SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 139
*Gilmore Space Cleared for Orbital Launch
The Australian Space Agency has granted Gilmore Space the final approval needed to conduct its maiden orbital test flight of the Ares rocket from the Bowen Spaceport in North Queensland. This launch will mark the first orbital test flight of an Australian-made rocket from Australian soil, showcasing a new hybrid propulsion system developed by the company.
*Discovery of Red Monster Galaxies in the Early Universe
Astronomers have identified three ultra-massive galaxies, each nearly the size of the Milky Way, that reached their colossal size within the first billion years of the universe's existence. These findings, reported in Nature, challenge existing models of galaxy formation and suggest a more efficient star formation process in the early universe.
*Signs of an Ancient Martian Ocean
China's Mars rover, Zhurong, may have found evidence supporting the theory that Mars' northern hemisphere was once covered by a vast ocean. The terrain around Zhurong's landing site includes features that could indicate past water or ice activity, suggesting a Martian ocean existed billions of years ago.
The Science Robert
Archaeologists in Israel have uncovered 12,000-year-old pebbles that may be precursors to the wheel, potentially pivotal in the evolution of rotating technologies. Meanwhile, the COP 29 climate summit highlights the ongoing rise in fossil emissions, with China remaining the largest polluter. Additionally, a study finds that frequent snoring in tweens is linked to behavioural issues, and a lack of conceptual clarity may explain beliefs in the paranormal.
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00:00 This is space Time Series 27 Episode 139 for broadcast on 18 November 2024
00:46 Australian Space Agency gives final approval for Gilmore Space to launch Ares rocket
02:31 ERIS is a three stage orbital launch vehicle powered by hybrid rocket engines
08:49 Gilmore is developing a rocket called ERIS which will go into orbit
12:42 Gilmore Space Technologies have plans to launch an ERIS satellite from Bowen
15:39 Three ultra massive galaxies discovered by NASA's Webb Space Telescope
23:39 Ancient pebbles from Israel may have paved way for wheel invention
24:42 New study finds teens who frequently snore more likely to have behavioural problems
Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/24128924?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 27 episode 139
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 18th of November
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 2024 coming up on SpaceTime Gilmore
00:00:09 --> 00:00:12 space given the green light to launch to
00:00:12 --> 00:00:15 orbit mysterious red monster galaxies
00:00:15 --> 00:00:18 discovered in the early universe and has
00:00:18 --> 00:00:20 China's Mars Rover found signs of an
00:00:20 --> 00:00:23 ancient Martian ocean all that and more
00:00:23 --> 00:00:26 coming up on
00:00:26 --> 00:00:29 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:29 --> 00:00:31 steart
00:00:31 --> 00:00:38 [Music]
00:00:45 --> 00:00:48 Gary the Australian space agency has
00:00:48 --> 00:00:50 given final approval for Gilmore space
00:00:50 --> 00:00:52 to undertake its first orbital Test
00:00:52 --> 00:00:54 Flight of the company's new Aries rocket
00:00:54 --> 00:00:56 from the Bowen Spaceport in North
00:00:56 --> 00:00:58 Queensland the company had hoped to
00:00:58 --> 00:01:00 launch earlier this year but had to wait
00:01:00 --> 00:01:03 for the official green light by ASA the
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 company's CEO Adam Gilmore says the
00:01:05 --> 00:01:07 approval will allow the Gold Coast based
00:01:08 --> 00:01:10 operation to attempt the first orbital
00:01:10 --> 00:01:12 test flight of an australian-made rocket
00:01:12 --> 00:01:15 from Australian soil Gilmore hoped to
00:01:15 --> 00:01:17 launch their 25 M tall Aries rocket
00:01:17 --> 00:01:20 before the end of the year the company
00:01:20 --> 00:01:22 successfully completed a major wet dress
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 rehearsal of the launch vehicle in
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 September progressing the countdown all
00:01:26 --> 00:01:29 the way down to T-minus 10 seconds the
00:01:29 --> 00:01:31 upcoming test flight one will be the
00:01:31 --> 00:01:33 first of several planned test launches
00:01:33 --> 00:01:35 to reach orbit with Aries which uses a
00:01:35 --> 00:01:37 new hybrid propulsion system developed
00:01:37 --> 00:01:39 by the company for its first and second
00:01:39 --> 00:01:42 stages since starting its rocket program
00:01:42 --> 00:01:44 in 2015 Gilmore space has expanded to
00:01:44 --> 00:01:47 more than 200 employees built a local
00:01:47 --> 00:01:49 supply chain of more than 300 Australian
00:01:49 --> 00:01:51 companies attracted significant private
00:01:51 --> 00:01:53 investment gained support from local
00:01:53 --> 00:01:55 state and federal governments and
00:01:55 --> 00:01:57 actively engage communities across the
00:01:57 --> 00:02:00 region its new bow and space report at
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 Abbott point will initially provide
00:02:02 --> 00:02:05 access to low and mid inclination orbits
00:02:05 --> 00:02:07 Brian greenham Head of avionics with
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 Gilmore space Technologies says it's
00:02:09 --> 00:02:10 been a long wait for the official
00:02:10 --> 00:02:12 government approval and the company's
00:02:12 --> 00:02:14 ready to fly look at the moment we're
00:02:14 --> 00:02:16 aiming for mid December but you know as
00:02:17 --> 00:02:19 launches often do they uncover problems
00:02:19 --> 00:02:21 and it's likely with our first vehicle
00:02:21 --> 00:02:22 we might encounter some but it might
00:02:23 --> 00:02:24 push out into January but me and the
00:02:24 --> 00:02:26 team we're working super duper hard to
00:02:26 --> 00:02:28 try and get that launch in December if
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 we can because it be good Christmas
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 present so tell me about the AIS launch
00:02:32 --> 00:02:35 vehicle y so AIS is a a three-stage
00:02:35 --> 00:02:37 orbital launch vehicle is's designed to
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 lift a couple 100 kilos into low earth
00:02:39 --> 00:02:42 orbit and basically what makes her a bit
00:02:42 --> 00:02:44 different from a lot of other launch
00:02:44 --> 00:02:45 Vehicles is that she's predominantly
00:02:46 --> 00:02:48 powered by hybrid rocket engines so we
00:02:48 --> 00:02:50 have four hybrid rocket engines on the
00:02:50 --> 00:02:52 first stage a single hybrid on the
00:02:52 --> 00:02:54 second stage and the upper stage is a
00:02:54 --> 00:02:57 liquid lock kerosene engine and that's
00:02:57 --> 00:02:59 basically they give us that final push
00:02:59 --> 00:03:01 into or bit it's a completely Australian
00:03:01 --> 00:03:03 design launch vehicle everything from
00:03:03 --> 00:03:05 the electronics and software that my
00:03:05 --> 00:03:07 team does through to the engines and
00:03:07 --> 00:03:10 tanks and structures other departments
00:03:10 --> 00:03:12 in Gilmore do it's all being designed
00:03:12 --> 00:03:14 and built here in Australia so yeah when
00:03:14 --> 00:03:15 it lifts off it'll be the first
00:03:15 --> 00:03:17 Australian built rocket to launch from
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 Australian soil which is pretty
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 fantastic pretty groundbreaking now when
00:03:21 --> 00:03:23 you say hybrid what does that mean what
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 is hybrid rocket fuel yeah basically it
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 means that the rocket has different
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 states of matter to burn together so we
00:03:30 --> 00:03:33 use a liquid oxidizer and a solid fuel
00:03:33 --> 00:03:36 so normally you'd have a a liquid Fuel
00:03:36 --> 00:03:39 and a liquid oxidizer like um locks and
00:03:39 --> 00:03:42 kerosene we use basically a plastic and
00:03:42 --> 00:03:44 a liquid oxidizer and that basically
00:03:44 --> 00:03:47 means that when the engines just sitting
00:03:47 --> 00:03:49 there not being used fuel is not
00:03:49 --> 00:03:51 volatile it's completely safe you can go
00:03:51 --> 00:03:53 up and touch the fuel and it it won't do
00:03:53 --> 00:03:55 anything to you which means it makes
00:03:55 --> 00:03:57 handling the rocket a lot easier the
00:03:57 --> 00:03:59 fuel's in the form of pellets isn't it
00:03:59 --> 00:04:02 uh it's actually what we call a grain um
00:04:02 --> 00:04:05 and the grain is a a large cylinder of
00:04:05 --> 00:04:08 fuel so basically somewhat similar to a
00:04:08 --> 00:04:10 solid rocket motor you know where you
00:04:10 --> 00:04:13 cast an entire motor into a big long
00:04:13 --> 00:04:15 donut shape then we have something
00:04:15 --> 00:04:18 similar inside our engine and can it be
00:04:18 --> 00:04:20 restarted once it's started or once it's
00:04:20 --> 00:04:22 turned on it's got to burn out uh so a
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 hybrid rocket engine has some of the
00:04:24 --> 00:04:26 benefits of a liquid rocket engine in
00:04:26 --> 00:04:27 that you can throttle and you can
00:04:27 --> 00:04:30 restart obviously this mission the
00:04:30 --> 00:04:32 design of this mission is that we start
00:04:32 --> 00:04:33 the engines and we continue to burn
00:04:33 --> 00:04:35 until we've used up all the fuel and
00:04:35 --> 00:04:37 oxidizer and then we turn them off so
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 we're not intending to do a restart with
00:04:39 --> 00:04:41 the hybrid this time but it's totally
00:04:41 --> 00:04:42 possible to do with hybrid engines in
00:04:42 --> 00:04:45 general so we call the engines a serious
00:04:45 --> 00:04:47 engine um like the start yeah and so
00:04:47 --> 00:04:50 there's four serious main engines on
00:04:50 --> 00:04:53 stage one it's just quite a um yeah it's
00:04:53 --> 00:04:55 quite a cool design there's electric
00:04:55 --> 00:04:58 pumps which are feeding the the oxidizer
00:04:58 --> 00:05:00 into those engines so there pretty big
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 rocket inside there you've got four big
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 battery packs that are sort of similar
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 size you know a Tesla battery pack can
00:05:06 --> 00:05:08 fit a person inside that section of the
00:05:08 --> 00:05:10 rocket if you were to do work on it
00:05:10 --> 00:05:12 moving up to the second stage is a
00:05:12 --> 00:05:14 really interesting packaging for the
00:05:14 --> 00:05:16 rocket so it's a single serious Hybrid
00:05:16 --> 00:05:18 engine and it's actually got a tootal
00:05:18 --> 00:05:20 tank which encompasses the engine so I
00:05:20 --> 00:05:22 think that's a really great packaging
00:05:22 --> 00:05:24 solution keeps the rocket a bit shorter
00:05:24 --> 00:05:26 which is good otherwise it ends up with
00:05:26 --> 00:05:28 a really long slender rocket which isn't
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 great for bending yeah and then the
00:05:30 --> 00:05:32 stage three is Aid rocket engine so it's
00:05:32 --> 00:05:34 much much smaller just provide a high
00:05:34 --> 00:05:36 efficiency kick to get us into the final
00:05:36 --> 00:05:38 orbit and how do you control it is it
00:05:38 --> 00:05:39 all gimble yeah so it's also pretty
00:05:39 --> 00:05:42 unique in our control we actually use
00:05:42 --> 00:05:43 Veria thrusters Sor some of your
00:05:44 --> 00:05:46 listeners have seen the photos you may
00:05:46 --> 00:05:48 see eight thrusters sticking out the
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 bottom of stage one and basically
00:05:50 --> 00:05:53 they're fired to control the rocket
00:05:53 --> 00:05:55 attitude and then we also have Beria
00:05:55 --> 00:05:58 thrusters on stage two another eight of
00:05:58 --> 00:06:00 them just a bit smaller optimized for
00:06:00 --> 00:06:02 higher altitude the third stage is a is
00:06:02 --> 00:06:05 a gimbal design so it's much easier to
00:06:05 --> 00:06:06 do gimal with a liquid rocket engine
00:06:06 --> 00:06:08 because you can gimbal the entire engine
00:06:08 --> 00:06:10 whereas the serus motors are are quite
00:06:10 --> 00:06:13 large so it's quite difficult to to
00:06:13 --> 00:06:15 gimbal those but yeah the ver are the
00:06:15 --> 00:06:17 only control method that we use to
00:06:17 --> 00:06:20 control the attitude of the rocket and
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 what about the burn time for each stage
00:06:22 --> 00:06:24 it's around about 2 minutes uh the burn
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 time a little bit less so they can be
00:06:27 --> 00:06:29 altered of course if you needed to but
00:06:29 --> 00:06:31 for this they burn for about 2 minutes
00:06:31 --> 00:06:32 obviously you can vary the amount of
00:06:32 --> 00:06:34 oxidizer going into the the hybrid
00:06:34 --> 00:06:37 rocket engine but optimal trajectory
00:06:37 --> 00:06:38 it's around about 2 minutes as you said
00:06:38 --> 00:06:42 the initial AIS will be 200 kg payload
00:06:42 --> 00:06:43 well eventually you be looking at adding
00:06:44 --> 00:06:45 strapon boosters to increase payload
00:06:45 --> 00:06:49 capacity or altitude um so for us we've
00:06:49 --> 00:06:52 got sort of like a block upgrade path
00:06:52 --> 00:06:54 coming ahead so similar to what SpaceX
00:06:54 --> 00:06:56 did with the Falcon Vehicles we'll be
00:06:56 --> 00:06:59 continuing to iterate the AOS launch
00:06:59 --> 00:07:02 vehicle to find reliability performance
00:07:02 --> 00:07:05 Improvement and slowly get that payload
00:07:05 --> 00:07:07 up to something that competitive in the
00:07:07 --> 00:07:09 market and useful for the customers that
00:07:09 --> 00:07:12 we've got lined up so yeah over the next
00:07:12 --> 00:07:13 two three launch Vehicles they'll
00:07:13 --> 00:07:15 probably look pretty similar to the one
00:07:15 --> 00:07:16 that we've got and then we'll probably
00:07:16 --> 00:07:19 do a major block upgrade which will will
00:07:19 --> 00:07:21 change some of the larger structures on
00:07:21 --> 00:07:22 the vehicle and we'll change the way
00:07:22 --> 00:07:24 that the rocket looks so we're doing
00:07:24 --> 00:07:25 that and we're sort of doing it
00:07:25 --> 00:07:27 concurrently as well so you know the
00:07:27 --> 00:07:29 second launch vehicle is incorporating
00:07:29 --> 00:07:30 design improvements from the
00:07:30 --> 00:07:33 manufacturing of the first vehicle even
00:07:33 --> 00:07:34 though we haven't flown the first
00:07:34 --> 00:07:36 vehicle yet and then we're flying the
00:07:36 --> 00:07:37 first vehicle and incorporating the the
00:07:37 --> 00:07:40 learnings from launch into the Third
00:07:40 --> 00:07:41 vehicle that we're building so that we
00:07:41 --> 00:07:44 can continuously improve the rocket and
00:07:44 --> 00:07:46 have a better chance of getting to orbit
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 on the second chant and then better
00:07:48 --> 00:07:49 performance better payload on the
00:07:50 --> 00:07:51 subsequent Rockets as well we mentioned
00:07:51 --> 00:07:53 the Falcon 9 earlier of course once you
00:07:53 --> 00:07:55 talk about that you've got to talk about
00:07:55 --> 00:07:58 reusable Rockets uh even electron is
00:07:58 --> 00:08:00 looking at parach shooting their Rockets
00:08:00 --> 00:08:03 back to Earth after use those sort of
00:08:03 --> 00:08:05 things down the line yeah I think one
00:08:05 --> 00:08:07 day we'll look at doing reusability I
00:08:07 --> 00:08:09 think it's a a fundamental part of being
00:08:09 --> 00:08:12 competitive in the space industry as
00:08:12 --> 00:08:14 these new reusable launch Vehicles come
00:08:14 --> 00:08:16 online but at the moment yeah we're
00:08:16 --> 00:08:17 focused on getting to orbit for the
00:08:17 --> 00:08:20 first time get first yeah exactly yeah
00:08:20 --> 00:08:22 we got to get there first then we can
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 start exploring some those really cool
00:08:24 --> 00:08:25 Technologies like the usability I know
00:08:25 --> 00:08:27 you've got customers lined up already
00:08:27 --> 00:08:30 that must be good news yeah it's good to
00:08:30 --> 00:08:32 have people lining up to launch with us
00:08:32 --> 00:08:34 we've had a really positive response
00:08:34 --> 00:08:36 from getting the launch license so
00:08:36 --> 00:08:38 they're excited to see us fly yeah we're
00:08:38 --> 00:08:40 just excited to prove our our capability
00:08:40 --> 00:08:42 and then you know if we don't make it to
00:08:42 --> 00:08:44 orbit this first time find out why and
00:08:44 --> 00:08:46 apply those improvements to the next MCH
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 Vehicles going forward so that we can
00:08:48 --> 00:08:50 start flying our customers and what's
00:08:50 --> 00:08:52 the trajectory for the launch yeah so uh
00:08:52 --> 00:08:55 we're going up for a fairly low orbit so
00:08:55 --> 00:08:58 we're we're looking to 2 to 300 km we're
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 doing an equatorial orbit the
00:09:00 --> 00:09:02 inclinations around about 20° and that
00:09:02 --> 00:09:05 will see us lift off at Bowen in North
00:09:05 --> 00:09:07 Queensland head out over the Coral Sea
00:09:07 --> 00:09:10 go out over the Pacific Ocean and then
00:09:10 --> 00:09:12 do a couple orbit around the planet with
00:09:12 --> 00:09:15 our third stage transmitting Telemetry
00:09:15 --> 00:09:17 back to us so a pretty standard sort of
00:09:17 --> 00:09:19 trajectory just a direct injection to
00:09:19 --> 00:09:22 orbit nothing too fancy it's a test
00:09:22 --> 00:09:23 flight so we want to just exercise all
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 the systems as best we can and see how
00:09:25 --> 00:09:27 far we make it is there a separate dummy
00:09:27 --> 00:09:29 payload on top of the third stage is the
00:09:29 --> 00:09:31 third stage it basically the third stage
00:09:32 --> 00:09:34 is it it is the the test flight is the
00:09:34 --> 00:09:36 payload so this flight's all for us to
00:09:36 --> 00:09:39 see how well the system performs I think
00:09:39 --> 00:09:41 we might have something fun put up on
00:09:41 --> 00:09:42 there later on but we haven't said
00:09:42 --> 00:09:44 anything about that yet Rockets about 20
00:09:44 --> 00:09:47 23 24 M tall about 2 m in diameter on
00:09:47 --> 00:09:51 the first stage and narrows down to
00:09:51 --> 00:09:54 about 1.5 M diameter on the second stage
00:09:54 --> 00:09:57 in payload bearing so it's pretty small
00:09:57 --> 00:09:58 as far as I go it's a bit bigger than
00:09:58 --> 00:10:00 electron but a lot smaller than falcons
00:10:00 --> 00:10:02 n well electron's proven to be really
00:10:02 --> 00:10:04 good for the new zealanders at roughly
00:10:04 --> 00:10:06 four launches a year four five launches
00:10:06 --> 00:10:08 a year they're doing fantastic yes I
00:10:08 --> 00:10:10 think they recently had their 50th
00:10:10 --> 00:10:12 launch not that long ago which is a
00:10:12 --> 00:10:15 super fantastic Milestone incredible
00:10:15 --> 00:10:17 rocket incredible company I have a bunch
00:10:17 --> 00:10:19 of friends who work over at Rocket lab
00:10:19 --> 00:10:20 they've all sent me messages since we
00:10:21 --> 00:10:22 got our launch license and they're
00:10:22 --> 00:10:24 cheering us on over there I think the
00:10:24 --> 00:10:26 the space industry is a pretty small
00:10:26 --> 00:10:29 community and we we all know each other
00:10:29 --> 00:10:31 and we're all excited to see people
00:10:31 --> 00:10:33 progressing and making achievements new
00:10:33 --> 00:10:35 launch Vehicles going up so it's nice to
00:10:35 --> 00:10:36 have the support from the guys over the
00:10:37 --> 00:10:38 ditch and yeah we hope they keep having
00:10:38 --> 00:10:40 continued successful launches of course
00:10:40 --> 00:10:43 with the success of the electron rocket
00:10:43 --> 00:10:45 lab are already developing their next
00:10:45 --> 00:10:46 rocket the neutron that won't be
00:10:46 --> 00:10:47 launched from New Zealand that'll be
00:10:48 --> 00:10:50 launched from Virginia much bigger
00:10:50 --> 00:10:52 project much more ambitious project much
00:10:52 --> 00:10:54 more reusable yeah including the payload
00:10:54 --> 00:10:56 Bay itself are you guys looking that far
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 in advance already or are you guys at
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 this stage just focusing on getting the
00:11:01 --> 00:11:03 AAS flying look I mean practically this
00:11:04 --> 00:11:06 is you know we're working hard to make
00:11:06 --> 00:11:08 sure that we can get AIS operational you
00:11:08 --> 00:11:10 know this is our first rocket like I
00:11:10 --> 00:11:11 said the first rocket that's been
00:11:11 --> 00:11:14 developed in Australia so a lot of time
00:11:14 --> 00:11:16 and energy is going into to building up
00:11:16 --> 00:11:18 our own knowledge our company's
00:11:18 --> 00:11:21 expertise in rocketry so that's our main
00:11:21 --> 00:11:23 focus at the moment but we've got really
00:11:23 --> 00:11:26 big Ambitions at Gilmore we want to do
00:11:26 --> 00:11:28 human space flight at some stage so
00:11:28 --> 00:11:30 we're always looking towards the future
00:11:30 --> 00:11:33 I think reusability is a big part of the
00:11:33 --> 00:11:35 future of of rocketry so it's something
00:11:35 --> 00:11:37 that we'd like to do in the future but
00:11:37 --> 00:11:38 right now we're just focus on getting to
00:11:38 --> 00:11:40 orbit for the first time I'll be looking
00:11:40 --> 00:11:43 forward to receiving my notice to Amon
00:11:43 --> 00:11:45 yes absolutely keep an eye out for your
00:11:45 --> 00:11:48 your know don't want anyone flying or or
00:11:48 --> 00:11:50 driving their boat into the exclusion
00:11:50 --> 00:11:52 zones that'll hold us up it's not safe
00:11:52 --> 00:11:53 for them either is there a production
00:11:53 --> 00:11:56 line of eras already on the factory
00:11:56 --> 00:11:58 floor yeah so the first Rockets
00:11:58 --> 00:12:00 obviously up at the launch site and so
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 that one's getting ready to fly the
00:12:02 --> 00:12:04 second rocket is getting built on the
00:12:04 --> 00:12:06 the factory right now we've already
00:12:06 --> 00:12:07 finished a number of the major
00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 structures in the engines for the second
00:12:09 --> 00:12:11 flight and a whole bunch of integration
00:12:11 --> 00:12:13 activities going on for that rocket
00:12:13 --> 00:12:15 right now so I can look across the
00:12:15 --> 00:12:17 factory floor right now I can see main
00:12:18 --> 00:12:19 tanks and large structures for that
00:12:19 --> 00:12:21 rocket what do you build the Rockets out
00:12:21 --> 00:12:23 of are they carbon fiber or so we've
00:12:23 --> 00:12:25 gone pretty conventional the major
00:12:25 --> 00:12:26 structures of our rocket are all mostly
00:12:26 --> 00:12:29 aluminium we do utilize comp
00:12:29 --> 00:12:31 around the rocket for various things you
00:12:31 --> 00:12:34 know for engines for for structures
00:12:34 --> 00:12:35 where we need it and then we've got you
00:12:35 --> 00:12:38 know your exotic materials like Incan L
00:12:38 --> 00:12:40 and titanium on a Case by casee basis
00:12:40 --> 00:12:42 for for engines and those components
00:12:42 --> 00:12:44 we've talked a lot about the rocket what
00:12:44 --> 00:12:46 about the launch facilities themselves
00:12:46 --> 00:12:48 what's that bone well we call it the
00:12:48 --> 00:12:51 bone orbital space port or boss for
00:12:51 --> 00:12:54 short Bone's a great little Seaside Town
00:12:54 --> 00:12:56 up in Northern Queensland and it's a
00:12:56 --> 00:12:59 facility that's designed for for Gilmore
00:12:59 --> 00:13:01 so it it can support the AIS launch
00:13:01 --> 00:13:03 vehicle we've got launch pad we've got
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 the tower there all of the propellant
00:13:05 --> 00:13:08 storage facilities we have some on-site
00:13:08 --> 00:13:10 ground Test Facilities as well for doing
00:13:10 --> 00:13:12 large propulsion test I spend most of my
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 time during launch activities up in the
00:13:14 --> 00:13:16 launch control center which is a couple
00:13:16 --> 00:13:19 of kilometers up the road and that's a a
00:13:19 --> 00:13:21 little a little space where we have all
00:13:21 --> 00:13:23 of the consoles for launch operations
00:13:23 --> 00:13:25 and a bunch of the Telemetry system as
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28 well for our receive antennas for the
00:13:28 --> 00:13:29 Telemetry that's coming com down to the
00:13:29 --> 00:13:31 rocket that's all coming in and being
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 displayed on software that we've
00:13:33 --> 00:13:35 designed and written ourselves here at
00:13:35 --> 00:13:36 Gilmore it's this pretty cool little
00:13:36 --> 00:13:39 facility Bowen's a really nice place as
00:13:39 --> 00:13:40 well it's a pretty popular little
00:13:40 --> 00:13:42 tourist spot so you can see the launch
00:13:42 --> 00:13:45 site from Flag Star Hill which is in
00:13:45 --> 00:13:47 town there and so yeah hopefully as we
00:13:47 --> 00:13:49 get closer and a bit more certain we
00:13:49 --> 00:13:51 we'll know the launch date people about
00:13:51 --> 00:13:53 to see um the rocket launching from bow
00:13:53 --> 00:13:55 itself yeah that's what southern launch
00:13:55 --> 00:13:57 are doing with Whalers way they're as
00:13:57 --> 00:13:58 they're getting ready for each launch
00:13:58 --> 00:14:00 they let the public know that we've got
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 a launch coming up either at Whalers way
00:14:02 --> 00:14:05 or kba and and people can go there and
00:14:05 --> 00:14:07 at a safe distance and and watch the
00:14:07 --> 00:14:09 whole thing take place yeah it's pretty
00:14:09 --> 00:14:10 cool that you can go and potentially do
00:14:10 --> 00:14:13 that in Australia now like yeah def Cape
00:14:13 --> 00:14:15 canaval or um Texas
00:14:15 --> 00:14:18 or I think uh I think Bowen's going to
00:14:18 --> 00:14:21 be a pretty sweet spot to watch launches
00:14:21 --> 00:14:23 from I've been at to Maria Peninsula
00:14:23 --> 00:14:26 it's pretty cold and windy and I've been
00:14:26 --> 00:14:28 over to Kennedy as well and it's a
00:14:28 --> 00:14:29 fantastic facility
00:14:29 --> 00:14:31 but I don't think anything's going to
00:14:31 --> 00:14:32 beat being able to go to the Great
00:14:32 --> 00:14:34 Barrier e and watch a rocket launch and
00:14:34 --> 00:14:37 then you know go out and enjoy the
00:14:37 --> 00:14:39 amazing wers that are there so pretty
00:14:39 --> 00:14:41 sweet spot I remember seeing rocket
00:14:41 --> 00:14:43 launches from wmer and that was not um
00:14:43 --> 00:14:46 that was not fun yeah pretty hot some of
00:14:46 --> 00:14:48 the guys here have been out to wmer on
00:14:48 --> 00:14:50 on other you know vehicle test campaigns
00:14:50 --> 00:14:53 and it's obviously a historic place for
00:14:53 --> 00:14:55 Australian rocketry when you see um Lake
00:14:55 --> 00:14:57 Hart and the two launchpads that were
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 there or the edifices that the left
00:14:59 --> 00:15:01 there now you realized what a huge scale
00:15:01 --> 00:15:03 that was on yeah I think it was was it
00:15:04 --> 00:15:05 Blue
00:15:05 --> 00:15:08 Streak the rocket like we surprisingly
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 share a lot of similarities with with
00:15:10 --> 00:15:12 those rocket and hopefully this time we
00:15:12 --> 00:15:14 can keep it going um and continue to
00:15:14 --> 00:15:16 launch vehicles from Australia of course
00:15:16 --> 00:15:19 reset made Australia the third country
00:15:19 --> 00:15:20 in the world to launch a satellite from
00:15:20 --> 00:15:22 its own s pretty amazing that we could
00:15:22 --> 00:15:25 do that one step wmer was the second
00:15:25 --> 00:15:27 biggest Spaceport in the world after
00:15:27 --> 00:15:30 cape canaval Cadence yeah yeah it's
00:15:30 --> 00:15:32 impressive one day again who knows yes
00:15:32 --> 00:15:35 hopefully soon from bow that's Brian
00:15:35 --> 00:15:37 grenham Head of avionics with Gilmore
00:15:37 --> 00:15:38 space
00:15:38 --> 00:15:41 Technologies and this is spacetime still
00:15:41 --> 00:15:44 to come astronomers discover three
00:15:44 --> 00:15:46 Ultram massive galaxies each nearly as
00:15:46 --> 00:15:47 big as the Milky Way which have
00:15:47 --> 00:15:50 amazingly already reached that size
00:15:50 --> 00:15:52 within the first billion years of the
00:15:52 --> 00:15:54 universe's existence and has China's
00:15:54 --> 00:15:57 Mars Rover found signs of an ancient
00:15:57 --> 00:16:00 Martian ocean all that and more still to
00:16:00 --> 00:16:06 come on
00:16:06 --> 00:16:17 [Music]
00:16:17 --> 00:16:19 SpaceTime astronomers have discovered
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 three Ultra massive galaxies each nearly
00:16:22 --> 00:16:23 as big as the Milky Way which had
00:16:23 --> 00:16:25 already reached that size within the
00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 first billion years of the universe's
00:16:27 --> 00:16:30 existence the surprising discovery
00:16:30 --> 00:16:32 reported in the journal Nature raises
00:16:32 --> 00:16:34 new questions about how galaxies can
00:16:34 --> 00:16:37 grow so large so quickly the findings
00:16:37 --> 00:16:39 suggest that the formation of stars in
00:16:39 --> 00:16:41 the early Universe must have been far
00:16:41 --> 00:16:43 more efficient than previously thought
00:16:43 --> 00:16:45 challenging existing Galaxy formation
00:16:45 --> 00:16:48 models the three red monster galaxies
00:16:48 --> 00:16:50 were identified during observations by
00:16:50 --> 00:16:53 NASA's webspace telescope as part of the
00:16:53 --> 00:16:55 Fresco program which is systematically
00:16:55 --> 00:16:57 analyzing a complete sample of emission
00:16:58 --> 00:17:00 line galaxies within the first billion
00:17:00 --> 00:17:03 years of cosmic history emission line
00:17:03 --> 00:17:05 galaxies are ones emitting strong
00:17:05 --> 00:17:06 spectral emission lines which use
00:17:06 --> 00:17:08 different wavelengths of light to tell
00:17:08 --> 00:17:09 astronomers about the chemical
00:17:10 --> 00:17:12 composition of the source and how fast
00:17:12 --> 00:17:14 they're moving towards or away from us
00:17:14 --> 00:17:16 these emission lines appear as bright
00:17:16 --> 00:17:18 lines and spectral wavelengths standing
00:17:18 --> 00:17:20 out against the darker background of the
00:17:20 --> 00:17:22 spectrum the presence of the emission
00:17:22 --> 00:17:24 lines enable the authors to accurately
00:17:24 --> 00:17:27 pin down the distances to these galaxies
00:17:27 --> 00:17:30 and the strength of the lines allow them
00:17:30 --> 00:17:32 to reliably measure the amount of stars
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 contained in each Galaxy due to their
00:17:34 --> 00:17:36 high D content which is giving these
00:17:36 --> 00:17:38 three massive galaxies a distinctive red
00:17:38 --> 00:17:39 appearance in the web images they've
00:17:39 --> 00:17:42 been named the three red Monsters the
00:17:42 --> 00:17:44 study's lead author Mangan xia from the
00:17:45 --> 00:17:46 University of Geneva says the new
00:17:46 --> 00:17:49 findings are reshaping science's
00:17:49 --> 00:17:50 understanding of Galaxy formation in the
00:17:50 --> 00:17:53 early universe and finding three such
00:17:53 --> 00:17:55 massive beasts among the sample poses a
00:17:55 --> 00:17:59 tantalizing puzzle see many process C es
00:17:59 --> 00:18:01 in Galaxy Evolution have a tendency to
00:18:01 --> 00:18:03 introduce what astronomist refer to as a
00:18:03 --> 00:18:05 rate limiting step in how efficiently
00:18:05 --> 00:18:08 gas can be converted into Stars yet
00:18:08 --> 00:18:10 somehow these red monsters appear to
00:18:10 --> 00:18:12 have swiftly evaded most of these
00:18:12 --> 00:18:14 hurdles until now it was believed that
00:18:14 --> 00:18:17 all galaxies form gradually within large
00:18:17 --> 00:18:19 Halos of dark matter it's the Dark
00:18:19 --> 00:18:21 Matter Halos which capture gas into
00:18:21 --> 00:18:24 gravitationally bound structures
00:18:24 --> 00:18:26 typically roughly 20% of this gas at
00:18:26 --> 00:18:29 most is then converted into staring
00:18:29 --> 00:18:31 galaxies however the new findings are
00:18:31 --> 00:18:33 challenging this view revealing that
00:18:33 --> 00:18:35 massive galaxies in the early universe
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 may have grown far more rapidly and
00:18:37 --> 00:18:39 efficiently than previously thought
00:18:40 --> 00:18:42 details in the Fresco study was captured
00:18:42 --> 00:18:44 through slitless spectroscopy using webs
00:18:44 --> 00:18:47 near infrared camera a surveying method
00:18:47 --> 00:18:48 that allows light to be captured and
00:18:48 --> 00:18:50 unraveled into its constituent
00:18:50 --> 00:18:52 wavelength for all objects within the
00:18:52 --> 00:18:54 viewing field and this makes it an
00:18:54 --> 00:18:56 excellent method for measuring accurate
00:18:56 --> 00:18:58 distances and physical characteristics
00:18:58 --> 00:19:01 of galaxies by analyzing galaxies
00:19:01 --> 00:19:04 included in the frisco survey scientists
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 found that most galaxies fit existing
00:19:06 --> 00:19:08 models but they also found these three
00:19:08 --> 00:19:10 surprisingly big galaxies each with
00:19:10 --> 00:19:12 Stellar masses comparable to today's
00:19:12 --> 00:19:15 Milky Way galaxy and of course it took
00:19:15 --> 00:19:17 the Milky Way 13.8 billion years to
00:19:17 --> 00:19:21 reach their size yet these Galaxies have
00:19:21 --> 00:19:23 achieved similar masses in just a
00:19:23 --> 00:19:25 billion years it also means they're
00:19:25 --> 00:19:26 forming Stars nearly twice as
00:19:26 --> 00:19:28 efficiently as lower Mass galaxies from
00:19:28 --> 00:19:30 the the same Epoch or ordinary galaxies
00:19:30 --> 00:19:33 at later times in Cosmic history while
00:19:33 --> 00:19:35 these new findings don't conflict with
00:19:35 --> 00:19:37 the standard cosmological model they do
00:19:37 --> 00:19:39 raise questions for Galaxy formation
00:19:39 --> 00:19:41 theories specifically the issue of too
00:19:41 --> 00:19:43 many massive galaxies in the early
00:19:43 --> 00:19:46 Universe it means current models will
00:19:46 --> 00:19:47 need to consider unique processes that
00:19:48 --> 00:19:50 allow some early massive galaxies to
00:19:50 --> 00:19:52 achieve very efficient star formation
00:19:52 --> 00:19:54 and thus form incredibly rapidly in the
00:19:54 --> 00:19:57 early universe as astronomers study
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 these galaxies in more depth they'll
00:19:59 --> 00:20:01 undoubtedly uncover new insights into
00:20:01 --> 00:20:03 the conditions that shaped the
00:20:03 --> 00:20:06 universe's very earliest aoch it means
00:20:06 --> 00:20:09 these red monsters discovered by web are
00:20:09 --> 00:20:11 just the beginning of a new era in our
00:20:11 --> 00:20:14 exploration of the early Universe future
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 observations using web and also Alma the
00:20:16 --> 00:20:19 atakama large millimeter submillimeter
00:20:19 --> 00:20:21 array radio telescope in Chile will
00:20:21 --> 00:20:23 provide further insights into these ultr
00:20:23 --> 00:20:25 massive red monsters and hopefully
00:20:25 --> 00:20:29 reveal larger samples of such sources
00:20:29 --> 00:20:33 this SpaceTime still to come has China's
00:20:33 --> 00:20:35 Mars Rover found signs of an ancient
00:20:35 --> 00:20:38 Martian ocean and later in the science
00:20:38 --> 00:20:40 report archaeologists in Israel have
00:20:40 --> 00:20:42 uncovered what appears to be the
00:20:42 --> 00:20:45 precursor to the wheel probably the most
00:20:45 --> 00:20:47 important invention in human history all
00:20:47 --> 00:20:55 that and more still to come on SpaceTime
00:20:55 --> 00:21:03 [Music]
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 Beijing claims its Mars jurang Rover has
00:21:08 --> 00:21:11 found new evidence to support the idea
00:21:11 --> 00:21:12 that the red planet's Northern
00:21:12 --> 00:21:15 Hemisphere was once the floor of a vast
00:21:15 --> 00:21:18 Martian ocean orbital images by American
00:21:18 --> 00:21:20 and European spacecraft have already
00:21:20 --> 00:21:22 imaged what appear to be ancient
00:21:22 --> 00:21:24 Coastline seashores and beaches
00:21:24 --> 00:21:26 surrounding the vast Northern
00:21:26 --> 00:21:29 lowlands this ancient ocean may have
00:21:29 --> 00:21:31 covered up to a third of the Martian
00:21:31 --> 00:21:34 surface the girang Rover landed on the
00:21:34 --> 00:21:35 Martian Northern hemisphere's Utopia
00:21:35 --> 00:21:38 plania back in 2021 where previous
00:21:39 --> 00:21:41 indications of an ancient ocean billions
00:21:41 --> 00:21:44 of years ago had been detected the
00:21:44 --> 00:21:46 studies lead author bu wo from the Hong
00:21:46 --> 00:21:48 Kong poly Technic University says the
00:21:48 --> 00:21:50 terrain around jang's Landing site
00:21:50 --> 00:21:52 included pitted cones polygonal troughs
00:21:52 --> 00:21:55 and etched flows a report in the journal
00:21:55 --> 00:21:58 Nature says the crater-like pitted cones
00:21:58 --> 00:22:01 could have been created by mud volcanoes
00:22:01 --> 00:22:02 these are often formed in areas where
00:22:02 --> 00:22:05 there had been water or ice the authors
00:22:05 --> 00:22:07 estimate that if it is signs of an ocean
00:22:08 --> 00:22:09 that ocean would have been created by
00:22:09 --> 00:22:12 flooding nearly 3.7 billion years ago
00:22:12 --> 00:22:14 but as the Martian atmosphere thinned
00:22:14 --> 00:22:16 and the planet cooled the ocean would
00:22:16 --> 00:22:18 have Frozen etching out the coastline
00:22:18 --> 00:22:21 before disappearing around 3.4 billion
00:22:21 --> 00:22:23 years ago however other scientists have
00:22:24 --> 00:22:25 pointed out that features similar to a
00:22:25 --> 00:22:27 coastline could have been created by
00:22:27 --> 00:22:29 strong Martian winds blowing around
00:22:29 --> 00:22:31 sediment for billions of years gradually
00:22:31 --> 00:22:35 wearing Down rocks to look like a
00:22:35 --> 00:22:38 seashore meanwhile three Chinese tanut
00:22:38 --> 00:22:39 have returned safely to Earth following
00:22:39 --> 00:22:41 their six-month stay aboard beijing's
00:22:41 --> 00:22:45 tiangong space station China's statun
00:22:45 --> 00:22:47 ginoa news agency claims the trio
00:22:47 --> 00:22:49 arrived back on Earth in good condition
00:22:49 --> 00:22:51 after touching down aboard the shenzu 18
00:22:51 --> 00:22:54 capsule in the dong fing Landing zone of
00:22:54 --> 00:22:56 inam Mongolia they had flown to the
00:22:56 --> 00:22:59 space station back in April and were met
00:22:59 --> 00:23:01 last month by the shenzu 19 Replacements
00:23:01 --> 00:23:04 during a 5-day Handover before returning
00:23:04 --> 00:23:07 to Earth Beijing are now working closely
00:23:07 --> 00:23:09 with Moscow on a new man program to the
00:23:09 --> 00:23:11 Moon which will include establishing a
00:23:11 --> 00:23:14 joint sinor Russian base at the Luna
00:23:14 --> 00:23:20 South Pole this is spacetime
00:23:20 --> 00:23:33 [Music]
00:23:33 --> 00:23:35 and time now to take a brief look at
00:23:35 --> 00:23:36 some of the other stories making news in
00:23:36 --> 00:23:39 science this week with a science report
00:23:39 --> 00:23:41 the wheel was the most important
00:23:41 --> 00:23:44 invention in human history but the
00:23:44 --> 00:23:46 identity of those who invented it has
00:23:46 --> 00:23:49 always been a mystery now archaeologists
00:23:50 --> 00:23:52 in Israel have discovered their first
00:23:52 --> 00:23:55 clue scientists have uncovered 12
00:23:55 --> 00:23:57 Yee old Pebbles from an archaeological
00:23:57 --> 00:23:59 dig site in Northern in Israel which
00:23:59 --> 00:24:01 appear to be the precursors to what
00:24:01 --> 00:24:03 would eventually result in the invention
00:24:03 --> 00:24:05 of the wheel a report in the journal
00:24:05 --> 00:24:07 plus one say scientists studied a
00:24:07 --> 00:24:09 collection of over a 100 mostly
00:24:09 --> 00:24:12 limestone donut-shaped rocks Each of
00:24:12 --> 00:24:14 which had a hole drilled in the middle
00:24:14 --> 00:24:16 the items date back to the transition
00:24:16 --> 00:24:18 into the Neolithic period long before
00:24:18 --> 00:24:21 the Bronze Age by which time cart wheels
00:24:21 --> 00:24:23 had become common the authors suspect
00:24:23 --> 00:24:25 that these drilled Stones were used as
00:24:25 --> 00:24:28 spindle wheels for making cloth and they
00:24:28 --> 00:24:30 then reinforc this Theory by
00:24:30 --> 00:24:32 successfully using replicas to spin
00:24:32 --> 00:24:35 Flags the scientists say these tools may
00:24:35 --> 00:24:37 have paved the way for later rotating
00:24:37 --> 00:24:39 Technologies such as the potter's wheel
00:24:39 --> 00:24:41 and ultimately the
00:24:41 --> 00:24:44 cartwheel the latest update from the cop
00:24:44 --> 00:24:47 29 climate Summit in Baku aaban has been
00:24:47 --> 00:24:49 told that fossil emissions are
00:24:49 --> 00:24:51 continuing to rise due to ongoing growth
00:24:51 --> 00:24:55 in coal oil and natural gas use the
00:24:55 --> 00:24:57 earth science data report says that
00:24:57 --> 00:24:59 while Collective eff have seen total
00:24:59 --> 00:25:01 carbon emissions from fossil fuels and
00:25:01 --> 00:25:03 land use change Plateau over the past
00:25:03 --> 00:25:05 decade mostly due to a decline in the
00:25:05 --> 00:25:07 emissions from deforestation the change
00:25:07 --> 00:25:10 was not enough to drive emissions down
00:25:10 --> 00:25:12 in fact the concentration of carbon
00:25:12 --> 00:25:14 dioxide in the atmosphere is set to
00:25:14 --> 00:25:15 reach
00:25:15 --> 00:25:19 4225 parts per million this year that's
00:25:19 --> 00:25:22 2.8 parts per million above the 2023
00:25:22 --> 00:25:25 figure and 52% above pre-industrial
00:25:25 --> 00:25:27 levels the World Meteorological
00:25:27 --> 00:25:29 organization said says China Remains the
00:25:29 --> 00:25:32 world's biggest carbon dioxide polluter
00:25:32 --> 00:25:34 producing a third of the world's total
00:25:34 --> 00:25:36 output it amounts to more than 10.2
00:25:36 --> 00:25:38 million tons
00:25:39 --> 00:25:41 annually a new study has found that
00:25:41 --> 00:25:43 tween who frequently snore are more
00:25:43 --> 00:25:46 likely to have behavioral problems the
00:25:46 --> 00:25:47 findings reported in the Journal of the
00:25:48 --> 00:25:49 American Medical Association follow
00:25:49 --> 00:25:52 earlier studies which link snoring to
00:25:52 --> 00:25:54 both behavior and learning problems in
00:25:54 --> 00:25:56 younger children but less was known
00:25:56 --> 00:25:58 about what happens to this link in later
00:25:58 --> 00:26:01 childhood so scientist analyzed data
00:26:01 --> 00:26:03 from a teen brain development study
00:26:03 --> 00:26:05 comparing snoring frequency with
00:26:05 --> 00:26:08 behavior and brain function the research
00:26:08 --> 00:26:10 involved some 12 children with an
00:26:10 --> 00:26:12 average age of 10 at the start of the
00:26:12 --> 00:26:15 survey who were followed up for 5 years
00:26:15 --> 00:26:16 now during that time period the number
00:26:16 --> 00:26:20 of participants dropped to just
00:26:20 --> 00:26:22 4 still the authors found that
00:26:22 --> 00:26:24 frequent snoring was associated with
00:26:24 --> 00:26:27 behavioral problems but not with brain
00:26:27 --> 00:26:29 function or learning problems they say
00:26:29 --> 00:26:31 these behavioral problems did not
00:26:31 --> 00:26:33 increase over time and snoring in
00:26:33 --> 00:26:35 general decreased among the group
00:26:35 --> 00:26:37 throughout the study
00:26:37 --> 00:26:40 period a new study suggests that a lack
00:26:40 --> 00:26:42 of conceptual Clarity might tend to
00:26:42 --> 00:26:44 mistakenly attribute living
00:26:44 --> 00:26:47 characteristics to inanimate objects and
00:26:47 --> 00:26:49 that in turn could be linked to a
00:26:49 --> 00:26:51 greater likelihood of believing in the
00:26:51 --> 00:26:53 Paranormal Tim mum from a strange
00:26:53 --> 00:26:56 skeptic says the psychological pattern
00:26:56 --> 00:26:57 could have explain why Supernatural
00:26:58 --> 00:27:00 belief Bel is so common despite the lack
00:27:00 --> 00:27:02 of Hard Evidence yeah there's a common
00:27:02 --> 00:27:04 thing that people often see of parolia
00:27:04 --> 00:27:06 which is where you see images in just
00:27:06 --> 00:27:08 random shapes the classic is the man and
00:27:08 --> 00:27:10 the moon now that's one aspect of this
00:27:10 --> 00:27:12 this a particular study that's done by
00:27:12 --> 00:27:14 psychologist is looking at broader view
00:27:14 --> 00:27:17 of this is called ontological confusion
00:27:17 --> 00:27:19 hi yeah the ontological meaning the
00:27:19 --> 00:27:21 nature of being of what something is you
00:27:21 --> 00:27:23 like and he was suggesting that some
00:27:23 --> 00:27:25 people make a problem differentiating
00:27:25 --> 00:27:26 between a thing and something more
00:27:26 --> 00:27:28 abstract that would lead to the belief
00:27:28 --> 00:27:30 in the Paranormal so a thing being an
00:27:31 --> 00:27:33 object a person an actual physical thing
00:27:33 --> 00:27:35 as opposed to a sound or an abstract
00:27:35 --> 00:27:37 idea or something which is more
00:27:37 --> 00:27:39 ephemeral and normally when you grow up
00:27:39 --> 00:27:40 you you can differentiate between
00:27:40 --> 00:27:42 physical things and non-physical things
00:27:42 --> 00:27:43 from a very young age you can
00:27:43 --> 00:27:45 differentiate between things and
00:27:45 --> 00:27:47 abstract ideas so you know when when
00:27:47 --> 00:27:49 there's a person there when there's a
00:27:49 --> 00:27:51 toy there Etc and you differentiate when
00:27:51 --> 00:27:53 I was five I once had my mom buy me a
00:27:54 --> 00:27:55 pair of shoes because I felt sorry for
00:27:55 --> 00:27:58 them exactly yes so you can attribute
00:27:58 --> 00:28:00 sort of emotions to things but if you
00:28:00 --> 00:28:01 carry that on into later life it's
00:28:02 --> 00:28:04 called an ontological confusion they're
00:28:04 --> 00:28:05 suggesting that this is almost like a
00:28:05 --> 00:28:07 clinical condition that people have
00:28:07 --> 00:28:09 trouble differentiating between a thing
00:28:09 --> 00:28:11 and a concept and suggesting as you say
00:28:11 --> 00:28:13 that you know shoes can be happy or sad
00:28:13 --> 00:28:14 or a rock can have an emotion people can
00:28:15 --> 00:28:16 start seeing Reactions where they want
00:28:16 --> 00:28:18 to see reactions so anything which is
00:28:18 --> 00:28:20 subject to if your quy experiences or
00:28:20 --> 00:28:22 technical glitches in recording devices
00:28:22 --> 00:28:24 or just general misperceptions can
00:28:24 --> 00:28:26 become defined if you like as the
00:28:26 --> 00:28:28 Paranormal that something goes wrong
00:28:28 --> 00:28:29 therefore they presume there's a reason
00:28:29 --> 00:28:31 for that like if a computer goes wrong
00:28:31 --> 00:28:34 or your screen goes wrong or something
00:28:34 --> 00:28:36 you you've got to bash it yes you do you
00:28:36 --> 00:28:38 have to bash it three times at it works
00:28:38 --> 00:28:39 but if you're bashing a ghost if you're
00:28:39 --> 00:28:40 suggesting that it's a ghost interfering
00:28:40 --> 00:28:42 then you have this slight problem
00:28:42 --> 00:28:43 between the real world the physical
00:28:43 --> 00:28:45 world and the non-physical world and
00:28:45 --> 00:28:47 that's where this study came from it
00:28:47 --> 00:28:49 looked at a lot of previous studies it
00:28:49 --> 00:28:51 actually covered about 16 people
00:28:51 --> 00:28:53 from 11 countries across different
00:28:53 --> 00:28:54 cultures if there were differences but
00:28:54 --> 00:28:56 they're saying it's pretty much quite
00:28:56 --> 00:28:58 common for this condition to exist so
00:28:58 --> 00:28:59 it's a psychological issue not a
00:28:59 --> 00:29:01 cultural one yes it's it's almost like a
00:29:01 --> 00:29:03 very human psychological issue yeah yeah
00:29:03 --> 00:29:05 it's the one explanation for why people
00:29:05 --> 00:29:07 might believe in the Paranormal because
00:29:07 --> 00:29:09 they're basically just mistaking one
00:29:09 --> 00:29:10 thing for another and it's almost saying
00:29:10 --> 00:29:12 that you can't help it and it might be
00:29:12 --> 00:29:14 worse in some people than others this
00:29:14 --> 00:29:15 meta studies so I was looking at a lot
00:29:15 --> 00:29:17 of previous studies 25 of them shows
00:29:17 --> 00:29:19 some sort of indication that this
00:29:19 --> 00:29:20 actually might be a condition worth
00:29:20 --> 00:29:23 looking at that's tum from Australian
00:29:23 --> 00:29:26 Skeptics
00:29:26 --> 00:29:34 [Music]
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