SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 130
*Epoch of Reionization: New Insights from Webb
A groundbreaking study suggests the epoch of reionization, a pivotal era in the universe's early evolution, may have occurred 350 million years earlier than previously believed. Utilising data from the James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers have uncovered a greater abundance of extreme ultraviolet emitting galaxies, challenging established models. This revelation might imply that the cosmic microwave background radiation and the Lyman alpha forest should appear different, posing a conundrum for scientists and opening new avenues for understanding the universe's history.
*NASA's DaVinci Mission Prepares for Venus
NASA's upcoming DaVinci mission aims to explore Venus's enigmatic Alpha Regio, a mountainous region shrouded in mystery. The mission, set for the early 2030s, will delve into whether Venus once harboured oceans and continents, akin to Earth. By reanalysing old data and employing modern techniques, scientists have enhanced the resolution of Venus's topography, offering fresh insights into its geological features and potential volcanic activity. DaVinci's descent probe will capture unprecedented high-resolution images, potentially revealing new details about Venus's surface.
*China's First Reusable Satellite Test
China has successfully tested its first reusable satellite, the SHY119, launched aboard a Long March 2D rocket. Recovered after 13.5 days, the mission included various payloads, such as plant seeds and technology demonstration devices. This achievement marks a significant milestone in China's Space exploration efforts, showcasing advancements in reusable satellite technology.
The Science Robert
A study links hearing loss in older age to an increased risk of Parkinson's disease, with effective management through hearing aids potentially mitigating this risk. In the South Australian outback, palaeontologists have discovered one of Earth's earliest life forms, dating back 550 million years. Meanwhile, a new study warns that up to 33% of frog and toad habitats could become arid by the century's end due to climate change. Additionally, a Gallup poll reveals a significant drop in support for childhood vaccinations in the US, raising concerns about herd immunity.
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Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/23753399?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 27 episode 130
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 will broadcast on the 28th of October
00:00:06 --> 00:00:10 2024 coming up on SpaceTime has our
00:00:10 --> 00:00:11 understanding of the evolution of the
00:00:11 --> 00:00:14 universe been thrown into question old
00:00:14 --> 00:00:16 data yielding new Secrets as work
00:00:16 --> 00:00:18 continues on preparing NASA's Da Vinci
00:00:18 --> 00:00:21 spacecraft for its mission to Venus and
00:00:21 --> 00:00:25 China tests its first reusable satellite
00:00:25 --> 00:00:28 all that and more coming up on
00:00:28 --> 00:00:31 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:31 --> 00:00:33 Stuart
00:00:33 --> 00:00:40 [Music]
00:00:47 --> 00:00:49 Gary a new study has found that the
00:00:49 --> 00:00:52 epoch of reionization a crucial period
00:00:52 --> 00:00:54 for the early evolution of the universe
00:00:54 --> 00:00:56 may have occurred at least 350 million
00:00:56 --> 00:00:59 years earlier than previously thought
00:00:59 --> 00:01:01 the new findings reported in the Journal
00:01:01 --> 00:01:02 of the monthly notices of the Royal
00:01:02 --> 00:01:05 Astronomical Society letters are based
00:01:05 --> 00:01:07 on new observations using data from the
00:01:07 --> 00:01:11 web Space Telescope reionization was a
00:01:11 --> 00:01:13 crucial period in the history of the
00:01:13 --> 00:01:15 cosmos it happened when the first stars
00:01:15 --> 00:01:17 and galaxies changed the physical
00:01:17 --> 00:01:19 structure of their surroundings and
00:01:19 --> 00:01:22 eventually the entire universe
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 established theories state that the
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 epoch ended about a billion years after
00:01:26 --> 00:01:29 the big bang 13.8 billion years ago
00:01:29 --> 00:01:30 throughout its history history the
00:01:30 --> 00:01:32 universe has undergone several major
00:01:32 --> 00:01:35 changes for the first 380 years
00:01:35 --> 00:01:37 after the big bang it was nothing more
00:01:37 --> 00:01:39 than a hot dense plasma of protons and
00:01:39 --> 00:01:42 electrons eventually over time things
00:01:42 --> 00:01:44 cooled enough for these protons and
00:01:44 --> 00:01:47 electrons to combine forming the first
00:01:47 --> 00:01:50 neutral hydrogen atoms then around 100
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 million years after the big bang the
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 first stars and galaxies began to form
00:01:54 --> 00:01:56 ushering in the epoch of
00:01:56 --> 00:01:59 reionization see those first Stars these
00:01:59 --> 00:02:01 days we call them population three stars
00:02:01 --> 00:02:04 were huge and they were incredibly hot
00:02:04 --> 00:02:05 some estimates suggest they could have
00:02:05 --> 00:02:08 been between 30 and 300 times as massive
00:02:08 --> 00:02:11 as say our sun and they emitted a lot of
00:02:11 --> 00:02:13 energy in the form of extreme
00:02:13 --> 00:02:15 ultraviolet radiation now this energy
00:02:15 --> 00:02:18 was so intense that as its photons
00:02:18 --> 00:02:20 struck nearby hydrogen atoms they were
00:02:20 --> 00:02:22 split into separate protons and
00:02:22 --> 00:02:25 electrons and that's the process called
00:02:25 --> 00:02:27 ionization after hundreds of millions of
00:02:27 --> 00:02:29 years when almost all the hydrogen in
00:02:29 --> 00:02:31 the UN un had become ionized the epoch
00:02:31 --> 00:02:34 of reionization ended now considering
00:02:34 --> 00:02:37 that roughly 75% of all matter is
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 hydrogen this represents an immense
00:02:39 --> 00:02:41 transformation the study's lead author
00:02:41 --> 00:02:44 Julian munz from the University of Texas
00:02:44 --> 00:02:46 at Austin says this was the last major
00:02:46 --> 00:02:49 change to happen to the cosmos the
00:02:49 --> 00:02:51 universe had literally gone from neutral
00:02:51 --> 00:02:54 and cold and boring to ionized and hot
00:02:54 --> 00:02:56 and of course it's important to remember
00:02:56 --> 00:02:57 this isn't something that happened in
00:02:57 --> 00:02:59 just one or two galaxies it happened
00:02:59 --> 00:03:02 across the entire universe the process
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 heated and ionized all the gas in the
00:03:04 --> 00:03:07 universe and that regulated how fast
00:03:07 --> 00:03:09 galaxies grew and evolved because
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 astronomers aren't able to observe the
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 reionization process directly they need
00:03:13 --> 00:03:16 to use models to predict when it ended
00:03:16 --> 00:03:17 these models are based on indirect
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 evidence including measurements of how
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 much light has reached us from the
00:03:21 --> 00:03:23 Afterglow of the Big Bang known as The
00:03:23 --> 00:03:26 Cosmic microwave background radiation
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 other evidence is an early abundance of
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 a wavelength associated with energy
00:03:30 --> 00:03:32 changes in hydrogen known as the ly and
00:03:32 --> 00:03:35 Alpha Forest both of these help
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 astronomist calculate how much hydrogen
00:03:37 --> 00:03:39 was transformed during reionization and
00:03:39 --> 00:03:42 by extension how much energy was needed
00:03:42 --> 00:03:44 to do that inire says astronomers know
00:03:44 --> 00:03:47 that all the hydrogen was neutral before
00:03:47 --> 00:03:49 reionization and from there you need
00:03:49 --> 00:03:52 enough extreme ultraviolet radiation to
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 split each atom so at the end of the day
00:03:54 --> 00:03:56 you can do the math and figure out when
00:03:56 --> 00:04:00 reionization ended but now the James web
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 Space Telescope is challenging this
00:04:02 --> 00:04:05 established model with web astronomers
00:04:05 --> 00:04:07 can pee further back into the cosmos
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 than ever before and therefore deeper
00:04:09 --> 00:04:11 into this critical Epoch and this is
00:04:12 --> 00:04:14 leading to many unexpected observations
00:04:14 --> 00:04:16 in the early Universe one of which is an
00:04:16 --> 00:04:18 apparently greater abundance of extreme
00:04:19 --> 00:04:20 ultraviolet emitting galaxies than what
00:04:21 --> 00:04:23 was expected Webbers revealed that these
00:04:23 --> 00:04:25 bright galaxies were enough to ionize
00:04:25 --> 00:04:28 the universe all by themselves and this
00:04:28 --> 00:04:30 counters what was anticipated ated and
00:04:30 --> 00:04:32 so with these new observations all the
00:04:32 --> 00:04:35 accounting is off mun says if you were
00:04:35 --> 00:04:37 to trust the web results blindly it
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 tells you that realization ended 550
00:04:39 --> 00:04:42 million to 650 million years after the
00:04:42 --> 00:04:44 big bang instead of the current
00:04:44 --> 00:04:46 estimates of a billion years now if
00:04:46 --> 00:04:48 that's true the cosmic microwave
00:04:48 --> 00:04:50 background radiation should look very
00:04:50 --> 00:04:52 different and the Lyman Alpha Forest
00:04:52 --> 00:04:55 would also be different so there's the
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 problem it's unlikely that reionization
00:04:58 --> 00:04:59 happened hundreds of million years early
00:04:59 --> 00:05:01 than predicted that means something else
00:05:01 --> 00:05:03 is going on something we don't
00:05:03 --> 00:05:05 understand it means that the established
00:05:05 --> 00:05:07 models are missing a key piece of
00:05:07 --> 00:05:10 crucial information for example
00:05:10 --> 00:05:12 sometimes ionized photons and electrons
00:05:12 --> 00:05:14 could come back together reforming
00:05:14 --> 00:05:16 neutral hydrogen atoms that's a process
00:05:16 --> 00:05:18 called recombination now if that
00:05:18 --> 00:05:20 happened more often than current models
00:05:20 --> 00:05:22 assume that could increase how much
00:05:22 --> 00:05:24 ultraviolet light was needed to ionize
00:05:24 --> 00:05:27 the entire universe M says more detailed
00:05:27 --> 00:05:29 and deeper observations of galaxies are
00:05:29 --> 00:05:31 needed in order to gain a better
00:05:31 --> 00:05:33 understanding of the recombination
00:05:33 --> 00:05:35 process he says resolving this tension
00:05:35 --> 00:05:38 on reionization will be a key step to
00:05:38 --> 00:05:40 finally understanding this pivotal
00:05:40 --> 00:05:42 period of the universe's
00:05:42 --> 00:05:46 Evolution this is spacetime still to
00:05:46 --> 00:05:49 come old data yielding new Secrets as
00:05:49 --> 00:05:51 NASA's Da Vinci spacecraft is prepared
00:05:51 --> 00:05:54 for its mission to Venus and China has
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 successfully tested its first reusable
00:05:56 --> 00:05:58 satellite all that and more still to
00:05:58 --> 00:06:04 come on space
00:06:04 --> 00:06:13 [Music]
00:06:15 --> 00:06:18 time due to launch in the early 2030s
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 NASA's Da Vinci Mission will investigate
00:06:20 --> 00:06:23 whether the planet Venus a sweltering
00:06:23 --> 00:06:24 World wrapped in an atmosphere of
00:06:24 --> 00:06:26 noxious gases once had oceans and
00:06:26 --> 00:06:29 continents like the Earth consisting of
00:06:29 --> 00:06:31 fly by spacecraft and a descent probe
00:06:31 --> 00:06:33 the Vinci will focus on a mountainous
00:06:33 --> 00:06:35 region called alphar Regio a possible
00:06:35 --> 00:06:38 ancient continent Alpha Regio is one of
00:06:38 --> 00:06:41 the most mysterious places on Venus its
00:06:41 --> 00:06:43 terrain known as Tessa is similar in
00:06:43 --> 00:06:45 appearance to rugged Earth mountains but
00:06:45 --> 00:06:48 much more irregular and disorderly soall
00:06:48 --> 00:06:50 because they resemble a geometric pet
00:06:50 --> 00:06:52 floor pattern Tess have been found only
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 on Venus and da Vinci will be the first
00:06:55 --> 00:06:56 mission to explore this Terrain in
00:06:56 --> 00:06:59 detail and map its topography Da Vinci's
00:06:59 --> 00:07:01 probe will begin photographing Alpha
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 Rego collecting the highest resolution
00:07:03 --> 00:07:05 images yet once it descends below the
00:07:05 --> 00:07:08 planet's clouds starting at about 40 km
00:07:08 --> 00:07:11 in altitude so far only a handful of
00:07:11 --> 00:07:13 mostly Soviet spacecraft have plunged
00:07:13 --> 00:07:15 through Venus's atmosphere and most of
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 those didn't survive for very long once
00:07:17 --> 00:07:18 they reached the ground thanks to the
00:07:18 --> 00:07:20 planet's extreme surface temperatures of
00:07:20 --> 00:07:23 162° c and its crushing atmospheric
00:07:23 --> 00:07:26 pressure which is some 92 times greater
00:07:26 --> 00:07:28 than average sea level surface pressure
00:07:28 --> 00:07:30 on Earth Venus is shrouded in thick
00:07:30 --> 00:07:33 opaque clouds producing corrosive
00:07:33 --> 00:07:35 droplets of metaling sulfuric acid
00:07:35 --> 00:07:37 scientists have seen what looked like
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 snow caps on some of venice's taller
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 mountain ranges but that snow isn't
00:07:41 --> 00:07:43 frozen water it's actually metallic in
00:07:43 --> 00:07:46 fact the clouds are so heavy they quite
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 literally Crush Venus's Rich carbon
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 dioxide based atmosphere acting like the
00:07:50 --> 00:07:52 lid of a pressure cooker and giving the
00:07:52 --> 00:07:54 planet its high surface pressure the
00:07:54 --> 00:07:56 surface of Venus is dominated by more
00:07:56 --> 00:07:58 than 1 volcanic structures that's
00:07:58 --> 00:08:00 more than any other planet in the solar
00:08:00 --> 00:08:03 system so there's a lot to study and
00:08:03 --> 00:08:05 scientists developing the new Da Vinci
00:08:05 --> 00:08:07 spacecraft are preparing for the mission
00:08:07 --> 00:08:09 by looking over all data we have from
00:08:09 --> 00:08:12 previous flights and by using modern
00:08:12 --> 00:08:14 data analysis techniques to pour over
00:08:14 --> 00:08:16 decades old observations they've made
00:08:16 --> 00:08:18 some interesting new discoveries between
00:08:19 --> 00:08:22 1990 and 1994 NASA's Millan spacecraft
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 used radar Imaging and altimetry to map
00:08:25 --> 00:08:27 the Topography of the alpha regia region
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 from Venus orbit now da Vinci team
00:08:29 --> 00:08:31 wanted more data so they supplemented
00:08:31 --> 00:08:34 this information with radar images taken
00:08:34 --> 00:08:36 on three occasions from the former aasbo
00:08:36 --> 00:08:38 observatory in Puerto Rico and they then
00:08:38 --> 00:08:40 used Machine Vision computer modeling to
00:08:40 --> 00:08:43 scrutinize the data and fill in gaps in
00:08:43 --> 00:08:46 the information and this has provided
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 amazing new 10-fold higher resolution
00:08:48 --> 00:08:50 images of alpha Regio including new
00:08:50 --> 00:08:52 geologic features which are raising
00:08:52 --> 00:08:54 fresh questions about how these patterns
00:08:54 --> 00:08:56 could have been formed the same sort of
00:08:57 --> 00:08:58 evidence has already allowed scientists
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 to find new new evidence for modern day
00:09:00 --> 00:09:03 volcanic activity on Venus with three
00:09:03 --> 00:09:05 forthcoming missions to Venus NASA's D
00:09:05 --> 00:09:07 Vinci and veritas plus the European
00:09:07 --> 00:09:10 space agency's Envision Mission more and
00:09:10 --> 00:09:12 more archival space dat is being used to
00:09:12 --> 00:09:13 help scientists prepare for their
00:09:13 --> 00:09:15 missions one of the other problems
00:09:15 --> 00:09:17 facing Da Vinci scientists are the
00:09:17 --> 00:09:19 atmospheric gases which will scatter
00:09:19 --> 00:09:21 light in ways that make the images
00:09:21 --> 00:09:23 appear blurred so Da Vinci scientists
00:09:23 --> 00:09:26 are working on a solution recently
00:09:26 --> 00:09:28 scientists reanalyzed old Venus data
00:09:28 --> 00:09:30 Imaging using new artificial
00:09:30 --> 00:09:31 intelligence technique that can sharpen
00:09:31 --> 00:09:33 the images and use them to compute
00:09:33 --> 00:09:36 three-dimensional topographic maps and
00:09:36 --> 00:09:37 this technique will ultimately help the
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 team optimize Da Vinci's images and maps
00:09:39 --> 00:09:42 of the alpha Regio mountains the
00:09:42 --> 00:09:44 upgraded images will give scientists the
00:09:44 --> 00:09:46 most detailed view ever right down to
00:09:46 --> 00:09:48 resolutions of a meter per pixel
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 possibly allowing them to detect small
00:09:50 --> 00:09:51 features such as rocks rivers and
00:09:51 --> 00:09:54 gullies for the first time by analyzing
00:09:54 --> 00:09:56 the surface texture and rock types at
00:09:56 --> 00:09:58 alphar Regio scientists hope to
00:09:58 --> 00:10:00 determine if the new in Tess form
00:10:00 --> 00:10:02 through the same processes that created
00:10:02 --> 00:10:04 mountains and some of the volcanoes here
00:10:04 --> 00:10:08 on Earth this report from NASA the
00:10:08 --> 00:10:10 surface of Venus is completely
00:10:10 --> 00:10:14 inhospitable for Life Barren dry crushed
00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 under an atmosphere about 90 times the
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 pressure of earths and roasted by
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 temperatures two times hotter than an
00:10:20 --> 00:10:23 oven but was it always that way could
00:10:23 --> 00:10:25 Venus once have been a twin of Earth a
00:10:25 --> 00:10:29 habitable world with liquid water oceans
00:10:29 --> 00:10:31 here here are 10 mysteries of Venus that
00:10:31 --> 00:10:33 NASA scientists are still grappling
00:10:33 --> 00:10:37 [Music]
00:10:37 --> 00:10:40 with did Venus ever host life to answer
00:10:40 --> 00:10:42 this question we first need to
00:10:42 --> 00:10:44 understand the past environment on Venus
00:10:44 --> 00:10:46 this involves studying the atmosphere
00:10:46 --> 00:10:48 geology and history of the planet
00:10:48 --> 00:10:50 something NASA's Da Vinci Mission plans
00:10:50 --> 00:10:52 on exploring in great
00:10:52 --> 00:10:54 detail why did Venus evolve so
00:10:54 --> 00:10:56 differently than Earth Venus and Earth
00:10:56 --> 00:10:59 are similar in size and density and yet
00:10:59 --> 00:11:01 they are strikingly different air
00:11:01 --> 00:11:03 pressure at the surface of Venus is 90
00:11:03 --> 00:11:06 times that of Earth Venus rotates on its
00:11:06 --> 00:11:08 axis backwards compared to the other
00:11:08 --> 00:11:09 planets in the solar system and the
00:11:09 --> 00:11:12 surface of Venus is over 900° F making
00:11:13 --> 00:11:14 it the hottest planet in our solar
00:11:14 --> 00:11:16 system hot enough to melt
00:11:16 --> 00:11:20 lead Venus's Evolution Through Time may
00:11:20 --> 00:11:22 help us understand how habitability
00:11:22 --> 00:11:23 evolves over time and where we might
00:11:23 --> 00:11:26 find habitable planets beyond our solar
00:11:26 --> 00:11:29 system how did Venus form
00:11:29 --> 00:11:31 it is still not known if Venus was
00:11:31 --> 00:11:33 bombarded by comets and asteroids rich
00:11:33 --> 00:11:36 in water the way Earth was understanding
00:11:36 --> 00:11:38 the delivery of water to Venus is
00:11:38 --> 00:11:40 important for evaluating its potential
00:11:40 --> 00:11:43 to host oceans in the
00:11:43 --> 00:11:46 past what is the atmosphere composition
00:11:46 --> 00:11:49 at Venus one of the biggest mysteries of
00:11:49 --> 00:11:51 Venus's atmosphere lies in the lowermost
00:11:51 --> 00:11:54 or deep atmosphere where carbon dioxide
00:11:54 --> 00:11:56 is heated and pressurized to the point
00:11:56 --> 00:11:58 where it acts more like a hot liquid
00:11:58 --> 00:11:59 than a gas
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 the D Vinci probe will measure chemistry
00:12:02 --> 00:12:04 pressure temperature and Dynamics at
00:12:04 --> 00:12:07 least every 200 M as it descends through
00:12:07 --> 00:12:10 Venus's atmosphere to the
00:12:10 --> 00:12:13 surface how are the rocks of Venus
00:12:13 --> 00:12:16 formed Da Vinci's highresolution Imaging
00:12:16 --> 00:12:18 beneath the clouds will test ideas about
00:12:18 --> 00:12:21 the role of water ining what may be
00:12:21 --> 00:12:23 ancient continental crust on Venus at
00:12:23 --> 00:12:26 human scales Da Vinci will study one of
00:12:26 --> 00:12:28 these tessay alphar Regio to better
00:12:29 --> 00:12:31 understand and its composition how much
00:12:31 --> 00:12:33 water did Venus have liquid water is
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 essential for life we cannot assess
00:12:35 --> 00:12:38 Venus's past habitability without
00:12:38 --> 00:12:39 knowing how much water Venus may have
00:12:39 --> 00:12:42 had and when and how it lost that water
00:12:42 --> 00:12:44 scientists will use measurements of the
00:12:44 --> 00:12:46 atmosphere from the D Vinci probe to
00:12:46 --> 00:12:49 explore clues of the story of past water
00:12:49 --> 00:12:51 on our sister
00:12:51 --> 00:12:53 Planet what is the nature of surface
00:12:53 --> 00:12:56 activity at Venus Earth's crust host a
00:12:56 --> 00:12:58 network of relatively thin plates
00:12:58 --> 00:13:00 jostling around on the planet's surface
00:13:00 --> 00:13:02 in constant horizontal motion if similar
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 plate tectonics exist on Venus the
00:13:05 --> 00:13:06 planet's crust must experience
00:13:06 --> 00:13:09 continental drift like Earth another key
00:13:09 --> 00:13:11 mystery about the surface of Venus is
00:13:11 --> 00:13:13 volcanism the two upcoming missions to
00:13:13 --> 00:13:16 Venus D Vinci and veritas aim to
00:13:16 --> 00:13:17 understand the current volcanic activity
00:13:18 --> 00:13:19 at
00:13:19 --> 00:13:21 Venus what did the mountains look like
00:13:21 --> 00:13:24 on Venus previous Venus Landers Vera and
00:13:24 --> 00:13:26 Vega have taken photographs of the
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28 venutian ples from the surface but D
00:13:28 --> 00:13:30 Vinci's camera will snap the first ever
00:13:30 --> 00:13:32 highresolution aerial photos of a
00:13:32 --> 00:13:35 mountainous Tess surface as the probe
00:13:35 --> 00:13:37 descends over the rugged alphar Regio
00:13:37 --> 00:13:38 Highlands
00:13:38 --> 00:13:40 region are there venus-like planets
00:13:40 --> 00:13:43 beyond our solar system we'll be able to
00:13:43 --> 00:13:45 relate what we discover at Venus to
00:13:45 --> 00:13:47 venus-like exoplanets observed by the
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 James web Space Telescope if Venus shows
00:13:49 --> 00:13:51 signs of previous habitability that
00:13:52 --> 00:13:53 could mean these exoplanets might be
00:13:53 --> 00:13:56 habitable as well new Mysteries we
00:13:56 --> 00:13:58 haven't thought of yet there are many
00:13:58 --> 00:13:59 new Mysteries we can't even imagine
00:13:59 --> 00:14:02 right now with NASA's newest missions to
00:14:02 --> 00:14:04 our sister Planet there are plenty of
00:14:04 --> 00:14:08 new discoveries to be made Venus here we
00:14:08 --> 00:14:10 [Music]
00:14:10 --> 00:14:14 come this is spacetime still to come
00:14:14 --> 00:14:16 China test its first reusable satellite
00:14:16 --> 00:14:18 and later in the science report
00:14:18 --> 00:14:20 paleontologists discover one of Earth's
00:14:20 --> 00:14:22 earliest life forms in the South
00:14:22 --> 00:14:24 Australian Outback all that and more
00:14:24 --> 00:14:31 still to come on SpaceTime
00:14:31 --> 00:14:39 [Music]
00:14:42 --> 00:14:44 China has successfully tested its first
00:14:44 --> 00:14:47 reasonable satellite the shyan 19 was
00:14:47 --> 00:14:49 launched from the zukan satellite launch
00:14:49 --> 00:14:52 Center aboard a long match 2D rocket the
00:14:52 --> 00:14:54 US space force track the mission
00:14:54 --> 00:14:56 claiming the satellite was placed into a
00:14:56 --> 00:14:59 322 by 339 km High orbit orbit inclined
00:14:59 --> 00:15:03 at 41.6 De the China National Space
00:15:03 --> 00:15:05 Administration says the satellite was
00:15:05 --> 00:15:07 recovered at the dong Fang Landing site
00:15:07 --> 00:15:10 in inam Mongolia 13 and 1 half days
00:15:10 --> 00:15:12 later Beijing claims the mission carried
00:15:12 --> 00:15:14 a number of payloads including plant
00:15:14 --> 00:15:17 seeds microorganism samples technology
00:15:17 --> 00:15:19 demonstration devices space experimental
00:15:19 --> 00:15:23 instruments and cultural items this is
00:15:23 --> 00:15:26 spacetime
00:15:26 --> 00:15:39 [Music]
00:15:39 --> 00:15:41 and time now to take a brief look at
00:15:41 --> 00:15:42 some of the other stories making news
00:15:42 --> 00:15:44 and science this week with a science
00:15:44 --> 00:15:47 report a new study has shown that people
00:15:47 --> 00:15:49 who sustain hearing loss in older age
00:15:49 --> 00:15:51 are more likely to go on to develop
00:15:51 --> 00:15:53 Parkinson's disease the findings
00:15:53 --> 00:15:55 reported in the Journal of the American
00:15:55 --> 00:15:57 Medical Association suggest that this
00:15:57 --> 00:15:59 risk can be mitigated by tracking the
00:15:59 --> 00:16:02 hearing loss itself the authors used
00:16:02 --> 00:16:03 data from an American Veteran health
00:16:03 --> 00:16:05 study to compare hearing loss measured
00:16:05 --> 00:16:08 by audiograms with ler diagnosis of
00:16:08 --> 00:16:11 Parkinson's disease they found that the
00:16:11 --> 00:16:13 more severe hearing loss was in a person
00:16:13 --> 00:16:15 the more likely they were to go on to
00:16:15 --> 00:16:18 develop Parkinson's however they say
00:16:18 --> 00:16:20 that if a person with hearing loss
00:16:20 --> 00:16:21 received a hearing aid within 2 years of
00:16:21 --> 00:16:24 their audiogram the risk was reduced
00:16:24 --> 00:16:26 suggesting effective management of
00:16:26 --> 00:16:28 hearing loss could mitigate Parkinson's
00:16:28 --> 00:16:30 risk
00:16:30 --> 00:16:32 paleontologists have discovered one of
00:16:32 --> 00:16:34 Earth's earliest life forms in the South
00:16:34 --> 00:16:37 Australian Outback the ancient fossil
00:16:37 --> 00:16:41 quaz dorium dates back some 550 million
00:16:41 --> 00:16:43 years was found at the famous idaka
00:16:43 --> 00:16:45 National Park Reserve in the northern
00:16:45 --> 00:16:48 Flinders Rangers this region has become
00:16:48 --> 00:16:50 famous for its early marine animal
00:16:50 --> 00:16:51 fossils which represent some of the
00:16:51 --> 00:16:54 planet's first complex animal life known
00:16:54 --> 00:16:56 as the Ed acine a pivotal moment in the
00:16:56 --> 00:16:59 history of evolution during which single
00:16:59 --> 00:17:01 organisms began to evolve into more
00:17:01 --> 00:17:04 complex life forms the new findings
00:17:04 --> 00:17:05 reported in the journal Evolution
00:17:05 --> 00:17:07 development show this animal which is a
00:17:07 --> 00:17:09 little smaller than the size of your
00:17:09 --> 00:17:11 palm has a question mark shape in the
00:17:11 --> 00:17:13 middle of its body which distinguishes
00:17:13 --> 00:17:16 between the left and the right there are
00:17:16 --> 00:17:18 no other fossils from this time period
00:17:18 --> 00:17:20 which have shown this type of
00:17:20 --> 00:17:22 organization now this is especially
00:17:22 --> 00:17:23 interesting as it's also one of the
00:17:24 --> 00:17:26 first animals that was capable of moving
00:17:26 --> 00:17:29 on its own the stud's authors describ
00:17:29 --> 00:17:31 the creature as behaving sort of like a
00:17:31 --> 00:17:33 small marine version of a Roomba vacuum
00:17:33 --> 00:17:35 cleaner consuming nutrients from
00:17:35 --> 00:17:37 microscopic algae bacteria and other
00:17:37 --> 00:17:40 organisms as it moved along the seafloor
00:17:40 --> 00:17:41 the collection of microbes formed an
00:17:41 --> 00:17:44 organic mat like a layer of slime filled
00:17:44 --> 00:17:46 with nutrients this formed a specific
00:17:46 --> 00:17:48 texture preserved in the Rock slabs
00:17:48 --> 00:17:51 which make up the Park's Fossil Beds
00:17:51 --> 00:17:52 scientists discovered qu's te
00:17:52 --> 00:17:54 Impressions along with evidence of its
00:17:54 --> 00:17:56 Trails known as trace fossils in this
00:17:56 --> 00:17:59 fossilized matte texture
00:17:59 --> 00:18:01 a new study warns that by the end of the
00:18:01 --> 00:18:04 century up to 33% of frog and toed
00:18:04 --> 00:18:06 habitats could become arid putting
00:18:06 --> 00:18:07 further pressure on an already
00:18:08 --> 00:18:10 threatened class of animals the findings
00:18:10 --> 00:18:12 reported in the journal Nature climate
00:18:12 --> 00:18:13 change suggest that if global
00:18:13 --> 00:18:17 temperatures Rise by 2° then around 6.6%
00:18:17 --> 00:18:19 of frog and toed habitats will become
00:18:19 --> 00:18:21 arid likee but if temperatures Rise by
00:18:21 --> 00:18:24 4° the Arid conditions will impact
00:18:24 --> 00:18:27 around 33.6% of the areas they live in
00:18:27 --> 00:18:29 the authors also found an increase in
00:18:29 --> 00:18:31 the habitats exposed to worsening
00:18:31 --> 00:18:34 Drought especially in Australia they say
00:18:34 --> 00:18:35 the findings highlight the combined
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 threats of warming and environmental
00:18:37 --> 00:18:41 drying which frogs and toads are already
00:18:41 --> 00:18:44 facing a new Gallop poll shows that
00:18:44 --> 00:18:46 support for childhood vaccinations has
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 dropped considerably since
00:18:48 --> 00:18:50 2019 the data shows that the percentage
00:18:50 --> 00:18:52 of Americans who say vaccinating their
00:18:52 --> 00:18:54 children is essential has dropped from
00:18:54 --> 00:18:59 58% in 2019 down to just 40% now the
00:18:59 --> 00:19:02 survey also suggests that only 51%
00:19:02 --> 00:19:03 believe the government should require
00:19:03 --> 00:19:05 children to be vaccinated that's down
00:19:05 --> 00:19:09 from 62% in 2019 meanwhile a Centers for
00:19:09 --> 00:19:11 Disease Control report has found that
00:19:11 --> 00:19:13 vaccination rates have dropped from 95%
00:19:13 --> 00:19:15 amongst kindergarten kids during the
00:19:15 --> 00:19:19 2019 2020 school year to 93% 2 years
00:19:19 --> 00:19:21 later Tim mindham from Australian
00:19:21 --> 00:19:24 skeptic says while 2% may not seem like
00:19:24 --> 00:19:26 much for diseases like measles herd
00:19:26 --> 00:19:28 immunity becomes threatened when
00:19:28 --> 00:19:31 vaccination rates fall below 95% you
00:19:31 --> 00:19:32 believe it that we almost wiped out
00:19:32 --> 00:19:34 measles a number of years ago the actual
00:19:34 --> 00:19:35 cases of measles was dropping
00:19:35 --> 00:19:38 dramatically I think about 8 years ago
00:19:38 --> 00:19:40 it fell under 100 cases worldwide
00:19:40 --> 00:19:41 for the first time and it was going down
00:19:41 --> 00:19:43 and down and down and then suddenly the
00:19:43 --> 00:19:45 anti-vaccination movement got on top of
00:19:45 --> 00:19:48 it the famous sany Vos scho putting
00:19:48 --> 00:19:50 forward supposed theories about the MMR
00:19:50 --> 00:19:53 vaccine the meel M rill vaccine Etc and
00:19:53 --> 00:19:54 that scared a lot of people and as soon
00:19:54 --> 00:19:56 as it scares people they stopped
00:19:56 --> 00:19:57 vaccinating their kids and the cases of
00:19:57 --> 00:20:00 measles inreased dramatically I think
00:20:00 --> 00:20:02 the case in Oregon in the US it's
00:20:03 --> 00:20:04 actually in the last year has increased
00:20:04 --> 00:20:07 300% or close to it so yeah triple the
00:20:07 --> 00:20:08 number of meil cases now the numbers are
00:20:08 --> 00:20:10 not huge L people don't report them
00:20:10 --> 00:20:11 although they should the doctors should
00:20:11 --> 00:20:13 it's a dangerous disease it's not just a
00:20:13 --> 00:20:14 simple thing of sort of getting a few
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 spots and that sort of stuff it can kill
00:20:16 --> 00:20:18 especially for kids so we regard that as
00:20:18 --> 00:20:20 pretty serious and it was very
00:20:20 --> 00:20:21 encouraging to see the number of cases
00:20:21 --> 00:20:23 dropping and then suddenly antiva has
00:20:23 --> 00:20:25 come on the scene they're sort of better
00:20:25 --> 00:20:27 at using the media than they used to be
00:20:27 --> 00:20:29 and Co scared a lot of people so the
00:20:29 --> 00:20:30 rates of measles have jumped up again
00:20:30 --> 00:20:32 especially in the US but across the
00:20:32 --> 00:20:33 world and it's not just measles either
00:20:34 --> 00:20:35 polio rates are going up again which is
00:20:35 --> 00:20:37 unheard of that's right polio was almost
00:20:37 --> 00:20:39 entirely wi wiped there was only in two
00:20:39 --> 00:20:41 countries I think at one stage fairly
00:20:41 --> 00:20:42 recently now it's coming back up again
00:20:43 --> 00:20:44 for for much the same reason so people
00:20:44 --> 00:20:46 don't like getting a polio vaccine the
00:20:46 --> 00:20:48 issue is most people alive today have
00:20:48 --> 00:20:50 never seen a case of polio they've never
00:20:50 --> 00:20:51 seen someone in a l lung machine or
00:20:52 --> 00:20:53 walking around with calipers most of
00:20:53 --> 00:20:55 them have never seen a case of measles
00:20:55 --> 00:20:56 that they're there and they're endemic
00:20:56 --> 00:20:58 moment you take a foot off the brake b
00:20:58 --> 00:21:00 leap back up again and that's what's
00:21:00 --> 00:21:01 happening and of course the ideal figure
00:21:01 --> 00:21:03 for vaccination especially amongst kids
00:21:03 --> 00:21:05 is about 95% that's when you reach the
00:21:05 --> 00:21:07 stage of herd immunity where the measles
00:21:07 --> 00:21:09 has fewer candidates to actually attack
00:21:09 --> 00:21:11 and therefore has less spreading
00:21:11 --> 00:21:13 capacity but in some cases the
00:21:13 --> 00:21:15 vaccination rate of adults and things is
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 down below 50% and that is ripe for
00:21:18 --> 00:21:20 these diseases to attack the population
00:21:21 --> 00:21:22 and once they start they grow in they gr
00:21:22 --> 00:21:24 they grow and they start killing people
00:21:24 --> 00:21:25 well you mentioned oron earlier that's a
00:21:25 --> 00:21:27 bit of a hippie zone of course we have
00:21:27 --> 00:21:29 our own version of again here in
00:21:29 --> 00:21:31 Australia the northern rivers of New
00:21:31 --> 00:21:33 South Wales that's right the the North
00:21:33 --> 00:21:34 Coast of New South Wales is is a strong
00:21:34 --> 00:21:36 area for alternative lifestyle people
00:21:36 --> 00:21:38 and a lot of alternative lifestyle
00:21:38 --> 00:21:40 people think vaccines are one
00:21:40 --> 00:21:43 unnecessary two dangerous three a
00:21:43 --> 00:21:44 government conspiracy to try and take
00:21:44 --> 00:21:47 over your minds or whatever to inject
00:21:47 --> 00:21:49 mind altering silicon chips into into
00:21:49 --> 00:21:50 your bloodstream and all sorts of
00:21:50 --> 00:21:51 theories like that and therefore the
00:21:51 --> 00:21:53 vaccination rates there rather than 90
00:21:53 --> 00:21:56 odd per amongst kids are down to 60% and
00:21:56 --> 00:21:58 there cases of hooping cough with the
00:21:58 --> 00:22:00 VAC is not as effective as a lot of the
00:22:01 --> 00:22:02 other ones are but it's still effective
00:22:02 --> 00:22:05 and hooping cough is definitely not good
00:22:05 --> 00:22:06 for little kids babies especially who
00:22:07 --> 00:22:08 can't be vaccinated they're too young
00:22:08 --> 00:22:09 but because the adults are not
00:22:09 --> 00:22:11 vaccinated the mother's not vaccinated
00:22:11 --> 00:22:13 before giving birth that kills kids
00:22:13 --> 00:22:18 that's Tim mum from Australian Skeptics
00:22:18 --> 00:22:26 [Music]
00:22:31 --> 00:22:34 and that's the show for now SpaceTime is
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