SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 133
* Earth's Mantle: Two Distinct Domains Revealed
Groundbreaking research has unveiled that the Earth's mantle is composed of two distinct and separate types of materials, forming independent African and Pacific domains. This discovery, published in Nature Geoscience, challenges previous assumptions of a chemically uniform mantle. The study highlights how these domains have been shaped by the formation and breakup of supercontinents over the past 700 million years, revealing the Earth has two chemically distinct hemispheres.
* China's Ambitious Lunar Plans
China is accelerating its space ambitions, aiming to send its first taikonauts to the moon by 2030. The China Manned Space Agency plans to use its new Long March 10 rocket to transport taikonauts and a lunar lander to the moon's surface. This mission marks a significant step in China's lunar exploration, with plans to establish a joint base with Russia on the lunar surface by the early 2030s.
* NASA's SpaceX Crew 8 Returns to Earth
After a seven-month mission aboard the International Space Station, NASA's SpaceX Crew 8 has safely returned to Earth. During their mission, the crew conducted over 200 scientific investigations, including studies on space-based manufacturing, gene editing in Space environments, and plant growth in high radiation settings. These experiments aim to advance our understanding of long-duration Space missions and their potential applications.
The Science Report
Australia's climate continues to change with more extreme heat events and extended fire seasons. The latest State of the Climate Report highlights ongoing shifts in weather patterns, rising sea levels, and increasing temperatures. Meanwhile, a new study suggests vitamin K2 could help reduce night-time leg cramps, and the Australian Defence Force receives new Black Hawk helicopters amidst regional tensions.
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Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/23865429?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:04 this is spacetime series 27 episode 133
00:00:04 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 4th of November
00:00:06 --> 00:00:10 2024 coming up on SpaceTime new studies
00:00:10 --> 00:00:11 showing the Earth's mantle is actually
00:00:11 --> 00:00:13 composed of two different and very
00:00:13 --> 00:00:16 separate Blobs of materials China
00:00:16 --> 00:00:18 planning to host its first man mission
00:00:18 --> 00:00:22 to the Moon by 2030 and NASA's SpaceX
00:00:22 --> 00:00:25 crew8 astronauts return to wor all that
00:00:25 --> 00:00:28 and more coming up on
00:00:28 --> 00:00:31 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:31 --> 00:00:40 Stuart
00:00:40 --> 00:00:47 [Music]
00:00:47 --> 00:00:50 Gary a new study has discovered that the
00:00:50 --> 00:00:52 Earth's mantle is actually composed of
00:00:52 --> 00:00:54 two different and very separate types of
00:00:54 --> 00:00:57 materials resulting in independent
00:00:57 --> 00:01:00 African and Pacific domains the new data
00:01:00 --> 00:01:02 shows that the Rocks sourced from the
00:01:02 --> 00:01:03 Earth's mantle are linked to the
00:01:03 --> 00:01:06 formation and breakup of supercontinents
00:01:06 --> 00:01:08 and super oceans over the past 700
00:01:08 --> 00:01:10 million years resulting in the planet
00:01:10 --> 00:01:13 having two distinct faces the findings
00:01:13 --> 00:01:14 reported in the journal Nature
00:01:14 --> 00:01:16 geoscience examine the chemical and
00:01:16 --> 00:01:18 isotopic makeup of rocks Source from
00:01:18 --> 00:01:20 thousands of kilometers below the
00:01:20 --> 00:01:22 planet's surface to better understand
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 how the Earth's mantle responds to Plate
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 movements that occur near its surface
00:01:27 --> 00:01:29 the study's lead author L urge D from
00:01:29 --> 00:01:30 curtain un University says the Earth's
00:01:30 --> 00:01:33 metal is currently divided into two main
00:01:33 --> 00:01:35 domains Africa and Pacific but little is
00:01:35 --> 00:01:37 known about their formation in history
00:01:37 --> 00:01:39 and they commonly assumed to be
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 chemically the same disan colleagues use
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 Trace Metals such as lead strontium and
00:01:44 --> 00:01:46 neodium from hotspot volcano Islands
00:01:46 --> 00:01:48 including the Hawaiian islands in the
00:01:48 --> 00:01:50 Pacific Ocean and the L Reunion Island
00:01:50 --> 00:01:51 in the Indian Ocean to examine whether
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 these two domains have the same chemical
00:01:54 --> 00:01:56 makeup they found that the African
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 domain was enriched by subducted
00:01:58 --> 00:02:00 Continental materials which were linked
00:02:00 --> 00:02:01 to the assembly and breakup of the
00:02:01 --> 00:02:04 supercontinent Pangia whereas no such
00:02:04 --> 00:02:06 feature was found in the Pacific domain
00:02:06 --> 00:02:08 so that means the continents of the two
00:02:08 --> 00:02:11 mantle domains are not exactly the same
00:02:11 --> 00:02:14 as previously thought instead the Earth
00:02:14 --> 00:02:16 appears to have two chemically very
00:02:16 --> 00:02:17 distinct hemispheric faces with a
00:02:17 --> 00:02:20 Pacific Ring of Fire being the surface
00:02:20 --> 00:02:21 expression of the boundary between the
00:02:21 --> 00:02:24 two the two chemically distinct
00:02:24 --> 00:02:26 hemispheres can best be explained by the
00:02:26 --> 00:02:27 distinct evolutionary histories of the
00:02:27 --> 00:02:30 two manal domains during the red Pia
00:02:30 --> 00:02:33 supercontinent Cycles the authors found
00:02:33 --> 00:02:35 that the African matter domain contains
00:02:35 --> 00:02:37 Continental materials which were brought
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 down by the subduction system for at
00:02:39 --> 00:02:42 least the past 600 million years however
00:02:42 --> 00:02:44 the Pacific domain has been protected
00:02:44 --> 00:02:47 from the infiltration of such materials
00:02:47 --> 00:02:49 the findings are significant because
00:02:49 --> 00:02:51 they show a dynamic relationship between
00:02:51 --> 00:02:53 plate tectonic processes that operate
00:02:53 --> 00:02:55 near the surface and the formation and
00:02:55 --> 00:02:57 evolution of Earth's deep mantle
00:02:57 --> 00:03:00 structures so this work helps SCI better
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 understand what drives play tectonics
00:03:02 --> 00:03:04 and the formation and reservation of
00:03:04 --> 00:03:06 global geotectonic features such as the
00:03:06 --> 00:03:09 Pacific Ring of Fire to say says the
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 dynamic and interactive nature of the
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 entire Earth system has important
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 implications for the formation of Earth
00:03:15 --> 00:03:17 Resources the evolution of Earth's
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 environment and even the evolution of
00:03:19 --> 00:03:22 life itself the research come from the
00:03:22 --> 00:03:24 fact that when we look at Earth and so
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 we know we have the crust and then below
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 the crust we have the mle and below the
00:03:28 --> 00:03:29 manle at the center of Earth you have
00:03:29 --> 00:03:31 the core right and it's very difficult
00:03:31 --> 00:03:33 to access the mantle because it's so far
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 away like very very deep Bel the crust
00:03:35 --> 00:03:38 and so we use indirect methods to image
00:03:38 --> 00:03:40 or understand what what the mental is
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 about so we use sismic Imaging or
00:03:42 --> 00:03:44 tomography which is basically a way to
00:03:44 --> 00:03:46 do like MRI the the mantle and when you
00:03:46 --> 00:03:48 look at at the the mantle we find those
00:03:48 --> 00:03:50 massive structures below the mantle at
00:03:51 --> 00:03:52 the cor mantle boundary one below Africa
00:03:52 --> 00:03:55 and one below the Pacific and those guys
00:03:55 --> 00:03:56 are called the large shared verocity
00:03:56 --> 00:03:58 provinces or llsvps so we have a
00:03:58 --> 00:04:01 colleague in over ncol FL wants to call
00:04:01 --> 00:04:03 them blobs because first it's funnier
00:04:03 --> 00:04:05 and also more easy to understand so we
00:04:05 --> 00:04:06 have those giant blobs below the mantle
00:04:06 --> 00:04:08 and we just want to understand why the
00:04:08 --> 00:04:10 structure of the M is so complex and so
00:04:10 --> 00:04:12 heterogeneous and so interestingly those
00:04:12 --> 00:04:15 blobs basically control how the manal is
00:04:15 --> 00:04:17 convecting to give an ID basically this
00:04:17 --> 00:04:19 is above those lsvp that we can have
00:04:19 --> 00:04:21 like The midan Ridges or basically where
00:04:21 --> 00:04:23 the plates will just like separate from
00:04:23 --> 00:04:24 each other and in between them we're
00:04:24 --> 00:04:26 going to have like where the plate is
00:04:26 --> 00:04:28 going back to the mantle so basically if
00:04:28 --> 00:04:29 you look at the Earth we have to giant
00:04:30 --> 00:04:31 Bloods and in between we have the the
00:04:31 --> 00:04:33 Pacific Ring of Fire which is basically
00:04:33 --> 00:04:35 the subduction zones going down and
00:04:35 --> 00:04:37 producing all the volcanoes and the
00:04:37 --> 00:04:40 general ID was to understand if those
00:04:41 --> 00:04:42 structur has been there forever or if
00:04:42 --> 00:04:44 they're moving through time and how they
00:04:44 --> 00:04:46 are connecting to continent and
00:04:46 --> 00:04:48 especially how where the Contin move so
00:04:48 --> 00:04:49 that that was the main the main topic
00:04:49 --> 00:04:51 because there is basically until a
00:04:51 --> 00:04:52 couple of years ago there was like basic
00:04:52 --> 00:04:53 two School of thoughts saying that those
00:04:54 --> 00:04:55 structures stay there forever and other
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 school of thought saying that oh no they
00:04:57 --> 00:04:59 have to move they have to be related to
00:04:59 --> 00:05:00 what's going on to the surface because
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 Earth is like integrated system and
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 everything is interconnected so one way
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 to test that would be to look at the
00:05:06 --> 00:05:08 rock that will be generated because of
00:05:08 --> 00:05:10 those blobs right and if you look at the
00:05:10 --> 00:05:13 blobs they are the main source or
00:05:13 --> 00:05:15 actually they control the location where
00:05:15 --> 00:05:18 we're going to have the Hotpot volcanoes
00:05:18 --> 00:05:21 so like Hawaii Iceland L we name it but
00:05:21 --> 00:05:23 they also control where you have the mid
00:05:23 --> 00:05:24 ocean ridges where we produce the
00:05:25 --> 00:05:27 oceanic crust so one ID was saying if
00:05:27 --> 00:05:29 the two mental domains which each
00:05:29 --> 00:05:31 contain blobs are the same they should
00:05:31 --> 00:05:32 have the same composition because when
00:05:32 --> 00:05:34 you melt the mantle you're going to
00:05:34 --> 00:05:35 produce the crust but the composition of
00:05:36 --> 00:05:37 the crust will reflect the composition
00:05:37 --> 00:05:38 of the mantle and so that's basically
00:05:38 --> 00:05:40 what we did so we went to the databases
00:05:40 --> 00:05:42 look at the composition of the oceanic
00:05:42 --> 00:05:44 crust the composition of the all the
00:05:44 --> 00:05:46 intra int volcanoes we can find on the
00:05:46 --> 00:05:48 ocean and then we compare the
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 compositions using machine learning to
00:05:50 --> 00:05:51 see if the machine could see a
00:05:51 --> 00:05:52 difference between the two domains and
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 boom we can find that they are different
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 in composition so if they are different
00:05:56 --> 00:05:57 in composition meaning they must be
00:05:57 --> 00:05:59 explained by something why they
00:05:59 --> 00:06:00 different
00:06:00 --> 00:06:02 and the best way we find to explain them
00:06:03 --> 00:06:05 if you look at the structure we see that
00:06:05 --> 00:06:07 we have an African blob which sits
00:06:07 --> 00:06:08 basically below all the Continental
00:06:08 --> 00:06:11 hemisphere with once again once upon a
00:06:11 --> 00:06:13 time was Pia while the other blob just
00:06:13 --> 00:06:15 is below Pacific and back in the day was
00:06:15 --> 00:06:16 just like the super ocean of the planet
00:06:16 --> 00:06:18 when we have Pia so we have Pia one side
00:06:18 --> 00:06:21 which is own blob and we have Pacific
00:06:21 --> 00:06:23 blob which were just a super ocean and
00:06:23 --> 00:06:24 say oh interesting that there are
00:06:24 --> 00:06:27 chemical differences between the two and
00:06:27 --> 00:06:29 how we can explain that and again just
00:06:29 --> 00:06:31 Jing at geology and looking at the past
00:06:31 --> 00:06:33 of how you form supercontinent we know
00:06:33 --> 00:06:35 that when you form supercontinent you
00:06:35 --> 00:06:37 need to bring plates together and when
00:06:37 --> 00:06:38 the best way to do that is having
00:06:38 --> 00:06:40 subduction zones that basically have
00:06:40 --> 00:06:42 like plate going down back to the mantle
00:06:42 --> 00:06:44 and basically attracting two different
00:06:44 --> 00:06:46 plates together and smashing them
00:06:46 --> 00:06:47 together but when you do that you
00:06:47 --> 00:06:49 basically put a lot of sediments into
00:06:49 --> 00:06:51 the ocean B and all the sediments will
00:06:51 --> 00:06:52 go back in the mantle during the
00:06:52 --> 00:06:54 subduction zone or during the collision
00:06:54 --> 00:06:55 and very interestingly when you look at
00:06:55 --> 00:06:58 the composition of the Basel and the the
00:06:58 --> 00:07:00 russan crust from the African domain
00:07:00 --> 00:07:01 compared to the Pacific domain you see
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 that the African domain which is the
00:07:03 --> 00:07:05 Continental hemisphere where P was it's
00:07:05 --> 00:07:07 more enriched in Continental elements
00:07:07 --> 00:07:09 that's how we can say that oh maybe our
00:07:09 --> 00:07:11 Theory like holds water because we could
00:07:12 --> 00:07:13 expand the composition by the formation
00:07:13 --> 00:07:15 of last supercontinent P this in
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 ttention with the other hypothesis at
00:07:17 --> 00:07:19 the moment which is that the mantle is
00:07:19 --> 00:07:21 uniform and the only chemical changes
00:07:21 --> 00:07:24 that really occur are as magma rises up
00:07:24 --> 00:07:25 from the mantle and passes through
00:07:25 --> 00:07:28 volcanoes on the way to the surface yes
00:07:28 --> 00:07:30 so there is there is this this the but
00:07:30 --> 00:07:32 the thing is when we overall that's what
00:07:32 --> 00:07:34 happening because the the volcanic
00:07:34 --> 00:07:36 processes magnetic processes control a
00:07:36 --> 00:07:37 lot of the composition the thing we have
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 is when you look at rock that that go
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 through the same processes so we look at
00:07:41 --> 00:07:43 oceanic crust that basically just
00:07:43 --> 00:07:44 experience melting and placements in the
00:07:44 --> 00:07:46 crust and when you compare the rocks
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 that went to the same processes volcanic
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 processes in the Pacific or in the
00:07:50 --> 00:07:52 African domain so basically they form in
00:07:52 --> 00:07:53 the same way they still have different
00:07:53 --> 00:07:56 geochemical composition so we tried in
00:07:56 --> 00:07:57 the study to compare what's comparable
00:07:57 --> 00:07:59 because you're right if you have a rock
00:07:59 --> 00:08:01 form in different way maybe they can
00:08:01 --> 00:08:02 have a different composition just based
00:08:02 --> 00:08:03 on the fact that they form in a
00:08:03 --> 00:08:05 different way but in our case we focus
00:08:05 --> 00:08:07 on rocks that form in exactly same
00:08:07 --> 00:08:08 exactly not really exactly but in very
00:08:08 --> 00:08:10 similar way so in a way the Earth has
00:08:11 --> 00:08:13 two faces yes exactly so in that case it
00:08:13 --> 00:08:15 means that the mle that SS those those
00:08:15 --> 00:08:17 rocks has different compositions overall
00:08:17 --> 00:08:19 they are overall different and that
00:08:19 --> 00:08:21 what's fascinating is because for a long
00:08:21 --> 00:08:22 time we thought as you said that the
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 mental was homogeneous or at least part
00:08:24 --> 00:08:26 was homogeneous and the mes the midan
00:08:26 --> 00:08:28 riges battle the Rocks we studied were
00:08:28 --> 00:08:29 very homogeneous and we can use that to
00:08:29 --> 00:08:31 make models about how they evolve but if
00:08:31 --> 00:08:33 they are very different then we need to
00:08:33 --> 00:08:35 take that into account to understand how
00:08:35 --> 00:08:36 the pl evolve where would you like to
00:08:36 --> 00:08:38 take this next so next is really cool
00:08:38 --> 00:08:41 next is basically now we have map out
00:08:41 --> 00:08:42 basically what's going on today so
00:08:42 --> 00:08:44 looking at the pris day composition and
00:08:44 --> 00:08:46 then we want to go back in time so to do
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 that we need to look at oite which are
00:08:48 --> 00:08:50 fragments of oceanic crust in place in
00:08:50 --> 00:08:51 continent during the formation of the
00:08:51 --> 00:08:53 super continent for example and we have
00:08:53 --> 00:08:55 a PhD student that working on this and
00:08:55 --> 00:08:57 find very interesting results and also
00:08:57 --> 00:08:58 another thing we want to do is do
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 geodynamic modeling so basically
00:09:00 --> 00:09:03 reproduce how the Earth mental and the
00:09:03 --> 00:09:05 cross move for the last billion or two
00:09:05 --> 00:09:07 billion years try to map out those
00:09:07 --> 00:09:09 mental domain through time to see if the
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 mental domain today result from one
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 cycle or two cycle or three cycle which
00:09:13 --> 00:09:15 is something we still don't know yet
00:09:15 --> 00:09:16 yeah because it's not just one
00:09:16 --> 00:09:18 supercontinent that existed before the
00:09:18 --> 00:09:21 continent broke up and subducted and
00:09:21 --> 00:09:23 came back up there been several Cycles
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 like this and you'd think there would be
00:09:25 --> 00:09:27 some sort of chemical history of that
00:09:27 --> 00:09:29 exactly so that that's exactly the case
00:09:29 --> 00:09:31 what what we see is like we have a
00:09:31 --> 00:09:33 strong imprint on the mantle from the
00:09:33 --> 00:09:34 last super continent Cycles but there is
00:09:35 --> 00:09:36 still if you look into the detail of the
00:09:36 --> 00:09:38 composition of the old the islands and
00:09:38 --> 00:09:40 the oceanic crust we see patches of
00:09:40 --> 00:09:42 things that are a bit different and that
00:09:42 --> 00:09:44 doesn't necessarily match this cyesis
00:09:44 --> 00:09:45 even though at first order it works at
00:09:45 --> 00:09:47 second order we see some problems and
00:09:47 --> 00:09:49 maybe those problems rely on the
00:09:49 --> 00:09:51 previous Cycles before Pia so when we
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 had rodinia or even the previous
00:09:53 --> 00:09:55 supercontinent when we new now that's
00:09:55 --> 00:09:56 things that not resolved yet and that's
00:09:56 --> 00:09:58 things we want to to understand better
00:09:58 --> 00:10:00 all this is implication for how life
00:10:00 --> 00:10:02 developed on Earth too doesn't it so
00:10:02 --> 00:10:04 that's one of the aspects is when you
00:10:04 --> 00:10:06 enrich the mantle when you do that by
00:10:06 --> 00:10:08 seductions you bring Continental
00:10:08 --> 00:10:10 material back to the mantle especially
00:10:10 --> 00:10:11 sediments and some of the sediments they
00:10:11 --> 00:10:13 are Caron Rich so the carbonates for
00:10:13 --> 00:10:15 example that form at the Continental
00:10:15 --> 00:10:17 margin if they're being subd at some
00:10:17 --> 00:10:18 point you're going to bring a lot of CO2
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 in the mantle but if we say is true is
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 mean that you enrich the mantle in some
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 ways in some places more than other
00:10:24 --> 00:10:26 places so when you have volcanism maybe
00:10:26 --> 00:10:28 you're going to release more carbon or
00:10:28 --> 00:10:30 more other volatile locally and that
00:10:30 --> 00:10:32 might have an impact on the local
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 climate or local development of of life
00:10:34 --> 00:10:36 so that's one aspect we we try to
00:10:36 --> 00:10:37 understand as well one question would be
00:10:37 --> 00:10:39 how confident we are in being able to
00:10:39 --> 00:10:43 map out you know like after this the I
00:10:43 --> 00:10:45 would say very difficult but something
00:10:45 --> 00:10:47 is re exciting is there is a huge leap
00:10:47 --> 00:10:49 in technology especially when we're
00:10:49 --> 00:10:51 using machine learning to understand a
00:10:51 --> 00:10:53 reconstruction of supercontinent because
00:10:53 --> 00:10:54 there are still models and there is
00:10:54 --> 00:10:56 several models but if we can link the
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 geodynamic modeling the geochemistry and
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 the superon cyle models we have now
00:11:00 --> 00:11:02 we're going to make huge progress and
00:11:02 --> 00:11:04 the technology will probably help us and
00:11:04 --> 00:11:06 that's very exciting that's Luke search
00:11:06 --> 00:11:10 to say from Curt University and this is
00:11:10 --> 00:11:12 spacetime still to come China planning
00:11:12 --> 00:11:14 to undertake its first man Mission To
00:11:14 --> 00:11:17 The Moon before 2030 and after 7 months
00:11:17 --> 00:11:19 aboard the International Space Station
00:11:19 --> 00:11:22 NASA's SpaceX crew8 have returned to
00:11:22 --> 00:11:24 Earth safely splashing down off the
00:11:24 --> 00:11:26 coast of Florida all that and more still
00:11:26 --> 00:11:32 to come on SpaceTime
00:11:32 --> 00:11:44 [Music]
00:11:44 --> 00:11:46 China has announced plans to have its
00:11:46 --> 00:11:48 first tyut walking on the moon before
00:11:48 --> 00:11:51 2030 Beijing says it's accelerating its
00:11:51 --> 00:11:53 Mission plans following substantial
00:11:53 --> 00:11:55 progress in the development testing and
00:11:55 --> 00:11:57 construction of infrastructure
00:11:57 --> 00:12:00 associated with the program the China
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 man space agency strategy involves
00:12:02 --> 00:12:04 deploying its new super heavy lift Long
00:12:04 --> 00:12:06 March 10 three-stage rocket to
00:12:06 --> 00:12:09 separately deliver the man mingju dream
00:12:09 --> 00:12:11 vessel spacecraft which will carry three
00:12:11 --> 00:12:13 tonot from the Earth to lunar orbit and
00:12:13 --> 00:12:15 the Lang Yu or embracing the Moon Man
00:12:15 --> 00:12:17 lunar lander which will transport two of
00:12:17 --> 00:12:20 those tonot down to the lunar surface
00:12:20 --> 00:12:22 the two spacecraft will rundo in lunar
00:12:22 --> 00:12:25 orbit with Crews then transferring from
00:12:25 --> 00:12:27 one vehicle to the other prototypes of
00:12:27 --> 00:12:29 the new long march tenor or in
00:12:29 --> 00:12:31 production with ground test validation
00:12:31 --> 00:12:33 underway and the first test flight
00:12:33 --> 00:12:34 slated for
00:12:34 --> 00:12:38 2027 Beijing claims the3 M tall rocket
00:12:38 --> 00:12:40 will be able to transport up to 70 tons
00:12:40 --> 00:12:43 into low orbit and 27 tons into trans
00:12:43 --> 00:12:46 lunar orbit a new launch complex for the
00:12:46 --> 00:12:48 Long March tends also being developed as
00:12:48 --> 00:12:50 are specialized dedicated ground
00:12:50 --> 00:12:52 stations for communications Telemetry
00:12:52 --> 00:12:55 and Mission Control as well as the lon
00:12:55 --> 00:12:58 emissions the 21.6 ton reusable mju
00:12:58 --> 00:13:00 spacecraft will also replace the current
00:13:00 --> 00:13:03 Russian suuz Bas shenzu capsules on Lowe
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 Earth orbit flights to China space
00:13:05 --> 00:13:07 station Beijing says it's already
00:13:07 --> 00:13:09 undertaken integrated airdrop tests to
00:13:09 --> 00:13:12 validate the menu performance meanwhile
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 we now know the langu Luna Lander will
00:13:14 --> 00:13:16 consist of separate descent and Ascent
00:13:17 --> 00:13:19 stages that's really similar in concept
00:13:19 --> 00:13:21 to the Apollo lunar modules of the 1960s
00:13:21 --> 00:13:24 and70s beijing's also developing a lunar
00:13:24 --> 00:13:27 rover that'll allow tyut to cover a
00:13:27 --> 00:13:29 greater area of terrain once they arrive
00:13:29 --> 00:13:32 on the moon's surface like the nasal
00:13:32 --> 00:13:33 timus Mission China's looking at a
00:13:34 --> 00:13:36 landing site near the Luna South Pole
00:13:36 --> 00:13:38 and Beijing is also working with Russia
00:13:38 --> 00:13:41 to develop a new joint manspace base on
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 the Luna surface which should be
00:13:43 --> 00:13:45 operational during the early
00:13:45 --> 00:13:48 203s needless to say we'll keep you
00:13:48 --> 00:13:52 informed this is spacetime still to come
00:13:52 --> 00:13:54 NASA's SpaceX Crew 8 returned safely to
00:13:54 --> 00:13:56 Earth splashing down off the coast of
00:13:56 --> 00:13:59 Florida and later in the science report
00:13:59 --> 00:14:00 Australia's weather and climate
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 continues to change with more extreme
00:14:03 --> 00:14:05 heat events and extended fire Seasons
00:14:05 --> 00:14:21 all that and more still to come on
00:14:21 --> 00:14:23 [Music]
00:14:23 --> 00:14:26 SpaceTime well after 7 months in orbit
00:14:26 --> 00:14:27 aboard the International Space Station
00:14:27 --> 00:14:30 NASA's SpaceX way have finally returned
00:14:30 --> 00:14:32 back to Earth safely splashing down off
00:14:33 --> 00:14:35 the coast of Florida during their
00:14:35 --> 00:14:37 mission on station the four crew members
00:14:37 --> 00:14:39 carried out more than 200 scientific
00:14:39 --> 00:14:41 investigations these included
00:14:41 --> 00:14:44 demonstrating space-based manufacturing
00:14:44 --> 00:14:46 production processes such as the inspace
00:14:46 --> 00:14:48 development of stem cells which can then
00:14:48 --> 00:14:50 be matured into a wide variety of
00:14:50 --> 00:14:53 tissues these could then be used for
00:14:53 --> 00:14:55 future large scale in space biom
00:14:55 --> 00:14:57 manufacturing of stem cell derived
00:14:57 --> 00:14:58 products which could then be used for
00:14:58 --> 00:15:00 new treatments for heart diseases
00:15:00 --> 00:15:02 neurodegenerative issues and other
00:15:02 --> 00:15:04 conditions other studies were dedicated
00:15:04 --> 00:15:06 to crystallizing organic molecules in
00:15:06 --> 00:15:09 micro gravity an environment that alters
00:15:09 --> 00:15:11 many observable phenomena thereby
00:15:11 --> 00:15:13 allowing scientists to study things in
00:15:13 --> 00:15:16 ways simply not possible on Earth the
00:15:16 --> 00:15:18 crew also supported the third experiment
00:15:18 --> 00:15:20 in a series of products to improve Ultra
00:15:20 --> 00:15:21 sensitive
00:15:21 --> 00:15:24 biosensors these can be used to detect
00:15:24 --> 00:15:26 Trace substances in liquids including
00:15:26 --> 00:15:29 early cancer biomarkers by using laser
00:15:29 --> 00:15:31 heating to control bubble formation in
00:15:31 --> 00:15:33 microgravity they improveed particle
00:15:33 --> 00:15:36 collection a key step in boosting sensor
00:15:36 --> 00:15:38 sensitivity other research tested a new
00:15:38 --> 00:15:41 Ultra highresolution single sensor
00:15:41 --> 00:15:43 camera validating the camera's function
00:15:43 --> 00:15:45 operations and video down capabilities
00:15:45 --> 00:15:48 in microgravity crew8 astronauts also
00:15:48 --> 00:15:50 investigated the effects of radiation in
00:15:50 --> 00:15:52 the space environment on mechanisms for
00:15:53 --> 00:15:55 Gene editing those results could help
00:15:55 --> 00:15:57 develop new ways to better protect
00:15:57 --> 00:15:59 astronauts and shed light genetic risk
00:15:59 --> 00:16:01 factors for certain diseases during
00:16:01 --> 00:16:04 space flight another investigation
00:16:04 --> 00:16:06 looked at how plants grow at different
00:16:06 --> 00:16:08 orbital altitudes the results of this
00:16:08 --> 00:16:10 could provide new insights into the
00:16:10 --> 00:16:12 production of crops for long duration
00:16:12 --> 00:16:15 missions in high radiation environments
00:16:15 --> 00:16:18 we can see crew8 being joyfully welcomed
00:16:18 --> 00:16:21 aboard the International Space Station
00:16:21 --> 00:16:22 it's just great to be back there's such
00:16:22 --> 00:16:25 a a sense of familiarity and homeness to
00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 the station can't wait to get back to
00:16:27 --> 00:16:28 work I know that our flight's going to
00:16:28 --> 00:16:30 go by and a blink of an eye and really
00:16:30 --> 00:16:32 anxious to
00:16:32 --> 00:16:34 start it's pretty cool up here that our
00:16:34 --> 00:16:37 work is fun and it's fun to work our
00:16:37 --> 00:16:39 daily schedule is awesome to me because
00:16:39 --> 00:16:41 it's different every single day for
00:16:41 --> 00:16:43 example today uh I got to put together a
00:16:43 --> 00:16:44 launcher that's going to launch
00:16:44 --> 00:16:46 satellites in a couple days it's going
00:16:46 --> 00:16:47 to launch little baby satellites out
00:16:47 --> 00:16:48 into space tomorrow I might be doing
00:16:49 --> 00:16:51 experiments uh all kinds of crazy things
00:16:51 --> 00:16:52 and then I get to go look out the window
00:16:52 --> 00:16:55 and take pictures so was pretty
00:16:55 --> 00:16:57 awesome research is constantly changing
00:16:57 --> 00:16:59 it's never the same thing like we have
00:16:59 --> 00:17:02 transparent Alloys that we're working on
00:17:02 --> 00:17:04 a lot of DNA sequencing but for me you
00:17:04 --> 00:17:05 know one of the things that I've been a
00:17:05 --> 00:17:07 part of from the beginning is the
00:17:07 --> 00:17:08 immunity assay so that we can look at
00:17:09 --> 00:17:10 our immunity function while we're on
00:17:10 --> 00:17:12 board the station the ISS is an
00:17:13 --> 00:17:15 incredibly well equipped laboratory and
00:17:15 --> 00:17:17 we are testing everything up here from
00:17:17 --> 00:17:20 the life support systems to exercise
00:17:20 --> 00:17:22 counter measures but also the ability to
00:17:22 --> 00:17:24 do science Mike Huntsville on three
00:17:24 --> 00:17:25 we're liking the way it looks from this
00:17:25 --> 00:17:28 angle copy that this is really nice
00:17:28 --> 00:17:30 Hardware to work with with we are the
00:17:30 --> 00:17:31 hands and the eyes of all the
00:17:31 --> 00:17:33 researchers on the earth the other day I
00:17:33 --> 00:17:35 was working on something called the code
00:17:35 --> 00:17:38 atom lab where we can take materials and
00:17:38 --> 00:17:40 different particles and we can cool them
00:17:40 --> 00:17:42 down to some of the coolest temperatures
00:17:42 --> 00:17:44 in the
00:17:44 --> 00:17:46 [Music]
00:17:46 --> 00:17:48 universe so many nations work together
00:17:48 --> 00:17:50 to put together this International Space
00:17:50 --> 00:17:53 Station I love the space station and I
00:17:53 --> 00:17:54 love being on earth when you look out
00:17:54 --> 00:17:55 these windows and you look at Earth it
00:17:55 --> 00:17:59 just blows you away with its beauty
00:17:59 --> 00:18:05 [Music]
00:18:05 --> 00:18:06 this is
00:18:06 --> 00:18:21 [Music]
00:18:21 --> 00:18:23 spacetime and time now to take a brief
00:18:23 --> 00:18:25 look at some of the other stories making
00:18:25 --> 00:18:27 news in science this week with a science
00:18:27 --> 00:18:30 report the 20 24 state-of the climate
00:18:30 --> 00:18:31 report has been issued finding
00:18:31 --> 00:18:33 Australia's weather and climatic
00:18:33 --> 00:18:35 patterns have continued to change with
00:18:35 --> 00:18:38 more extreme heat events longer fire
00:18:38 --> 00:18:40 Seasons more intense heavy rainfall and
00:18:40 --> 00:18:44 rising sea levels the CSO and the Bureau
00:18:44 --> 00:18:45 of meteorology produced these reports
00:18:45 --> 00:18:48 once every two years they design to
00:18:48 --> 00:18:51 assess changes and long-term trends in
00:18:51 --> 00:18:53 Australia's climate and weather the
00:18:53 --> 00:18:55 report found that greenhouse gases in
00:18:55 --> 00:18:57 the atmosphere are continuing to
00:18:57 --> 00:18:59 increase and eight of the nine warmest
00:18:59 --> 00:19:01 years on record in Australia have
00:19:01 --> 00:19:02 occurred since
00:19:02 --> 00:19:05 2013 all this has led to an increase in
00:19:05 --> 00:19:07 extreme fire weather and longer fire
00:19:07 --> 00:19:09 Seasons across large parts of the
00:19:09 --> 00:19:12 country reduced rainfall in Southwestern
00:19:12 --> 00:19:14 Australia between April and October is
00:19:14 --> 00:19:16 now likely to become a permanent feature
00:19:16 --> 00:19:19 of the local climate at the same time
00:19:19 --> 00:19:20 heavy rainfall events are becoming more
00:19:21 --> 00:19:22 intense especially in the north of the
00:19:22 --> 00:19:25 country oceans around Australia are also
00:19:25 --> 00:19:27 continuing to warm contributing to
00:19:27 --> 00:19:29 longer and more frequent heat waves and
00:19:29 --> 00:19:32 coral bleaching and the oceans are also
00:19:32 --> 00:19:34 becoming more acidic especially in parts
00:19:34 --> 00:19:37 of Southern Australia rates of sea level
00:19:37 --> 00:19:40 rise continue to vary across the country
00:19:40 --> 00:19:42 with the largest increases in the north
00:19:42 --> 00:19:43 and southeast of the Australian
00:19:43 --> 00:19:46 continent there was some good news with
00:19:46 --> 00:19:48 Australian Greenhouse emissions
00:19:48 --> 00:19:49 declining since
00:19:49 --> 00:19:51 2005 however because of global
00:19:52 --> 00:19:54 implications the warming is projected to
00:19:54 --> 00:19:57 continue to increase over coming decades
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 the World Meteorological organ gation
00:19:59 --> 00:20:01 says China Remains the world's biggest
00:20:01 --> 00:20:03 carbon dioxide polluter producing more
00:20:03 --> 00:20:06 than a third of the total Global output
00:20:06 --> 00:20:09 that amounts to more than 10.2 million
00:20:09 --> 00:20:11 tons annually that's about double that
00:20:11 --> 00:20:13 of the United States which is the second
00:20:13 --> 00:20:15 worst polluter on the planet and four
00:20:15 --> 00:20:17 times that of India which holds third
00:20:17 --> 00:20:20 place they're followed by Russia Japan
00:20:20 --> 00:20:23 Iran Germany Saudi Arabia Indonesia and
00:20:23 --> 00:20:26 South Korea in 10th place next comes
00:20:26 --> 00:20:28 Canada then Brazil turkey South Africa
00:20:29 --> 00:20:31 Mexico Australia is in 16th Place it's
00:20:31 --> 00:20:33 followed by the United Kingdom Italy
00:20:33 --> 00:20:36 Holland and Vietnam rounding off the
00:20:36 --> 00:20:37 worst
00:20:37 --> 00:20:41 20 a new study claims vitamin K2 could
00:20:41 --> 00:20:44 help avoid painful leg cramps at night
00:20:44 --> 00:20:45 the findings reported in the Journal of
00:20:45 --> 00:20:48 the American Medical Association based
00:20:48 --> 00:20:51 on a trial of people aged over 65 some
00:20:51 --> 00:20:53 200 people with regular night cramps
00:20:53 --> 00:20:56 participated in the trial they were
00:20:56 --> 00:20:58 monitored for two weeks before the trial
00:20:58 --> 00:20:59 commenced in order to assess how
00:20:59 --> 00:21:02 frequently they had leg cramps half were
00:21:02 --> 00:21:04 then given vitamin K2 supplements for 8
00:21:05 --> 00:21:07 weeks while the remainder were given a
00:21:07 --> 00:21:09 placebo the authors found that while
00:21:09 --> 00:21:10 both groups had the same average
00:21:11 --> 00:21:12 frequency of cramps before they were
00:21:12 --> 00:21:14 given the supplements those in the
00:21:14 --> 00:21:16 vitamin K2 group on average had fewer
00:21:16 --> 00:21:19 cramps and of lower severity in duration
00:21:19 --> 00:21:21 compared to the placebo group over the
00:21:21 --> 00:21:23 8we trial
00:21:23 --> 00:21:26 period the Australian Defense Force has
00:21:26 --> 00:21:28 taken delivery of the first of 40 new
00:21:28 --> 00:21:30 Next Generation Blackhawk helicopters
00:21:30 --> 00:21:32 from the United States under a $3
00:21:32 --> 00:21:36 billion deal at the same time the ADF
00:21:36 --> 00:21:38 has also confirmed a new $21 billion
00:21:38 --> 00:21:41 contract to ramp up local guided missile
00:21:41 --> 00:21:43 production the new projects come in the
00:21:43 --> 00:21:45 shadow of growing Regional aggression by
00:21:45 --> 00:21:48 China raising concerns among Pacific
00:21:48 --> 00:21:50 island and Asian Nations the new missile
00:21:50 --> 00:21:52 deal will see an increase in domestic
00:21:52 --> 00:21:54 missile ammunitions manufacturing
00:21:54 --> 00:21:56 including the development of new long
00:21:56 --> 00:21:58 range strike capability the project
00:21:58 --> 00:22:00 includes a new plant for manufacturing
00:22:00 --> 00:22:05 155 mm m795 artillery ammunition the
00:22:05 --> 00:22:06 announcement comes just a week after
00:22:07 --> 00:22:09 Australia confirmed plans to purchase $7
00:22:09 --> 00:22:11 billion worth of American Standard
00:22:11 --> 00:22:14 missile block 3c's and standard missile
00:22:14 --> 00:22:16 Sixers and of course there's last
00:22:16 --> 00:22:17 month's announcement of a new guided
00:22:17 --> 00:22:19 missile manufacturing plant to be built
00:22:19 --> 00:22:22 in the Newcastle in New South Wales the
00:22:22 --> 00:22:24 new long range strike capabilities will
00:22:24 --> 00:22:26 improve the range of Australian Weaponry
00:22:26 --> 00:22:29 from 200 km to more more than 22
00:22:29 --> 00:22:32 thousand meanwhile the Army's just taken
00:22:32 --> 00:22:34 delivery of the first 10 860m Blackhawk
00:22:35 --> 00:22:37 helicopters in a move which will see The
00:22:37 --> 00:22:39 Return of what was once a trusted
00:22:39 --> 00:22:42 warhorse at the same time it'll bring a
00:22:42 --> 00:22:44 long awaited end to the Fiasco of the
00:22:44 --> 00:22:47 ofen grounded Taipan Fleet the $3
00:22:47 --> 00:22:49 billion contract with loed Martin will
00:22:49 --> 00:22:51 see 40 of the Choppers enter service by
00:22:51 --> 00:22:54 later next year meanwhile the disposal
00:22:54 --> 00:22:57 of Australia's 46 grounded mr90 taipans
00:22:57 --> 00:22:59 which Ukraine unsuccessfully to acquire
00:22:59 --> 00:23:01 should be complete by the end of this
00:23:01 --> 00:23:05 year in January 2021 the ADF announced
00:23:05 --> 00:23:07 plans to replace its aging tiger attack
00:23:07 --> 00:23:12 helicopters with 29 new Apache a86 4 e
00:23:12 --> 00:23:13 and that's a recommendation that this
00:23:13 --> 00:23:15 program made to the then defense
00:23:15 --> 00:23:18 minister more than 10 years ago pity
00:23:18 --> 00:23:19 they didn't
00:23:19 --> 00:23:22 listen new documentary is been released
00:23:22 --> 00:23:24 looking at a failed attempt to produce a
00:23:24 --> 00:23:26 movie about Point Pleasant's Infamous
00:23:26 --> 00:23:29 Mothman monster the doo Moth Man the
00:23:29 --> 00:23:31 film that never was explains why the
00:23:31 --> 00:23:34 Moth Man movie was never completed now
00:23:34 --> 00:23:36 this is not to be confused with the 2002
00:23:36 --> 00:23:38 movie The Moth Man prophecy starring
00:23:38 --> 00:23:40 Richard Gear filming for the unfinished
00:23:41 --> 00:23:43 Moth Man movie dates back to
00:23:43 --> 00:23:46 1997 Tim menum from Australian skeptic
00:23:46 --> 00:23:47 says the new documentary includes
00:23:47 --> 00:23:50 neverbe seen footage from The Moth Man
00:23:50 --> 00:23:52 movie and let's listeners hear firsthand
00:23:52 --> 00:23:54 accounts from the cast and crew during
00:23:54 --> 00:23:56 the filming of the original movie I'm
00:23:56 --> 00:23:57 trying to think how long moth man has
00:23:57 --> 00:23:59 been around I think every place needs to
00:23:59 --> 00:24:00 have its monster of some sort whether
00:24:00 --> 00:24:02 it's a lake monster or whether it's
00:24:02 --> 00:24:04 something in the forest Jersey Jersey
00:24:04 --> 00:24:05 though was apparently made up by real
00:24:05 --> 00:24:07 estate AG believe it or not it's a deer
00:24:07 --> 00:24:09 standing up on his high legs eating
00:24:09 --> 00:24:11 stuff as as used to yeah apparently was
00:24:11 --> 00:24:13 made up an real estate agent to try and
00:24:13 --> 00:24:14 get some interest in an area anyway moth
00:24:14 --> 00:24:16 man I'm not quite sure what the antics
00:24:16 --> 00:24:18 of Moth Man are it's been around for a
00:24:18 --> 00:24:19 little while there's a story recently
00:24:19 --> 00:24:21 there's a film released called Moth Man
00:24:21 --> 00:24:23 the film that never was moth man is
00:24:23 --> 00:24:25 supposed to be this sort of large
00:24:25 --> 00:24:27 humanoid muscly sort of figure with that
00:24:27 --> 00:24:29 looks like a moth has wings most of the
00:24:29 --> 00:24:33 time has glowing eyes okay thank you a
00:24:33 --> 00:24:34 bar now it has glowing eyes of course
00:24:34 --> 00:24:36 all these things have glowing eyes and
00:24:36 --> 00:24:37 it does terrible things now I'm not
00:24:37 --> 00:24:38 quite sure about the bridge collap I
00:24:38 --> 00:24:40 think that came from the film The Moth
00:24:40 --> 00:24:42 Man prophecies anyway but yeah there was
00:24:42 --> 00:24:43 this film made called The Moth Man the
00:24:43 --> 00:24:45 film that ever was there was going to be
00:24:45 --> 00:24:47 a film of moth man made in the town of
00:24:47 --> 00:24:49 Point Pleasant in West Virginia Point
00:24:49 --> 00:24:51 Pleasant is a place where there one The
00:24:51 --> 00:24:53 Moth Man sighting and I go to make a
00:24:53 --> 00:24:55 film about Moth Man not the one with
00:24:55 --> 00:24:56 which the gear but a different one and
00:24:56 --> 00:24:58 they all going ahead and of the
00:24:58 --> 00:25:00 residents were having a good time
00:25:00 --> 00:25:01 excited to be playing extras Etc
00:25:01 --> 00:25:03 suddenly a handful of Point Pleasant
00:25:03 --> 00:25:05 residents who did not want this to
00:25:05 --> 00:25:07 happen started threatening the crew
00:25:07 --> 00:25:08 members and they were worried about
00:25:08 --> 00:25:10 their personal safety and because the
00:25:10 --> 00:25:13 area around Point Pleasant supposedly
00:25:13 --> 00:25:16 had rumored ties to organized crime and
00:25:16 --> 00:25:17 so if that was the case there's an
00:25:17 --> 00:25:19 organized criminals who didn't exactly
00:25:19 --> 00:25:21 want a lot of publicity about their area
00:25:21 --> 00:25:23 because they would interfere with their
00:25:23 --> 00:25:25 activities so this film that was going
00:25:25 --> 00:25:27 to be made was stopped halfway through
00:25:27 --> 00:25:28 because the crew got threatened and
00:25:29 --> 00:25:30 everyone got a bit worried so that was
00:25:30 --> 00:25:33 in the late '90s so someone now has made
00:25:33 --> 00:25:35 a documentary about the film that wasn't
00:25:35 --> 00:25:36 made and he's showing it at Point
00:25:36 --> 00:25:39 Pleasant in The Moth Man festival so
00:25:39 --> 00:25:40 Point Pleasant has changed from being
00:25:40 --> 00:25:42 criminal based frightening people off to
00:25:42 --> 00:25:44 actually embracing The Moth Man legend
00:25:44 --> 00:25:46 we got a moth man Museum and all sorts
00:25:46 --> 00:25:48 of stuff so Point Pleasant is now your
00:25:48 --> 00:25:50 Moth Man venue of choice it's one of
00:25:50 --> 00:25:52 these classic sort of monsters that
00:25:52 --> 00:25:54 builds up and up and up in reputation as
00:25:54 --> 00:25:56 time goes on that's Tim mum from
00:25:56 --> 00:26:00 Australian Skeptics
00:26:00 --> 00:26:13 [Music]
00:26:13 --> 00:26:16 and that's the show for now SpaceTime is
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00:27:39 --> 00:27:42 Gary you've been listening to SpaceTime
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