Source:
https://www.spreaker.com/episode/s27e117-colossal-black-hole-jets-europa-clipper-s-launch-and-iran-s-defiant-missile-test--62122851
SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 117
*The Biggest Black Hole Jets Ever Seen
Astronomers have detected the largest pair of black hole jets ever observed, stretching an astounding 23 million light years. Named Porphyron, this jet megastructure dates back to when the universe was just 6.3 billion years old. The discovery, published in the journal Nature, suggests that these colossal jets had a significant impact on galaxy formation during the universe's early epochs.
*NASA's Europa Clipper Mission Ready for Launch
All systems are go for next month's launch of NASA's Europa Clipper mission, set to study the oceans of Jupiter's ice moon, Europa. The spacecraft will be launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket and will undertake a series of 49 close flybys to determine if Europa's subsurface ocean could be habitable.
*Iran Tests Another Nuclear Capable Missile
In defiance of United Nations resolutions, Iran has tested a new medium-range ballistic missile capable of carrying nuclear warheads. The launch of the Karam 100 missile is part of Tehran's ongoing efforts to develop its nuclear weapons delivery systems.
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00:00:00 --> 00:00:04 this is spacetime series 27 episode 117
00:00:04 --> 00:00:07 for broadcast on the 27th of September
00:00:07 --> 00:00:10 2024 coming up on SpaceTime the biggest
00:00:10 --> 00:00:13 black hole jets ever seen NASA's Europa
00:00:13 --> 00:00:15 Clipper Mission ready for launch to the
00:00:15 --> 00:00:19 Jovian ice Moon and Iran tests another
00:00:19 --> 00:00:21 nuclear capable missile in defiance of
00:00:21 --> 00:00:24 United Nations resolutions all that and
00:00:24 --> 00:00:27 more coming up on
00:00:27 --> 00:00:30 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:30 --> 00:00:32 Stuart
00:00:32 --> 00:00:39 [Music]
00:00:46 --> 00:00:49 Gary astronomers have detected the
00:00:49 --> 00:00:50 biggest pair of black hole jets ever
00:00:50 --> 00:00:53 seen spanning an incredible 23 million
00:00:53 --> 00:00:55 light years that's the equivalent of
00:00:55 --> 00:00:59 lining up 140 Milky Way galaxies end to
00:00:59 --> 00:01:01 end a report in the journal Nature
00:01:01 --> 00:01:03 claims this jet Mega structure which has
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 been named for Thon after a giant in
00:01:05 --> 00:01:07 Greek mythology dates back to a time
00:01:07 --> 00:01:10 when the universe was just 6.3 billion
00:01:10 --> 00:01:12 years old less than half its current
00:01:12 --> 00:01:15 13.8 billion year age the study's lead
00:01:15 --> 00:01:18 author Martin OE from Caltech says the
00:01:18 --> 00:01:20 fish outflows with a total power output
00:01:20 --> 00:01:22 equivalent to trillions of suns shoots
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 out from above and below a super massive
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 black hole at the heart of a remote
00:01:26 --> 00:01:29 Galaxy prior to pyron's Discovery the
00:01:29 --> 00:01:31 largest confirmed black hole jet system
00:01:31 --> 00:01:34 was alus also named after a giant in
00:01:34 --> 00:01:37 Greek mythology alionas discovered in
00:01:37 --> 00:01:40 2022 by the same team that found Pyon
00:01:40 --> 00:01:42 spans the equivalent of around 100 Milky
00:01:42 --> 00:01:45 Way galaxies now for a comparison the
00:01:45 --> 00:01:48 well-known and studed Centaurus a Jets
00:01:48 --> 00:01:50 the closest major jet system to Earth
00:01:50 --> 00:01:53 spans about 10 Milky Way galaxies these
00:01:53 --> 00:01:55 latest finding suggest that these giant
00:01:55 --> 00:01:57 Jet Systems may have had a larger
00:01:57 --> 00:01:59 influence on the formation of galaxies
00:01:59 --> 00:02:01 in the younger Universe than previously
00:02:01 --> 00:02:04 thought Buton existed during an early
00:02:04 --> 00:02:06 Epoch when the wispy filaments that
00:02:06 --> 00:02:08 connect and feed galaxies known as The
00:02:08 --> 00:02:10 Cosmic web were closer together than
00:02:10 --> 00:02:12 what they are now that means enormous
00:02:12 --> 00:02:15 Jets like Pyon reached across a far
00:02:15 --> 00:02:16 greater portion of the cosmic web
00:02:16 --> 00:02:18 compared to jets in the local Universe
00:02:18 --> 00:02:21 today astronomists believe that galaxies
00:02:21 --> 00:02:23 in their Central super massive black
00:02:23 --> 00:02:26 holes Co evolve and one key aspect of
00:02:26 --> 00:02:28 this is that the Jets can spread huge
00:02:28 --> 00:02:29 amounts of energy which affect the
00:02:29 --> 00:02:31 growth of both the host galaxies as well
00:02:31 --> 00:02:34 as other galaxies nearby but this new
00:02:34 --> 00:02:36 discovery clearly shows these effects
00:02:36 --> 00:02:38 can extend much further out than
00:02:38 --> 00:02:41 previously thought the peryon jet system
00:02:41 --> 00:02:43 is the biggest found so far during a sky
00:02:43 --> 00:02:45 survey that's already revealed a
00:02:45 --> 00:02:47 shocking number of these faint Mega
00:02:47 --> 00:02:48 structures more than
00:02:48 --> 00:02:51 10 this massive population of gantu
00:02:51 --> 00:02:54 and jets was found using Europe's low
00:02:54 --> 00:02:57 far low frequency array radio telescope
00:02:57 --> 00:02:59 while hundreds of large Jet Systems were
00:02:59 --> 00:03:00 already known before the lar
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 observations they were thought to be
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 fairly rare and on average smaller in
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 size than the thousands of systems
00:03:06 --> 00:03:09 uncovered by the study giant jets were
00:03:09 --> 00:03:10 already well known before the authors
00:03:10 --> 00:03:13 began this campaign but they had no idea
00:03:13 --> 00:03:16 that there would turn out to be so many
00:03:16 --> 00:03:18 back in 2018 the authors began using
00:03:18 --> 00:03:21 loafer not to study black hole Jets but
00:03:21 --> 00:03:23 the filaments of galaxies Galaxy
00:03:23 --> 00:03:24 clusters and superclusters that
00:03:24 --> 00:03:27 Criss-Cross the cosmos and border the
00:03:27 --> 00:03:29 vast empty voids that make up the cosmic
00:03:29 --> 00:03:31 web like structure of the universe as
00:03:32 --> 00:03:33 the team were inspecting the radio
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 images of these faint filaments they
00:03:35 --> 00:03:38 began to notice several strikingly long
00:03:38 --> 00:03:41 Jet Systems oh he says when he first
00:03:41 --> 00:03:42 found the giant jets he was quite
00:03:42 --> 00:03:44 surprised cuz he had no idea there'd be
00:03:44 --> 00:03:47 so many to systematically search for
00:03:47 --> 00:03:49 more hidden Jets the authors inspected
00:03:49 --> 00:03:51 the radio images by eye and they used
00:03:51 --> 00:03:53 machine learning tools to scan the
00:03:53 --> 00:03:56 images for signs of looming Jets a
00:03:56 --> 00:03:57 separate paper describing the most
00:03:58 --> 00:03:59 recent batch of giant outflows
00:03:59 --> 00:04:02 containing more than 8 jet pairs has
00:04:02 --> 00:04:03 already been reported in the journal
00:04:03 --> 00:04:06 astronomy and astrophysics to find the
00:04:06 --> 00:04:08 Galaxy from which peryon originated the
00:04:08 --> 00:04:11 team used the giant meter Wave radio
00:04:11 --> 00:04:13 telescope in India along with ancillary
00:04:13 --> 00:04:15 data from the Dark Energy spectroscopic
00:04:15 --> 00:04:17 instrument Desi at the kit Peak National
00:04:17 --> 00:04:20 observatory in Arizona the observations
00:04:20 --> 00:04:22 pinpointed the home of these Jets to a
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 hefty Galaxy about 10 times more massive
00:04:24 --> 00:04:27 than our Milky Way the authors then used
00:04:27 --> 00:04:29 the Ki observatory in Hawaii to show
00:04:29 --> 00:04:32 that epyon is some 7 and2 billion light
00:04:32 --> 00:04:35 years from Earth ohe says that up until
00:04:35 --> 00:04:36 now these giant Jet Systems appear to be
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 a phenomenon of the recent universe but
00:04:39 --> 00:04:41 if distant Jets like these can reach
00:04:41 --> 00:04:43 this scale across the cosmic web then
00:04:43 --> 00:04:45 every place in the universe may have
00:04:45 --> 00:04:47 been affected by black hole activity at
00:04:47 --> 00:04:50 some point in Cosmic time the
00:04:50 --> 00:04:52 observations from kek also revealed that
00:04:52 --> 00:04:54 peryon emerged from what is called a
00:04:54 --> 00:04:56 radiative mode active black hole as
00:04:56 --> 00:04:58 opposed to one that's in a jet mode
00:04:58 --> 00:05:01 state now when super massive black holes
00:05:01 --> 00:05:02 become active in other words when their
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 immense gravitational forces start
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 tugging on and heating up surrounding
00:05:06 --> 00:05:08 material they thought to either emit
00:05:08 --> 00:05:11 energy in the form of radiation or jets
00:05:11 --> 00:05:13 radiative mode black holes were more
00:05:13 --> 00:05:15 common in the young or distant Universe
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 while jet mods are more common in the
00:05:18 --> 00:05:20 Modern Day present day Universe the fact
00:05:20 --> 00:05:23 that Pyon came from a radiative mode
00:05:23 --> 00:05:24 black hole came as somewhat of a
00:05:24 --> 00:05:26 surprise for the astronomers because
00:05:26 --> 00:05:28 they did know this mode could produce
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 such huge powerful Jets
00:05:30 --> 00:05:32 what's more because Pyon lies in the
00:05:32 --> 00:05:34 distant Universe where radiative mode
00:05:34 --> 00:05:36 black holes abound the finding implies
00:05:36 --> 00:05:38 there's got to be lots more colossal
00:05:38 --> 00:05:41 Jets like this left to be discovered oh
00:05:41 --> 00:05:42 he thinks we may be looking at just the
00:05:42 --> 00:05:45 tip of the iceberg the lar survey has
00:05:45 --> 00:05:48 Surfer only covered about 15% of the sky
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 and most of these giant jets are likely
00:05:50 --> 00:05:52 to be difficult to spot so there are
00:05:52 --> 00:05:53 likely to be many more of these
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 behemoths out there exactly how these
00:05:56 --> 00:05:58 massive Jets can extend so far beyond
00:05:59 --> 00:06:01 the H scar gxes without the stabilizing
00:06:01 --> 00:06:04 is still unclear see there isn't
00:06:04 --> 00:06:05 anything particularly special about the
00:06:05 --> 00:06:07 environments of these giant sources that
00:06:07 --> 00:06:09 would cause them to reach these huge
00:06:09 --> 00:06:12 scales so the authors are speculating
00:06:12 --> 00:06:14 that you need an unusually long lived
00:06:14 --> 00:06:16 and stable accretion disc around a black
00:06:16 --> 00:06:18 hole to allow it to be active for so
00:06:18 --> 00:06:19 long we're talking about a billion years
00:06:19 --> 00:06:21 here to ensure that the Jets keep
00:06:21 --> 00:06:24 pointing in the same direction over all
00:06:24 --> 00:06:26 that time what astronomers are learning
00:06:26 --> 00:06:28 from the large number of these Jets is
00:06:28 --> 00:06:30 that it must have been a really atively
00:06:30 --> 00:06:33 common occurrence as for the next step
00:06:33 --> 00:06:34 well oi wants to better understand
00:06:34 --> 00:06:36 exactly how these Mega structures are
00:06:36 --> 00:06:38 influencing their surroundings these
00:06:38 --> 00:06:41 jets are spreading cosmic rays heat
00:06:41 --> 00:06:43 heavy atoms and magnetic fields
00:06:43 --> 00:06:45 throughout the space between galaxies
00:06:45 --> 00:06:47 and that could be both triggering more
00:06:47 --> 00:06:50 Starburst formation and also blowing
00:06:50 --> 00:06:52 material out of galaxies turning them
00:06:52 --> 00:06:56 red and dead this is spacetime still to
00:06:56 --> 00:06:58 come NASA's Europa Clipper Mission ready
00:06:59 --> 00:07:01 for next launch to the Jovian ice Moon
00:07:01 --> 00:07:04 and Iran tests another nuclear capable
00:07:04 --> 00:07:07 missile in defiance of United Nations
00:07:07 --> 00:07:09 resolutions all that and more still to
00:07:09 --> 00:07:11 come on
00:07:11 --> 00:07:25 [Music]
00:07:25 --> 00:07:28 SpaceTime all systems are now go for
00:07:28 --> 00:07:30 next month's launch of NASA's Europa
00:07:30 --> 00:07:32 Clipper mission to study the oceans of
00:07:32 --> 00:07:35 the Jovian ice Moon Europa selected for
00:07:35 --> 00:07:36 launch from the Kennedy Space Center in
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 Florida on October 10th aboard a SpaceX
00:07:39 --> 00:07:42 Falcon heavy comprising three Falcon 9
00:07:42 --> 00:07:44 Rockets mounted side by side Europa
00:07:44 --> 00:07:45 Clipper will be the first NASA
00:07:45 --> 00:07:48 spacecraft dedicated to studying an
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 ocean World beyond Earth its primary
00:07:50 --> 00:07:52 mission is to discover whether the
00:07:52 --> 00:07:54 global liquid water ocean beneath
00:07:54 --> 00:07:57 europa's icy crust could be habitable
00:07:57 --> 00:08:00 the 6 kg europ Clipper is the
00:08:00 --> 00:08:02 largest spacecraft ever built for a NASA
00:08:02 --> 00:08:05 planetary Mission the vehicle extends
00:08:05 --> 00:08:08 some 302 M from one into the other and
00:08:08 --> 00:08:12 it's about 17.6 M across that's bigger
00:08:12 --> 00:08:14 than a basketball court thanks in large
00:08:14 --> 00:08:16 but to its huge solar arrays they need
00:08:16 --> 00:08:18 to be huge so they can collect enough
00:08:18 --> 00:08:20 sunlight while the Jupiter to power the
00:08:21 --> 00:08:22 spacecraft's instruments electronics and
00:08:22 --> 00:08:26 other sub systems it'll take 5 1/2 years
00:08:26 --> 00:08:29 to travel the 2.9 billion kilm to the
00:08:29 --> 00:08:32 Ian ice Moon Europa Clipper will then
00:08:32 --> 00:08:34 spend a further four years studying the
00:08:34 --> 00:08:38 3 km wide Galilean Moon undertaking
00:08:38 --> 00:08:41 a series of 49 closed flybys specially
00:08:41 --> 00:08:42 designed to avoid as much of Jupiter's
00:08:43 --> 00:08:45 dangerous radioactive builts as possible
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 see Jupiter is surrounded by a giant
00:08:48 --> 00:08:51 magnetic field some 20 times
00:08:51 --> 00:08:53 stronger than the earth as this field
00:08:53 --> 00:08:56 spins through space it captures and
00:08:56 --> 00:08:58 accelerates charge particles generating
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 radiation that that can damage
00:09:00 --> 00:09:03 spacecraft so Mission managers designed
00:09:03 --> 00:09:05 Europa Clipper with a special Vault to
00:09:05 --> 00:09:07 Shield its most sensitive Electronics
00:09:07 --> 00:09:09 from this radiation and they plotted
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 orbits that will limit the amount of
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 time Europa Clipper spends in the most
00:09:13 --> 00:09:16 heavily radiated areas around Jupiter on
00:09:16 --> 00:09:18 each highly elliptical orbit the
00:09:18 --> 00:09:20 spacecraft will spend less than an Earth
00:09:20 --> 00:09:22 Day in Jupiter's dangerous radiation
00:09:22 --> 00:09:24 Zone near Europa before being flung back
00:09:24 --> 00:09:27 out then 2 to 3 weeks later it'll repeat
00:09:27 --> 00:09:31 the process making another close flyby
00:09:31 --> 00:09:33 data from previous NASA missions
00:09:33 --> 00:09:35 including the twin voer spacecraft in
00:09:35 --> 00:09:37 the 1980s the Galileo mission in the
00:09:37 --> 00:09:40 1990s and the current Juno missions
00:09:40 --> 00:09:42 still orbiting Jupiter have all provided
00:09:42 --> 00:09:44 scientists with strong evidence that
00:09:44 --> 00:09:46 europa's salty liquid waterer ocean
00:09:46 --> 00:09:47 contains minerals which could have
00:09:47 --> 00:09:50 infused into the water from deep ocean
00:09:50 --> 00:09:52 vents on the sea Flor that would be very
00:09:52 --> 00:09:55 similar to the mid ocean ridges on Earth
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 which team with unique life forms not
00:09:57 --> 00:09:59 seen anywhere else on the planet and
00:09:59 --> 00:10:01 which many scientists speculate could
00:10:01 --> 00:10:04 have been where life on Earth first
00:10:04 --> 00:10:07 began if we find that the same thing
00:10:07 --> 00:10:09 happen on Europa it would mean two
00:10:09 --> 00:10:11 independent regions of space where life
00:10:11 --> 00:10:15 is spontaneously evolved and that would
00:10:15 --> 00:10:17 suggest that life is common throughout
00:10:17 --> 00:10:18 the
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 Universe the European space agencies
00:10:20 --> 00:10:23 Jupiter icy Moon's Explorer or juice
00:10:23 --> 00:10:24 spacecraft which was launched in April
00:10:24 --> 00:10:26 last year is already on its way to the
00:10:26 --> 00:10:29 Jian system its primary mission is to
00:10:29 --> 00:10:32 study ganade but it will also inspect
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 Kalisto and Europa in fact it will
00:10:34 --> 00:10:36 undertake two close fly bars of Europa
00:10:36 --> 00:10:39 providing complimentary data to the NASA
00:10:39 --> 00:10:41 Mission scientists believe that europ is
00:10:41 --> 00:10:43 one of the most promising places to look
00:10:43 --> 00:10:45 for currently habitable conditions
00:10:45 --> 00:10:48 beyond Earth there's scientific evidence
00:10:48 --> 00:10:50 that the ingredients of Life water the
00:10:50 --> 00:10:53 right chemistry and energy may all exist
00:10:53 --> 00:10:56 on Europa right now and Europa Clipper
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 will Garner the information scientists
00:10:58 --> 00:11:01 need to find for sure Europa subsurface
00:11:01 --> 00:11:04 ocean holds twice the amount of water of
00:11:04 --> 00:11:06 all of Earth's oceans combined and it
00:11:06 --> 00:11:08 may also host organic compounds and
00:11:08 --> 00:11:11 energy sources under its surface if the
00:11:11 --> 00:11:13 mission determines Europa is habitable
00:11:13 --> 00:11:14 it would mean there's more than one
00:11:15 --> 00:11:17 habitable World in our solar system to
00:11:17 --> 00:11:19 determine if yourope is habitable europ
00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 e Clipper must first determine the
00:11:21 --> 00:11:23 thickness of the moon's icy crust as
00:11:23 --> 00:11:25 well as its interactions with the ocean
00:11:25 --> 00:11:27 below and then assess the moon's
00:11:27 --> 00:11:30 interior its composition and its geology
00:11:30 --> 00:11:32 to do this the spacecraft carries nine
00:11:32 --> 00:11:34 scientific instruments as well as a
00:11:34 --> 00:11:36 gravity experiment using the
00:11:36 --> 00:11:38 telecommunication system in order to
00:11:38 --> 00:11:40 obtain the best science data during each
00:11:40 --> 00:11:42 flyby all the spacecraft science
00:11:42 --> 00:11:44 instruments will need to operate
00:11:44 --> 00:11:47 simultaneously on every pass Mission
00:11:47 --> 00:11:49 managers will then be able to layer the
00:11:49 --> 00:11:51 data together in order to paint a fuller
00:11:51 --> 00:11:53 picture of the moon Jupiter is on
00:11:53 --> 00:11:56 average about 770 million kilm from
00:11:56 --> 00:11:58 Earth with both planets in motion
00:11:58 --> 00:11:59 they're often at opposite ends of their
00:11:59 --> 00:12:02 orbits to each other but the Europa
00:12:02 --> 00:12:04 clipse spacecraft itself can only carry
00:12:04 --> 00:12:06 a limited amount of fuel so Mission
00:12:06 --> 00:12:08 planners are instead sending Europa
00:12:08 --> 00:12:11 clippa past Mars and then past the Earth
00:12:11 --> 00:12:13 using both planets gravity as a sort of
00:12:13 --> 00:12:15 slingshot to add speed to the
00:12:15 --> 00:12:18 spacecraft's trck after journeying some
00:12:18 --> 00:12:20 2.9 billion kilometers over the next 5
00:12:20 --> 00:12:22 and A2 years the spacecraft will fire
00:12:22 --> 00:12:24 its engines in order to achieve orbit
00:12:24 --> 00:12:27 insertion around Jupiter in
00:12:27 --> 00:12:31 2030 more from n TV the most exciting
00:12:31 --> 00:12:33 thing about Europa can be summarized in
00:12:33 --> 00:12:34 one word
00:12:34 --> 00:12:37 water now think about all the water on
00:12:37 --> 00:12:40 Earth and double that that's what we
00:12:40 --> 00:12:41 think is on
00:12:41 --> 00:12:44 Europa we need to go there to explore it
00:12:44 --> 00:12:48 to understand is this place a habitable
00:12:48 --> 00:12:50 environment that could potentially
00:12:50 --> 00:12:51 support
00:12:51 --> 00:12:53 life getting close to Europa is a huge
00:12:53 --> 00:12:55 challenge it sits in the worst possible
00:12:55 --> 00:13:00 radiation environment trapped by Jupiter
00:13:00 --> 00:13:04 [Music]
00:13:04 --> 00:13:07 Europa is a moon of Jupiter about the
00:13:07 --> 00:13:10 size of Earth's moon which has an icy
00:13:10 --> 00:13:14 surface that probably hides a subsurface
00:13:14 --> 00:13:17 ocean scientists think Europa has the
00:13:17 --> 00:13:19 key ingredients to support Life as We
00:13:19 --> 00:13:22 Know It number one water number two
00:13:22 --> 00:13:26 energy and three essential chemical
00:13:26 --> 00:13:27 building
00:13:27 --> 00:13:29 blocks for the first time ever ever
00:13:29 --> 00:13:31 we're sending a space traft completely
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 dedicated to studying this Moon the
00:13:33 --> 00:13:34 three main things that we're going to
00:13:34 --> 00:13:37 explore at Europa are the ice and the
00:13:37 --> 00:13:38 ocean and understand that intersection
00:13:39 --> 00:13:40 between the two study the chemical
00:13:40 --> 00:13:42 composition of the Moon as well as the
00:13:42 --> 00:13:44 geology and whether it's active
00:13:44 --> 00:13:47 currently Europa Clipper is not
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 specifically a life search mission we're
00:13:49 --> 00:13:52 going to understand the potential
00:13:52 --> 00:13:55 habitability of
00:13:55 --> 00:13:57 Europa the spacecraft has nine
00:13:57 --> 00:14:00 instruments and a gravity science
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 investigation five of the instruments
00:14:02 --> 00:14:05 are called remote sensing instruments
00:14:05 --> 00:14:07 because they measure light reflected off
00:14:07 --> 00:14:10 Europa like a camera or a spectrometer
00:14:10 --> 00:14:13 the other four instruments are measuring
00:14:13 --> 00:14:15 the environment around them like
00:14:15 --> 00:14:19 sniffing gases or dust Europa Clipper is
00:14:19 --> 00:14:21 the largest spacecraft NASA has ever
00:14:21 --> 00:14:24 built for a planetary Mission it weighs
00:14:24 --> 00:14:27 13 lb 6 and 1/2 tons that's like the
00:14:27 --> 00:14:30 size of a huge African an elephant and
00:14:30 --> 00:14:32 the solar arrays are massive if you put
00:14:32 --> 00:14:34 the solar arrays at the toes of the
00:14:34 --> 00:14:35 Statue of Liberty the other end of the
00:14:35 --> 00:14:37 arrays would come up to the Statue of
00:14:37 --> 00:14:40 Liberty Crown so not only are they big
00:14:40 --> 00:14:42 these things are technological Marvels
00:14:42 --> 00:14:44 they are being bathed in radiation all
00:14:44 --> 00:14:46 the time and they have to survive the
00:14:46 --> 00:14:49 entire Mission like that Jupiter's
00:14:49 --> 00:14:52 radiation environment is intense and
00:14:52 --> 00:14:54 Europa sits in the worst part of that
00:14:54 --> 00:14:57 environment Jupiter acts like a giant
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 particle accelerator there are charged
00:15:00 --> 00:15:02 particles trapped in Jupiter's
00:15:02 --> 00:15:04 magnetosphere that rotate with it and
00:15:04 --> 00:15:07 these particles Slam against Europa and
00:15:07 --> 00:15:10 we'll slam into our spacecraft as well
00:15:10 --> 00:15:12 we protect the spacecraft in two ways
00:15:12 --> 00:15:14 number one we try to minimize the amount
00:15:14 --> 00:15:16 of time we spend in there which is why
00:15:16 --> 00:15:19 we are orbiting Jupiter and just flying
00:15:19 --> 00:15:21 by Europa the second way we protect
00:15:21 --> 00:15:22 against the radiation is by having an
00:15:23 --> 00:15:25 Electronics Vault that we put our
00:15:25 --> 00:15:27 computer and some of the other sensitive
00:15:27 --> 00:15:29 Electronics inside which is made of
00:15:29 --> 00:15:32 about a third of an inch of
00:15:32 --> 00:15:35 aluminum with each flyby of Europa the
00:15:35 --> 00:15:37 outside surface of the spacecraft sees
00:15:37 --> 00:15:39 the equivalent of a million chest x-rays
00:15:39 --> 00:15:41 just as we're flying
00:15:41 --> 00:15:43 by it's a pretty long trip to get to
00:15:43 --> 00:15:45 Jupiter from Earth but not that bad from
00:15:45 --> 00:15:48 a planetary standpoint from launch to
00:15:48 --> 00:15:50 the time we get to Jupiter is about 5
00:15:50 --> 00:15:53 and 1/2 years and along the way we have
00:15:53 --> 00:15:56 a fly by of Mars and then another flyby
00:15:56 --> 00:15:59 of Earth to get gravity assists to
00:15:59 --> 00:16:04 slingshot the spacecraft out to
00:16:04 --> 00:16:07 Jupiter I hope for the future explorers
00:16:07 --> 00:16:09 who are watching this at home that they
00:16:09 --> 00:16:11 take away from this that Humanity when
00:16:11 --> 00:16:14 we come together can achieve really cool
00:16:14 --> 00:16:17 things this Mission has been a long time
00:16:17 --> 00:16:20 coming and we're so excited about what
00:16:20 --> 00:16:22 we're going to see when we get
00:16:22 --> 00:16:25 there we are in a golden age of robotic
00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 space flight exploration how could you
00:16:27 --> 00:16:29 not be excited about something as
00:16:29 --> 00:16:30 Monumental as
00:16:30 --> 00:16:32 [Music]
00:16:32 --> 00:16:34 this I am most excited about the
00:16:34 --> 00:16:36 potential to unlock the secrets of
00:16:36 --> 00:16:37 Europa the potential to really
00:16:37 --> 00:16:41 understand this crazy world that exists
00:16:41 --> 00:16:42 and has likely existed in this condition
00:16:42 --> 00:16:52 for 4 billion
00:16:52 --> 00:16:55 years and in that report from NASA TV we
00:16:55 --> 00:16:57 heard from Europa Clipper project
00:16:57 --> 00:16:59 scientist Robert pepalo Europa Clipper
00:16:59 --> 00:17:01 launch Demars Mission manager Tracy
00:17:01 --> 00:17:04 drain Europa Clipper project manager
00:17:04 --> 00:17:06 Jordan Evans and Europa Clipper Telcom
00:17:06 --> 00:17:10 system engineer the pack spin of Assan
00:17:10 --> 00:17:14 this SpaceTime still to come Iran tests
00:17:14 --> 00:17:16 another nuclear capable missile in
00:17:16 --> 00:17:19 direct Defiance of United Nations
00:17:19 --> 00:17:21 resolutions and later in the science
00:17:21 --> 00:17:23 report the surprising discovery of a
00:17:23 --> 00:17:25 decline in the consumption of alcohol
00:17:25 --> 00:17:28 among today's young people all that and
00:17:28 --> 00:17:30 more still come on
00:17:31 --> 00:17:44 [Music]
00:17:44 --> 00:17:46 SpaceTime Iran has launched another
00:17:46 --> 00:17:48 medium-range ballistic missile into
00:17:48 --> 00:17:50 orbit as it continues to perfect its
00:17:51 --> 00:17:53 planned nuclear weapons delivery system
00:17:53 --> 00:17:55 the launch which defies un Security
00:17:56 --> 00:17:58 Council resolutions was undertaken using
00:17:58 --> 00:18:02 a Kum 100 missile the Kum 100 is Tan's
00:18:02 --> 00:18:05 first three-stage solid fuel missile it
00:18:05 --> 00:18:07 can carry twice the payload of its
00:18:07 --> 00:18:09 predecessor the quid without any
00:18:09 --> 00:18:12 increase in missile Mass the aquarium's
00:18:12 --> 00:18:14 first stage uses gimbal thrust the
00:18:14 --> 00:18:16 vector control for steering and has an
00:18:16 --> 00:18:18 advanced carbon fiber composite wound
00:18:18 --> 00:18:21 casing to reduce the mass tyan says the
00:18:21 --> 00:18:23 rocket blasted off from a mobile
00:18:23 --> 00:18:25 launcher at the Islamic revolutionary
00:18:25 --> 00:18:28 guard's missile test range 350 km east
00:18:28 --> 00:18:31 of the Capital it placed a 60 kg defense
00:18:32 --> 00:18:35 Ministry dummy payload into a 550 km
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 High orbit Iran State television claims
00:18:38 --> 00:18:40 the chamran 1 satellite as it's been
00:18:40 --> 00:18:42 designated is designed to test
00:18:42 --> 00:18:43 electronic systems for orbital
00:18:43 --> 00:18:46 maneuvering technology the Islamic State
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 which is the world's largest sponsor of
00:18:48 --> 00:18:50 terrorism has been actively developing
00:18:50 --> 00:18:52 nuclear weapons and the means of
00:18:52 --> 00:18:54 delivering them with Israel and the
00:18:54 --> 00:18:56 united states listed as its primary
00:18:56 --> 00:18:59 targets back in January t Iran launched
00:18:59 --> 00:19:01 three payloads into space using its
00:19:01 --> 00:19:04 simore or safia 2 two-stage liquid fueld
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 rocket that's based in the North Korea
00:19:07 --> 00:19:10 no dong or hang 7 medium-range ballistic
00:19:10 --> 00:19:12 missile which in turn is based on
00:19:12 --> 00:19:14 earlier Russian scud missile
00:19:14 --> 00:19:16 Technologies German and Swedish
00:19:16 --> 00:19:18 intelligence agencies have warned of
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 growing efforts by Iran to obtain
00:19:20 --> 00:19:22 technology needed to build nuclear
00:19:22 --> 00:19:25 weapons the warnings come as the Islamic
00:19:25 --> 00:19:27 Republic continues to insist its nuclear
00:19:27 --> 00:19:29 activities are for Pure truly peaceful
00:19:29 --> 00:19:32 power generation purposes only the
00:19:32 --> 00:19:34 German intelligence agency says tan has
00:19:34 --> 00:19:36 not ceased its drive to obtain weapons
00:19:36 --> 00:19:38 of mass destruction and the products
00:19:38 --> 00:19:40 used for their manufacturer as well as
00:19:40 --> 00:19:43 corresponding weapons carrier systems
00:19:43 --> 00:19:45 meanwhile Sweden's Security Service says
00:19:45 --> 00:19:48 that Tan's long been seeking Swedish
00:19:48 --> 00:19:51 technology for nuclear weapons programs
00:19:51 --> 00:19:53 the security service reported that Iran
00:19:53 --> 00:19:55 was conducting industrial Espionage
00:19:55 --> 00:19:56 mainly targeting Swedish high-tech
00:19:56 --> 00:19:58 Industries which can then be used for
00:19:58 --> 00:20:01 nuclear weapons programs the warnings
00:20:01 --> 00:20:03 come in the work of increased uranium
00:20:03 --> 00:20:05 enrichment efforts by the Islamic
00:20:05 --> 00:20:07 Republic which is using every increasing
00:20:07 --> 00:20:09 Cascades of centrifuges in an effort to
00:20:09 --> 00:20:12 produce enough weapons grade uranium for
00:20:12 --> 00:20:15 an arsenal of nuclear bombs this is
00:20:15 --> 00:20:18 spacetime
00:20:18 --> 00:20:26 [Music]
00:20:32 --> 00:20:34 and time now for another brief look at
00:20:34 --> 00:20:35 some of the other stories making news
00:20:35 --> 00:20:38 and science this week with the science
00:20:38 --> 00:20:40 report a new study has found a link
00:20:40 --> 00:20:42 between polyunsaturated fatty acids
00:20:42 --> 00:20:45 during fetal development and autism
00:20:45 --> 00:20:48 spectrum disorder in children autism is
00:20:48 --> 00:20:49 a neurodevelopmental disorder that
00:20:49 --> 00:20:51 affects learning capability and social
00:20:51 --> 00:20:54 behavior although the exact causes
00:20:54 --> 00:20:56 remain unclear currently available
00:20:56 --> 00:20:58 evidence points to neuroinflammation as
00:20:58 --> 00:21:00 a major major factor and several studies
00:21:00 --> 00:21:01 have hinted at the importance of
00:21:01 --> 00:21:03 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their
00:21:03 --> 00:21:05 metabolites during pregnancy playing a
00:21:05 --> 00:21:08 key role in autism development
00:21:08 --> 00:21:10 polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites
00:21:10 --> 00:21:14 are regulated by cytochrome p450 or cyp
00:21:14 --> 00:21:17 enzymes and they affect fetal
00:21:17 --> 00:21:19 development causing impairments closely
00:21:19 --> 00:21:21 linked to autism spectrum disorder
00:21:21 --> 00:21:23 symptoms to test this hypothesis the
00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 authors investigated the link between
00:21:25 --> 00:21:28 polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites
00:21:28 --> 00:21:30 and iCal cord blood and autism scores in
00:21:31 --> 00:21:33 some 200 children a report in the
00:21:33 --> 00:21:35 journal Psychiatry and clinical
00:21:35 --> 00:21:37 neurosciences analyed in neonatal
00:21:37 --> 00:21:39 umbilical cord blood samples collected
00:21:39 --> 00:21:41 immediately after birth and then
00:21:41 --> 00:21:43 preserved for analysis until the kids
00:21:43 --> 00:21:46 were 6 years old the samples were then
00:21:46 --> 00:21:49 tested for cyp polyunsaturated fatty
00:21:49 --> 00:21:52 acid levels the authors found dehydroxy
00:21:52 --> 00:21:55 anoat R OC acids in Cord Blood that may
00:21:55 --> 00:21:57 have strong implications for autism
00:21:57 --> 00:22:00 severity they found higher levels of the
00:22:00 --> 00:22:01 molecule had an impact on social
00:22:02 --> 00:22:04 interactions while lower levels impacted
00:22:04 --> 00:22:07 repetitive and restrictive behaviors and
00:22:07 --> 00:22:09 interestingly this correlation was more
00:22:09 --> 00:22:12 specific for females than for
00:22:12 --> 00:22:14 males scientists have developed a new
00:22:14 --> 00:22:17 meta surface-based Edge detecting filter
00:22:17 --> 00:22:19 for use in remote sensing of Agriculture
00:22:19 --> 00:22:22 and crops the research by the Australian
00:22:22 --> 00:22:24 research Council Center of Excellence
00:22:24 --> 00:22:26 for transformative met Optical systems
00:22:26 --> 00:22:28 could pave the way for improvements in
00:22:28 --> 00:22:29 Environ enironmental monitoring and
00:22:29 --> 00:22:31 surveillance systems as well as
00:22:31 --> 00:22:34 augmented reality and biomedical Imaging
00:22:34 --> 00:22:36 the research reported in the journal
00:22:36 --> 00:22:38 Nature Communications realizes a new
00:22:38 --> 00:22:41 tunable Edge detecting filter for flat
00:22:41 --> 00:22:43 Optical Imaging systems that can switch
00:22:43 --> 00:22:45 between an image of an objects outline
00:22:45 --> 00:22:48 and a detailed infrared image the
00:22:48 --> 00:22:50 findings could lead to development of a
00:22:50 --> 00:22:52 new generation of ultra compact tunable
00:22:52 --> 00:22:56 passive devices for all Optical
00:22:56 --> 00:22:59 computation when you think back to the
00:22:59 --> 00:23:01 stuff you got up to during your teenage
00:23:01 --> 00:23:03 years for many alcohol played a role
00:23:03 --> 00:23:05 somewhere but a new study has found a
00:23:06 --> 00:23:07 decline in the consumption of alcohol
00:23:07 --> 00:23:10 among young people although the reasons
00:23:10 --> 00:23:12 remain a mystery and interestingly the
00:23:12 --> 00:23:14 findings reported in the drug and
00:23:14 --> 00:23:16 alcohol review show males were the
00:23:16 --> 00:23:19 stronger drivers of this decline the
00:23:19 --> 00:23:21 study suggests that some young people
00:23:21 --> 00:23:23 are choosing weed instead of alcohol but
00:23:24 --> 00:23:25 some of the authors are speculating that
00:23:25 --> 00:23:27 the decline in drinking could be
00:23:27 --> 00:23:29 partially due to increased anxiety and
00:23:29 --> 00:23:32 loneliness among young people the
00:23:32 --> 00:23:33 authors say there's still plenty of
00:23:33 --> 00:23:35 research to be done to better understand
00:23:35 --> 00:23:37 this trend and just how much the role of
00:23:37 --> 00:23:41 alcohol in a young person's life has
00:23:41 --> 00:23:43 changed well of course it was only going
00:23:43 --> 00:23:45 to be a matter of time before celebrity
00:23:45 --> 00:23:47 boy psychic Tyler Henry made it onto
00:23:47 --> 00:23:50 Australian Skeptics and it took 80s pop
00:23:50 --> 00:23:53 Idol Boy George to burst the bubble
00:23:53 --> 00:23:56 Tyler Henry was born as Tyler Henry Ken
00:23:56 --> 00:23:59 in 1998 in Hanford California California
00:23:59 --> 00:24:01 he claimed he first noticed his Clair vo
00:24:01 --> 00:24:03 capabilities at the age of 10 when he
00:24:03 --> 00:24:05 got a premonition of his elderly
00:24:05 --> 00:24:08 grandmother's death later he joined the
00:24:08 --> 00:24:10 professional paranormal circuit Tim
00:24:10 --> 00:24:12 menum from a strali skeptic says
00:24:12 --> 00:24:14 scientific Skeptics have long argued
00:24:14 --> 00:24:17 that mediumship is a con and the formula
00:24:17 --> 00:24:20 is actually very simple Tyler Henry is a
00:24:20 --> 00:24:22 young fellow I'm not quite sure how
00:24:22 --> 00:24:23 young he is probably not as young as he
00:24:23 --> 00:24:25 makes out to be he's got a baby face Etc
00:24:25 --> 00:24:27 and all this enthusiasm Etc he's a
00:24:27 --> 00:24:30 supposed and a Clearo and he can contact
00:24:30 --> 00:24:32 the dead and he specializes in a TV show
00:24:32 --> 00:24:34 which is very popular apparently in
00:24:34 --> 00:24:36 which he talks to celebrities and he
00:24:36 --> 00:24:37 reveals a lot of information and the
00:24:37 --> 00:24:39 celebrities necessarily start crying and
00:24:39 --> 00:24:41 how did you know that it can't be true
00:24:41 --> 00:24:43 you contacted my granny and she says
00:24:43 --> 00:24:45 that she's happy up in heaven and see he
00:24:45 --> 00:24:46 still loves me course it's all stuff you
00:24:46 --> 00:24:50 can Google about the same C cele AR
00:24:50 --> 00:24:51 right are they yeah no celebrities
00:24:51 --> 00:24:53 aren't I mean and and if anybody's going
00:24:53 --> 00:24:55 to put a lot of stuff about themselves
00:24:55 --> 00:24:57 online it's going to be celebrities okay
00:24:57 --> 00:24:59 so if Tyler goes around every show he
00:24:59 --> 00:25:00 goes around and visits a different
00:25:00 --> 00:25:03 celebrity often in their homes and so he
00:25:03 --> 00:25:05 turns up at the door stop of famous pop
00:25:05 --> 00:25:07 singer Boy George of the band Culture
00:25:07 --> 00:25:09 Club and everything else since who's
00:25:09 --> 00:25:11 been around for a long time and anyone
00:25:11 --> 00:25:13 with a inter modicum of knowledge of pop
00:25:13 --> 00:25:15 music will know of Boy George yeah in
00:25:15 --> 00:25:17 some songs actually so that's not too
00:25:17 --> 00:25:19 bad boy George were huge when I was
00:25:19 --> 00:25:21 starting out as a radio DJ yeah
00:25:21 --> 00:25:23 absolutely I I like the clock of the
00:25:23 --> 00:25:26 hard was that's great song anyway so
00:25:26 --> 00:25:29 Tyler turns up at the door of Boy George
00:25:29 --> 00:25:31 is home and boy says hello and boy ask
00:25:31 --> 00:25:33 him do you know who I am and Tyler says
00:25:33 --> 00:25:35 no sorry I have no idea who you are
00:25:35 --> 00:25:38 having been told to go to his home and
00:25:38 --> 00:25:40 turn up like totally random and he then
00:25:40 --> 00:25:42 starts revealing stuff about Boy
00:25:42 --> 00:25:44 George's background and the people he
00:25:44 --> 00:25:46 knew and they through in heaven and Bo
00:25:46 --> 00:25:49 going no no that's not true no no and
00:25:49 --> 00:25:50 Tyler's obviously getting a bit
00:25:50 --> 00:25:52 frustrated with this you normally hear
00:25:52 --> 00:25:53 someone sort of sobbing in front of you
00:25:53 --> 00:25:56 within 5 seconds but George is saying no
00:25:56 --> 00:25:57 basically George is playing with him and
00:25:57 --> 00:26:00 in the room Boy George's manager is
00:26:00 --> 00:26:03 watching this thing on close circuit TV
00:26:03 --> 00:26:04 and he gets annoyed because the manager
00:26:04 --> 00:26:06 is very keen on this stuff has set up
00:26:06 --> 00:26:08 this interview and he's a believer in
00:26:08 --> 00:26:09 the psychic powers and things and then
00:26:09 --> 00:26:11 halfway through the interview he goes
00:26:11 --> 00:26:13 rushing into the room where Bo Jorge and
00:26:13 --> 00:26:14 Tyler Henry are and says you do know
00:26:14 --> 00:26:16 someone like this you do know someone if
00:26:16 --> 00:26:19 so and so you're pretending and B George
00:26:19 --> 00:26:20 is not too impressed obviously with a
00:26:20 --> 00:26:22 video of this that his mam s of coming
00:26:22 --> 00:26:24 in and making him look like either a
00:26:24 --> 00:26:26 fool or or a che well I wonder who's
00:26:26 --> 00:26:27 been supplying Tyler Henry with the data
00:26:28 --> 00:26:30 on George you wonder don't you about
00:26:30 --> 00:26:32 this person who's the manager who
00:26:32 --> 00:26:33 believes in this stuff and who has
00:26:33 --> 00:26:35 arranged this story with Tyler and Tyler
00:26:35 --> 00:26:37 Henry can just go look up this stuff I
00:26:37 --> 00:26:39 looked it up and it's all there online
00:26:39 --> 00:26:40 as most of these things are so it's
00:26:40 --> 00:26:42 called hot reading hot reading you do
00:26:42 --> 00:26:44 the psychic in quotes does their
00:26:44 --> 00:26:46 research beforehand and bones up on a
00:26:46 --> 00:26:47 lot of facts about this person and you
00:26:47 --> 00:26:49 can try and work your way through
00:26:49 --> 00:26:51 Facebook pages and stuff that's online
00:26:51 --> 00:26:52 everything's online that's Tyler Henry's
00:26:52 --> 00:26:55 entire Spiel but isn't it it is it is
00:26:55 --> 00:26:56 and people say he could never have known
00:26:56 --> 00:26:58 it and I've had people who approached me
00:26:58 --> 00:27:00 not necessarily about Tyler Henry and
00:27:00 --> 00:27:01 his clients but about other things and
00:27:01 --> 00:27:03 saying they could never have known this
00:27:03 --> 00:27:04 and they're going to offer money to them
00:27:04 --> 00:27:06 or they're very upset by them when I say
00:27:06 --> 00:27:08 it right d ding on the phone looked at
00:27:08 --> 00:27:10 your Facebook page it's all there and
00:27:10 --> 00:27:13 they go oh and you think SL me Charlie
00:27:13 --> 00:27:15 it's so easy to do cold reading is when
00:27:15 --> 00:27:17 someone is sort of pitching questions to
00:27:17 --> 00:27:18 you they don't know the answers and then
00:27:18 --> 00:27:20 they try and pick up on little clues
00:27:20 --> 00:27:23 that the client says or gestures you
00:27:23 --> 00:27:26 have a relation whose name starts with a
00:27:26 --> 00:27:28 g and with a G and you mean my
00:27:28 --> 00:27:30 grandmother yeah that's the one and
00:27:30 --> 00:27:32 person says my grandmother was a lovely
00:27:32 --> 00:27:33 lady I'm getting the feeling your
00:27:33 --> 00:27:36 grandmother has died so yeah well I'm 65
00:27:36 --> 00:27:38 of course my grandma's passed on yes
00:27:38 --> 00:27:40 yeah that that's cold reading and and
00:27:40 --> 00:27:41 the basically that the the psyche just
00:27:41 --> 00:27:43 feeds back the things that the client
00:27:43 --> 00:27:45 has already told them hot reading is
00:27:45 --> 00:27:46 even more Sinister and we've had
00:27:46 --> 00:27:48 articles and there some people in the US
00:27:48 --> 00:27:50 especially Susan Gering and her late
00:27:50 --> 00:27:52 partner Mark Howard who did stings of
00:27:52 --> 00:27:54 these psychics and they showed how
00:27:54 --> 00:27:57 easily it is to get information online
00:27:57 --> 00:27:59 detailed information supposedly secret
00:27:59 --> 00:28:01 and personal information online people
00:28:01 --> 00:28:03 can't help themselves but reveal this
00:28:03 --> 00:28:05 stuff or someone else reveals it on
00:28:05 --> 00:28:06 their behalf so they set up these phony
00:28:06 --> 00:28:08 websites and that sort of stuff and got
00:28:08 --> 00:28:10 interviewed by a few famous psychics who
00:28:10 --> 00:28:12 then fed back the same information to
00:28:12 --> 00:28:14 them which was totally wrong it's
00:28:14 --> 00:28:15 obviously the psychic was picking up
00:28:15 --> 00:28:17 information online they' done their hot
00:28:17 --> 00:28:19 reading background I'm sure Tyler Henry
00:28:19 --> 00:28:21 legal issues aside I'd be surprised if
00:28:21 --> 00:28:23 Tyler Henry did not do something similar
00:28:23 --> 00:28:25 he does his research turning out of the
00:28:25 --> 00:28:27 doorstep of a famous pop singer and
00:28:27 --> 00:28:28 saying I don't know who you're are is
00:28:28 --> 00:28:30 either he's 15 years old and has never
00:28:30 --> 00:28:32 listened to music in his life or he's
00:28:32 --> 00:28:34 fitting the problem is that halfway
00:28:34 --> 00:28:36 through Boy George sort of gives up and
00:28:36 --> 00:28:38 and it looks like the the reading is
00:28:38 --> 00:28:39 succeeding because he does get a bit
00:28:39 --> 00:28:41 teary over some of the things that well
00:28:41 --> 00:28:43 the managers obvious talked him into it
00:28:43 --> 00:28:45 by then he has talked me was yeah even
00:28:45 --> 00:28:46 though if I was Bo George I would have
00:28:46 --> 00:28:48 sacked the manager on the spot for
00:28:48 --> 00:28:50 actually embarrassing Bo George in front
00:28:50 --> 00:28:52 of these other people and on TV but it's
00:28:52 --> 00:28:53 actually fascinating as a watch because
00:28:53 --> 00:28:55 it is a good example of hot reading and
00:28:55 --> 00:28:58 you see the psychic frustration at first
00:28:58 --> 00:28:59 when his hot reading is not paying off
00:28:59 --> 00:29:01 and then it eventually does and of
00:29:01 --> 00:29:02 course Tyler sort of so totally innocent
00:29:02 --> 00:29:04 about all this stuff wow I discovered
00:29:04 --> 00:29:06 all these interesting things about you
00:29:06 --> 00:29:11 that's Tim mum from Australian
00:29:11 --> 00:29:19 [Music]
00:29:23 --> 00:29:26 Skeptics and that's the show for now
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