when
00:33:01 --> 00:33:02 they're talking to someone and then they
00:33:02 --> 00:33:03 look back and then they look away again
00:33:03 --> 00:33:04 you know how off-putting it is with
00:33:04 --> 00:33:06 someone staring straight at you if you
00:33:06 --> 00:33:08 have autism you never look someone in
00:33:08 --> 00:33:10 the face and then I know then they think
00:33:10 --> 00:33:13 you're being in a deliberately evasive
00:33:13 --> 00:33:15 yeah evasive My Philosophy is never look
00:33:15 --> 00:33:17 someone in the eye when you're eating a
00:33:17 --> 00:33:20 banana that's Tim mum from Australian
00:33:20 --> 00:33:22 Skeptics
00:33:22 --> 00:33:31 [Music]
00:33:36 --> 00:33:39 and that's the show for now SpaceTime is
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