SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 135
*Could Uranus Moon Miranda Have a Subsurface Ocean?
A new study suggests that Uranus' moon Miranda may harbour a liquid water ocean beneath its peculiar jigsaw-like surface. The findings, published in the Planetary Science Journal, challenge existing assumptions about Miranda's history and composition, potentially placing it among the select few worlds in our solar system with environments that could support life. The study highlights the intriguing possibility of a vast ocean beneath Miranda's icy crust, kept warm by gravitational tidal forces.
*NASA Discovers Weird Red Rocks with Green Spots on Mars
NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover has stumbled upon strange red rocks with green spots on the Martian surface. As the rover continues its journey towards the rim of Jezero Crater, it has uncovered a new geological puzzle featuring red and green rocks. Scientists are intrigued by the green spots, which could suggest past water activity, but their exact composition remains a mystery due to the rover's current limitations.
*First Humans on Mars by 2035?
NASA is planning to send humans to Mars as early as 2035. The mission would be part of the Artemis programme, with a journey that could take up to 14 months, including a 500-day stay on the Martian surface. This ambitious plan hinges on the successful deployment of the Lunar Gateway Space Station and other key technologies.
The Science Report
New research finds that children exposed to cannabis in the womb are more likely to exhibit behavioural issues. Meanwhile, ancient DNA studies reveal two genetically distinct populations north and south of the Caucasus Mountains, and a study links Airbnbs to increased crime rates. Plus, a fact-based conversation with AI might help some conspiracy theorists reconsider their beliefs.
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Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/23950452?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:04 this is spacetime series 27 episode 135
00:00:04 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 8th of November
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 2024 coming up on SpaceTime could
00:00:09 --> 00:00:12 Uranus's Moon Miranda have a subsurface
00:00:12 --> 00:00:15 ocean NASA discovers weird Red Rocks
00:00:15 --> 00:00:18 with green spots on Mars and it looks
00:00:18 --> 00:00:20 like the first humid could be walking on
00:00:20 --> 00:00:23 the Martian surface as early as
00:00:23 --> 00:00:26 2035 that's just over a decade away all
00:00:26 --> 00:00:30 that and more coming up on SpaceTime
00:00:30 --> 00:00:34 welcome to SpaceTime with Stuart
00:00:34 --> 00:00:41 [Music]
00:00:48 --> 00:00:51 Gary a new study suggests that Uranus's
00:00:51 --> 00:00:54 Moon Miranda could be harboring a liquid
00:00:54 --> 00:00:56 water ocean beneath its strange
00:00:56 --> 00:00:59 jigsaw-like surface if true the findings
00:00:59 --> 00:01:01 reported in the planetary science
00:01:01 --> 00:01:03 journal would challenge many assumptions
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 about the moon's history and composition
00:01:05 --> 00:01:07 and could place it in the same company
00:01:07 --> 00:01:09 as the few selected worlds in our solar
00:01:09 --> 00:01:12 system with potentially life sustaining
00:01:12 --> 00:01:14 environments one of the study's authors
00:01:14 --> 00:01:16 Tom nordheim from the Johns Hopkins
00:01:16 --> 00:01:18 Applied Physics laboratory says finding
00:01:18 --> 00:01:20 evidence of an ocean inside a small
00:01:20 --> 00:01:22 object like Miranda is incredibly
00:01:22 --> 00:01:25 surprising it helps build on the story
00:01:25 --> 00:01:27 that some of these tiny moons at Uranus
00:01:27 --> 00:01:29 May in reality be really interesting
00:01:29 --> 00:01:31 that there may be several ocean worlds
00:01:31 --> 00:01:33 around what is one of the most distant
00:01:33 --> 00:01:35 planets in our solar system and that's
00:01:35 --> 00:01:38 both exciting and bizarre among the
00:01:38 --> 00:01:41 moons in our solar system Miranda stands
00:01:41 --> 00:01:44 out a few images Voyer 2 captured of
00:01:44 --> 00:01:47 Miranda back in 1986 only show it
00:01:47 --> 00:01:49 Southern Hemisphere and that's a
00:01:49 --> 00:01:51 frankenstyle likee hodg podge of grooved
00:01:51 --> 00:01:53 terrain carted off by rough scarps and
00:01:53 --> 00:01:56 crated areas like squares on a quilt
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 originally scientists thought this could
00:01:58 --> 00:02:00 be the result of a huge Cosmic Collision
00:02:01 --> 00:02:02 the Moon being totally shattered and
00:02:02 --> 00:02:04 then gravitationally coming back
00:02:04 --> 00:02:06 together in a hodg Podge fashion
00:02:06 --> 00:02:08 nowadays most astronomist suspect the
00:02:08 --> 00:02:10 bizarre structures are actually the
00:02:10 --> 00:02:12 result of gravitational tidle forces and
00:02:12 --> 00:02:15 heating within the moon but to find out
00:02:15 --> 00:02:16 what's actually going on there
00:02:16 --> 00:02:18 astronomers set out to explain Miranda's
00:02:18 --> 00:02:21 enigmatic geology by reverse engineering
00:02:21 --> 00:02:23 the surface features working backwards
00:02:23 --> 00:02:24 to uncover what the moon's interior
00:02:24 --> 00:02:26 structure must have been like in order
00:02:26 --> 00:02:28 to shape the moon's geology in response
00:02:28 --> 00:02:31 to gravitational title forces after
00:02:31 --> 00:02:33 first mapping the various surface
00:02:33 --> 00:02:34 features like cracks ridges and
00:02:35 --> 00:02:37 Miranda's unique trapezoidal Corona the
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 author's developed a computational model
00:02:39 --> 00:02:41 to test several possible structures for
00:02:41 --> 00:02:43 the moon's interior eventually matching
00:02:43 --> 00:02:45 predicted stress patterns to the actual
00:02:45 --> 00:02:48 surface geology the setup that produced
00:02:48 --> 00:02:50 the best match between predicted stress
00:02:50 --> 00:02:52 patterns and observed surface features
00:02:52 --> 00:02:54 required the existence of a vast ocean
00:02:54 --> 00:02:57 beneath Miranda's icy surface some 100
00:02:57 --> 00:03:00 to 500 million years ago that subsurface
00:03:00 --> 00:03:03 ocean would have been at least 100 kilm
00:03:03 --> 00:03:04 deep and it would have been hidden
00:03:04 --> 00:03:07 beneath an icy crust no more than 30 km
00:03:07 --> 00:03:09 thick now given that Miranda only has a
00:03:09 --> 00:03:12 radius of 235 km it means the ocean
00:03:12 --> 00:03:14 would have filled almost half the moon's
00:03:14 --> 00:03:17 volume gravitational tidal forces
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 between Uranus Miranda and other nearby
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 moons would have been key to creating
00:03:21 --> 00:03:24 that liquid ocean and these regular
00:03:24 --> 00:03:25 gravitational tugs could have further
00:03:25 --> 00:03:28 been Amplified by orbital resonances a
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 configuration during which each Moon's
00:03:30 --> 00:03:32 period around the planet is an exact
00:03:32 --> 00:03:34 integer of another Moon's periods for
00:03:34 --> 00:03:37 example Jupiter's moons Iowa and euroba
00:03:37 --> 00:03:39 have a 21 resonance for every two orbits
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 IO makes around Jupiter euroba makes
00:03:42 --> 00:03:44 exactly one leading to Tidal forces that
00:03:44 --> 00:03:46 are known to sustain a liquid water
00:03:46 --> 00:03:49 ocean beneath Europa surface these
00:03:49 --> 00:03:51 orbital configurations and the resulting
00:03:51 --> 00:03:53 gravitational tidal forces to form the
00:03:53 --> 00:03:55 moon like rubber balls leading to
00:03:55 --> 00:03:57 friction and heat that keeps the
00:03:57 --> 00:03:59 Interiors warm keeping the water liquid
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 instead of turning it to solid ice and
00:04:02 --> 00:04:04 this also creates stresses that cracks
00:04:04 --> 00:04:07 the surface resulting in a rich tapestry
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 of geological features numerical
00:04:09 --> 00:04:11 simulations suggest that Miranda and its
00:04:11 --> 00:04:13 neighboring moons likely also had
00:04:13 --> 00:04:16 similar resonances in the past offering
00:04:16 --> 00:04:17 a potential mechanism that could have
00:04:17 --> 00:04:19 warmed Miranda's interior in order to
00:04:19 --> 00:04:22 produce and maintain a subsurface ocean
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 now at some point these moons orbital
00:04:24 --> 00:04:27 berlet desynchronized slowing the
00:04:27 --> 00:04:29 heating process so that the moons inside
00:04:29 --> 00:04:32 began Cooling and solidifying but the
00:04:32 --> 00:04:34 authors don't think that Miranda's
00:04:34 --> 00:04:37 interior has fully Frozen yet nordheim
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 says that had the ocean fully Frozen it
00:04:39 --> 00:04:41 would have expanded and caused certain
00:04:41 --> 00:04:43 Tello cracks on the surface which aren't
00:04:43 --> 00:04:46 there so this suggests that Miranda is
00:04:46 --> 00:04:48 still Cooling and so it may still have a
00:04:48 --> 00:04:50 liquid water ocean beneath its surface
00:04:50 --> 00:04:53 even now but Miranda's modern day ocean
00:04:54 --> 00:04:56 would probably be fairly thin still when
00:04:56 --> 00:04:58 you think about it Miranda wasn't
00:04:58 --> 00:05:00 predicted to have an ocean at all with
00:05:00 --> 00:05:03 its small size and old age scientists
00:05:03 --> 00:05:04 thought it would most likely simply be a
00:05:04 --> 00:05:07 solid frozen ball of ice any left
00:05:07 --> 00:05:09 overheat from its formation was assumed
00:05:09 --> 00:05:12 to have dissipated long ago but as we
00:05:12 --> 00:05:14 all know predictions of ice moons can be
00:05:14 --> 00:05:16 really wrong as evidence by Saturn's
00:05:16 --> 00:05:19 moon Enceladus see before NASA's Cassini
00:05:19 --> 00:05:22 mission to the saturnian system in 2004
00:05:22 --> 00:05:24 many scientists thought Enceladus was
00:05:24 --> 00:05:27 simply a Frozen ball of ice and rock but
00:05:27 --> 00:05:28 once Cassini got there we discovered
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 it's actually harboring a global
00:05:30 --> 00:05:32 subsurface liquid water ocean and it
00:05:32 --> 00:05:35 even has active geological processes
00:05:35 --> 00:05:37 taking place in fact it's constantly
00:05:37 --> 00:05:39 shooting water vapor and ice out of its
00:05:39 --> 00:05:42 southern hemisphere tiger stripe geisers
00:05:42 --> 00:05:44 and these are now a prime target of
00:05:44 --> 00:05:47 research for life beyond Earth that
00:05:47 --> 00:05:49 raises the tantalizing question of
00:05:49 --> 00:05:52 whether Miranda could be a similar case
00:05:52 --> 00:05:53 it's comparable in size and composition
00:05:53 --> 00:05:56 to Enceladus and according to a 2023
00:05:56 --> 00:05:58 study led by John's Hopkins University's
00:05:58 --> 00:06:01 Ian Cohen it may also be actively
00:06:01 --> 00:06:04 releasing material into space so if it
00:06:04 --> 00:06:06 has or ever had an ocean it should be a
00:06:06 --> 00:06:08 future Target for studying habitability
00:06:08 --> 00:06:13 in life this is spacetime still to come
00:06:13 --> 00:06:15 NASA's Mars perseverance Rob discover
00:06:15 --> 00:06:17 strange Red Rocks with green spots on
00:06:17 --> 00:06:19 the red planet and it looks like the
00:06:19 --> 00:06:21 first humans could be walking on the red
00:06:21 --> 00:06:23 planet in just over a decade from now
00:06:23 --> 00:06:25 all that and more still to come on
00:06:25 --> 00:06:28 SpaceTime
00:06:28 --> 00:06:42 [Music]
00:06:42 --> 00:06:44 NASA's Mars perseverance Rover has
00:06:44 --> 00:06:46 discovered strange Red Rocks with green
00:06:46 --> 00:06:49 spots as it continues its Journey up
00:06:49 --> 00:06:51 towards the rim of the red planet's gzro
00:06:51 --> 00:06:54 crater just 20 souls or Martian days
00:06:54 --> 00:06:56 after discovering and sampling the
00:06:56 --> 00:06:58 unusual lipid spots of bride Angel the
00:06:58 --> 00:07:01 six world size robotic laboratory drove
00:07:01 --> 00:07:04 South across netra vales to a location
00:07:04 --> 00:07:07 named Serpentine Rapids there scientists
00:07:07 --> 00:07:09 discovered a strange new geologic puzzle
00:07:09 --> 00:07:11 of enigmatic and unique red and green
00:07:11 --> 00:07:14 rocks perseverance then used its
00:07:14 --> 00:07:16 braiding tool to create an abrasion
00:07:16 --> 00:07:17 patch in the Rock outcrop which they've
00:07:17 --> 00:07:20 named Wallace but the 5 cm diameter
00:07:20 --> 00:07:23 abrasion patch revealed a striking array
00:07:23 --> 00:07:25 of white black and green colors within
00:07:25 --> 00:07:27 the rock one of the biggest surprises
00:07:27 --> 00:07:29 for Mission managers was the pris of the
00:07:29 --> 00:07:31 drab green colored spots within the
00:07:32 --> 00:07:34 abrasion patch they're composed of dark
00:07:34 --> 00:07:37 tone cores with fuzzy light green rims
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 on Earth Red Rocks sometimes called red
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 beds generally get their color from
00:07:41 --> 00:07:44 oxidized iron which is the same form of
00:07:44 --> 00:07:46 iron that makes your blood turn red or
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 the rusty red color of metal left
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 outside green spots like those observed
00:07:50 --> 00:07:53 in the Wallace P brasion are common in
00:07:53 --> 00:07:55 ancient red beds on Earth and they form
00:07:55 --> 00:07:57 when liquid water percolates through
00:07:57 --> 00:07:59 sediments before it hardens into rock
00:07:59 --> 00:08:00 kicking off a chemical reaction that
00:08:00 --> 00:08:03 transforms oxidized ion to its reduced
00:08:03 --> 00:08:06 form resulting in a greenish Hue now
00:08:06 --> 00:08:08 here on Earth microbes are sometimes
00:08:08 --> 00:08:11 involved in this iron reduction reaction
00:08:11 --> 00:08:12 however green spots can also result from
00:08:13 --> 00:08:14 decaying organic matter which creates
00:08:14 --> 00:08:17 localized reducing conditions but before
00:08:17 --> 00:08:20 you get too excited interactions between
00:08:20 --> 00:08:22 sulfur and ion can also create ion
00:08:22 --> 00:08:23 reducing conditions without the
00:08:23 --> 00:08:26 involvement of any microbial life now
00:08:26 --> 00:08:27 unfortunately at this location there
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 simply wasn't enough room to safely
00:08:30 --> 00:08:32 place the Rover's robotic arm containing
00:08:32 --> 00:08:33 the Sherlock and pixel instruments
00:08:33 --> 00:08:35 directly over one of the green spots
00:08:35 --> 00:08:38 within the abrasion patch so sadly their
00:08:38 --> 00:08:42 exact composition remains a mystery this
00:08:42 --> 00:08:44 is spacetime still to come the first
00:08:44 --> 00:08:47 humans could be walking on Mars as soon
00:08:47 --> 00:08:47 as
00:08:47 --> 00:08:50 2035 and later in the science report a
00:08:50 --> 00:08:53 new study shows that children exposed to
00:08:53 --> 00:08:55 cannabis in the womb are more likely to
00:08:55 --> 00:08:57 have behavioral issues all that and more
00:08:57 --> 00:09:00 still to come on space
00:09:00 --> 00:09:06 [Music]
00:09:13 --> 00:09:16 time Nessa says it could send humans to
00:09:16 --> 00:09:19 the Moon potentially as early as
00:09:19 --> 00:09:23 2035 however it won't be a fast Journey
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 a 42 million km round trip would take up
00:09:25 --> 00:09:27 to 14 months in travel time with the
00:09:27 --> 00:09:30 crew staying on the red planet up to 500
00:09:30 --> 00:09:33 days before returning to Earth however
00:09:33 --> 00:09:35 the exact length of the Martian surface
00:09:35 --> 00:09:36 stay would depend on the orbital
00:09:36 --> 00:09:38 alignment of the Earth and Mars at the
00:09:38 --> 00:09:41 time a man Journey to the red planet
00:09:41 --> 00:09:44 would be the culmination of NASA's emus
00:09:44 --> 00:09:46 program which was here humans back in
00:09:46 --> 00:09:48 orbit around the Moon the emus 2
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 mission next year and a return to the
00:09:50 --> 00:09:53 lunar surface emus 3 in late
00:09:53 --> 00:09:56 2026 to send people to the moon and
00:09:56 --> 00:09:58 eventually onto Mars NASA's developed a
00:09:58 --> 00:09:59 new heavy lift launch vehicle called the
00:10:00 --> 00:10:02 space launch system or SLS and a new
00:10:02 --> 00:10:05 longrange spacecraft called Orion the
00:10:05 --> 00:10:07 SLS together with an unmanned Orion
00:10:07 --> 00:10:09 capsule successfully launched on
00:10:09 --> 00:10:12 November the 16th 2022 on the Artemus 1
00:10:12 --> 00:10:14 mission that undertook multiple orbits
00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 of the Moon before returning safely to
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 the Earth another key part of the
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 project is the Luna Gateway space
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 station which will be placed into CIS
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 lunar orbit sometime around
00:10:24 --> 00:10:27 2027 it'll act as a base camp for Crews
00:10:27 --> 00:10:29 supplies and scientific equipment being
00:10:29 --> 00:10:31 transferred from the Earth to the lunar
00:10:31 --> 00:10:34 surface and Gateway will also act as the
00:10:34 --> 00:10:36 Prototype for the man spacecraft
00:10:36 --> 00:10:38 providing crew accommodation during the
00:10:38 --> 00:10:41 six to S month long interplanetary
00:10:41 --> 00:10:43 journey Gateway is a joint project
00:10:43 --> 00:10:46 involving NASA the European space agency
00:10:46 --> 00:10:48 and the Japanese Aerospace Exploration
00:10:48 --> 00:10:51 Agency emus astronauts will live and
00:10:51 --> 00:10:53 work on the moon for months at a time in
00:10:53 --> 00:10:55 order to prepare for living and working
00:10:55 --> 00:10:57 on the red planet EA's head of Legal
00:10:57 --> 00:11:00 Services Marco fenzi says Gateway will
00:11:00 --> 00:11:02 provide a key component of the emus plan
00:11:02 --> 00:11:04 to return to the moon and maintain what
00:11:04 --> 00:11:06 will be a permanent human presence there
00:11:06 --> 00:11:10 on October 2020 this year Isa has signed
00:11:10 --> 00:11:12 an historical agreement in the form of a
00:11:12 --> 00:11:14 memorandum of understanding with NASA
00:11:14 --> 00:11:16 concerning cooperation on the Civil
00:11:16 --> 00:11:18 lunar Gateway the lunar Gateway is an
00:11:18 --> 00:11:21 essential component of the sustainable
00:11:21 --> 00:11:23 conduct of lunar operations and will
00:11:23 --> 00:11:26 also play a major role in NASA's aremis
00:11:26 --> 00:11:29 exploration program it is a genuine
00:11:29 --> 00:11:32 partnership with nasza committing Isa to
00:11:32 --> 00:11:35 a civil human Outpost in lunar vicinity
00:11:35 --> 00:11:37 every launch of aona to the moon on
00:11:37 --> 00:11:40 board the new Orion will rely on the
00:11:40 --> 00:11:42 European service module for power
00:11:42 --> 00:11:45 propulsion oxygen and water Europe will
00:11:45 --> 00:11:46 provide crew accommodation
00:11:46 --> 00:11:49 telecommunication refueling and amazing
00:11:49 --> 00:11:50 views of the
00:11:50 --> 00:11:53 Moon and what is more European Astron
00:11:53 --> 00:11:55 will fly to the Gateway and to live and
00:11:55 --> 00:11:58 work in deep space for the first time
00:11:58 --> 00:12:00 activities Beyond the scope of the
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 Gateway such as future lunal surface
00:12:02 --> 00:12:05 activities are not addressed in this mou
00:12:05 --> 00:12:06 and will be subject to Future
00:12:07 --> 00:12:08 cooperation agreements with
00:12:08 --> 00:12:10 International partners with the
00:12:10 --> 00:12:12 expectation to complete a multilateral
00:12:12 --> 00:12:14 scheme as for International Space
00:12:14 --> 00:12:17 Station before human Mission reaches the
00:12:17 --> 00:12:20 lunar surface so more International
00:12:20 --> 00:12:21 Agreements are to
00:12:21 --> 00:12:25 come as part of the aremis exploration
00:12:25 --> 00:12:27 program NASA has also introduced the
00:12:27 --> 00:12:29 aremis Accords as an initiative to
00:12:29 --> 00:12:32 establish a common set of principles
00:12:32 --> 00:12:33 applicable to the aremis lunar
00:12:33 --> 00:12:36 exploration program as opposed to the
00:12:36 --> 00:12:39 Gateway mou which are among exploration
00:12:39 --> 00:12:43 ISS Partners these Accords do not
00:12:43 --> 00:12:44 constitute binding International
00:12:44 --> 00:12:47 agreements but rather political
00:12:47 --> 00:12:49 commitments to a practical set of
00:12:49 --> 00:12:52 principles guidelines and best practices
00:12:52 --> 00:12:54 that's is's head of Legal Services Mara
00:12:54 --> 00:13:00 fenzi and this is spacetime
00:13:00 --> 00:13:07 [Music]
00:13:14 --> 00:13:15 and time now to take another brief look
00:13:15 --> 00:13:17 at some of the other stories making news
00:13:17 --> 00:13:19 and science this week with a science
00:13:19 --> 00:13:21 report a new study has found that
00:13:21 --> 00:13:23 children who are exposed to cannabis in
00:13:23 --> 00:13:25 the womb are more likely to have
00:13:25 --> 00:13:27 behavioral issues as they grow the
00:13:27 --> 00:13:29 findings reported in the Journal of the
00:13:29 --> 00:13:31 American Medical Association assessed
00:13:31 --> 00:13:34 the capability and behavior of 255
00:13:34 --> 00:13:36 yearolds whose mothers had participated
00:13:36 --> 00:13:39 in pregnancy research according to your
00:13:39 --> 00:13:41 intestine surveys 70 of those kids have
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 been exposed to cannabis while in the
00:13:43 --> 00:13:46 womb the authors found that children who
00:13:46 --> 00:13:48 had pre-birth cannabis exposure
00:13:48 --> 00:13:50 consistently scored lower for
00:13:50 --> 00:13:52 self-control and attention showed po
00:13:52 --> 00:13:54 task-based planning and ability and
00:13:54 --> 00:13:56 showed more aggression compared to those
00:13:56 --> 00:13:58 who had not been exposed to cannabis
00:13:58 --> 00:14:00 before birth
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 a new study has shown that ancient human
00:14:02 --> 00:14:05 DNA indicates two genetically distinct
00:14:05 --> 00:14:07 populations of people arose north and
00:14:07 --> 00:14:09 south of the Caucasus Mountains on the
00:14:09 --> 00:14:11 border between Europe and Asia around
00:14:11 --> 00:14:14 the 7th millennium BCE the findings
00:14:14 --> 00:14:16 reported in the journal Nature showed
00:14:16 --> 00:14:18 that the northern population remained
00:14:18 --> 00:14:20 mainly as hunter gatherers but the
00:14:20 --> 00:14:21 southern population went on to become
00:14:21 --> 00:14:23 some of the world's first pists around
00:14:23 --> 00:14:25 the fourth millennium
00:14:25 --> 00:14:28 BCE exactly what spurred this lifestyle
00:14:28 --> 00:14:31 change remains a mystery but Farmers
00:14:31 --> 00:14:32 from Anatolia may have introduced the
00:14:32 --> 00:14:35 farming practices to the locals to reach
00:14:35 --> 00:14:37 their conclusions the authors looked at
00:14:37 --> 00:14:40 DNA from 131 people from across the
00:14:40 --> 00:14:42 Caucasus region between the misthic
00:14:42 --> 00:14:44 that's the 7th millennium BCE and the
00:14:44 --> 00:14:46 late Bronze Age the second millennium
00:14:46 --> 00:14:49 BCE they noted that the populations
00:14:49 --> 00:14:50 north and south of the caucuses
00:14:50 --> 00:14:52 mountains became genetically distinct
00:14:52 --> 00:14:54 during the molic suggesting they were
00:14:54 --> 00:14:56 isolated from each other by the
00:14:56 --> 00:14:58 mountains the northern population at
00:14:58 --> 00:15:00 Hunter Gathering DNA linked to people
00:15:00 --> 00:15:01 from the East while the southern
00:15:01 --> 00:15:04 population had a mix of corsan Hunter
00:15:04 --> 00:15:08 gathered DNA and DNA from people from
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 Anatolia a new study by scientists at
00:15:10 --> 00:15:12 the University of Pennsylvania and
00:15:12 --> 00:15:14 Cambridge University has found that a
00:15:14 --> 00:15:17 bnbs are often associated with more
00:15:17 --> 00:15:20 crime the findings reported in the
00:15:20 --> 00:15:21 journal criminology looked around the
00:15:21 --> 00:15:24 London area showing an increase in
00:15:24 --> 00:15:26 robbery burglary theft and violence
00:15:26 --> 00:15:29 associated with airbnbs
00:15:29 --> 00:15:31 since its founding in 2008 the
00:15:31 --> 00:15:33 short-term home stay platform Airbnb has
00:15:33 --> 00:15:35 expanded to 100 cities in more than
00:15:35 --> 00:15:38 220 countries and according to data from
00:15:38 --> 00:15:41 the company 1.5 million guests have
00:15:41 --> 00:15:44 stayed in an Airbnb listed property
00:15:44 --> 00:15:45 through
00:15:45 --> 00:15:47 2023 however the study has clearly shown
00:15:48 --> 00:15:50 that each additional active Airbnb is
00:15:50 --> 00:15:52 associated with a
00:15:52 --> 00:15:55 0.16% increase in Theft a
00:15:55 --> 00:15:57 0.06% increase in violent offenses a
00:15:57 --> 00:16:01 0.04 % increase in burglaries and a
00:16:01 --> 00:16:04 0.03% increase in robberies per
00:16:04 --> 00:16:07 quarter a new study in the journal
00:16:07 --> 00:16:08 science shows that for some people who
00:16:09 --> 00:16:10 believe in conspiracy theories a
00:16:10 --> 00:16:12 fact-based conversation with an
00:16:12 --> 00:16:14 artificial intelligence chatbot can pull
00:16:14 --> 00:16:16 them out of the rabbit hole and keep
00:16:16 --> 00:16:18 them out for several months while some
00:16:18 --> 00:16:20 conspiracy theories are relatively
00:16:20 --> 00:16:22 harmless such as those believing in a
00:16:22 --> 00:16:25 flat Earth others can cause harm and
00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 even death and there are also many major
00:16:27 --> 00:16:30 concerns about Trea in AIS as fonts of
00:16:30 --> 00:16:33 all knowledge they're not that's because
00:16:33 --> 00:16:35 artificial intelligence makes it really
00:16:35 --> 00:16:38 easy to create believable fake content
00:16:38 --> 00:16:40 Tim menum from a strange Skeptics warns
00:16:40 --> 00:16:42 artificial intelligence is only ever as
00:16:43 --> 00:16:45 good as the data programmed into it now
00:16:45 --> 00:16:46 there was experiment made trying to
00:16:46 --> 00:16:48 convince conspiracy theories out of
00:16:48 --> 00:16:50 their beliefs in conspiracies and people
00:16:50 --> 00:16:52 who rustled on to conspiracy theories
00:16:52 --> 00:16:53 and those who are toying with them Etc
00:16:53 --> 00:16:55 and so rather than the normal human
00:16:55 --> 00:16:57 reaction like Skeptics you try and talk
00:16:57 --> 00:16:59 someone out of those conspiracy the why
00:16:59 --> 00:17:00 do you want to believe this what is the
00:17:00 --> 00:17:02 truth of the claims Etc or untruth of
00:17:02 --> 00:17:04 the claims what's the proper explanation
00:17:04 --> 00:17:05 for what happened and what they're
00:17:05 --> 00:17:07 saying is that humans aren't always very
00:17:07 --> 00:17:08 good at doing this because you tend to
00:17:08 --> 00:17:10 react emotionally so what do you do you
00:17:10 --> 00:17:12 attach it to a computer and you get an
00:17:12 --> 00:17:14 AI run computer to actually look up the
00:17:14 --> 00:17:16 evidence and then present it in a human
00:17:16 --> 00:17:17 fashion and apparently they have three
00:17:17 --> 00:17:19 sessions in which they can talk back and
00:17:19 --> 00:17:21 forth and back and forth and it's been
00:17:21 --> 00:17:23 fairly effective sort of for 20% of
00:17:23 --> 00:17:25 people they don't have their conspiracy
00:17:25 --> 00:17:27 theory for a few months afterwards they
00:17:27 --> 00:17:29 might go back to their conspirac
00:17:29 --> 00:17:30 theories or they might go onto a
00:17:30 --> 00:17:31 different conspiracy theory which often
00:17:31 --> 00:17:33 happens they have trouble with these
00:17:33 --> 00:17:34 they're not teaching people how to think
00:17:34 --> 00:17:36 and how to be critical thinkers they're
00:17:36 --> 00:17:37 teaching them just the facts there are
00:17:37 --> 00:17:39 some people who are just prepositioned
00:17:39 --> 00:17:41 to have conspiracy theories it's just
00:17:41 --> 00:17:43 their thing and that's not to say that
00:17:43 --> 00:17:44 conspiracy theories aren't real there
00:17:45 --> 00:17:46 are real conspiracies out there lots of
00:17:46 --> 00:17:47 them that's right there are real
00:17:48 --> 00:17:49 conspiracies out there but I mean we
00:17:49 --> 00:17:50 know about a lot of the conspiracy
00:17:50 --> 00:17:51 theories that are out there there are
00:17:52 --> 00:17:53 some that we don't know about yet and
00:17:53 --> 00:17:54 they're obviously the very effective
00:17:54 --> 00:17:56 ones but the resilience of a conspiracy
00:17:56 --> 00:17:58 theorist is amazing how they can jump
00:17:58 --> 00:17:59 from one to the next to the next to the
00:17:59 --> 00:18:01 next and they will deny having believed
00:18:01 --> 00:18:03 in the previous one what they're
00:18:03 --> 00:18:04 suggesting with the AI is that it's
00:18:05 --> 00:18:06 effective because it's not emotional
00:18:06 --> 00:18:08 people know it's an AI they they know
00:18:08 --> 00:18:09 it's a computer in these tests but they
00:18:09 --> 00:18:11 somehow believe it more effectively
00:18:11 --> 00:18:13 because they say computers don't lie
00:18:13 --> 00:18:15 it's what's into garbage out garbage in
00:18:15 --> 00:18:17 garbage out that's the whole problem
00:18:17 --> 00:18:18 there's always the human element in the
00:18:18 --> 00:18:21 background and if the AI is drawing on
00:18:21 --> 00:18:23 biased information it will spew up
00:18:23 --> 00:18:25 biased information in the same sort of
00:18:25 --> 00:18:27 effective way as it might spew up factal
00:18:27 --> 00:18:29 information and that's the trouble an AI
00:18:29 --> 00:18:31 can be a force for evil as well as a
00:18:31 --> 00:18:33 Force for good an AI is not a font of
00:18:33 --> 00:18:35 Truth an AI is a font of information
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 which it finds very quickly it's often
00:18:37 --> 00:18:38 just outright wrong because it often
00:18:38 --> 00:18:40 sort of picks out the wrong information
00:18:40 --> 00:18:41 not just from misinformation it'll just
00:18:41 --> 00:18:43 sort of choose a paragraph from here or
00:18:43 --> 00:18:44 a sentence from there and put it in as
00:18:45 --> 00:18:46 if it was something else that's Tim mum
00:18:46 --> 00:18:50 from Australian Skeptics
00:18:50 --> 00:18:58 [Music]
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