Source:
https://www.spreaker.com/episode/s27e116-unexpected-black-hole-abundance-io-s-volcanic-surprise-and-w-boson-precision--62097998
SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 116
*Discovery of More Black Holes Than Expected in the Early Universe
A new study using the Hubble Space Telescope has uncovered a significantly higher number of supermassive black holes in the early universe than previously anticipated. Published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, the findings could revolutionise our understanding of how these ancient black holes formed shortly after the Big Bang. Astronomers, including Alice Young from Stockholm University, suggest that these massive black holes might have originated from the collapse of massive gas clouds or through rapid mergers of smaller stellar-mass black holes.
*New Volcano Spotted on Jupiter's Moon Io
Astronomers have discovered a new volcano on Io, one of Jupiter's moons, using the Junocam instrument aboard NASA's Juno mission. Io, the most geologically active object in the solar system, boasts over 400 active volcanoes. The newly discovered volcano, located just south of Io's equator, was identified in the first close-up images of Io in over 25 years. The images reveal multiple lava flows and volcanic deposits, with sulphur staining on the eastern side and dark lava streams on the western side.
*Confirming the Mass of the W Boson
Scientists at CERN have confirmed the mass of the W boson, a fundamental particle in physics, to be 80,360.2 mega electron volts, with a margin of error of 9.9 mega electron volts. This confirmation resolves a previous unexpected measurement and aligns with the Standard Model of particle physics. The study utilised data from the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector at the Large Hadron Collider, involving the analysis of millions of events to achieve this precise measurement.
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This week’s guests include: Alice Young from Stockholm University
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00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 27 episode 116
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 25th of September
00:00:06 --> 00:00:08 2024 coming up on
00:00:08 --> 00:00:11 SpaceTime discovery of more black holes
00:00:11 --> 00:00:14 than expected in the early Universe a
00:00:14 --> 00:00:17 new volcano spotted on Jupiter's moon IO
00:00:17 --> 00:00:21 and confirming the mass of the W bozzon
00:00:21 --> 00:00:25 all that and more coming up on
00:00:25 --> 00:00:28 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:28 --> 00:00:30 Stuart Gary
00:00:30 --> 00:00:37 [Music]
00:00:45 --> 00:00:47 a new study using the Hubble Space
00:00:47 --> 00:00:49 Telescope has discovered far more super
00:00:49 --> 00:00:51 massive black holes in the early
00:00:51 --> 00:00:54 Universe than was expected the findings
00:00:54 --> 00:00:56 reported in the astrophysical journal
00:00:56 --> 00:00:58 letters will hope astronomers better
00:00:58 --> 00:01:00 understand how these ancient black holes
00:01:00 --> 00:01:03 were created see currently scientists
00:01:03 --> 00:01:04 don't have a really good complete
00:01:04 --> 00:01:06 picture of how the first black holes
00:01:06 --> 00:01:09 formed not long after the big Bank 13.8
00:01:09 --> 00:01:12 billion years ago early observations
00:01:12 --> 00:01:14 including by the James web Space
00:01:14 --> 00:01:16 Telescope have shown astronomers that
00:01:16 --> 00:01:17 super massive black hols more than a
00:01:17 --> 00:01:19 billion times the mass of our sun
00:01:19 --> 00:01:21 already existed at the centers of
00:01:21 --> 00:01:23 galaxies less than a billion years after
00:01:23 --> 00:01:26 the big bang one of the studies authors
00:01:26 --> 00:01:28 Alice Young from Stockholm University
00:01:28 --> 00:01:30 says many of these objects appear to be
00:01:30 --> 00:01:32 far more massive than what people
00:01:32 --> 00:01:34 thought they could be at such an early
00:01:34 --> 00:01:36 time in the universe's history and that
00:01:36 --> 00:01:38 suggests they must have formed directly
00:01:38 --> 00:01:40 from the collapse of massive clouds of
00:01:40 --> 00:01:43 gas alternatively they must have somehow
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 grown extremely quickly through multile
00:01:45 --> 00:01:47 mergers of smaller stellam Mass black
00:01:47 --> 00:01:50 holes but once again the time Factor
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 comes in there black holes play an
00:01:52 --> 00:01:55 important role in the life cycles of all
00:01:55 --> 00:01:56 galaxies but there are major
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 uncertainties in science's understanding
00:01:58 --> 00:02:01 of how galaxies evolve in order to gain
00:02:01 --> 00:02:03 a complete picture of the link between
00:02:03 --> 00:02:05 Galaxy and black ho Evolution the
00:02:05 --> 00:02:07 authors used Hubble to survey how many
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 black holes they could count among a
00:02:09 --> 00:02:11 population of faint galaxies when the
00:02:11 --> 00:02:13 universe was just a few percent of its
00:02:13 --> 00:02:16 current age the initial observations of
00:02:16 --> 00:02:17 the survey region were then
00:02:17 --> 00:02:19 rephotographed by Hubble after several
00:02:19 --> 00:02:22 years this allowed young and colleagues
00:02:22 --> 00:02:24 to measure variations in the brightness
00:02:24 --> 00:02:26 of these galaxies and these variations
00:02:26 --> 00:02:28 are a Telltale sign of black hole
00:02:29 --> 00:02:31 development the authors were able to
00:02:31 --> 00:02:33 identify far more black holes than
00:02:33 --> 00:02:35 previously found by other methods the
00:02:35 --> 00:02:37 new observational results suggest that
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 some black holes likely form through the
00:02:39 --> 00:02:42 collapse of massive pristine stars
00:02:42 --> 00:02:44 during the first billion years of cosmic
00:02:44 --> 00:02:47 time these types of stars can only exist
00:02:47 --> 00:02:50 at varily time scales in the universe
00:02:50 --> 00:02:51 that's because later generations of
00:02:51 --> 00:02:53 stars are polluted by the remnants of
00:02:53 --> 00:02:55 the early generations of stars that have
00:02:55 --> 00:02:58 already lived and died other
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 alternatives for black hole form
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 include the previously mentioned
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 collapsing gas clouds merges of stars in
00:03:04 --> 00:03:07 massive clusters and primordial black
00:03:07 --> 00:03:08 holes that must have formed by
00:03:08 --> 00:03:10 physically speculative mechanisms in the
00:03:10 --> 00:03:13 first few seconds after the big bang
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 with this new information about black
00:03:15 --> 00:03:18 hole formation and population more
00:03:18 --> 00:03:20 accurate models of Galaxy formation can
00:03:20 --> 00:03:22 now be constructed the formation
00:03:22 --> 00:03:24 mechanism of early black holes is an
00:03:24 --> 00:03:27 important part of the puzzle of Galaxy
00:03:27 --> 00:03:29 Evolution together with models of how
00:03:29 --> 00:03:31 black black holes grow Galaxy Evolution
00:03:31 --> 00:03:34 calculations can now be placed on a more
00:03:34 --> 00:03:36 physically motivated footing with a more
00:03:36 --> 00:03:38 accurate scheme for how black holes are
00:03:38 --> 00:03:40 likely to have come into existence from
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 collapsing massive
00:03:42 --> 00:03:46 stars this is spacetime still to come a
00:03:46 --> 00:03:48 new volcano discovered on Jupiter's moon
00:03:48 --> 00:03:51 IO and physicist at CERN confirm the
00:03:51 --> 00:03:54 mess of the W Bon all that and more
00:03:54 --> 00:03:58 still to come on SpaceTime
00:03:58 --> 00:04:12 [Music]
00:04:12 --> 00:04:14 astronomers have discovered a new
00:04:14 --> 00:04:17 volcano and Jupiter's moon Io Io is the
00:04:17 --> 00:04:19 innermost and second smallest of the
00:04:19 --> 00:04:22 four Galilean moons orbiting the gas
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 giant planet it's also the fourth
00:04:24 --> 00:04:26 largest moon in the solar system and
00:04:26 --> 00:04:28 with a radius of
00:04:28 --> 00:04:31 1 km is only slightly larger than
00:04:31 --> 00:04:34 the Earth's Moon IO has over 400 active
00:04:34 --> 00:04:36 volcanoes making it the most
00:04:36 --> 00:04:38 geologically active object in the solar
00:04:38 --> 00:04:40 system it has the highest density of any
00:04:40 --> 00:04:42 Moon the strongest surface gravity of
00:04:43 --> 00:04:45 any moon and the lowest amount of water
00:04:45 --> 00:04:47 by atomic ratio of any known
00:04:47 --> 00:04:49 astronomical object in the solar system
00:04:49 --> 00:04:52 together with ganim Kalisto and Europa
00:04:52 --> 00:04:55 it was discovered in 1610 by Galileo
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 Galilee named after the mythological
00:04:57 --> 00:04:59 character IO a priestess of Hera who
00:04:59 --> 00:05:02 became one of Zeus's lovers the
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 discovery of the new volcano was made
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 during an analysis of the first close-up
00:05:06 --> 00:05:10 images of IO in over 25 years they were
00:05:10 --> 00:05:11 captured by the Juno cam instrument
00:05:11 --> 00:05:14 aboard NASA's Juno Mission as well as
00:05:14 --> 00:05:16 revealing the emergence of a fresh
00:05:16 --> 00:05:18 volcano it also showed the volcano walls
00:05:18 --> 00:05:21 had multiple lava flows with volcanic
00:05:21 --> 00:05:23 deposits covering an area of about 180
00:05:24 --> 00:05:27 by 180 kilm the new volcano is located
00:05:27 --> 00:05:31 just south of a equator now although IO
00:05:31 --> 00:05:33 is already covered in active volcanoes
00:05:33 --> 00:05:35 images taken during NASA's Galileo
00:05:35 --> 00:05:37 Mission back in 1997 didn't see a
00:05:37 --> 00:05:40 volcano in this particular region the
00:05:40 --> 00:05:42 images show the Eastern side of the
00:05:42 --> 00:05:45 volcano is stained a diffuse red that's
00:05:45 --> 00:05:46 from sulfur that's been vented from the
00:05:47 --> 00:05:49 volcano into space and then Fallen back
00:05:49 --> 00:05:52 onto io's surface on the western side
00:05:52 --> 00:05:55 two dark streams of lava have erupted
00:05:55 --> 00:05:58 each flowing for about 100 kilm at the
00:05:58 --> 00:06:00 furthest point of the flow where the
00:06:00 --> 00:06:02 lava pulled the Heats caused the Frozen
00:06:02 --> 00:06:04 material on the surface to vaporize
00:06:04 --> 00:06:07 generating two overlapping gray circular
00:06:07 --> 00:06:10 deposits the best junic cam image of
00:06:10 --> 00:06:12 this feature were taken back on February
00:06:12 --> 00:06:14 the 3rd at a distance of
00:06:14 --> 00:06:18 2 KM they were captured on the night
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 side of IO with the illumination coming
00:06:20 --> 00:06:23 only from Jupiter reflecting sunlight
00:06:23 --> 00:06:25 the encounter was one of three recent
00:06:25 --> 00:06:28 flybys of IO in 2023 and 2024 during
00:06:28 --> 00:06:30 which Jun cam acquired around 20
00:06:30 --> 00:06:33 close-up visible color images the
00:06:33 --> 00:06:35 mission observed a total of nine plumes
00:06:36 --> 00:06:38 associated with active volcanic features
00:06:38 --> 00:06:40 on the moon I is kept volcanically
00:06:40 --> 00:06:42 active because of the heat generated
00:06:42 --> 00:06:44 through friction that's generated in I's
00:06:44 --> 00:06:46 interior by the constant gravitational
00:06:46 --> 00:06:49 tidal forces exhibited by Jupiter as
00:06:49 --> 00:06:50 well as the other companion moons
00:06:50 --> 00:06:53 constantly pulling and crushing IO as it
00:06:53 --> 00:06:56 orbit around the Solar System's largest
00:06:56 --> 00:07:00 planet this is spacetime still to come
00:07:00 --> 00:07:02 scientists at CERN confirmed the mass of
00:07:02 --> 00:07:05 the W Boon and later in the science
00:07:05 --> 00:07:08 report a new study has found that cats
00:07:08 --> 00:07:12 show signs of grief when fellow pets die
00:07:12 --> 00:07:14 all that and more still to come on
00:07:14 --> 00:07:17 SpaceTime
00:07:17 --> 00:07:24 [Music]
00:07:30 --> 00:07:32 scientists at s the European
00:07:32 --> 00:07:35 Organization for nuclear research have
00:07:35 --> 00:07:36 confirmed the mass of one of the
00:07:36 --> 00:07:39 fundamental forces of physics the W
00:07:39 --> 00:07:42 boson the new finding show the particle
00:07:42 --> 00:07:44 has a mass of
00:07:44 --> 00:07:48 8 Mega electron volts give or take
00:07:48 --> 00:07:51 9.9 Mega electron volts in particle
00:07:51 --> 00:07:54 physics bosons are Elementary Force
00:07:54 --> 00:07:56 particles with the w and z bosons
00:07:56 --> 00:07:58 mediating the weak nuclear force which
00:07:58 --> 00:08:00 is respons responsible for radioactive
00:08:00 --> 00:08:04 decay W bosons have either a positive or
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 negative electric charge and are each
00:08:06 --> 00:08:08 other's anti particles while the Z boson
00:08:09 --> 00:08:10 is electrically neutral and is its own
00:08:10 --> 00:08:14 anti particle their Discovery in 1983
00:08:14 --> 00:08:16 was pivotal in establishing the standard
00:08:16 --> 00:08:19 model of particle physics the foundation
00:08:19 --> 00:08:21 stone of science's understanding of the
00:08:21 --> 00:08:23 universe the new Mass confirmation
00:08:23 --> 00:08:25 follows an unexpected measurement by the
00:08:25 --> 00:08:27 collider detector at fery lab in the
00:08:27 --> 00:08:30 United States 2 years ago
00:08:30 --> 00:08:32 to test that Discovery physicist with a
00:08:32 --> 00:08:35 compact muon solenoid or CMS detector on
00:08:35 --> 00:08:37 the world's largest Atom Smasher the
00:08:37 --> 00:08:39 large hron collider at CERN below the
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 Franco Swiss border undertook their own
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 experiment using a new technique to make
00:08:43 --> 00:08:45 the most elaborate investigation of the
00:08:45 --> 00:08:48 W Bon's Mass to date the new
00:08:48 --> 00:08:50 measurements follow nearly a decade of
00:08:50 --> 00:08:52 analysis consistent with predictions and
00:08:52 --> 00:08:55 so put the multi-year long mystery to
00:08:55 --> 00:08:58 rest the analysis used some 300 million
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 events collected during the 2016 run of
00:09:00 --> 00:09:02 the Large Hadron Collider together with
00:09:02 --> 00:09:05 a further 4 billion simulated events
00:09:05 --> 00:09:07 from this massive data set the authors
00:09:07 --> 00:09:09 reconstructed and then measured the mass
00:09:09 --> 00:09:13 for more than 100 million W bosons they
00:09:13 --> 00:09:16 found the W Bon's mass of
00:09:16 --> 00:09:20 8 plus orus 9.9 megga electron volts
00:09:20 --> 00:09:22 is consistent with the standard models
00:09:22 --> 00:09:24 prediction of
00:09:24 --> 00:09:28 8 plus orus 6 megga electron volts
00:09:28 --> 00:09:30 and that's really important animportant
00:09:30 --> 00:09:32 you see the entire universe is a
00:09:32 --> 00:09:35 delicate balancing act so if the W Bon's
00:09:35 --> 00:09:37 Mass was different from what scientists
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 expected it would have suggested new
00:09:39 --> 00:09:41 particles or forces at play one of the
00:09:41 --> 00:09:43 study's authors Petty McBride from the
00:09:43 --> 00:09:45 US Department of Energy's firmy National
00:09:46 --> 00:09:47 Laboratory says that precise
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 understanding of the W Bon's Mass allows
00:09:50 --> 00:09:51 scientists to map the interplay of
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 particles and forces including the
00:09:53 --> 00:09:55 strength of the higs field which gives
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 particles their mass and the electro
00:09:57 --> 00:09:59 weak the merger of electromagnetism with
00:09:59 --> 00:10:03 the weak nuclear force since 1983
00:10:03 --> 00:10:05 physicists on 10 different experiments
00:10:05 --> 00:10:09 have measured the W Bon's Mass the CMS
00:10:09 --> 00:10:10 experiment was unique from other
00:10:10 --> 00:10:11 experiments which have made this
00:10:11 --> 00:10:13 measurement because of its compact
00:10:13 --> 00:10:15 design it specialized sensors for
00:10:15 --> 00:10:18 fundamental particles called muons and
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 an extremely strong solenoid magnet that
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 bends the trajectories of charged
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 particles as they move through the
00:10:24 --> 00:10:26 detector importantly it also allowed
00:10:26 --> 00:10:28 physicists to free themselves of the Z
00:10:28 --> 00:10:31 BOS on his as their reference point this
00:10:31 --> 00:10:32 new level of precision will allow
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 scientists to tackle critical
00:10:34 --> 00:10:36 measurements such as those involving the
00:10:36 --> 00:10:39 wz and higs bosons with enhanced
00:10:39 --> 00:10:42 accuracy this report from the European
00:10:42 --> 00:10:46 Organization for nuclear
00:10:46 --> 00:10:49 research the W boson is one of the
00:10:49 --> 00:10:50 particles responsible for transmitting
00:10:50 --> 00:10:53 the weak interaction it was discovered
00:10:53 --> 00:10:57 in 1983 at CERN by the ua1 and ua2
00:10:57 --> 00:10:59 experiments on the SPs proton
00:10:59 --> 00:11:01 anti-proton collider leading to a Noble
00:11:01 --> 00:11:05 Prize for cerns Carlo ruia and Simon
00:11:05 --> 00:11:08 Vander so why are we still measuring the
00:11:08 --> 00:11:11 mass of the W bosone after 40 years well
00:11:11 --> 00:11:14 for two reasons we want to know the mass
00:11:14 --> 00:11:17 very precisely and measuring it
00:11:17 --> 00:11:22 precisely is actually very very
00:11:22 --> 00:11:24 difficult our best description of
00:11:24 --> 00:11:26 particles and their interactions the
00:11:26 --> 00:11:28 standard model of particle physics is
00:11:28 --> 00:11:31 over constraint now what do I mean by
00:11:31 --> 00:11:33 that well if I take a
00:11:33 --> 00:11:37 wheel and I measure its diameter and I
00:11:37 --> 00:11:38 measure its
00:11:38 --> 00:11:40 circumference well then of course the
00:11:40 --> 00:11:43 circumference has to be equal to the
00:11:43 --> 00:11:46 diameter multiplied by pi if it's not
00:11:46 --> 00:11:49 then either I'm measuring wrong or this
00:11:49 --> 00:11:51 is not a wheel and that's what we call
00:11:51 --> 00:11:53 an over constrained system the
00:11:53 --> 00:11:55 measurements cannot be just any two
00:11:55 --> 00:11:58 numbers so you can imagine the standard
00:11:58 --> 00:12:01 model like a cube we have all these
00:12:02 --> 00:12:03 parallel sides and we're trying to
00:12:03 --> 00:12:05 measure their lengths as precisely as
00:12:05 --> 00:12:07 possible by measuring masses of
00:12:07 --> 00:12:08 different particles interaction
00:12:08 --> 00:12:10 strengths and then at the end we're
00:12:10 --> 00:12:13 trying to see if it's still a cube
00:12:13 --> 00:12:16 because what if the ends don't meet now
00:12:16 --> 00:12:18 how could that be possible well that's
00:12:18 --> 00:12:21 possible if there's a new Theory new
00:12:21 --> 00:12:22 particles new interactions that we
00:12:22 --> 00:12:25 haven't taken into account so this way
00:12:25 --> 00:12:27 it's possible to see a new Theory
00:12:27 --> 00:12:29 without discovering any new particles
00:12:29 --> 00:12:31 but just by checking that things in
00:12:31 --> 00:12:34 their current theory don't agree but for
00:12:34 --> 00:12:36 that we need all the measurements to be
00:12:36 --> 00:12:39 very
00:12:39 --> 00:12:41 precise trying to measure the mass of
00:12:41 --> 00:12:44 the W bosone is like trying to measure
00:12:44 --> 00:12:48 the length of a stick blindfolded and
00:12:48 --> 00:12:52 holding it with only one hand as opposed
00:12:52 --> 00:12:53 to trying to measure the mass of the
00:12:53 --> 00:12:56 Zone the other particle that transmits
00:12:56 --> 00:12:57 the weak interaction which is like
00:12:57 --> 00:12:59 trying to measure the length of a stick
00:12:59 --> 00:13:01 by holding it at both ends with both
00:13:01 --> 00:13:04 hands now what do I mean by that the
00:13:04 --> 00:13:08 zbone decays into two
00:13:08 --> 00:13:10 muons and these muons can be measured
00:13:10 --> 00:13:12 very precisely in a particle detector
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 and from this measurement we can
00:13:14 --> 00:13:17 establish the mass of the Z Now The W
00:13:17 --> 00:13:20 boson decays into one muon and one
00:13:20 --> 00:13:22 neutrino and the muon can be measured
00:13:22 --> 00:13:26 precisely but the nutrino cannot and so
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28 we currently know the mass of the Z
00:13:28 --> 00:13:30 boson with a the Precision about seven
00:13:30 --> 00:13:33 times better than the mass of the W so
00:13:33 --> 00:13:36 how do we measure the mass of the W then
00:13:37 --> 00:13:38 well let me take as an example the
00:13:38 --> 00:13:41 method used by the CMS collaboration in
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 the recent W measurements let's first
00:13:43 --> 00:13:45 look at the zbo on again so for the Z
00:13:46 --> 00:13:47 the measurement is quite simple we take
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 the momenta of the two muons from the
00:13:49 --> 00:13:51 decay of the Z and from these two
00:13:51 --> 00:13:53 momenta we can calculate What's called
00:13:53 --> 00:13:55 the invariant mass of the two meon
00:13:55 --> 00:13:57 system you can plot this invariant mass
00:13:58 --> 00:14:00 for many many pairs of muons and you get
00:14:00 --> 00:14:03 a Peak at the mass of the zosan there's
00:14:03 --> 00:14:04 some subtleties here but basically if
00:14:05 --> 00:14:06 you measure the moment of the muons
00:14:06 --> 00:14:09 correctly then the position of the peak
00:14:09 --> 00:14:11 is the mass of this at boson and that's
00:14:11 --> 00:14:16 it now for the w we only have one muon
00:14:16 --> 00:14:17 so you cannot make an invariant Mass
00:14:17 --> 00:14:20 plot from just this one muon so what if
00:14:21 --> 00:14:23 we just try to Simply plot the momentum
00:14:23 --> 00:14:26 of this muon so you're also going to see
00:14:26 --> 00:14:29 some some Peak like structure but inter
00:14:29 --> 00:14:31 in that in terms of mass is much more
00:14:31 --> 00:14:33 complex the position of this structure
00:14:33 --> 00:14:35 will change with mass but you cannot
00:14:35 --> 00:14:37 simply read the mass of the plot so what
00:14:37 --> 00:14:40 you have to do is simulate this momentum
00:14:40 --> 00:14:43 distribution for different values of the
00:14:43 --> 00:14:46 W mass and then once you have the
00:14:46 --> 00:14:49 observed data you can check which of the
00:14:49 --> 00:14:52 simulated plots matches your observation
00:14:52 --> 00:14:54 the closest and that gives you the mass
00:14:54 --> 00:14:57 of the W now the complication of this
00:14:57 --> 00:14:58 measurement is that it strongly depends
00:14:58 --> 00:15:00 on on Theory and on
00:15:00 --> 00:15:02 simulations so we have to have very very
00:15:03 --> 00:15:04 precise modeling of the physics
00:15:04 --> 00:15:06 processes happening in the proton proton
00:15:06 --> 00:15:08 collisions in the large hron collider
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 and we have to have very precise
00:15:10 --> 00:15:12 modeling of the response of the particle
00:15:12 --> 00:15:15 detector so state-of-the-art theoretical
00:15:15 --> 00:15:16 calculations and state-of-the-art
00:15:16 --> 00:15:18 simulation of the detector are critical
00:15:18 --> 00:15:20 for getting this measurement right this
00:15:20 --> 00:15:22 really is one of the hardest Precision
00:15:22 --> 00:15:24 measurements done in the large hardron
00:15:24 --> 00:15:28 Collider
00:15:28 --> 00:15:37 [Music]
00:15:37 --> 00:15:39 this is
00:15:39 --> 00:15:54 [Music]
00:15:54 --> 00:15:56 spacetime and time now to take another
00:15:56 --> 00:15:58 brief look at some of the other stories
00:15:58 --> 00:16:00 making news in science this week with a
00:16:00 --> 00:16:03 science report researchers say tea red
00:16:03 --> 00:16:06 wine berries and even dark chocolate
00:16:06 --> 00:16:08 could help reduce your risk of getting
00:16:08 --> 00:16:10 dementia a report in the Journal of the
00:16:10 --> 00:16:13 American Medical Association found the
00:16:13 --> 00:16:14 link was higher among people who had
00:16:15 --> 00:16:16 generally at greater risk of developing
00:16:16 --> 00:16:19 the condition it all centers around
00:16:19 --> 00:16:22 flavenoids these are compounds already
00:16:22 --> 00:16:24 known for various health benefits
00:16:24 --> 00:16:26 they're found in a range of fruits and
00:16:26 --> 00:16:28 vegetables including berries and green
00:16:28 --> 00:16:31 leaf vegetables as well as tea red wine
00:16:31 --> 00:16:34 and chocolate for their experiment
00:16:34 --> 00:16:35 scientists looked at the diets of over
00:16:35 --> 00:16:39 120 adults aged between 40 and 70 in
00:16:39 --> 00:16:42 the United Kingdom over nearly a decade
00:16:42 --> 00:16:44 882 participants went on to develop
00:16:44 --> 00:16:47 dementia during the study the author say
00:16:47 --> 00:16:49 those who consume the highest amounts of
00:16:49 --> 00:16:51 flavonoid rich foods especially tea red
00:16:51 --> 00:16:54 wine and berries had the lowest risk of
00:16:54 --> 00:16:55 dementia especially if they had the
00:16:55 --> 00:16:57 highest genetic risk of dementia high
00:16:57 --> 00:17:00 blood pressure or depressive
00:17:00 --> 00:17:03 symptoms scientists have found as many
00:17:03 --> 00:17:05 as 50 critically endangered night
00:17:05 --> 00:17:07 parrots living in the far east of
00:17:07 --> 00:17:09 Western Australia's pilver region the
00:17:09 --> 00:17:11 discovery reported in the journal
00:17:11 --> 00:17:13 Wildlife Research represents the largest
00:17:13 --> 00:17:15 known population of these birds anywhere
00:17:15 --> 00:17:18 in the world the authors were using a
00:17:18 --> 00:17:20 type of acoustic recorder called a song
00:17:20 --> 00:17:22 meter they found evidence of night
00:17:22 --> 00:17:25 parrots at 17 of the 31 sites they
00:17:25 --> 00:17:27 checked they found that a key threat to
00:17:27 --> 00:17:30 the bird's habitat is fire which occurs
00:17:30 --> 00:17:32 in the surrounding sand planing country
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 roughly every 6 to 10
00:17:34 --> 00:17:37 years a new study has shown that cats
00:17:37 --> 00:17:39 shows signs of grief when one of their
00:17:39 --> 00:17:43 fellow pets dies even dogs a report in
00:17:43 --> 00:17:45 the journal applied animal behavior
00:17:45 --> 00:17:47 science found that while cats appear to
00:17:47 --> 00:17:48 carry an attitude of indifference and
00:17:48 --> 00:17:50 alness it turns out that when a fellow
00:17:51 --> 00:17:53 household pet passes on Surviving cats
00:17:53 --> 00:17:55 show grief likee signs that are similar
00:17:55 --> 00:17:57 to those of dogs their findings are
00:17:57 --> 00:18:00 based on a study of 412 pet owners who
00:18:00 --> 00:18:02 were the current caregivers of a living
00:18:02 --> 00:18:04 cat but also had a dog or cat in the
00:18:04 --> 00:18:07 household that had recently passed away
00:18:07 --> 00:18:09 in the weeks and months following the
00:18:09 --> 00:18:11 loss of their pet caregivers reported
00:18:11 --> 00:18:14 altered behavior in their surviving cats
00:18:14 --> 00:18:16 these included increased vocalizations
00:18:16 --> 00:18:18 time spent looking or sniffing for the
00:18:18 --> 00:18:21 deceased pet in their usual spot and a
00:18:21 --> 00:18:23 decreased willingness to eat sleep or
00:18:23 --> 00:18:26 play and the more time the surviving cat
00:18:26 --> 00:18:28 spent with the deceased pet prior to
00:18:28 --> 00:18:30 death the more likely they were to show
00:18:30 --> 00:18:32 immediate and long-term behavioral
00:18:32 --> 00:18:34 changes head owners in the survey
00:18:34 --> 00:18:36 claimed their cats clearly showed tempor
00:18:37 --> 00:18:39 signs of confusion and fearfulness
00:18:39 --> 00:18:41 following the death of companion dog or
00:18:41 --> 00:18:44 cat these included time spent hiding or
00:18:44 --> 00:18:46 sniffing out the deceased Pet's favorite
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 spot the findings align with a similar
00:18:48 --> 00:18:51 study in 2016 which found that in the 6
00:18:51 --> 00:18:53 months after the death of a fellow pet
00:18:53 --> 00:18:55 both cats and dogs increase their
00:18:55 --> 00:18:57 attention seeking behaviors such as the
00:18:57 --> 00:18:59 frequency and volume of their
00:18:59 --> 00:19:01 vocalizations and they also wound up
00:19:01 --> 00:19:03 eating
00:19:03 --> 00:19:06 less semantics issued a new warning
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 about an iPhone scam based around an SMS
00:19:08 --> 00:19:11 fishing campaign with the details we're
00:19:11 --> 00:19:13 joined by technology editor Alex saharov
00:19:13 --> 00:19:16 Roy from Tech advice start life scams
00:19:16 --> 00:19:18 are Rife and the bad guys are always
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 trying to figure out ways to catch you
00:19:20 --> 00:19:22 unawares with messages that are sort of
00:19:22 --> 00:19:24 seem you know plausible seem legit seem
00:19:25 --> 00:19:27 real seem real enough that they want you
00:19:27 --> 00:19:28 to have a sort of a kneejerk
00:19:28 --> 00:19:31 action and in this case this is emails
00:19:31 --> 00:19:32 claiming that your iCloud storage is
00:19:32 --> 00:19:36 nearly full and that you can get a 50%
00:19:36 --> 00:19:39 reward bonus if you sign up now but what
00:19:39 --> 00:19:41 happens is that of course when you go to
00:19:41 --> 00:19:43 update your payment details you're sent
00:19:43 --> 00:19:45 to a militia site that's trying to steal
00:19:45 --> 00:19:47 your login details on your credit card
00:19:47 --> 00:19:49 information and other information and so
00:19:49 --> 00:19:51 it's just yet another confidence scam
00:19:51 --> 00:19:53 but in this case for iPhone users who
00:19:53 --> 00:19:55 have iPhones and have iCloud many people
00:19:55 --> 00:19:57 only have the 5 GB but then upgrade to
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 the 50 g or the 200 gig or the 2
00:20:00 --> 00:20:01 terabytes and you know if your space is
00:20:01 --> 00:20:03 running out that means your photos
00:20:03 --> 00:20:04 aren't being backed up the newest
00:20:04 --> 00:20:07 contact details these details are not
00:20:07 --> 00:20:08 being backed up to the cloud which is
00:20:08 --> 00:20:10 the whole purpose of having the cloud if
00:20:10 --> 00:20:11 you lose your device you want to get it
00:20:11 --> 00:20:13 all back nicely and easily so people
00:20:13 --> 00:20:14 panic they've got things happening
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 they're in a rush the kids are screaming
00:20:16 --> 00:20:17 they got work pressures and suddenly
00:20:17 --> 00:20:19 there's this email demanding immediate
00:20:19 --> 00:20:21 attention and they click it they enter
00:20:21 --> 00:20:22 their details it all looks legit and the
00:20:22 --> 00:20:24 next thing they know is they've given up
00:20:24 --> 00:20:26 their iCloud username and password not
00:20:26 --> 00:20:28 that that really means much because you
00:20:28 --> 00:20:29 still then have to get six-digit code on
00:20:29 --> 00:20:31 one of your other Apple devices but your
00:20:31 --> 00:20:33 credit card details go through and you
00:20:33 --> 00:20:34 might even then think hey you've got
00:20:34 --> 00:20:36 extra storage but unless you go into
00:20:36 --> 00:20:37 your iCloud settings in the settings
00:20:37 --> 00:20:39 menu of your various Apple devices and
00:20:39 --> 00:20:41 check you know you won't know so it's a
00:20:41 --> 00:20:43 confidence scam and I have seen this one
00:20:43 --> 00:20:46 before this is a new instance but this
00:20:46 --> 00:20:47 has been tried I've seen friends that
00:20:47 --> 00:20:49 have had these sort of messages before
00:20:49 --> 00:20:51 and they've forwarded to me and asked me
00:20:51 --> 00:20:52 is this real and you sort of have a look
00:20:52 --> 00:20:54 and you look at the who the message is
00:20:54 --> 00:20:55 from and you look you see funny fonts
00:20:55 --> 00:20:57 and you know it just doesn't look right
00:20:57 --> 00:20:59 so if you're ever unsure about these
00:20:59 --> 00:21:00 things you can always contact Apple
00:21:01 --> 00:21:04 directly in Australia that's 133 622 133
00:21:04 --> 00:21:06 Mac people in other countries you can go
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 to apple.com in your area and find the
00:21:08 --> 00:21:09 local number and have a look at your
00:21:09 --> 00:21:11 iCloud storage settings in the settings
00:21:11 --> 00:21:13 of your Apple device you'll see how much
00:21:13 --> 00:21:14 space you have left if you can see that
00:21:14 --> 00:21:16 you got plenty of space left it was just
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 a scam we need to talk about the NBN
00:21:18 --> 00:21:21 faster Broadband yeah look the leak has
00:21:21 --> 00:21:23 come out from someone deep within the
00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 mbn that by around April next year it
00:21:25 --> 00:21:27 will be offering to the retail service
00:21:27 --> 00:21:29 providers the companies that sell the
00:21:29 --> 00:21:31 internet to you directly because mbn is
00:21:31 --> 00:21:33 the wholesaler a 2 gigabit plan and
00:21:33 --> 00:21:35 you'll need to be on fiber to the
00:21:35 --> 00:21:37 premises or one of the the payv sty
00:21:37 --> 00:21:39 cable connections that are still
00:21:39 --> 00:21:41 connected but you can then get two
00:21:41 --> 00:21:44 gigabits now that is 40 times faster
00:21:44 --> 00:21:46 than your 50 megabit plan obviously 20
00:21:46 --> 00:21:48 times faster than your 100 megabit plan
00:21:48 --> 00:21:50 and 80 times faster than your 25 megabit
00:21:50 --> 00:21:52 plan which is a much slower plan that
00:21:52 --> 00:21:53 some people I still hear being
00:21:53 --> 00:21:54 advertised on the radio you know some
00:21:54 --> 00:21:57 companies offering at $39.95 a month for
00:21:57 --> 00:21:59 the first six months and then the price
00:21:59 --> 00:22:00 goes up they don't say what it is too
00:22:00 --> 00:22:01 but there are still people on these
00:22:01 --> 00:22:04 older plans but we need faster internet
00:22:04 --> 00:22:07 because everyone has multiple devices
00:22:07 --> 00:22:11 phones tablets laptops you know desktop
00:22:11 --> 00:22:13 yeah everything that's on Wi-Fi gets
00:22:13 --> 00:22:16 updates and if you're yeah and if you're
00:22:16 --> 00:22:18 if you're downloading lots of streaming
00:22:18 --> 00:22:19 media or you're doing Zoom calls or all
00:22:19 --> 00:22:21 the rest if multiple people are in the
00:22:21 --> 00:22:22 house are doing it at the same time and
00:22:22 --> 00:22:24 you say only have 50 megabits which a
00:22:24 --> 00:22:25 lot of people are still on then
00:22:26 --> 00:22:27 everything can slow down if you're on a
00:22:27 --> 00:22:29 faster plan of obviously everything is
00:22:29 --> 00:22:30 is sped up but the other side of the
00:22:30 --> 00:22:33 coin is you get usually faster upload
00:22:33 --> 00:22:35 speeds too and that's important because
00:22:35 --> 00:22:37 every device is backing up to iCloud or
00:22:37 --> 00:22:39 Google backup or Google photos and
00:22:39 --> 00:22:40 people are uploading things when you
00:22:40 --> 00:22:42 talk on Zoom the video that people are
00:22:42 --> 00:22:44 seeing of you is being uploaded and the
00:22:44 --> 00:22:46 faster your uploads Bea then the better
00:22:46 --> 00:22:48 chance that can see you nicely and
00:22:48 --> 00:22:50 clearly so it's also important that if
00:22:50 --> 00:22:52 you have fiber to the premises which is
00:22:52 --> 00:22:53 the fiber that people wanted right to
00:22:53 --> 00:22:55 their homes if it's available in your
00:22:55 --> 00:22:57 area at the moment NBN is offering a
00:22:57 --> 00:22:59 free upgrade I'm considering it for
00:22:59 --> 00:23:01 where I am I just haven't done it yet
00:23:01 --> 00:23:03 because I'm on another prbn system that
00:23:03 --> 00:23:06 was more reliable it almost never goes
00:23:06 --> 00:23:08 down you he of people with mbn outages
00:23:08 --> 00:23:10 but if you get that the originally you
00:23:10 --> 00:23:12 had to go to a 250 megabit 500 megabit
00:23:12 --> 00:23:14 or gigabit plan and of course by April
00:23:14 --> 00:23:16 next year you'll be able to get 2 gbits
00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 but you had to upgrade from 100 you had
00:23:18 --> 00:23:19 to upgrade from your current plan and
00:23:20 --> 00:23:21 there has been a lot of talk that mdn is
00:23:21 --> 00:23:23 getting rid of that so you can still be
00:23:23 --> 00:23:24 on the same plan you're on now like the
00:23:24 --> 00:23:27 100 megabit plan and not have to go to a
00:23:27 --> 00:23:28 faster plan so the price should say the
00:23:28 --> 00:23:31 same but you're on nice pristine fiber
00:23:31 --> 00:23:32 right to your house So eventually
00:23:32 --> 00:23:34 they're not going to do that for free
00:23:34 --> 00:23:35 anymore and so if it's in your area you
00:23:35 --> 00:23:37 should definitely consider it that's
00:23:37 --> 00:23:42 Alex Sahara Roy from takech advice start
00:23:42 --> 00:23:55 [Music]
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