00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 27 episode 116
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 25th of September
00:00:06 --> 00:00:08 2024 coming up on
00:00:08 --> 00:00:11 SpaceTime discovery of more black holes
00:00:11 --> 00:00:14 than expected in the early Universe a
00:00:14 --> 00:00:17 new volcano spotted on Jupiter's moon IO
00:00:17 --> 00:00:21 and confirming the mass of the W bozzon
00:00:21 --> 00:00:25 all that and more coming up on
00:00:25 --> 00:00:28 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:28 --> 00:00:30 Stuart Gary
00:00:30 --> 00:00:37 [Music]
00:00:45 --> 00:00:47 a new study using the Hubble Space
00:00:47 --> 00:00:49 Telescope has discovered far more super
00:00:49 --> 00:00:51 massive black holes in the early
00:00:51 --> 00:00:54 Universe than was expected the findings
00:00:54 --> 00:00:56 reported in the astrophysical journal
00:00:56 --> 00:00:58 letters will hope astronomers better
00:00:58 --> 00:01:00 understand how these ancient black holes
00:01:00 --> 00:01:03 were created see currently scientists
00:01:03 --> 00:01:04 don't have a really good complete
00:01:04 --> 00:01:06 picture of how the first black holes
00:01:06 --> 00:01:09 formed not long after the big Bank 13.8
00:01:09 --> 00:01:12 billion years ago early observations
00:01:12 --> 00:01:14 including by the James web Space
00:01:14 --> 00:01:16 Telescope have shown astronomers that
00:01:16 --> 00:01:17 super massive black hols more than a
00:01:17 --> 00:01:19 billion times the mass of our sun
00:01:19 --> 00:01:21 already existed at the centers of
00:01:21 --> 00:01:23 galaxies less than a billion years after
00:01:23 --> 00:01:26 the big bang one of the studies authors
00:01:26 --> 00:01:28 Alice Young from Stockholm University
00:01:28 --> 00:01:30 says many of these objects appear to be
00:01:30 --> 00:01:32 far more massive than what people
00:01:32 --> 00:01:34 thought they could be at such an early
00:01:34 --> 00:01:36 time in the universe's history and that
00:01:36 --> 00:01:38 suggests they must have formed directly
00:01:38 --> 00:01:40 from the collapse of massive clouds of
00:01:40 --> 00:01:43 gas alternatively they must have somehow
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 grown extremely quickly through multile
00:01:45 --> 00:01:47 mergers of smaller stellam Mass black
00:01:47 --> 00:01:50 holes but once again the time Factor
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 comes in there black holes play an
00:01:52 --> 00:01:55 important role in the life cycles of all
00:01:55 --> 00:01:56 galaxies but there are major
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 uncertainties in science's understanding
00:01:58 --> 00:02:01 of how galaxies evolve in order to gain
00:02:01 --> 00:02:03 a complete picture of the link between
00:02:03 --> 00:02:05 Galaxy and black ho Evolution the
00:02:05 --> 00:02:07 authors used Hubble to survey how many
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 black holes they could count among a
00:02:09 --> 00:02:11 population of faint galaxies when the
00:02:11 --> 00:02:13 universe was just a few percent of its
00:02:13 --> 00:02:16 current age the initial observations of
00:02:16 --> 00:02:17 the survey region were then
00:02:17 --> 00:02:19 rephotographed by Hubble after several
00:02:19 --> 00:02:22 years this allowed young and colleagues
00:02:22 --> 00:02:24 to measure variations in the brightness
00:02:24 --> 00:02:26 of these galaxies and these variations
00:02:26 --> 00:02:28 are a Telltale sign of black hole
00:02:29 --> 00:02:31 development the authors were able to
00:02:31 --> 00:02:33 identify far more black holes than
00:02:33 --> 00:02:35 previously found by other methods the
00:02:35 --> 00:02:37 new observational results suggest that
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 some black holes likely form through the
00:02:39 --> 00:02:42 collapse of massive pristine stars
00:02:42 --> 00:02:44 during the first billion years of cosmic
00:02:44 --> 00:02:47 time these types of stars can only exist
00:02:47 --> 00:02:50 at varily time scales in the universe
00:02:50 --> 00:02:51 that's because later generations of
00:02:51 --> 00:02:53 stars are polluted by the remnants of
00:02:53 --> 00:02:55 the early generations of stars that have
00:02:55 --> 00:02:58 already lived and died other
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 alternatives for black hole form
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 include the previously mentioned
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 collapsing gas clouds merges of stars in
00:03:04 --> 00:03:07 massive clusters and primordial black
00:03:07 --> 00:03:08 holes that must have formed by
00:03:08 --> 00:03:10 physically speculative mechanisms in the
00:03:10 --> 00:03:13 first few seconds after the big bang
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 with this new information about black
00:03:15 --> 00:03:18 hole formation and population more
00:03:18 --> 00:03:20 accurate models of Galaxy formation can
00:03:20 --> 00:03:22 now be constructed the formation
00:03:22 --> 00:03:24 mechanism of early black holes is an
00:03:24 --> 00:03:27 important part of the puzzle of Galaxy
00:03:27 --> 00:03:29 Evolution together with models of how
00:03:29 --> 00:03:31 black black holes grow Galaxy Evolution
00:03:31 --> 00:03:34 calculations can now be placed on a more
00:03:34 --> 00:03:36 physically motivated footing with a more
00:03:36 --> 00:03:38 accurate scheme for how black holes are
00:03:38 --> 00:03:40 likely to have come into existence from
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 collapsing massive
00:03:42 --> 00:03:46 stars this is spacetime still to come a
00:03:46 --> 00:03:48 new volcano discovered on Jupiter's moon
00:03:48 --> 00:03:51 IO and physicist at CERN confirm the
00:03:51 --> 00:03:54 mess of the W Bon all that and more
00:03:54 --> 00:03:58 still to come on SpaceTime
00:03:58 --> 00:04:12 [Music]
00:04:12 --> 00:04:14 astronomers have discovered a new
00:04:14 --> 00:04:17 volcano and Jupiter's moon Io Io is the
00:04:17 --> 00:04:19 innermost and second smallest of the
00:04:19 --> 00:04:22 four Galilean moons orbiting the gas
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 giant planet it's also the fourth
00:04:24 --> 00:04:26 largest moon in the solar system and
00:04:26 --> 00:04:28 with a radius of
00:04:28 --> 00:04:31 1 km is only slightly larger than
00:04:31 --> 00:04:34 the Earth's Moon IO has over 400 active
00:04:34 --> 00:04:36 volcanoes making it the most
00:04:36 --> 00:04:38 geologically active object in the solar
00:04:38 --> 00:04:40 system it has the highest density of any
00:04:40 --> 00:04:42 Moon the strongest surface gravity of
00:04:43 --> 00:04:45 any moon and the lowest amount of water
00:04:45 --> 00:04:47 by atomic ratio of any known
00:04:47 --> 00:04:49 astronomical object in the solar system
00:04:49 --> 00:04:52 together with ganim Kalisto and Europa
00:04:52 --> 00:04:55 it was discovered in 1610 by Galileo
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 Galilee named after the mythological
00:04:57 --> 00:04:59 character IO a priestess of Hera who
00:04:59 --> 00:05:02 became one of Zeus's lovers the
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 discovery of the new volcano was made
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 during an analysis of the first close-up
00:05:06 --> 00:05:10 images of IO in over 25 years they were
00:05:10 --> 00:05:11 captured by the Juno cam instrument
00:05:11 --> 00:05:14 aboard NASA's Juno Mission as well as
00:05:14 --> 00:05:16 revealing the emergence of a fresh
00:05:16 --> 00:05:18 volcano it also showed the volcano walls
00:05:18 --> 00:05:21 had multiple lava flows with volcanic
00:05:21 --> 00:05:23 deposits covering an area of about 180
00:05:24 --> 00:05:27 by 180 kilm the new volcano is located
00:05:27 --> 00:05:31 just south of a equator now although IO
00:05:31 --> 00:05:33 is already covered in active volcanoes
00:05:33 --> 00:05:35 images taken during NASA's Galileo
00:05:35 --> 00:05:37 Mission back in 1997 didn't see a
00:05:37 --> 00:05:40 volcano in this particular region the
00:05:40 --> 00:05:42 images show the Eastern side of the
00:05:42 --> 00:05:45 volcano is stained a diffuse red that's
00:05:45 --> 00:05:46 from sulfur that's been vented from the
00:05:47 --> 00:05:49 volcano into space and then Fallen back
00:05:49 --> 00:05:52 onto io's surface on the western side
00:05:52 --> 00:05:55 two dark streams of lava have erupted
00:05:55 --> 00:05:58 each flowing for about 100 kilm at the
00:05:58 --> 00:06:00 furthest point of the flow where the
00:06:00 --> 00:06:02 lava pulled the Heats caused the Frozen
00:06:02 --> 00:06:04 material on the surface to vaporize
00:06:04 --> 00:06:07 generating two overlapping gray circular
00:06:07 --> 00:06:10 deposits the best junic cam image of
00:06:10 --> 00:06:12 this feature were taken back on February
00:06:12 --> 00:06:14 the 3rd at a distance of
00:06:14 --> 00:06:18 2 KM they were captured on the night
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 side of IO with the illumination coming
00:06:20 --> 00:06:23 only from Jupiter reflecting sunlight
00:06:23 --> 00:06:25 the encounter was one of three recent
00:06:25 --> 00:06:28 flybys of IO in 2023 and 2024 during
00:06:28 --> 00:06:30 which Jun cam acquired around 20
00:06:30 --> 00:06:33 close-up visible color images the
00:06:33 --> 00:06:35 mission observed a total of nine plumes
00:06:36 --> 00:06:38 associated with active volcanic features
00:06:38 --> 00:06:40 on the moon I is kept volcanically
00:06:40 --> 00:06:42 active because of the heat generated
00:06:42 --> 00:06:44 through friction that's generated in I's
00:06:44 --> 00:06:46 interior by the constant gravitational
00:06:46 --> 00:06:49 tidal forces exhibited by Jupiter as
00:06:49 --> 00:06:50 well as the other companion moons
00:06:50 --> 00:06:53 constantly pulling and crushing IO as it
00:06:53 --> 00:06:56 orbit around the Solar System's largest
00:06:56 --> 00:07:00 planet this is spacetime still to come
00:07:00 --> 00:07:02 scientists at CERN confirmed the mass of
00:07:02 --> 00:07:05 the W Boon and later in the science
00:07:05 --> 00:07:08 report a new study has found that cats
00:07:08 --> 00:07:12 show signs of grief when fellow pets die
00:07:12 --> 00:07:14 all that and more still to come on
00:07:14 --> 00:07:17 SpaceTime
00:07:17 --> 00:07:24 [Music]
00:07:30 --> 00:07:32 scientists at s the European
00:07:32 --> 00:07:35 Organization for nuclear research have
00:07:35 --> 00:07:36 confirmed the mass of one of the
00:07:36 --> 00:07:39 fundamental forces of physics the W
00:07:39 --> 00:07:42 boson the new finding show the particle
00:07:42 --> 00:07:44 has a mass of
00:07:44 --> 00:07:48 8 Mega electron volts give or take
00:07:48 --> 00:07:51 9.9 Mega electron volts in particle
00:07:51 --> 00:07:54 physics bosons are Elementary Force
00:07:54 --> 00:07:56 particles with the w and z bosons
00:07:56 --> 00:07:58 mediating the weak nuclear force which
00:07:58 --> 00:08:00 is respons responsible for radioactive
00:08:00 --> 00:08:04 decay W bosons have either a positive or
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 negative electric charge and are each
00:08:06 --> 00:08:08 other's anti particles while the Z boson
00:08:09 --> 00:08:10 is electrically neutral and is its own
00:08:10 --> 00:08:14 anti particle their Discovery in 1983
00:08:14 --> 00:08:16 was pivotal in establishing the standard
00:08:16 --> 00:08:19 model of particle physics the foundation
00:08:19 --> 00:08:21 stone of science's understanding of the
00:08:21 --> 00:08:23 universe the new Mass confirmation
00:08:23 --> 00:08:25 follows an unexpected measurement by the
00:08:25 --> 00:08:27 collider detector at fery lab in the
00:08:27 --> 00:08:30 United States 2 years ago
00:08:30 --> 00:08:32 to test that Discovery physicist with a
00:08:32 --> 00:08:35 compact muon solenoid or CMS detector on
00:08:35 --> 00:08:37 the world's largest Atom Smasher the
00:08:37 --> 00:08:39 large hron collider at CERN below the
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 Franco Swiss border undertook their own
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 experiment using a new technique to make
00:08:43 --> 00:08:45 the most elaborate investigation of the
00:08:45 --> 00:08:48 W Bon's Mass to date the new
00:08:48 --> 00:08:50 measurements follow nearly a decade of
00:08:50 --> 00:08:52 analysis consistent with predictions and
00:08:52 --> 00:08:55 so put the multi-year long mystery to
00:08:55 --> 00:08:58 rest the analysis used some 300 million
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 events collected during the 2016 run of
00:09:00 --> 00:09:02 the Large Hadron Collider together with
00:09:02 --> 00:09:05 a further 4 billion simulated events
00:09:05 --> 00:09:07 from this massive data set the authors
00:09:07 --> 00:09:09 reconstructed and then measured the mass
00:09:09 --> 00:09:13 for more than 100 million W bosons they
00:09:13 --> 00:09:16 found the W Bon's mass of
00:09:16 --> 00:09:20 8 plus orus 9.9 megga electron volts
00:09:20 --> 00:09:22 is consistent with the standard models
00:09:22 --> 00:09:24 prediction of
00:09:24 --> 00:09:28 8 plus orus 6 megga electron volts
00:09:28 --> 00:09:30 and that's really important animportant
00:09:30 --> 00:09:32 you see the entire universe is a
00:09:32 --> 00:09:35 delicate balancing act so if the W Bon's
00:09:35 --> 00:09:37 Mass was different from what scientists
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 expected it would have suggested new
00:09:39 --> 00:09:41 particles or forces at play one of the
00:09:41 --> 00:09:43 study's authors Petty McBride from the
00:09:43 --> 00:09:45 US Department of Energy's firmy National
00:09:46 --> 00:09:47 Laboratory says that precise
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 understanding of the W Bon's Mass allows
00:09:50 --> 00:09:51 scientists to map the interplay of
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 particles and forces including the
00:09:53 --> 00:09:55 strength of the higs field which gives
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 particles their mass and the electro
00:09:57 --> 00:09:59 weak the merger of electromagnetism with
00:09:59 --> 00:10:03 the weak nuclear force since 1983
00:10:03 --> 00:10:05 physicists on 10 different experiments
00:10:05 --> 00:10:09 have measured the W Bon's Mass the CMS
00:10:09 --> 00:10:10 experiment was unique from other
00:10:10 --> 00:10:11 experiments which have made this
00:10:11 --> 00:10:13 measurement because of its compact
00:10:13 --> 00:10:15 design it specialized sensors for
00:10:15 --> 00:10:18 fundamental particles called muons and
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 an extremely strong solenoid magnet that
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 bends the trajectories of charged
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 particles as they move through the
00:10:24 --> 00:10:26 detector importantly it also allowed
00:10:26 --> 00:10:28 physicists to free themselves of the Z
00:10:28 --> 00:10:31 BOS on his as their reference point this
00:10:31 --> 00:10:32 new level of precision will allow
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 scientists to tackle critical
00:10:34 --> 00:10:36 measurements such as those involving the
00:10:36 --> 00:10:39 wz and higs bosons with enhanced
00:10:39 --> 00:10:42 accuracy this report from the European
00:10:42 --> 00:10:46 Organization for nuclear
00:10:46 --> 00:10:49 research the W boson is one of the
00:10:49 --> 00:10:50 particles responsible for transmitting
00:10:50 --> 00:10:53 the weak interaction it was discovered
00:10:53 --> 00:10:57 in 1983 at CERN by the ua1 and ua2
00:10:57 --> 00:10:59 experiments on the SPs proton
00:10:59 --> 00:11:01 anti-proton collider leading to a Noble
00:11:01 --> 00:11:05 Prize for cerns Carlo ruia and Simon
00:11:05 --> 00:11:08 Vander so why are we still measuring the
00:11:08 --> 00:11:11 mass of the W bosone after 40 years well
00:11:11 --> 00:11:14 for two reasons we want to know the mass
00:11:14 --> 00:11:17 very precisely and measuring it
00:11:17 --> 00:11:22 precisely is actually very very
00:11:22 --> 00:11:24 difficult our best description of
00:11:24 --> 00:11:26 particles and their interactions the
00:11:26 --> 00:11:28 standard model of particle physics is
00:11:28 --> 00:11:31 over constraint now what do I mean by
00:11:31 --> 00:11:33 that well if I take a
00:11:33 --> 00:11:37 wheel and I measure its diameter and I
00:11:37 --> 00:11:38 measure its
00:11:38 --> 00:11:40 circumference well then of course the
00:11:40 --> 00:11:43 circumference has to be equal to the
00:11:43 --> 00:11:46 diameter multiplied by pi if it's not
00:11:46 --> 00:11:49 then either I'm measuring wrong or this
00:11:49 --> 00:11:51 is not a wheel and that's what we call
00:11:51 --> 00:11:53 an over constrained system the
00:11:53 --> 00:11:55 measurements cannot be just any two
00:11:55 --> 00:11:58 numbers so you can imagine the standard
00:11:58 --> 00:12:01 model like a cube we have all these
00:12:02 --> 00:12:03 parallel sides and we're trying to
00:12:03 --> 00:12:05 measure their lengths as precisely as
00:12:05 --> 00:12:07 possible by measuring masses of
00:12:07 --> 00:12:08 different particles interaction
00:12:08 --> 00:12:10 strengths and then at the end we're
00:12:10 --> 00:12:13 trying to see if it's still a cube
00:12:13 --> 00:12:16 because what if the ends don't meet now
00:12:16 --> 00:12:18 how could that be possible well that's
00:12:18 --> 00:12:21 possible if there's a new Theory new
00:12:21 --> 00:12:22 particles new interactions that we
00:12:22 --> 00:12:25 haven't taken into account so this way
00:12:25 --> 00:12:27 it's possible to see a new Theory
00:12:27 --> 00:12:29 without discovering any new particles
00:12:29 --> 00:12:31 but just by checking that things in
00:12:31 --> 00:12:34 their current theory don't agree but for
00:12:34 --> 00:12:36 that we need all the measurements to be
00:12:36 --> 00:12:39 very
00:12:39 --> 00:12:41 precise trying to measure the mass of
00:12:41 --> 00:12:44 the W bosone is like trying to measure
00:12:44 --> 00:12:48 the length of a stick blindfolded and
00:12:48 --> 00:12:52 holding it with only one hand as opposed
00:12:52 --> 00:12:53 to trying to measure the mass of the
00:12:53 --> 00:12:56 Zone the other particle that transmits
00:12:56 --> 00:12:57 the weak interaction which is like
00:12:57 --> 00:12:59 trying to measure the length of a stick
00:12:59 --> 00:13:01 by holding it at both ends with both
00:13:01 --> 00:13:04 hands now what do I mean by that the
00:13:04 --> 00:13:08 zbone decays into two
00:13:08 --> 00:13:10 muons and these muons can be measured
00:13:10 --> 00:13:12 very precisely in a particle detector
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 and from this measurement we can
00:13:14 --> 00:13:17 establish the mass of the Z Now The W
00:13:17 --> 00:13:20 boson decays into one muon and one
00:13:20 --> 00:13:22 neutrino and the muon can be measured
00:13:22 --> 00:13:26 precisely but the nutrino cannot and so
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28 we currently know the mass of the Z
00:13:28 --> 00:13:30 boson with a the Precision about seven
00:13:30 --> 00:13:33 times better than the mass of the W so
00:13:33 --> 00:13:36 how do we measure the mass of the W then
00:13:37 --> 00:13:38 well let me take as an example the
00:13:38 --> 00:13:41 method used by the CMS collaboration in
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 the recent W measurements let's first
00:13:43 --> 00:13:45 look at the zbo on again so for the Z
00:13:46 --> 00:13:47 the measurement is quite simple we take
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 the momenta of the two muons from the
00:13:49 --> 00:13:51 decay of the Z and from these two
00:13:51 --> 00:13:53 momenta we can calculate What's called
00:13:53 --> 00:13:55 the invariant mass of the two meon
00:13:55 --> 00:13:57 system you can plot this invariant mass
00:13:58 --> 00:14:00 for many many pairs of muons and you get
00:14:00 --> 00:14:03 a Peak at the mass of the zosan there's
00:14:03 --> 00:14:04 some subtleties here but basically if
00:14:05 --> 00:14:06 you measure the moment of the muons
00:14:06 --> 00:14:09 correctly then the position of the peak
00:14:09 --> 00:14:11 is the mass of this at boson and that's
00:14:11 --> 00:14:16 it now for the w we only have one muon
00:14:16 --> 00:14:17 so you cannot make an invariant Mass
00:14:17 --> 00:14:20 plot from just this one muon so what if
00:14:21 --> 00:14:23 we just try to Simply plot the momentum
00:14:23 --> 00:14:26 of this muon so you're also going to see
00:14:26 --> 00:14:29 some some Peak like structure but inter
00:14:29 --> 00:14:31 in that in terms of mass is much more
00:14:31 --> 00:14:33 complex the position of this structure
00:14:33 --> 00:14:35 will change with mass but you cannot
00:14:35 --> 00:14:37 simply read the mass of the plot so what
00:14:37 --> 00:14:40 you have to do is simulate this momentum
00:14:40 --> 00:14:43 distribution for different values of the
00:14:43 --> 00:14:46 W mass and then once you have the
00:14:46 --> 00:14:49 observed data you can check which of the
00:14:49 --> 00:14:52 simulated plots matches your observation
00:14:52 --> 00:14:54 the closest and that gives you the mass
00:14:54 --> 00:14:57 of the W now the complication of this
00:14:57 --> 00:14:58 measurement is that it strongly depends
00:14:58 --> 00:15:00 on on Theory and on
00:15:00 --> 00:15:02 simulations so we have to have very very
00:15:03 --> 00:15:04 precise modeling of the physics
00:15:04 --> 00:15:06 processes happening in the proton proton
00:15:06 --> 00:15:08 collisions in the large hron collider
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 and we have to have very precise
00:15:10 --> 00:15:12 modeling of the response of the particle
00:15:12 --> 00:15:15 detector so state-of-the-art theoretical
00:15:15 --> 00:15:16 calculations and state-of-the-art
00:15:16 --> 00:15:18 simulation of the detector are critical
00:15:18 --> 00:15:20 for getting this measurement right this
00:15:20 --> 00:15:22 really is one of the hardest Precision
00:15:22 --> 00:15:24 measurements done in the large hardron
00:15:24 --> 00:15:28 Collider
00:15:28 --> 00:15:37 [Music]
00:15:37 --> 00:15:39 this is
00:15:39 --> 00:15:54 [Music]
00:15:54 --> 00:15:56 spacetime and time now to take another
00:15:56 --> 00:15:58 brief look at some of the other stories
00:15:58 --> 00:16:00 making news in science this week with a
00:16:00 --> 00:16:03 science report researchers say tea red
00:16:03 --> 00:16:06 wine berries and even dark chocolate
00:16:06 --> 00:16:08 could help reduce your risk of getting
00:16:08 --> 00:16:10 dementia a report in the Journal of the
00:16:10 --> 00:16:13 American Medical Association found the
00:16:13 --> 00:16:14 link was higher among people who had
00:16:15 --> 00:16:16 generally at greater risk of developing
00:16:16 --> 00:16:19 the condition it all centers around
00:16:19 --> 00:16:22 flavenoids these are compounds already
00:16:22 --> 00:16:24 known for various health benefits
00:16:24 --> 00:16:26 they're found in a range of fruits and
00:16:26 --> 00:16:28 vegetables including berries and green
00:16:28 --> 00:16:31 leaf vegetables as well as tea red wine
00:16:31 --> 00:16:34 and chocolate for their experiment
00:16:34 --> 00:16:35 scientists looked at the diets of over
00:16:35 --> 00:16:39 120 adults aged between 40 and 70 in
00:16:39 --> 00:16:42 the United Kingdom over nearly a decade
00:16:42 --> 00:16:44 882 participants went on to develop
00:16:44 --> 00:16:47 dementia during the study the author say
00:16:47 --> 00:16:49 those who consume the highest amounts of
00:16:49 --> 00:16:51 flavonoid rich foods especially tea red
00:16:51 --> 00:16:54 wine and berries had the lowest risk of
00:16:54 --> 00:16:55 dementia especially if they had the
00:16:55 --> 00:16:57 highest genetic risk of dementia high
00:16:57 --> 00:17:00 blood pressure or depressive
00:17:00 --> 00:17:03 symptoms scientists have found as many
00:17:03 --> 00:17:05 as 50 critically endangered night
00:17:05 --> 00:17:07 parrots living in the far east of
00:17:07 --> 00:17:09 Western Australia's pilver region the
00:17:09 --> 00:17:11 discovery reported in the journal
00:17:11 --> 00:17:13 Wildlife Research represents the largest
00:17:13 --> 00:17:15 known population of these birds anywhere
00:17:15 --> 00:17:18 in the world the authors were using a
00:17:18 --> 00:17:20 type of acoustic recorder called a song
00:17:20 --> 00:17:22 meter they found evidence of night
00:17:22 --> 00:17:25 parrots at 17 of the 31 sites they
00:17:25 --> 00:17:27 checked they found that a key threat to
00:17:27 --> 00:17:30 the bird's habitat is fire which occurs
00:17:30 --> 00:17:32 in the surrounding sand planing country
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 roughly every 6 to 10
00:17:34 --> 00:17:37 years a new study has shown that cats
00:17:37 --> 00:17:39 shows signs of grief when one of their
00:17:39 --> 00:17:43 fellow pets dies even dogs a report in
00:17:43 --> 00:17:45 the journal applied animal behavior
00:17:45 --> 00:17:47 science found that while cats appear to
00:17:47 --> 00:17:48 carry an attitude of indifference and
00:17:48 --> 00:17:50 alness it turns out that when a fellow
00:17:51 --> 00:17:53 household pet passes on Surviving cats
00:17:53 --> 00:17:55 show grief likee signs that are similar
00:17:55 --> 00:17:57 to those of dogs their findings are
00:17:57 --> 00:18:00 based on a study of 412 pet owners who
00:18:00 --> 00:18:02 were the current caregivers of a living
00:18:02 --> 00:18:04 cat but also had a dog or cat in the
00:18:04 --> 00:18:07 household that had recently passed away
00:18:07 --> 00:18:09 in the weeks and months following the
00:18:09 --> 00:18:11 loss of their pet caregivers reported
00:18:11 --> 00:18:14 altered behavior in their surviving cats
00:18:14 --> 00:18:16 these included increased vocalizations
00:18:16 --> 00:18:18 time spent looking or sniffing for the
00:18:18 --> 00:18:21 deceased pet in their usual spot and a
00:18:21 --> 00:18:23 decreased willingness to eat sleep or
00:18:23 --> 00:18:26 play and the more time the surviving cat
00:18:26 --> 00:18:28 spent with the deceased pet prior to
00:18:28 --> 00:18:30 death the more likely they were to show
00:18:30 --> 00:18:32 immediate and long-term behavioral
00:18:32 --> 00:18:34 changes head owners in the survey
00:18:34 --> 00:18:36 claimed their cats clearly showed tempor
00:18:37 --> 00:18:39 signs of confusion and fearfulness
00:18:39 --> 00:18:41 following the death of companion dog or
00:18:41 --> 00:18:44 cat these included time spent hiding or
00:18:44 --> 00:18:46 sniffing out the deceased Pet's favorite
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 spot the findings align with a similar
00:18:48 --> 00:18:51 study in 2016 which found that in the 6
00:18:51 --> 00:18:53 months after the death of a fellow pet
00:18:53 --> 00:18:55 both cats and dogs increase their
00:18:55 --> 00:18:57 attention seeking behaviors such as the
00:18:57 --> 00:18:59 frequency and volume of their
00:18:59 --> 00:19:01 vocalizations and they also wound up
00:19:01 --> 00:19:03 eating
00:19:03 --> 00:19:06 less semantics issued a new warning
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 about an iPhone scam based around an SMS
00:19:08 --> 00:19:11 fishing campaign with the details we're
00:19:11 --> 00:19:13 joined by technology editor Alex saharov
00:19:13 --> 00:19:16 Roy from Tech advice start life scams
00:19:16 --> 00:19:18 are Rife and the bad guys are always
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 trying to figure out ways to catch you
00:19:20 --> 00:19:22 unawares with messages that are sort of
00:19:22 --> 00:19:24 seem you know plausible seem legit seem
00:19:25 --> 00:19:27 real seem real enough that they want you
00:19:27 --> 00:19:28 to have a sort of a kneejerk
00:19:28 --> 00:19:31 action and in this case this is emails
00:19:31 --> 00:19:32 claiming that your iCloud storage is
00:19:32 --> 00:19:36 nearly full and that you can get a 50%
00:19:36 --> 00:19:39 reward bonus if you sign up now but what
00:19:39 --> 00:19:41 happens is that of course when you go to
00:19:41 --> 00:19:43 update your payment details you're sent
00:19:43 --> 00:19:45 to a militia site that's trying to steal
00:19:45 --> 00:19:47 your login details on your credit card
00:19:47 --> 00:19:49 information and other information and so
00:19:49 --> 00:19:51 it's just yet another confidence scam
00:19:51 --> 00:19:53 but in this case for iPhone users who
00:19:53 --> 00:19:55 have iPhones and have iCloud many people
00:19:55 --> 00:19:57 only have the 5 GB but then upgrade to
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 the 50 g or the 200 gig or the 2
00:20:00 --> 00:20:01 terabytes and you know if your space is
00:20:01 --> 00:20:03 running out that means your photos
00:20:03 --> 00:20:04 aren't being backed up the newest
00:20:04 --> 00:20:07 contact details these details are not
00:20:07 --> 00:20:08 being backed up to the cloud which is
00:20:08 --> 00:20:10 the whole purpose of having the cloud if
00:20:10 --> 00:20:11 you lose your device you want to get it
00:20:11 --> 00:20:13 all back nicely and easily so people
00:20:13 --> 00:20:14 panic they've got things happening
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 they're in a rush the kids are screaming
00:20:16 --> 00:20:17 they got work pressures and suddenly
00:20:17 --> 00:20:19 there's this email demanding immediate
00:20:19 --> 00:20:21 attention and they click it they enter
00:20:21 --> 00:20:22 their details it all looks legit and the
00:20:22 --> 00:20:24 next thing they know is they've given up
00:20:24 --> 00:20:26 their iCloud username and password not
00:20:26 --> 00:20:28 that that really means much because you
00:20:28 --> 00:20:29 still then have to get six-digit code on
00:20:29 --> 00:20:31 one of your other Apple devices but your
00:20:31 --> 00:20:33 credit card details go through and you
00:20:33 --> 00:20:34 might even then think hey you've got
00:20:34 --> 00:20:36 extra storage but unless you go into
00:20:36 --> 00:20:37 your iCloud settings in the settings
00:20:37 --> 00:20:39 menu of your various Apple devices and
00:20:39 --> 00:20:41 check you know you won't know so it's a
00:20:41 --> 00:20:43 confidence scam and I have seen this one
00:20:43 --> 00:20:46 before this is a new instance but this
00:20:46 --> 00:20:47 has been tried I've seen friends that
00:20:47 --> 00:20:49 have had these sort of messages before
00:20:49 --> 00:20:51 and they've forwarded to me and asked me
00:20:51 --> 00:20:52 is this real and you sort of have a look
00:20:52 --> 00:20:54 and you look at the who the message is
00:20:54 --> 00:20:55 from and you look you see funny fonts
00:20:55 --> 00:20:57 and you know it just doesn't look right
00:20:57 --> 00:20:59 so if you're ever unsure about these
00:20:59 --> 00:21:00 things you can always contact Apple
00:21:01 --> 00:21:04 directly in Australia that's 133 622 133
00:21:04 --> 00:21:06 Mac people in other countries you can go
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 to apple.com in your area and find the
00:21:08 --> 00:21:09 local number and have a look at your
00:21:09 --> 00:21:11 iCloud storage settings in the settings
00:21:11 --> 00:21:13 of your Apple device you'll see how much
00:21:13 --> 00:21:14 space you have left if you can see that
00:21:14 --> 00:21:16 you got plenty of space left it was just
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 a scam we need to talk about the NBN
00:21:18 --> 00:21:21 faster Broadband yeah look the leak has
00:21:21 --> 00:21:23 come out from someone deep within the
00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 mbn that by around April next year it
00:21:25 --> 00:21:27 will be offering to the retail service
00:21:27 --> 00:21:29 providers the companies that sell the
00:21:29 --> 00:21:31 internet to you directly because mbn is
00:21:31 --> 00:21:33 the wholesaler a 2 gigabit plan and
00:21:33 --> 00:21:35 you'll need to be on fiber to the
00:21:35 --> 00:21:37 premises or one of the the payv sty
00:21:37 --> 00:21:39 cable connections that are still
00:21:39 --> 00:21:41 connected but you can then get two
00:21:41 --> 00:21:44 gigabits now that is 40 times faster
00:21:44 --> 00:21:46 than your 50 megabit plan obviously 20
00:21:46 --> 00:21:48 times faster than your 100 megabit plan
00:21:48 --> 00:21:50 and 80 times faster than your 25 megabit
00:21:50 --> 00:21:52 plan which is a much slower plan that
00:21:52 --> 00:21:53 some people I still hear being
00:21:53 --> 00:21:54 advertised on the radio you know some
00:21:54 --> 00:21:57 companies offering at $39.95 a month for
00:21:57 --> 00:21:59 the first six months and then the price
00:21:59 --> 00:22:00 goes up they don't say what it is too
00:22:00 --> 00:22:01 but there are still people on these
00:22:01 --> 00:22:04 older plans but we need faster internet
00:22:04 --> 00:22:07 because everyone has multiple devices
00:22:07 --> 00:22:11 phones tablets laptops you know desktop
00:22:11 --> 00:22:13 yeah everything that's on Wi-Fi gets
00:22:13 --> 00:22:16 updates and if you're yeah and if you're
00:22:16 --> 00:22:18 if you're downloading lots of streaming
00:22:18 --> 00:22:19 media or you're doing Zoom calls or all
00:22:19 --> 00:22:21 the rest if multiple people are in the
00:22:21 --> 00:22:22 house are doing it at the same time and
00:22:22 --> 00:22:24 you say only have 50 megabits which a
00:22:24 --> 00:22:25 lot of people are still on then
00:22:26 --> 00:22:27 everything can slow down if you're on a
00:22:27 --> 00:22:29 faster plan of obviously everything is
00:22:29 --> 00:22:30 is sped up but the other side of the
00:22:30 --> 00:22:33 coin is you get usually faster upload
00:22:33 --> 00:22:35 speeds too and that's important because
00:22:35 --> 00:22:37 every device is backing up to iCloud or
00:22:37 --> 00:22:39 Google backup or Google photos and
00:22:39 --> 00:22:40 people are uploading things when you
00:22:40 --> 00:22:42 talk on Zoom the video that people are
00:22:42 --> 00:22:44 seeing of you is being uploaded and the
00:22:44 --> 00:22:46 faster your uploads Bea then the better
00:22:46 --> 00:22:48 chance that can see you nicely and
00:22:48 --> 00:22:50 clearly so it's also important that if
00:22:50 --> 00:22:52 you have fiber to the premises which is
00:22:52 --> 00:22:53 the fiber that people wanted right to
00:22:53 --> 00:22:55 their homes if it's available in your
00:22:55 --> 00:22:57 area at the moment NBN is offering a
00:22:57 --> 00:22:59 free upgrade I'm considering it for
00:22:59 --> 00:23:01 where I am I just haven't done it yet
00:23:01 --> 00:23:03 because I'm on another prbn system that
00:23:03 --> 00:23:06 was more reliable it almost never goes
00:23:06 --> 00:23:08 down you he of people with mbn outages
00:23:08 --> 00:23:10 but if you get that the originally you
00:23:10 --> 00:23:12 had to go to a 250 megabit 500 megabit
00:23:12 --> 00:23:14 or gigabit plan and of course by April
00:23:14 --> 00:23:16 next year you'll be able to get 2 gbits
00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 but you had to upgrade from 100 you had
00:23:18 --> 00:23:19 to upgrade from your current plan and
00:23:20 --> 00:23:21 there has been a lot of talk that mdn is
00:23:21 --> 00:23:23 getting rid of that so you can still be
00:23:23 --> 00:23:24 on the same plan you're on now like the
00:23:24 --> 00:23:27 100 megabit plan and not have to go to a
00:23:27 --> 00:23:28 faster plan so the price should say the
00:23:28 --> 00:23:31 same but you're on nice pristine fiber
00:23:31 --> 00:23:32 right to your house So eventually
00:23:32 --> 00:23:34 they're not going to do that for free
00:23:34 --> 00:23:35 anymore and so if it's in your area you
00:23:35 --> 00:23:37 should definitely consider it that's
00:23:37 --> 00:23:42 Alex Sahara Roy from takech advice start
00:23:42 --> 00:23:55 [Music]
00:23:55 --> 00:23:58 live and that's the show for now
00:23:58 --> 00:24:00 FaceTime is available every Monday
00:24:00 --> 00:24:01 Wednesday and Friday through Apple
00:24:01 --> 00:24:05 podcasts iTunes Stitcher Google podcast
00:24:05 --> 00:24:09 pocketcasts Spotify acast Amazon music
00:24:09 --> 00:24:10 bites.com
00:24:10 --> 00:24:13 SoundCloud YouTube your favorite podcast
00:24:13 --> 00:24:15 download provider and from SpaceTime
00:24:15 --> 00:24:18 withth Stewart gary.com space time's
00:24:18 --> 00:24:19 also broadcast through the National
00:24:19 --> 00:24:22 Science Foundation on science Z Radio
00:24:22 --> 00:24:24 and on both iHeart radio and TuneIn
00:24:24 --> 00:24:27 radio and you can help to support our
00:24:27 --> 00:24:29 show by visiting the SpaceTime store for
00:24:29 --> 00:24:31 a range of promotional merchandising
00:24:31 --> 00:24:33 goodies or by becoming A Spacetime
00:24:33 --> 00:24:35 Patron which gives you access to Triple
00:24:35 --> 00:24:37 episode commercial free versions of the
00:24:37 --> 00:24:39 show as well as lots of burnus audio
00:24:39 --> 00:24:41 content which doesn't go to air access
00:24:42 --> 00:24:44 to our exclusive Facebook group and
00:24:44 --> 00:24:46 other rewards just go to SpaceTime
00:24:46 --> 00:24:49 withth Stewart gary.com for full details
00:24:49 --> 00:24:51 and if you want more SpaceTime please
00:24:51 --> 00:24:53 check out our blog where you'll find all
00:24:53 --> 00:24:55 the stuff we couldn't fit in the show as
00:24:55 --> 00:24:57 well as heaps of images news stories
00:24:57 --> 00:24:59 loads of video and things on the web I
00:24:59 --> 00:25:02 find interesting or amusing just go to
00:25:02 --> 00:25:04 SpaceTime with Stewart gary. tumblr.com
00:25:04 --> 00:25:07 that's all one word and that's Tumblr
00:25:07 --> 00:25:10 without the e you can also follow us
00:25:10 --> 00:25:12 through @ Stewart Gary on Twitter at
00:25:12 --> 00:25:15 SpaceTime with Stewart Gary on Instagram
00:25:15 --> 00:25:17 through our SpaceTime YouTube channel
00:25:17 --> 00:25:19 and on Facebook just go to
00:25:20 --> 00:25:23 facebook.com/ SpaceTime with Stewart gar
00:25:23 --> 00:25:24 you've been listening to SpaceTime with
00:25:25 --> 00:25:27 Stuart Gary this has been another
00:25:27 --> 00:25:29 quality podcast production from
00:25:29 --> 00:25:32 bites.com