Source:
https://www.spreaker.com/episode/s27e112-private-spacewalk-milestone-starliner-s-empty-return-and-philippine-fireball-frenzy--61809424
SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 112
First Ever Spacewalk by Private AstronautsA historic milestone as the first commercial non-government astronauts successfully complete a spacewalk using a SpaceX Dragon capsule. The mission, launched aboard a Falcon 9 rocket, aimed to monitor radiation exposure levels during its journey into the Van Allen radiation belts.
Boeing Starliner Returns Safely to EarthBoeing's trouble-plagued Starliner spacecraft has safely returned to Earth, landing unmanned at the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. NASA opted for an unmanned return due to ongoing safety concerns with the spacecraft.
*Asteroid Creates Spectacular Fireball Over the Philippines: A small asteroid created a stunning fireball as it entered Earth's atmosphere over the Philippines. The asteroid, designated 2024 RW1, was detected just hours before its atmospheric entry, providing a dazzling light show without causing any harm.
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00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 27 episode 112
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 16th of September
00:00:06 --> 00:00:10 2024 coming up on SpaceTime the first
00:00:10 --> 00:00:12 ever Space Walk by private astronauts
00:00:12 --> 00:00:15 Boeing Starliner returned safely to the
00:00:15 --> 00:00:18 Earth but it was empty and the asteroid
00:00:18 --> 00:00:20 that created a spectacular Fireball over
00:00:20 --> 00:00:23 the Philippines all that and more coming
00:00:23 --> 00:00:25 up on
00:00:25 --> 00:00:28 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:28 --> 00:00:30 Stuart Gary
00:00:30 --> 00:00:37 [Music]
00:00:45 --> 00:00:47 the first of space walk by a pair of
00:00:47 --> 00:00:49 commercial non-government astronauts has
00:00:49 --> 00:00:52 been successfully completed the mission
00:00:52 --> 00:00:55 using a SpaceX Dragon capsule was
00:00:55 --> 00:00:56 launched aboard a Falcon 9 rocket from
00:00:56 --> 00:00:59 the Kennedy Space Center in Florida on a
00:00:59 --> 00:01:01 flight designed to monitor radiation
00:01:01 --> 00:01:13 exposure levels 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
00:01:13 --> 00:01:16
00:01:16 --> 00:01:20 and cop one alpha vehicle ping Down
00:01:20 --> 00:01:24 Range St one propulsion is nominal t+ 35
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 seconds into the polaron mission flying
00:01:26 --> 00:01:28 crew on board dragon and Falcon 9 to new
00:01:28 --> 00:01:32 heights power in tet nominal and we're
00:01:32 --> 00:01:35 throttling down in preparation for Max Q
00:01:35 --> 00:01:39 next call out the the vehicle Super
00:01:39 --> 00:01:43 Sonic Ma we're throttle back up to power
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 one Bravo and we heard the call out one
00:01:45 --> 00:01:47 Bravo One Bravo it just tells the crew
00:01:47 --> 00:01:49 what would happen uh should they need to
00:01:49 --> 00:01:51 initiate anything but right now
00:01:51 --> 00:01:53 everybody making nominal call outs on
00:01:53 --> 00:01:56 Falcon 9 and back chill is underway the
00:01:56 --> 00:01:57 announcement lets us know we've begun
00:01:57 --> 00:01:59 the final chill of the second stage
00:01:59 --> 00:02:01 engine in preparation for its activity
00:02:01 --> 00:02:03 coming up at about t plus 2 minutes and
00:02:03 --> 00:02:05 40 seconds 2 minutes into flight
00:02:05 --> 00:02:07 everything continues to look good we'll
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 have in half a minute three major
00:02:09 --> 00:02:11 activities shutdown of the nine Merlin
00:02:11 --> 00:02:14 1D engines stage separation and an
00:02:14 --> 00:02:16 ignition of the second stage engine
00:02:16 --> 00:02:18 Throttle Down we're holding a constant
00:02:18 --> 00:02:20 acceleration now for the crew just below
00:02:20 --> 00:02:23 4 G's see we're coming up 70 km
00:02:23 --> 00:02:25 preparing for moo main engine cut off
00:02:25 --> 00:02:28 two alpha stage separation
00:02:28 --> 00:02:31 confirmed as you can tell by the cheers
00:02:31 --> 00:02:34 behind us the first stage booster now on
00:02:34 --> 00:02:37 its way to attempt landing on just read
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 the instructions the first stage has not
00:02:39 --> 00:02:42 yet reached its apogee now 3 and 1 half
00:02:42 --> 00:02:45 minutes into the polaron mission first
00:02:45 --> 00:02:48 stage continuing to make its way up to
00:02:48 --> 00:02:50 its apogee we'll see that altitude begin
00:02:50 --> 00:02:53 to slow down Dragon SpaceX trajectory
00:02:53 --> 00:02:55 nominal great news there indicating
00:02:55 --> 00:02:57 Dragon copy that the second stage
00:02:57 --> 00:03:00 trajectory is looking good now now the
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 grid fins have deployed on the first
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 stage once again booster is attempting
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 to land on our drone ship just read the
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 instructions now the next event coming
00:03:08 --> 00:03:11 up will be the entry burn taking place
00:03:11 --> 00:03:14 around t+ 7 1/2 minutes this burn will
00:03:14 --> 00:03:17 utilize three of the engines on the
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 first stage that helps to slow the
00:03:19 --> 00:03:22 booster down as it re-enters the Earth's
00:03:22 --> 00:03:24 atmosphere Dragon SpaceX trajectory
00:03:24 --> 00:03:27 nominal Dragon copies following the
00:03:27 --> 00:03:29 entry burn we will see the landing burn
00:03:29 --> 00:03:32 and that'll be around t+ 99 minutes that
00:03:32 --> 00:03:35 one will be just a single engine burn
00:03:36 --> 00:03:38 and that will bring the booster down for
00:03:38 --> 00:03:40 a soft landing on our drone ship around
00:03:40 --> 00:03:43 the same time as that we expect to see
00:03:43 --> 00:03:45 Dragon injected into orbit everything
00:03:45 --> 00:03:48 continuing to look good for second stage
00:03:48 --> 00:03:51 there the crew settle in6 trajectory
00:03:51 --> 00:03:53 nominal Dragon copy crew seems pretty
00:03:53 --> 00:03:56 comfortable there at t plus 6 minutes
00:03:56 --> 00:03:58 they're at about 4 G's and everything
00:03:58 --> 00:04:00 looks good for stage continuing its
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 descent back down to planet Earth
00:04:02 --> 00:04:04 everything continuing to look great with
00:04:04 --> 00:04:07 the second stage engine burn there as
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 well as the Dragon SpaceX trajectory
00:04:09 --> 00:04:12 nominal Dragon cop we're about 30
00:04:12 --> 00:04:14 seconds away from the first stage entry
00:04:14 --> 00:04:17 burn this is the first of two Burns that
00:04:17 --> 00:04:19 the first stage will perform designed to
00:04:19 --> 00:04:21 help reduce the amount of drag
00:04:21 --> 00:04:24 experienced by the first stage stage 2
00:04:24 --> 00:04:27 FTS has saved all right standing by for
00:04:27 --> 00:04:30 entry burn begin on the first stage and
00:04:30 --> 00:04:32 right on time the entry burn has begun
00:04:32 --> 00:04:35 there's three engines lit on that first
00:04:35 --> 00:04:37 St vehicle and this is about a 29 second
00:04:37 --> 00:04:40 burn and helps slow the vehicle down as
00:04:40 --> 00:04:42 it's re-entering the Earth's atmosphere
00:04:42 --> 00:04:43 the engines have now shut down on that
00:04:43 --> 00:04:45 first stage that concludes the entry
00:04:45 --> 00:04:47 burn and the cool part about this the
00:04:47 --> 00:04:49 stage one vehicle returning back to
00:04:49 --> 00:04:51 Earth is we get to fully utilize the
00:04:51 --> 00:04:53 atmosphere the atmosphere actually stage
00:04:53 --> 00:04:54 two is in termal Guidance the atmosphere
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 actually scrubs about 70% of the
00:04:57 --> 00:04:58 Velocity on the vehicle so we use that
00:04:58 --> 00:05:00 ENT bur to help slow the vehicle down
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 then we utilize the atmosphere and the
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 drag from the atmosphere to slow the
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 vehicle down and then we do have one
00:05:06 --> 00:05:08 single burn for the landing burn copy
00:05:08 --> 00:05:12 Shannon and next up will be SEO 1 and
00:05:12 --> 00:05:15 that is second stage engine cut off one
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 and that'll be on the second stage that
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 mvac engine will shut down and allow the
00:05:20 --> 00:05:22 vehicle with dragon attached to Coast m
00:05:22 --> 00:05:25 shut down and there's that shut down and
00:05:25 --> 00:05:26 the landing burn on the first stage
00:05:26 --> 00:05:29 should be starting up here momentarily
00:05:29 --> 00:05:30 and there it is Landing burn has begun
00:05:30 --> 00:05:33 for Dragon SpaceX nominal orbit
00:05:33 --> 00:05:35 insertion Dragon SpaceX launch Escape
00:05:35 --> 00:05:38 system disarmed SpaceX and we show the
00:05:38 --> 00:05:42 scene stage one vehicle has touchdown on
00:05:42 --> 00:05:45 just read the instructions a very
00:05:45 --> 00:05:48 excited crowd there here in Hawthorne
00:05:48 --> 00:05:51 we've also confirmed mvac engine
00:05:51 --> 00:05:53 shutdown and orbital insertion of the
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 second stage with the crew on board
00:05:56 --> 00:05:58 honestly a pretty impressive crowd uh
00:05:58 --> 00:06:02 for two 2:30 in the morning here it
00:06:02 --> 00:06:05 initially launched into a 1 km High
00:06:05 --> 00:06:07 orbit high enough to take the capsule
00:06:07 --> 00:06:09 into the Van Allen radiation belts which
00:06:09 --> 00:06:11 team with high energy charged particles
00:06:12 --> 00:06:14 posing a health risk to astronauts if
00:06:14 --> 00:06:17 exposed for extended periods the flight
00:06:17 --> 00:06:19 plan saw the dragon spend 10 hours in
00:06:19 --> 00:06:21 the van Allen radiation belts as the
00:06:21 --> 00:06:23 crew undertook readings and monitored
00:06:23 --> 00:06:25 the surrounding space environment it was
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 the furthest point humans have traveled
00:06:27 --> 00:06:29 from Earth since the days of Apollo more
00:06:29 --> 00:06:32 than half a century ago and over three
00:06:32 --> 00:06:34 times the orbital altitude of the
00:06:34 --> 00:06:36 International Space Station the
00:06:36 --> 00:06:38 elliptical orbit was then gradually
00:06:38 --> 00:06:40 reduced over the following days with the
00:06:40 --> 00:06:42 Eva being undertaken at an altitude of
00:06:42 --> 00:06:47 738 km the two hour extra vehicular
00:06:47 --> 00:06:49 activity or Eva by Polaris stor
00:06:49 --> 00:06:51 spacecraft Commander Jared isaacman and
00:06:51 --> 00:06:53 Mission specialist Sarah Gillies was
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 designed to perform a series of Mobility
00:06:55 --> 00:06:58 tests on spacex's newly designed Eva
00:06:58 --> 00:07:01 suits which is man developed the mission
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 plan saw isaacman and Gillies each leave
00:07:03 --> 00:07:06 the capsule for around 10 minutes they
00:07:06 --> 00:07:08 used especially supplied handrail system
00:07:08 --> 00:07:10 resembling a pool ladder called the
00:07:10 --> 00:07:13 Skywalker and a 3.6 M long umbilical
00:07:13 --> 00:07:15 tether in order to keep them secured to
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 the spacecraft as it orbited the planet
00:07:17 --> 00:07:21 at over 28 km per hour the remaining
00:07:21 --> 00:07:24 two crew members pilot Scott perti and
00:07:24 --> 00:07:26 Mission specialist Anna Menan who also
00:07:26 --> 00:07:28 wore the new space suits are now also
00:07:28 --> 00:07:30 considered space walking ERS as the
00:07:30 --> 00:07:31 capsule which doesn't have a separate
00:07:31 --> 00:07:33 air loock had to be depressurized for
00:07:33 --> 00:07:36 the Eva thereby exposing all four to the
00:07:36 --> 00:07:39 vacuum of space unlike his previous
00:07:39 --> 00:07:42 charted SpaceX flight tech entrepreneur
00:07:42 --> 00:07:43 isaacman shared the cost of the mission
00:07:43 --> 00:07:45 with SpaceX this time round which
00:07:45 --> 00:07:47 included developing and testing the new
00:07:47 --> 00:07:49 space suits which are outfitted with
00:07:49 --> 00:07:51 head-up displays helmet cameras and
00:07:51 --> 00:07:54 advanced joint Mobility systems this
00:07:54 --> 00:07:57 report from space
00:07:57 --> 00:08:00 X an EV suit is an extra vehicular
00:08:00 --> 00:08:02 activity suit which is a space suit that
00:08:02 --> 00:08:04 can go outside of the spacecraft to do a
00:08:04 --> 00:08:07 space walk we started with the Iva suit
00:08:07 --> 00:08:09 that we have the int vehicular activity
00:08:09 --> 00:08:12 suit as a kind of starting point and
00:08:12 --> 00:08:13 looked at it and said what would we have
00:08:13 --> 00:08:15 to change about this to be able to
00:08:15 --> 00:08:17 support a space walk so the first is
00:08:17 --> 00:08:19 mobility um the crew will have to do a
00:08:19 --> 00:08:20 lot of moving around inside of dragon to
00:08:20 --> 00:08:23 get outside and do The Space Walk we had
00:08:23 --> 00:08:25 to add in new joints um and new features
00:08:25 --> 00:08:26 in the suit to allow them enhance
00:08:26 --> 00:08:28 Mobility while the suit is
00:08:28 --> 00:08:30 pressurized when a crew member is
00:08:30 --> 00:08:32 pressurized in the suit the soft
00:08:32 --> 00:08:34 portions of the suit become rigid they
00:08:34 --> 00:08:36 need actual flexure and rotational
00:08:36 --> 00:08:38 joints to allow them to move around it's
00:08:38 --> 00:08:41 kind of like a suit of armor uh made of
00:08:41 --> 00:08:45 fabric we innovated in flexor joints to
00:08:45 --> 00:08:48 allow easy bending at the elbows and the
00:08:48 --> 00:08:51 knees as well as a collapsible Rotator
00:08:51 --> 00:08:54 joint that exists on the shoulder which
00:08:54 --> 00:08:56 allows the suit to remain nearly fully
00:08:56 --> 00:08:58 soft but when pressurized is a
00:08:58 --> 00:09:01 rotational bearing
00:09:01 --> 00:09:03 the difference between the Iva and Eva
00:09:03 --> 00:09:05 suit is that on the Iva suit the zipper
00:09:05 --> 00:09:09 system location is in the inseam uh but
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 since we needed to have lots of Mobility
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 on our Eva suit that was not the
00:09:13 --> 00:09:16 Preferred Choice by moving the zipper
00:09:16 --> 00:09:19 system from the inseam to the waist we
00:09:19 --> 00:09:22 mitigated risk of the stress of the
00:09:22 --> 00:09:24 zipper and another big element was also
00:09:24 --> 00:09:26 the the thermal side of things the crew
00:09:26 --> 00:09:27 is obviously exposed to a much more
00:09:27 --> 00:09:29 extreme thermal environment during the
00:09:29 --> 00:09:31 VA so we want to make sure that the
00:09:31 --> 00:09:32 inside of the suit is comfortable for
00:09:32 --> 00:09:34 them um and that as they interface with
00:09:34 --> 00:09:36 parts of the vehicle that that is safe
00:09:36 --> 00:09:38 for them to touch as well the EV suit is
00:09:38 --> 00:09:41 built and designed here at SpaceX in
00:09:41 --> 00:09:44 Halton California we wanted to have
00:09:44 --> 00:09:45 something that's easy manufacture that
00:09:45 --> 00:09:48 we can handle here in house so we
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 developed this new material so it's
00:09:50 --> 00:09:53 fabric based we actually added a new
00:09:53 --> 00:09:55 layer to the suit uh which we refer to
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 as the Faraday layer and this is a
00:09:57 --> 00:09:59 inductive cage around the suit that
00:09:59 --> 00:10:03 Shields the suit from external electric
00:10:03 --> 00:10:07 Fields the helmet on the Eva suit uh
00:10:07 --> 00:10:09 looks very similar to the Iva suit but
00:10:09 --> 00:10:10 is really an all new design of that
00:10:10 --> 00:10:13 helmet um it's much more robust from a
00:10:13 --> 00:10:14 thermal structural perspective since it
00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 will be taking more extreme temperatures
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 we are really excited to introduce this
00:10:18 --> 00:10:21 new single pane visor helmet to the
00:10:21 --> 00:10:23 world of space suits the Eva suit visor
00:10:23 --> 00:10:25 is made of polycarbonate and is coated
00:10:25 --> 00:10:28 with copper and I or indium T oxide
00:10:28 --> 00:10:30 these two Co coings together reflect the
00:10:30 --> 00:10:32 Sun away from the crew as well as
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 reflecting infrared heat back to the
00:10:34 --> 00:10:37 crew when they are facing deep space our
00:10:37 --> 00:10:40 suit has a HUD or heads up display which
00:10:40 --> 00:10:43 is a small display screen in the helmet
00:10:43 --> 00:10:45 which is transparent which allows the
00:10:45 --> 00:10:47 crew to see through the display to have
00:10:47 --> 00:10:50 unfettered access during their Eva but
00:10:50 --> 00:10:52 it also provides critical Telemetry to
00:10:52 --> 00:10:55 the crew so pressure temperature
00:10:55 --> 00:10:56 relative humidity we're trying to
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 improve the technology and streamline it
00:10:58 --> 00:10:59 in one way and at at the same time we're
00:11:00 --> 00:11:01 also trying to get it more and more
00:11:01 --> 00:11:03 manufacturable with each generation the
00:11:03 --> 00:11:04 ultimate goal is that you can put on a
00:11:04 --> 00:11:07 space suit and go out and get work done
00:11:07 --> 00:11:09 anywhere in the solar system um and not
00:11:09 --> 00:11:11 feel like you're wearing anything more
00:11:11 --> 00:11:15 than you normally wear every
00:11:15 --> 00:11:17 day the 5-day Mission had been delayed
00:11:17 --> 00:11:19 by 2 weeks firstly due to technical
00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 issues with the launch Tower and then
00:11:21 --> 00:11:23 poor weather forecasts affecting the
00:11:23 --> 00:11:25 splash down site off the coast of
00:11:25 --> 00:11:27 Florida Polaris Thor's the first of
00:11:28 --> 00:11:30 three missions under a joint isaacman
00:11:30 --> 00:11:33 SpaceX Polaris program the final mission
00:11:33 --> 00:11:35 is slated to be the first man flight of
00:11:35 --> 00:11:37 spacex's Starship prototype the
00:11:37 --> 00:11:40 interplanetary transport system SpaceX
00:11:40 --> 00:11:42 is developing as the key to Future
00:11:42 --> 00:11:43 Martian
00:11:43 --> 00:11:47 colonization this is spacetime still to
00:11:47 --> 00:11:50 come Boeing Starliner returns safely to
00:11:50 --> 00:11:52 Earth and an asteroid creates a
00:11:52 --> 00:11:54 spectacular Fireball as it enters
00:11:54 --> 00:11:56 Earth's atmosphere over the Philippines
00:11:56 --> 00:12:04 all that and more still to come on
00:12:04 --> 00:12:13 [Music]
00:12:15 --> 00:12:17 SpaceTime Boeing's trouble plague
00:12:17 --> 00:12:19 styliner spacecraft has returned safely
00:12:19 --> 00:12:21 to Earth Landing unmanned at the WID
00:12:21 --> 00:12:24 Sand's Missile Range New Mexico the
00:12:24 --> 00:12:26 decision to return without a crew on
00:12:26 --> 00:12:28 board was taken by NASA because of
00:12:28 --> 00:12:30 ongoing concerns about the safety of the
00:12:30 --> 00:12:32 spacecraft following a series of
00:12:32 --> 00:12:35 failures involving five of sty liner's
00:12:35 --> 00:12:37 orbital maneuvering system thrusters and
00:12:37 --> 00:12:39 a persistent series of helium leaks
00:12:39 --> 00:12:41 which were gradually getting worse NASA
00:12:41 --> 00:12:43 and Boeing issued a go to proceed with
00:12:43 --> 00:12:45 the undocking of the spacecraft from the
00:12:45 --> 00:12:47 International Space Station pending
00:12:47 --> 00:12:50 weather and operational Readiness after
00:12:50 --> 00:12:53 styliner undocked it executed a powerful
00:12:53 --> 00:12:55 breakout burn in order to swiftly clear
00:12:55 --> 00:12:57 it from the space station and avoid any
00:12:57 --> 00:13:00 risk of collision Mission managers then
00:13:00 --> 00:13:02 conducted over 5 hours of free flying
00:13:02 --> 00:13:04 extensive checks testing the thrusters
00:13:04 --> 00:13:06 needed for the crucial deorbit burn
00:13:06 --> 00:13:08 which would guide the capsule into its
00:13:08 --> 00:13:11 re-entry path around 40 minutes before
00:13:11 --> 00:13:13 touchdown NASA's Boeing Cruise
00:13:13 --> 00:13:15 certification Mission astronauts Butch
00:13:15 --> 00:13:17 Wilmore and sunny Williams traveled to
00:13:17 --> 00:13:19 the space station aboard the CST 100
00:13:19 --> 00:13:22 Starliner back in June for what should
00:13:22 --> 00:13:24 have been an 8-day test flight they'll
00:13:24 --> 00:13:27 now remain on station for 8 months as
00:13:27 --> 00:13:30 members of the Expedition 71 72 crew
00:13:30 --> 00:13:32 until February next year when they'll
00:13:32 --> 00:13:34 return to Earth aboard a SpaceX dragon
00:13:34 --> 00:13:36 capsu as part of the agency SpaceX crew
00:13:36 --> 00:13:40 9 Mission sty liner's departure makes
00:13:40 --> 00:13:42 room aboard the ISS for crew 9's Dragon
00:13:42 --> 00:13:45 capsule Freedom it has a reduced crew of
00:13:45 --> 00:13:47 two instead of the normal four so that
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 Williams and Wilmore will be able to
00:13:49 --> 00:13:52 have their ride home for Boeing it's all
00:13:52 --> 00:13:54 been a bitter sweet lesson with a
00:13:54 --> 00:13:56 trouble plag spacecraft making a perfect
00:13:56 --> 00:13:58 landing on the parachutes and inflated
00:13:58 --> 00:14:01 airbags to from the touchdown but that
00:14:01 --> 00:14:04 follows a long string of failures back
00:14:04 --> 00:14:07 in 2014 Boeing and SpaceX were each
00:14:07 --> 00:14:09 awarded commercial crew contracts by
00:14:09 --> 00:14:11 NASA to develop new spacecraft to
00:14:11 --> 00:14:12 transport astronauts to the
00:14:12 --> 00:14:15 International Space Station SpaceX were
00:14:15 --> 00:14:17 quick to repurpose and further develop
00:14:17 --> 00:14:19 their dragon cargo capsule which had
00:14:19 --> 00:14:22 always been designed as a man spacecraft
00:14:22 --> 00:14:24 after a series of successful unman and
00:14:24 --> 00:14:26 then man test flights to the orbiting
00:14:26 --> 00:14:29 Outpost SpaceX began regular crew train
00:14:29 --> 00:14:31 transport flights in 2020 as well as
00:14:31 --> 00:14:33 undertaking a series of commercial M
00:14:33 --> 00:14:35 orbital flights for both space tourism
00:14:35 --> 00:14:38 and scientific missions however
00:14:38 --> 00:14:39 competitive Boeing have been
00:14:39 --> 00:14:41 experiencing a series of significant
00:14:41 --> 00:14:44 setbacks with their Stylin of spacecraft
00:14:44 --> 00:14:46 the mission's first orbital test flight
00:14:46 --> 00:14:48 to the space station back in 2019
00:14:49 --> 00:14:51 suffered a number of computer failures
00:14:51 --> 00:14:53 the first of which saw the spacecraft
00:14:53 --> 00:14:55 commen its orbital insertion burn too
00:14:55 --> 00:14:57 early after the mission clock had been
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 wrongly programmed and that resulted in
00:14:59 --> 00:15:01 its orbital insertion burn taking place
00:15:01 --> 00:15:03 too low in altitude to reach the space
00:15:03 --> 00:15:06 station and while Mission managers were
00:15:06 --> 00:15:08 working through that issue they realized
00:15:08 --> 00:15:09 that the faulty programming would have
00:15:09 --> 00:15:11 also prevented Starliner from roving
00:15:11 --> 00:15:14 with the space station anyway had it
00:15:14 --> 00:15:16 been at the correct altitude it simply
00:15:16 --> 00:15:18 wouldn't have been able to dark and
00:15:18 --> 00:15:20 making matters even worse far worse in
00:15:20 --> 00:15:22 fact was the discovery that another
00:15:22 --> 00:15:24 software eror would have caused the
00:15:24 --> 00:15:26 styliner crew module to collide with the
00:15:26 --> 00:15:27 service module when it was being
00:15:27 --> 00:15:30 jettison before atmospheric re-entry the
00:15:31 --> 00:15:32 computer error would have meant that
00:15:32 --> 00:15:34 instead of moving away from the crew
00:15:34 --> 00:15:36 module the program would have caused the
00:15:36 --> 00:15:38 service module to move forward into the
00:15:38 --> 00:15:40 crew module crashing into it and
00:15:40 --> 00:15:43 destroying both spacecraft Starliner
00:15:43 --> 00:15:45 eventually did land safely at White
00:15:45 --> 00:15:48 Sands but only after a fix was uploaded
00:15:48 --> 00:15:50 after a lengthy and exhaustive review
00:15:51 --> 00:15:53 process with more than 80 recommended
00:15:53 --> 00:15:55 changes Starliner was eventually deemed
00:15:55 --> 00:15:57 safe for a second attempt at an unmanned
00:15:57 --> 00:15:59 orbital test flight into
00:15:59 --> 00:16:01 2020 however with the rocket on the
00:16:01 --> 00:16:04 Launchpad ready for flight corrosion was
00:16:04 --> 00:16:06 discovered in 13 propulsion system
00:16:06 --> 00:16:08 valves apparently caused by moisture
00:16:08 --> 00:16:11 interacting with the propellant even
00:16:11 --> 00:16:12 though it was on the Launchpad and made
00:16:12 --> 00:16:14 it to its Atlas 5 rocket technicians
00:16:14 --> 00:16:17 attempted to resolve the issue but were
00:16:17 --> 00:16:20 unsuccessful so the entire stack was
00:16:20 --> 00:16:21 then moved back into the Vehicle
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 Assembly Building Inspections there
00:16:24 --> 00:16:26 found the damage to be far deeper in the
00:16:26 --> 00:16:28 system than expected and that resulted
00:16:28 --> 00:16:30 in the need for a complete disassembly
00:16:30 --> 00:16:31 of the propulsion system meaning it had
00:16:31 --> 00:16:34 to go back to the factory finally a
00:16:34 --> 00:16:36 second orbital test flight to the space
00:16:36 --> 00:16:37 station this one somewhat more
00:16:37 --> 00:16:39 successful took place in
00:16:39 --> 00:16:42 2022 but there were still serious
00:16:42 --> 00:16:44 problems two orbital maneuvering and
00:16:44 --> 00:16:46 attitude control or omac thrusters
00:16:46 --> 00:16:49 failed during the orbital insertion burn
00:16:49 --> 00:16:51 and then a couple of RCs thrusters used
00:16:51 --> 00:16:54 to maneuver sty liner also failed during
00:16:54 --> 00:16:56 the docking to the space station this
00:16:56 --> 00:16:58 time due to low chamber pressure and it
00:16:58 --> 00:17:00 didn't in there thermal systems used to
00:17:00 --> 00:17:02 cool the spacecraft were showing extra
00:17:02 --> 00:17:04 cold temperatures in the cabin that
00:17:04 --> 00:17:06 required Engineers to manage it during
00:17:06 --> 00:17:08 the docking procedure and during the
00:17:08 --> 00:17:10 return journey to Earth one of the
00:17:10 --> 00:17:12 navigation systems dropped
00:17:12 --> 00:17:14 Communications with the GPS satellites
00:17:14 --> 00:17:17 during re-entry and once safely back on
00:17:17 --> 00:17:19 the ground Engineers discovered
00:17:19 --> 00:17:21 flammable insulation tape was being used
00:17:21 --> 00:17:23 on the spacecraft's wiring system and
00:17:23 --> 00:17:25 the parachute harnesses also required
00:17:25 --> 00:17:28 further strengthening eventually a long
00:17:28 --> 00:17:30 delayed M orbital flight to the space
00:17:30 --> 00:17:32 station was finally approved for a
00:17:32 --> 00:17:35 window opening on May the 6th but that
00:17:35 --> 00:17:37 was then scrubbed due to an oxygen valve
00:17:37 --> 00:17:39 problem on the atlas 5 rocket
00:17:39 --> 00:17:42 subsequently a helium leak in styliner
00:17:42 --> 00:17:43 service module further delayed the
00:17:44 --> 00:17:46 mission another launch attempt on June
00:17:46 --> 00:17:48 the 1st was scrubbed this time due to a
00:17:48 --> 00:17:51 ground computer hardware fault in fact
00:17:51 --> 00:17:52 it wasn't until June the 5th that
00:17:52 --> 00:17:55 Starliner finally launched with its crew
00:17:55 --> 00:17:57 on board but once in orbit and on
00:17:57 --> 00:17:59 approach to the space station both the
00:17:59 --> 00:18:02 automated systems and astronauts taking
00:18:02 --> 00:18:03 manual control during the docking
00:18:03 --> 00:18:05 sequence were instructed to repeatedly
00:18:05 --> 00:18:08 fire the RCs thrusters this was part of
00:18:08 --> 00:18:10 a stress testing program for the test
00:18:11 --> 00:18:13 flight but it revealed performance
00:18:13 --> 00:18:15 degradation in the thrusters leading to
00:18:15 --> 00:18:16 the spacecraft's command computers
00:18:16 --> 00:18:18 cutting out five of the thrusters after
00:18:18 --> 00:18:21 assessing them as damaged and unusable
00:18:21 --> 00:18:23 and a persistent helium leak in the
00:18:23 --> 00:18:24 service module which had been there
00:18:24 --> 00:18:26 since before the launch was gradually
00:18:26 --> 00:18:29 getting worse the five thrusters were
00:18:29 --> 00:18:32 all aft facing that resulted in the loss
00:18:32 --> 00:18:34 of six degrees of freedom attitude
00:18:34 --> 00:18:36 control until four of the thrusters were
00:18:36 --> 00:18:38 then manually restored allowing the crew
00:18:38 --> 00:18:41 to finally safely dock the capsule to
00:18:41 --> 00:18:44 the space station after a series of
00:18:44 --> 00:18:46 reviews NASA decided against risking the
00:18:46 --> 00:18:49 crew on the return Journey resulting in
00:18:49 --> 00:18:51 Boeing's decision to return starina to
00:18:51 --> 00:18:53 the ground
00:18:53 --> 00:18:56 unmaned meanwhile strange pulsing sounds
00:18:56 --> 00:18:58 heard by astronauts emanating from the
00:18:58 --> 00:19:00 star while it was stck to the space
00:19:00 --> 00:19:02 station have been explained as simple
00:19:02 --> 00:19:05 audio feedback the mystery noise was
00:19:05 --> 00:19:07 apparently generated by the audio
00:19:07 --> 00:19:09 configuration between the spacecraft and
00:19:09 --> 00:19:11 the space station NASA says the space
00:19:11 --> 00:19:13 station complex Communication System
00:19:13 --> 00:19:15 allows multiple spacecraft and modules
00:19:15 --> 00:19:18 to be interconnected and it's common to
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 experience noise and
00:19:20 --> 00:19:24 feedback this is spacetime still to come
00:19:24 --> 00:19:26 an asteroid creates a spectacular F all
00:19:26 --> 00:19:28 over the Philippines and later in the
00:19:28 --> 00:19:31 science report discovery of an antibody
00:19:31 --> 00:19:33 able to neutralize all known variants of
00:19:33 --> 00:19:36 SARS kv2 the virus which causes
00:19:36 --> 00:19:39 covid-19 all that and more still to come
00:19:39 --> 00:19:45 on
00:19:45 --> 00:19:55 [Music]
00:19:55 --> 00:19:58 SpaceTime residents in the Philippines
00:19:58 --> 00:19:59 have been treaded to a spectacular
00:19:59 --> 00:20:01 Celestial light show as a small asteroid
00:20:01 --> 00:20:03 ripped into Earth's atmosphere burning
00:20:03 --> 00:20:06 up during its entry the bright green
00:20:06 --> 00:20:08 Fireball didn't cause any harm to people
00:20:08 --> 00:20:10 or damage to buildings on the ground but
00:20:10 --> 00:20:12 it did brighten up the skies above the
00:20:12 --> 00:20:13 Western Pacific Ocean near the
00:20:13 --> 00:20:16 Philippines island of Luzan astronomers
00:20:16 --> 00:20:19 first detected the object just 8 hours
00:20:19 --> 00:20:22 before its fiery atmospheric entry the
00:20:22 --> 00:20:25 asteroid designated as 2024 rw1 was
00:20:25 --> 00:20:27 discovered by the Catalina Sky survey
00:20:27 --> 00:20:29 which is operated by the steward
00:20:29 --> 00:20:32 Observatory inuson Arizona the NASA
00:20:32 --> 00:20:34 funded project is run by the University
00:20:34 --> 00:20:36 of Arizona as part of the spacewatch
00:20:36 --> 00:20:39 program it scans the skies looking for
00:20:39 --> 00:20:42 potentially hazardous near Earth objects
00:20:42 --> 00:20:44 the European Space Agency says this was
00:20:44 --> 00:20:46 only the ninth asteroid ever detected
00:20:46 --> 00:20:49 before entering Earth's atmosphere
00:20:49 --> 00:20:50 astronomers quickly determined that it
00:20:50 --> 00:20:53 was going to hit the Earth but at just a
00:20:53 --> 00:20:55 meter in diameter wasn't likely to
00:20:55 --> 00:20:57 survive its fiery journey through its
00:20:57 --> 00:21:00 atmosphere as asteroids the size of 2024
00:21:00 --> 00:21:02 rw1 enter Earth's atmosphere roughly
00:21:02 --> 00:21:05 once every 2 weeks on average however
00:21:05 --> 00:21:07 astronomers really see them coming
00:21:07 --> 00:21:10 because of their diminutive size the
00:21:10 --> 00:21:12 last such Cosmic Encounter was back in
00:21:12 --> 00:21:14 January that's where NASA scientist
00:21:15 --> 00:21:17 spotted a similar siiz asteroid labeled
00:21:17 --> 00:21:20 as 2024 bx1 some 3 hours before it
00:21:20 --> 00:21:22 entered the atmosphere and exploded in
00:21:22 --> 00:21:25 the skies above Berlin that asteroid did
00:21:25 --> 00:21:27 make scientific headlines because it was
00:21:27 --> 00:21:30 the fastest spinning asteroid ever seen
00:21:30 --> 00:21:32 small fragments of meteors often reach
00:21:32 --> 00:21:34 the Earth's surface after being
00:21:34 --> 00:21:36 shattered in Air Bursts and astronomers
00:21:36 --> 00:21:38 were able to retrieve several fragments
00:21:38 --> 00:21:41 from January's Berlin asteroid airburst
00:21:41 --> 00:21:43 from this they were able to determine
00:21:43 --> 00:21:45 that it was a rare orbite asteroid
00:21:45 --> 00:21:48 possibly up to 4.6 billion years old
00:21:48 --> 00:21:51 making it as old as the solar system
00:21:51 --> 00:21:52 however the Philippines asteroids
00:21:52 --> 00:21:55 Origins are likely to remain a mystery
00:21:55 --> 00:21:57 that's because it airburst over the
00:21:57 --> 00:21:59 ocean and any surviving fragments would
00:21:59 --> 00:22:02 have fallen into the sea however
00:22:02 --> 00:22:04 astronomers should be able to retrace
00:22:04 --> 00:22:05 the asteroids trajectory towards the
00:22:05 --> 00:22:07 Earth and that could reveal some more
00:22:07 --> 00:22:09 clues about its
00:22:09 --> 00:22:11 Origins this
00:22:11 --> 00:22:26 [Music]
00:22:26 --> 00:22:29 SpaceTime and time out of take a brief
00:22:29 --> 00:22:30 look at some of the other stories making
00:22:30 --> 00:22:32 news in science this week with the
00:22:32 --> 00:22:34 science report researchers at the
00:22:34 --> 00:22:37 University of Texas at Asen have
00:22:37 --> 00:22:38 discovered an antibody which is able to
00:22:38 --> 00:22:41 neutralize all known variants of SARS
00:22:41 --> 00:22:44 kv2 the virus which causes
00:22:44 --> 00:22:46 covid-19 the findings published in the
00:22:46 --> 00:22:48 journal cell reports medicine also
00:22:48 --> 00:22:52 claims the antibody called sc27 can also
00:22:52 --> 00:22:54 Target more distantly related SARS like
00:22:54 --> 00:22:56 Corona viruses which infect other
00:22:56 --> 00:22:58 animals this part of a new study on
00:22:58 --> 00:23:00 hybrid immunity in the virus the large
00:23:00 --> 00:23:02 multi-institutional research team
00:23:02 --> 00:23:04 discovered an isolated a broadly
00:23:04 --> 00:23:06 neutralizing plasma antibody known as
00:23:06 --> 00:23:09 sc27 from a single patient the authors
00:23:10 --> 00:23:11 then extracted the molecular sequence of
00:23:11 --> 00:23:14 the antibody opening up the possibility
00:23:14 --> 00:23:15 of eventually manufacturing it on a
00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 larger scale for future treatments
00:23:18 --> 00:23:20 during the more than four years since
00:23:20 --> 00:23:23 the discovery of covid-19 the virus that
00:23:23 --> 00:23:26 causes it has evolved rapidly and that's
00:23:26 --> 00:23:28 been the problem each new variant has
00:23:28 --> 00:23:30 displayed different characteristics many
00:23:30 --> 00:23:32 of which made them more resistant to
00:23:32 --> 00:23:34 vaccines and other treatments the
00:23:34 --> 00:23:36 protective antibodies bind to a part of
00:23:36 --> 00:23:39 the virus called the spike protein it's
00:23:39 --> 00:23:41 this Spike protein which acts as an
00:23:41 --> 00:23:43 anchor point for the virus in order to
00:23:43 --> 00:23:45 attach to and infect cells in the body
00:23:45 --> 00:23:47 by blocking the spike protein the
00:23:47 --> 00:23:50 antibodies prevent this interaction and
00:23:50 --> 00:23:52 therefore prevent the infection the
00:23:52 --> 00:23:55 World Health Organization says over 7
00:23:55 --> 00:23:56 million people have been killed by the
00:23:57 --> 00:23:59 covid-19 Corona virus since it was first
00:23:59 --> 00:24:01 detected among workers at China's Wuhan
00:24:01 --> 00:24:04 Institute of Urology back in September
00:24:04 --> 00:24:07 2019 however a report in the Lancet
00:24:07 --> 00:24:09 medical journal estimates the true death
00:24:09 --> 00:24:12 top from Co 19's likely to be above 18
00:24:12 --> 00:24:16 million with over 775 million confirm
00:24:16 --> 00:24:17 cases
00:24:18 --> 00:24:20 globally a new study claims that while
00:24:20 --> 00:24:23 some species of terasa would flap their
00:24:23 --> 00:24:25 wings in order to stay airborne others
00:24:25 --> 00:24:27 would simply soar certain birds have the
00:24:27 --> 00:24:29 ability to flap their wings to start
00:24:29 --> 00:24:31 their flight and they only need to Flap
00:24:31 --> 00:24:33 occasionally once they're in the air in
00:24:33 --> 00:24:35 order to keep them in a stable position
00:24:36 --> 00:24:38 that's what researchers refer to as
00:24:38 --> 00:24:40 soaring now a report in the journal
00:24:40 --> 00:24:42 vertebrate paleontology is found
00:24:42 --> 00:24:44 remarkable and rare three-dimensional
00:24:44 --> 00:24:46 fossils of two different large boded
00:24:46 --> 00:24:48 terasa species which are in such good
00:24:48 --> 00:24:50 condition scientists could scan the
00:24:50 --> 00:24:52 internal structure of their 10 met
00:24:52 --> 00:24:55 wingspan bones they found that there
00:24:55 --> 00:24:57 were a series of ridges and spirals up
00:24:57 --> 00:24:59 and down the bones of one of the
00:24:59 --> 00:25:01 behemoths that resemble the structure of
00:25:01 --> 00:25:03 vulture Wing Bones which suggest that
00:25:03 --> 00:25:05 these reptiles could also soar in a
00:25:05 --> 00:25:07 similar
00:25:07 --> 00:25:09 fashion scientists have discovered that
00:25:09 --> 00:25:12 almost half of all cats enjoy playing
00:25:12 --> 00:25:14 Fetch with their human companions the
00:25:15 --> 00:25:16 findings reported in the journal plus
00:25:16 --> 00:25:19 one are based on a survey of pet owners
00:25:19 --> 00:25:21 that included more than 8 cat owners
00:25:21 --> 00:25:24 and nearly 74 dog owners researchers
00:25:24 --> 00:25:26 asked the survey participants whether
00:25:26 --> 00:25:29 they pet would sometimes frent or always
00:25:29 --> 00:25:31 chase a toy that they had thrown while
00:25:32 --> 00:25:34 78% of dog owners said their dogs love
00:25:34 --> 00:25:37 to play fetch 41% of cat owners said
00:25:37 --> 00:25:40 their kitty cats also enjoyed the game
00:25:40 --> 00:25:43 they found that in both cats and dogs
00:25:43 --> 00:25:45 females older pets and those with health
00:25:45 --> 00:25:47 problems were less likely to participate
00:25:47 --> 00:25:49 and the authors found that cats were
00:25:49 --> 00:25:52 more likely to play fetch if they lived
00:25:52 --> 00:25:55 indoors scientists at Monash University
00:25:55 --> 00:25:57 have developed a new set of guidelines
00:25:57 --> 00:25:59 for assessing research Integrity in
00:25:59 --> 00:26:02 scientific Publications the world first
00:26:02 --> 00:26:04 framework reported in the lanet medical
00:26:04 --> 00:26:07 journal uses a simple checklist system
00:26:07 --> 00:26:09 to help scientists and Publishers assess
00:26:09 --> 00:26:11 research Integrity it's designed to
00:26:11 --> 00:26:13 exclude untrustworthy research during
00:26:13 --> 00:26:15 evidence synthesis and clinical
00:26:15 --> 00:26:18 guideline development Tim menum from
00:26:18 --> 00:26:20 Australian skeptic says the key to the
00:26:20 --> 00:26:22 new system is transparency where studies
00:26:23 --> 00:26:24 ranked by the Integrity committee as
00:26:24 --> 00:26:26 having a moderate or high risk of
00:26:26 --> 00:26:28 Integrity concerns are clearly
00:26:28 --> 00:26:30 documented and authors then contacted to
00:26:30 --> 00:26:33 highlight the identified concerns now
00:26:33 --> 00:26:34 the problem with sort of academic papers
00:26:34 --> 00:26:36 is there are frauds there might be
00:26:36 --> 00:26:39 accidental frauds they might be mistakes
00:26:39 --> 00:26:41 honest mistakes or whatever or sometimes
00:26:41 --> 00:26:42 they can be totally misleading on
00:26:42 --> 00:26:44 purpose and the issue is how to spot
00:26:44 --> 00:26:46 them and what to do about them a recent
00:26:46 --> 00:26:48 study suggested there might be as many
00:26:48 --> 00:26:51 as 10 research articles retracted
00:26:51 --> 00:26:53 during 2023 and they retracted for
00:26:53 --> 00:26:55 various reasons one mainly that they're
00:26:55 --> 00:26:56 wrong or there's various procedural
00:26:56 --> 00:26:58 problems with them or concerns generally
00:26:58 --> 00:27:00 so you know they're not all fakes but
00:27:00 --> 00:27:01 there might just be a paper that needs
00:27:01 --> 00:27:02 more work and shouldn't have been
00:27:02 --> 00:27:04 published but 10 is quite a lot
00:27:04 --> 00:27:05 there's there's a lot of papers
00:27:05 --> 00:27:07 published every year so the issue is
00:27:07 --> 00:27:09 keeping track of them and what to do if
00:27:09 --> 00:27:11 and when you see them so a group from a
00:27:12 --> 00:27:13 Australian university monish university
00:27:13 --> 00:27:15 in melbour has prepared a set of what
00:27:15 --> 00:27:18 they call um Integrity guidelines for
00:27:18 --> 00:27:20 Publications for the research
00:27:20 --> 00:27:22 institutions for researchers themselves
00:27:22 --> 00:27:24 to use to weed out those papers that
00:27:24 --> 00:27:26 might not be absolutely perfect they
00:27:26 --> 00:27:28 have suggested over there Rec so many as
00:27:28 --> 00:27:31 perhaps even more than 25% of clinical
00:27:31 --> 00:27:33 trials and this is mainly medical areas
00:27:33 --> 00:27:35 we're looking at 25% of clinical trials
00:27:35 --> 00:27:37 have clinical guidelines that may not be
00:27:37 --> 00:27:39 trustworthy that's a lot obviously
00:27:39 --> 00:27:41 there's the know pressure on University
00:27:41 --> 00:27:42 academics and people like that publish
00:27:42 --> 00:27:44 or perish you have to have these Papers
00:27:44 --> 00:27:46 written out there to show that you're
00:27:46 --> 00:27:48 doing some work otherwise might not be
00:27:48 --> 00:27:49 tenured after a while what does that
00:27:49 --> 00:27:51 mean when they say guidelines that are
00:27:51 --> 00:27:53 untrustworthy that means that the
00:27:53 --> 00:27:55 researchers are following the rules but
00:27:55 --> 00:27:57 the rules themselves are bad yes yeah I
00:27:57 --> 00:27:59 mean that's well yeah the RO the rules
00:27:59 --> 00:28:01 themselves are vague half the time the
00:28:01 --> 00:28:02 other the other the time they're not
00:28:02 --> 00:28:03 actually followed at all so there might
00:28:03 --> 00:28:04 be good guidelines but they're not being
00:28:04 --> 00:28:06 followed so it's an issue there a group
00:28:06 --> 00:28:08 that set themselves up called research
00:28:08 --> 00:28:10 integrity and guidelines and Ed Den
00:28:10 --> 00:28:13 synthesis R which must be one of the
00:28:13 --> 00:28:15 worst most forced acronyms you can think
00:28:15 --> 00:28:18 of oh no you have not read astronomy
00:28:18 --> 00:28:20 papers you have no idea how bad it gets
00:28:20 --> 00:28:22 it's like people think of the acronym
00:28:22 --> 00:28:23 first and try and think of the words to
00:28:23 --> 00:28:26 match it so yes always research
00:28:26 --> 00:28:28 integrity and guidelines in steady dense
00:28:28 --> 00:28:31 so rigid anyway it's a concern and it
00:28:31 --> 00:28:33 always has been a concern in in medical
00:28:33 --> 00:28:35 areas and the whole concept of course is
00:28:35 --> 00:28:37 proving a particular scientific theory
00:28:37 --> 00:28:38 and part of the scientific method is to
00:28:38 --> 00:28:40 publish publish your papers for peer
00:28:40 --> 00:28:41 review and now you're supposed to be
00:28:41 --> 00:28:43 reviewed before they're published but
00:28:43 --> 00:28:44 also when you put them out into the
00:28:44 --> 00:28:46 marketplace they might be reviewed
00:28:46 --> 00:28:47 generally by those people who read and
00:28:47 --> 00:28:49 follow the particular publication does
00:28:49 --> 00:28:51 this work well sometimes there are
00:28:51 --> 00:28:53 10 retractions which means that it
00:28:53 --> 00:28:55 must be working to a certain extent
00:28:55 --> 00:28:56 there's whistleblowers are there enough
00:28:56 --> 00:28:58 facilities within the publication that's
00:28:58 --> 00:29:00 a good question it's up to them really
00:29:00 --> 00:29:01 there are obviously junky Publications
00:29:01 --> 00:29:03 that will publish anything they don't
00:29:03 --> 00:29:04 review it at all but there are others
00:29:05 --> 00:29:07 learned Publications nature is one that
00:29:07 --> 00:29:09 supposedly has a good it should have a a
00:29:09 --> 00:29:11 good system for checking papers for
00:29:11 --> 00:29:13 reviewing them they've been full as well
00:29:13 --> 00:29:15 yeah the
00:29:15 --> 00:29:18 lanc quite some history there they've
00:29:18 --> 00:29:20 made controversy recently with quoting
00:29:20 --> 00:29:23 bogus figures regarding uh the war in
00:29:23 --> 00:29:25 Gaza and nothing like getting your
00:29:25 --> 00:29:27 figures from a terrorist organization
00:29:27 --> 00:29:29 for accuracy and of course you can't
00:29:29 --> 00:29:30 forget Andrew Wakefield yes Andrew
00:29:30 --> 00:29:32 Wakefield the the antiv vaccination
00:29:33 --> 00:29:34 person who created a whole lot of
00:29:34 --> 00:29:36 problems and probably deaths throughout
00:29:36 --> 00:29:37 the world he published a paper along
00:29:37 --> 00:29:39 with a number of other researchers
00:29:39 --> 00:29:41 suggesting that the MMR vaccine which is
00:29:41 --> 00:29:44 the mles MS reill vaccine was dangerous
00:29:44 --> 00:29:46 actually the paper itself didn't say
00:29:46 --> 00:29:48 that specifically but he certainly said
00:29:48 --> 00:29:50 that when promoting the paper the other
00:29:50 --> 00:29:51 problem there of course is it took the
00:29:51 --> 00:29:54 Lance it years to retract it yes
00:29:54 --> 00:29:55 absolutely even though it had been
00:29:55 --> 00:29:57 pointed out pretty quickly that there
00:29:57 --> 00:29:58 were some problems with the certainly
00:29:58 --> 00:30:00 ethical problems as much as the factual
00:30:00 --> 00:30:02 problems with it so yes it took them a
00:30:02 --> 00:30:03 long time to finally come around to
00:30:03 --> 00:30:05 saying it was retracted it was wrong
00:30:05 --> 00:30:07 which was a further criticism of the
00:30:07 --> 00:30:08 landet there but took a long time but
00:30:08 --> 00:30:10 unfortunately a lot of people followed
00:30:10 --> 00:30:11 and that paper got a lot of publicity
00:30:12 --> 00:30:13 especially in the UK a lot of people
00:30:13 --> 00:30:14 stopped vaccinating the vaccination
00:30:14 --> 00:30:16 rates dropped dramatically and kids
00:30:16 --> 00:30:18 started getting measles and things like
00:30:18 --> 00:30:19 that and as we know measles can have a
00:30:19 --> 00:30:22 serious injury to Children especially
00:30:22 --> 00:30:24 and can cause death any suggestion that
00:30:24 --> 00:30:27 the vaccine was bad for you had had its
00:30:27 --> 00:30:29 own garious the fact that Wakefield was
00:30:29 --> 00:30:31 himself developing some vaccines is
00:30:31 --> 00:30:32 obviously beside the point rather than
00:30:32 --> 00:30:34 just criticizing the opposition he once
00:30:34 --> 00:30:35 found out but he's still campaigning
00:30:35 --> 00:30:37 he's campaigning now on the basis that
00:30:37 --> 00:30:39 he was Marty well that's his industry
00:30:39 --> 00:30:40 Now isn't it that's right yeah he goes
00:30:40 --> 00:30:42 around speaking to the anti vaccination
00:30:42 --> 00:30:43 movement especially in the US he was
00:30:43 --> 00:30:45 debarred he was uh you he had his
00:30:45 --> 00:30:47 medical license torn up in the in the UK
00:30:48 --> 00:30:49 because of this because of the ethics of
00:30:49 --> 00:30:51 the program he did but it comes down to
00:30:51 --> 00:30:52 back down to this fact of publishing
00:30:52 --> 00:30:54 papers that should have been spotted
00:30:54 --> 00:30:56 well before they actually ever reached
00:30:56 --> 00:30:58 the printed page thing is with ' got
00:30:58 --> 00:31:00 this peer review system it's not perfect
00:31:01 --> 00:31:02 but it's the best we've got I mean
00:31:02 --> 00:31:05 you've got to trust your peers to uh
00:31:05 --> 00:31:07 seriously look at the work and then
00:31:07 --> 00:31:09 critique it as necessary in journalism
00:31:09 --> 00:31:11 that's what editors do isn't it for
00:31:11 --> 00:31:13 reporters that's right or sub editors of
00:31:13 --> 00:31:15 the Ed yeah they're supposed to check
00:31:15 --> 00:31:16 sort of papers whether they have the
00:31:16 --> 00:31:18 staff to do it that's the problem should
00:31:18 --> 00:31:21 there be a that's the huge issue for
00:31:21 --> 00:31:23 researchers isn't it actually carry out
00:31:23 --> 00:31:25 the peer review
00:31:25 --> 00:31:27 work yeah the peer review work is never
00:31:27 --> 00:31:30 are glorious no it's it's often those
00:31:30 --> 00:31:31 people who actually peerreview articles
00:31:31 --> 00:31:33 and things aren't named papers they
00:31:33 --> 00:31:34 aren't named and they're not even
00:31:35 --> 00:31:36 necessarily known to the researcher so
00:31:36 --> 00:31:37 they're supposed to be anonymous the
00:31:37 --> 00:31:39 peer Reviewer is not supposed to know
00:31:39 --> 00:31:40 the researcher either although if you're
00:31:40 --> 00:31:42 in a pretty Niche area you might get a
00:31:42 --> 00:31:45 good idea there are occasions when I've
00:31:45 --> 00:31:48 written stories on astronomy topics I've
00:31:48 --> 00:31:50 read the paper and I know there are
00:31:50 --> 00:31:51 inaccuracies in the paper and I've then
00:31:51 --> 00:31:53 had to plead my case because what's
00:31:53 --> 00:31:55 published in the paper itself isn't
00:31:55 --> 00:31:58 accurate to my editor and luckily she
00:31:58 --> 00:32:00 supported me but uh these things
00:32:00 --> 00:32:01 happened they they do happen I've I've
00:32:02 --> 00:32:03 seen papers that I've been reporting on
00:32:03 --> 00:32:05 the same way and I thought this is just
00:32:05 --> 00:32:07 silly it doesn't follow or there's a
00:32:07 --> 00:32:09 logical problem with the with the uh
00:32:09 --> 00:32:12 research so it happens as you say the
00:32:12 --> 00:32:14 peer review process is by no means
00:32:14 --> 00:32:16 perfect but it's the best we have at the
00:32:16 --> 00:32:19 moment that's Tim mum from Australian
00:32:19 --> 00:32:22 Skeptics
00:32:22 --> 00:32:30 [Music]
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