SpaceTime Series 27 Episode 142
* How Mars Got Its Moons
A groundbreaking study suggests that Mars acquired its moons, Phobos and Deimos, after a passing asteroid was torn apart by the planet's gravity. This new hypothesis, based on NASA's supercomputer simulations and published in the journal Icarus, challenges previous theories of their origin, such as capture or major impact. The upcoming Martian Moons Exploration mission by JAXA, with NASA's involvement, aims to further investigate these theories by collecting samples from Phobos.
* Starship Test Flight 6
SpaceX has successfully completed its sixth test flight of the Starship Mega rocket, overseen by SpaceX CEO Elon Musk and U.S. President-elect Donald Trump. The test included a splashdown of the booster in the Gulf of Mexico and a successful orbital journey of the Starship, which trialled new heat shield materials and descent strategies. This marks the final test for this version of Starship, with an upgraded version expected to fly soon.
*Revisiting Earth's Ore Deposits
New research reveals that the largest iron ore deposits in Western Australia's Pilbara are around a billion years younger than previously thought. Using advanced geochronology techniques, scientists have dated these deposits to between 1.1 and 1.4 billion years, reshaping our understanding of Earth's geological history and aiding future exploration efforts.
The Science Report
A study suggests that a daily hour-long walk for those over 40 could extend life expectancy by five years. Meanwhile, global plastic waste is projected to double by mid-century, but a combination of policies could reduce it by 90%. Additionally, switching to a vegan diet could lower food costs by 19%, unlike the Mediterranean diet. The Bent Spoon Award was given to the Cancer Council of Western Australia for endorsing pseudoscientific practices like Richie.
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00:00 New study suggests Mars got its two moons after asteroid was torn apart
04:57 SpaceX has undertaken a successful sixth test flight of its Starship Mega rocket
08:17 Super heavy booster is attempting an offshore landing off the Gulf coast of Texas
10:18 The next milestone is Starship uh, is in terminal guidance
14:29 Starship is approaching the peak heating phase of entry
19:56 SpaceX's Starship rocket successfully carried its first ever biological payload
23:07 A new study finds planet Earth's largest iron ore deposits are younger than previously thought
33:14 A new study looked at physical activity and life expectancy
35:54 Western Australian Cancer Council endorsed pseudo medical and unscientific treatments
38:33 Space Time is available every Monday, Wednesday and Friday through various podcasting platforms
✍️ Episode References
Icarus Journal
[https://www.journals.elsevier.com/icarus](https://www.journals.elsevier.com/icarus)
NASA Ames Research Centre
[https://www.nasa.gov/ames](https://www.nasa.gov/ames)
Martian Moons Exploration (MMX)
[https://mmx.jaxa.jp/en/](https://mmx.jaxa.jp/en/)
SpaceX
[https://www.spacex.com](https://www.spacex.com)
Curtin University
[https://www.curtin.edu.au](https://www.curtin.edu.au)
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
[https://www.pnas.org](https://www.pnas.org)
British Journal of Sports Medicine
[https://bjsm.bmj.com/](https://bjsm.bmj.com/)
Journal of Science
[https://www.sciencemag.org/](https://www.sciencemag.org/)
Journal of the American Medical Association
[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama)
Australian Sceptics
[https://www.skeptics.com.au](https://www.skeptics.com.au)
Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/24271458?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:04 this is spacetime series 27 episode 142
00:00:04 --> 00:00:07 for broadcast on the 25th of November
00:00:07 --> 00:00:10 2024 coming up on SpaceTime how the red
00:00:10 --> 00:00:13 planet Mars got its moons our full
00:00:14 --> 00:00:17 report on Starship test flight six and a
00:00:17 --> 00:00:19 billion year shift in the formation of
00:00:19 --> 00:00:22 planet Earth's largest or deposits all
00:00:22 --> 00:00:25 that and more coming up on
00:00:25 --> 00:00:28 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:28 --> 00:00:30 steuart Gary
00:00:30 --> 00:00:37 [Music]
00:00:45 --> 00:00:48 a new study suggest that Mars got its
00:00:48 --> 00:00:50 Two Moons furbos and deos after a
00:00:50 --> 00:00:52 passing asteroid was ripped apart by the
00:00:52 --> 00:00:55 red planet's Gravity the findings
00:00:55 --> 00:00:57 reported in the journal Icarus are based
00:00:57 --> 00:01:01 on new supercomputer simulations by NASA
00:01:01 --> 00:01:03 besides the Earth's Moon Phobos and deos
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 are the only moons in our solar system
00:01:05 --> 00:01:08 that orbit a terrestrial planet previous
00:01:08 --> 00:01:10 hypotheses have suggested the two tiny
00:01:10 --> 00:01:12 moons were either captured mainu
00:01:12 --> 00:01:15 asteroids or the result of a major
00:01:15 --> 00:01:17 asteroid impact on the Martian surface
00:01:17 --> 00:01:18 possibly on the planet's Northern
00:01:18 --> 00:01:21 Hemisphere lowlands that latter
00:01:21 --> 00:01:23 explanation better accounts for the
00:01:23 --> 00:01:25 paths the moons travel today in these
00:01:25 --> 00:01:27 circular orbits that closely align with
00:01:28 --> 00:01:30 the Martian Equator the problem is a
00:01:30 --> 00:01:32 giant impact usually ejects material
00:01:32 --> 00:01:35 into a dis that mostly stays close to
00:01:35 --> 00:01:36 the planet and the Martian moons
00:01:37 --> 00:01:39 especially deos are orbiting quite a bit
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 further out from the planet and so
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 probably formed at the current distance
00:01:44 --> 00:01:45 the new study using a series of
00:01:45 --> 00:01:47 supercomputer simulations suggests
00:01:47 --> 00:01:50 another option the destruction of an
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 asteroid that ventured too close to Mars
00:01:52 --> 00:01:55 pushing through its Ro limit where
00:01:55 --> 00:01:57 gravitational tidle disruptions tore the
00:01:57 --> 00:02:00 asteroid apart the new modeling shows
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 the resulting Rocky fragments from the
00:02:02 --> 00:02:03 asteroids destruction would have been
00:02:03 --> 00:02:05 strewn into a variety of orbits around
00:02:06 --> 00:02:08 Mars now more than half those fragments
00:02:08 --> 00:02:10 would have escaped the Mars system
00:02:10 --> 00:02:12 completely but others would have stayed
00:02:12 --> 00:02:15 in orbit tugged by the gravity of both
00:02:15 --> 00:02:17 Mars and the sun some of these remaining
00:02:17 --> 00:02:18 pieces would have collided with one
00:02:18 --> 00:02:21 another and every encounter would have
00:02:21 --> 00:02:23 further ground them down turning them
00:02:23 --> 00:02:26 into even more debris many collisions
00:02:26 --> 00:02:28 later smaller chunks from the former
00:02:28 --> 00:02:29 asteroid would have settled into a
00:02:29 --> 00:02:31 debris disc circling the planet like a
00:02:31 --> 00:02:34 ring and over time some of this material
00:02:34 --> 00:02:37 would eventually have coist accreting to
00:02:37 --> 00:02:40 ultimately form Phobos and deos to
00:02:40 --> 00:02:42 assess whether this was a realistic
00:02:42 --> 00:02:44 chain of events the authors explored
00:02:44 --> 00:02:46 hundreds of different close encounter
00:02:46 --> 00:02:49 simulations varying the asteroid size
00:02:49 --> 00:02:51 spin speed and distance at its closest
00:02:51 --> 00:02:53 approach to the red planet now in many
00:02:53 --> 00:02:56 these scenarios enough asteroid fragment
00:02:56 --> 00:02:58 survived and collided in orbit to serve
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 as the raw material the to form the two
00:03:00 --> 00:03:03 moons the study's lead author jakk Karis
00:03:04 --> 00:03:05 from asames Research Center in
00:03:05 --> 00:03:07 California Silicon Valley says this new
00:03:07 --> 00:03:09 model makes different predictions about
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 the two moon properties and these can be
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 tested against standard ideas for this
00:03:13 --> 00:03:16 key event in Martian history the new
00:03:16 --> 00:03:18 hypothesis also allows for more
00:03:18 --> 00:03:19 efficient distribution of moon making
00:03:20 --> 00:03:21 material to the outer regions of the
00:03:22 --> 00:03:24 debris disc and that means a much
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 smaller parent asteroid could still
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 deliver enough material to send the
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 moon's building blocks to the right
00:03:30 --> 00:03:33 place testing different ideas about the
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 formation of the two Martian moons is
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 the primary goal of the upcoming Martian
00:03:37 --> 00:03:40 moons exploration or MMX sample return
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 Mission which be led by jaxa the
00:03:42 --> 00:03:45 Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency
00:03:45 --> 00:03:47 the spacecraft will survey both deos and
00:03:47 --> 00:03:49 Phobos before eventually collecting
00:03:49 --> 00:03:51 samples from the surface of Phobos to
00:03:51 --> 00:03:54 bring back to Earth for study a Naser
00:03:54 --> 00:03:56 instrument aboard the spacecraft called
00:03:56 --> 00:03:58 mean short for Mars Moon Exploration
00:03:59 --> 00:04:00 with gamma Raz and neutrons will
00:04:00 --> 00:04:03 identify the chemical elements furbos is
00:04:03 --> 00:04:05 made of and help select sites for the
00:04:05 --> 00:04:07 sample collection and some of these
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 samples will be collected by a Pneumatic
00:04:09 --> 00:04:11 sampler also provided by NASA as a
00:04:11 --> 00:04:14 technology demonstration contribution to
00:04:14 --> 00:04:16 the mission understanding what the
00:04:16 --> 00:04:18 Martian moons are made of is one clue
00:04:18 --> 00:04:19 which could distinguish between the
00:04:20 --> 00:04:22 moons having an asteroid origin or a
00:04:22 --> 00:04:26 planet plus impactor origin this is
00:04:26 --> 00:04:28 spacetime still to come SpaceX
00:04:28 --> 00:04:30 undertakes a successful sixth test
00:04:30 --> 00:04:33 flight of its Starship Mega rocket and a
00:04:33 --> 00:04:35 new study shows a billion-year shift in
00:04:35 --> 00:04:37 the formation of planet Earth's largest
00:04:37 --> 00:04:40 St deposits all that and more still to
00:04:40 --> 00:04:46 come on
00:04:46 --> 00:04:55 [Music]
00:04:57 --> 00:04:59 SpaceTime SpaceX has undertaken a
00:04:59 --> 00:05:01 success uccessful sixth test flight of
00:05:01 --> 00:05:03 its Starship Mega rocket with United
00:05:03 --> 00:05:05 States President elect Donald Trump
00:05:05 --> 00:05:08 joining space Xbox Elon Musk to witness
00:05:08 --> 00:05:10 the spectacular launch firsthand flight
00:05:10 --> 00:05:11 directors go for
00:05:11 --> 00:05:14 launch all right we're now T minus 20
00:05:14 --> 00:05:17 seconds until liftoff of Starship flight
00:05:17 --> 00:05:34 6 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 6 2 5 4 3 2 1
00:05:34 --> 00:05:36 vehicle is bitching down range booster
00:05:36 --> 00:05:37 Raptor chamber pressure nominal booster
00:05:37 --> 00:05:40 and ship avionics power and Telemetry
00:05:40 --> 00:05:42 nominal just a little over a minute
00:05:42 --> 00:05:45 maxam pressure we're about 6 mil away so
00:05:45 --> 00:05:47 all the sound still hitting us here
00:05:47 --> 00:05:48 hearing good call outs that power
00:05:48 --> 00:05:51 Telemetry nominal that's flying straight
00:05:51 --> 00:05:54 and true we do see all 33 Raptor engines
00:05:54 --> 00:05:57 lit up on Telemetry screens this point
00:05:57 --> 00:05:58 we've passed through that point if
00:05:58 --> 00:06:01 maximum a dnamic pressure that Max Q now
00:06:01 --> 00:06:04 coming up in just a little over a minute
00:06:04 --> 00:06:07 from now is going to be hot staging so
00:06:07 --> 00:06:10 we're going to see the six engines on
00:06:10 --> 00:06:12 the ship ignite while still attached to
00:06:12 --> 00:06:14 the booster just before that we'll see
00:06:14 --> 00:06:15 all but three Center engines on the
00:06:16 --> 00:06:18 booster shut down and what we call Mo
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 it's most engines cut off instead of
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 main engine a lot of our flight
00:06:22 --> 00:06:24 controllers looking at all the systems
00:06:24 --> 00:06:26 around the tower again we have to send a
00:06:26 --> 00:06:29 manual command we heard the Tower is go
00:06:29 --> 00:06:32 for catch booster engine cut off the
00:06:32 --> 00:06:34 return flag is set for True ship engine
00:06:34 --> 00:06:37 start up stage separation all right hot
00:06:37 --> 00:06:39 staging confirmed six out of six lit on
00:06:39 --> 00:06:41 the ship booster boost back going we
00:06:41 --> 00:06:43 heard that we are go for catch Kate
00:06:43 --> 00:06:45 Jesse take good the views hopefully I
00:06:45 --> 00:06:47 got a booster coming home real soon
00:06:47 --> 00:06:49 right now it is performing the Boost
00:06:49 --> 00:06:51 back bur good news there telling us that
00:06:51 --> 00:06:54 the the pressures inside the ship are
00:06:54 --> 00:06:56 good that is the second stage or the
00:06:56 --> 00:06:58 upper portion of the vehicle yeah
00:06:58 --> 00:07:00 booster is currently super heavy is
00:07:00 --> 00:07:02 currently in its boost back burn this
00:07:02 --> 00:07:05 boost back burnic power andry nominal
00:07:05 --> 00:07:07 this boost back burn lasts just a little
00:07:07 --> 00:07:09 bit over a minute however a loss of
00:07:09 --> 00:07:11 communication with a launch tower
00:07:11 --> 00:07:13 computer at the bach chica Starbase in
00:07:13 --> 00:07:15 Texas meant they were prevented from
00:07:15 --> 00:07:17 seeing a repeat of the previous test
00:07:17 --> 00:07:19 spectacular super heavy booster
00:07:19 --> 00:07:21 returning to the Launchpad and being
00:07:21 --> 00:07:23 captured by the launch Tower's Chopstick
00:07:23 --> 00:07:26 arms so instead the first stage was
00:07:26 --> 00:07:28 instructed to undertake a vertical
00:07:28 --> 00:07:30 landing at Sea splash in down in the
00:07:30 --> 00:07:32 Gulf of Mexico but all other aspects of
00:07:33 --> 00:07:34 the flight appeared to go according to
00:07:34 --> 00:07:37 plan with a hot staging separation of
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 the upper Starship orbital section from
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 the booster section performing nominally
00:07:41 --> 00:07:43 the booster then undertook its boost
00:07:43 --> 00:07:46 backery entry burn using its underbelly
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 heat Shi to belly flop through the
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 atmosphere to burn off speed during the
00:07:50 --> 00:07:51 re-entry and then flipping from the
00:07:52 --> 00:07:53 horizontal back to the vertical at the
00:07:53 --> 00:07:55 last minute for a perfectly executed
00:07:56 --> 00:07:58 Landing burn and touchdown on the sea
00:07:58 --> 00:08:01 surface booster offshore divert the uh
00:08:01 --> 00:08:04 hot stage has been jettisoned yes visual
00:08:04 --> 00:08:05 confirmation of that star ship is
00:08:05 --> 00:08:07 following a nominal trajectory the next
00:08:07 --> 00:08:09 step for booster is going into that
00:08:09 --> 00:08:12 Landing burn again it'll light up 13 of
00:08:12 --> 00:08:14 those engines and then pair down to
00:08:14 --> 00:08:17 three engines right before booster catch
00:08:17 --> 00:08:18 all right now just real quick we did
00:08:18 --> 00:08:20 hear the call out booster offshore
00:08:20 --> 00:08:22 divert unfortunately that means that we
00:08:22 --> 00:08:25 are our noo for the catch both the Tower
00:08:25 --> 00:08:28 and the vehicle as well as the operators
00:08:28 --> 00:08:31 on Console have been actively evaluating
00:08:31 --> 00:08:34 the commit criteria for that return to
00:08:34 --> 00:08:36 the launch Tower and unfortunately we
00:08:36 --> 00:08:38 did not have a pass on those commit
00:08:38 --> 00:08:41 criteria so we are no go for Tower catch
00:08:41 --> 00:08:43 there's a lot of things that need to go
00:08:43 --> 00:08:44 well in order to line that up
00:08:44 --> 00:08:46 Unfortunately today we will forego
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 booster catch today we have an
00:08:48 --> 00:08:50 additional objective today to do an
00:08:50 --> 00:08:53 inspace relight of a Raptor engine which
00:08:53 --> 00:08:55 again will help us set us up for being
00:08:55 --> 00:08:57 able to do deorbit burns which is
00:08:57 --> 00:08:59 chamber pressure phenomenal which is
00:08:59 --> 00:09:01 important for orbital flights yeah once
00:09:01 --> 00:09:03 again we are attempting an offshore
00:09:03 --> 00:09:06 Landing of the super heavy booster off
00:09:06 --> 00:09:09 the Gulf Coast of Texas those grid fins
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 there are four Hypersonic grid fins oh
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 we can see that the landing burn has
00:09:13 --> 00:09:15 begun on the super heavy booster same
00:09:15 --> 00:09:18 pattern 13 engines will light gone down
00:09:18 --> 00:09:21 to three just as we expected splash down
00:09:21 --> 00:09:23 of super heavy so we'd like to confirm a
00:09:24 --> 00:09:26 water landing once again for the super
00:09:26 --> 00:09:28 heavy booster meanwhile the star shap
00:09:28 --> 00:09:30 upper stage continues to climb to orbit
00:09:30 --> 00:09:31 cruising halfway around the planet
00:09:32 --> 00:09:33 before re-entering the atmosphere above
00:09:33 --> 00:09:35 the Indian Ocean off the Western
00:09:35 --> 00:09:38 Australian Coastline the test included
00:09:38 --> 00:09:40 reigniting one of starship's raptor
00:09:40 --> 00:09:42 engines for the first time in space it's
00:09:42 --> 00:09:44 going to attempt to do an in space burn
00:09:44 --> 00:09:46 we're going to light one of those Raptor
00:09:46 --> 00:09:48 engines the sea level ones in the middle
00:09:48 --> 00:09:49 just to help demonstrate that we can
00:09:49 --> 00:09:52 relight in that microgravity environment
00:09:52 --> 00:09:54 really critical for deorbit burns as we
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 start to do some orbital missions in the
00:09:57 --> 00:09:58 not too distant future and then
00:09:58 --> 00:10:01 following that will see a ship entry
00:10:01 --> 00:10:03 maybe a splash down as you guys said
00:10:03 --> 00:10:05 we're we're really going to be pushing
00:10:05 --> 00:10:06 ship on this one we're pretty much
00:10:06 --> 00:10:08 intentionally putting it in places where
00:10:08 --> 00:10:10 we expect it might not do so great and
00:10:10 --> 00:10:13 all that's to try and help us learn see
00:10:13 --> 00:10:14 if we were a little too conservative and
00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 then maybe that opens up more capability
00:10:16 --> 00:10:18 for when we start catching them the next
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 Milestone is Starship is in terminal
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 guidance Starship terminal guidance
00:10:22 --> 00:10:25 referring to the upper stage at uh about
00:10:25 --> 00:10:30 8 minutes 35 seconds or so we have ship
00:10:30 --> 00:10:32 engine cut off which will be the cuto
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 off of the Raptor engines ship engine
00:10:34 --> 00:10:36 cut off and there we just heard call out
00:10:36 --> 00:10:38 for SEO ship engine cut off everything
00:10:38 --> 00:10:40 continuing to look awesome trip FTS is
00:10:40 --> 00:10:43 safed nominal orbit insertion there's
00:10:43 --> 00:10:45 that call out we were waiting for
00:10:45 --> 00:10:47 confirmation of good orbital insertion
00:10:47 --> 00:10:50 for ship today ship nominal orbit so
00:10:50 --> 00:10:52 it's on its way around the planet and
00:10:52 --> 00:10:55 triing new Hai materials as a reminder
00:10:55 --> 00:10:56 one of the main goals of today's flight
00:10:57 --> 00:10:59 test is for the ship to make it through
00:10:59 --> 00:11:01 the the extreme heat of re-entry and to
00:11:01 --> 00:11:03 do so in a controlled manner now
00:11:04 --> 00:11:05 re-entry is typically a portion of
00:11:05 --> 00:11:08 flight where we don't have communication
00:11:08 --> 00:11:10 capability with the spacecraft because
00:11:10 --> 00:11:13 it's re-entering at or around orbital
00:11:13 --> 00:11:16 velocity which is roughly 8 kilm per
00:11:16 --> 00:11:20 second or about 5 miles per second now
00:11:20 --> 00:11:23 at those speeds yep pretty fast uh the
00:11:23 --> 00:11:24 spacecraft is moving through the
00:11:24 --> 00:11:27 atmosphere rather quickly and that
00:11:27 --> 00:11:29 results in friction and this creates a
00:11:29 --> 00:11:32 plasma field around the vehicle that
00:11:32 --> 00:11:34 blanket of plasma distorts communication
00:11:34 --> 00:11:37 frequencies so it's not uncommon to
00:11:37 --> 00:11:39 experience brief blackouts in
00:11:39 --> 00:11:41 communication other thermal protection
00:11:41 --> 00:11:43 experiments saw some areas stripped of
00:11:43 --> 00:11:44 their ha tiles to see where the catch
00:11:44 --> 00:11:46 mechanisms could be positioned there on
00:11:46 --> 00:11:50 fature flights the receding tile line
00:11:50 --> 00:11:52 where we have removed a number of heat
00:11:52 --> 00:11:55 shield tiles in order to test out and
00:11:55 --> 00:11:57 push the envelope on the ship and
00:11:57 --> 00:11:59 demonstrate what its capabilities are we
00:11:59 --> 00:12:00 are really pushing the ship today the
00:12:01 --> 00:12:02 heat shield is not in the same
00:12:02 --> 00:12:05 configuration as it was last flight
00:12:05 --> 00:12:08 where we had a team of ship teexs do
00:12:08 --> 00:12:11 just an otherworldly task replacing the
00:12:11 --> 00:12:14 entire heat shield thousands of tiles
00:12:14 --> 00:12:16 installing a backup of lative and that
00:12:16 --> 00:12:18 pretty much set us up to do a a Pinpoint
00:12:19 --> 00:12:21 Landing on flight five we did not do
00:12:21 --> 00:12:23 that with this one we have some backup
00:12:23 --> 00:12:25 in those really sensitive areas around
00:12:25 --> 00:12:27 the flat but this is an older generation
00:12:27 --> 00:12:29 heat shield and knowing we weren't going
00:12:29 --> 00:12:32 to do that we even went and removed some
00:12:32 --> 00:12:34 extra tiles there are some missing tiles
00:12:34 --> 00:12:36 on the nose cone where we're testing
00:12:36 --> 00:12:38 some backups there are some steel
00:12:38 --> 00:12:41 covered tiles in a couple of different
00:12:41 --> 00:12:43 spots and there's also a whole lot more
00:12:43 --> 00:12:45 steel of the ship showing couple hundred
00:12:45 --> 00:12:47 tiles trimmed off the sides and that's
00:12:47 --> 00:12:49 where we might have catch fittings in
00:12:49 --> 00:12:51 the future but colors starting to come
00:12:51 --> 00:12:53 in so it looks like uh things are going
00:12:53 --> 00:12:55 to start heating up Kate and Jesse yeah
00:12:55 --> 00:12:58 fun fact Dan we actually removed 2100
00:12:58 --> 00:12:59 heat shield t
00:12:59 --> 00:13:02 from Starship in order to basically
00:13:02 --> 00:13:05 present that necessary receding line we
00:13:05 --> 00:13:08 want to test the vehicle beyond what we
00:13:08 --> 00:13:11 think it is capable of carrying based on
00:13:11 --> 00:13:13 our simulations and calculations so once
00:13:13 --> 00:13:16 again don't be surprised if we see some
00:13:16 --> 00:13:18 wackadoodle stuff happen here we won't
00:13:18 --> 00:13:21 be there are a number of things that we
00:13:21 --> 00:13:24 are testing out intentionally to see
00:13:24 --> 00:13:26 what the ship can take yeah exactly and
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28 knowing what those limits are will
00:13:28 --> 00:13:31 really help us design the vehicle of the
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 future essentially removing those tiles
00:13:33 --> 00:13:35 helps us remove a lot of weight from the
00:13:35 --> 00:13:36 vehicle a lot of things that might
00:13:36 --> 00:13:38 potentially need refurbishment in the
00:13:38 --> 00:13:41 future and the goal is to come up with a
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 heat shield pattern or design that we
00:13:43 --> 00:13:45 don't have to refurbish we can just
00:13:45 --> 00:13:47 continue to use it over and over again
00:13:47 --> 00:13:50 and that's why we're changing some of
00:13:50 --> 00:13:52 those tiles and moving stuff around
00:13:52 --> 00:13:54 removing a lot of those tiles as Kate
00:13:54 --> 00:13:57 has been mentioning exactly and you know
00:13:57 --> 00:13:59 looking forward to the Starship cap
00:13:59 --> 00:14:00 ility of the future we want to be able
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 to catch Starship like we do with
00:14:02 --> 00:14:04 boosters and so the next flight we want
00:14:04 --> 00:14:06 to better understand where we can
00:14:06 --> 00:14:09 install catch Hardware not necessarily
00:14:09 --> 00:14:11 to actually do the catch but to see how
00:14:11 --> 00:14:13 that Hardware holds up in those spots
00:14:13 --> 00:14:15 and today's flight will help inform you
00:14:15 --> 00:14:18 know does the stainless steel hold up
00:14:18 --> 00:14:20 like we think it may based on
00:14:20 --> 00:14:22 experiments that we conducted on flight
00:14:22 --> 00:14:25 5 and Starship was also programmed to
00:14:25 --> 00:14:26 test a new more aggressive descent
00:14:26 --> 00:14:28 strategy before flipping vertically for
00:14:28 --> 00:14:32 the Landing Starship is at 85 km flaps
00:14:32 --> 00:14:34 now have control of the vehicle the ship
00:14:34 --> 00:14:36 is beginning to re-enter the Earth's
00:14:36 --> 00:14:38 atmosphere Starship is approaching the
00:14:38 --> 00:14:41 peak heating phase of Entry we've got
00:14:41 --> 00:14:43 kind of the nextg ship lined up for
00:14:43 --> 00:14:45 flight s it's got all of those heat
00:14:45 --> 00:14:47 shield upgrades and everything and one
00:14:47 --> 00:14:48 of the things that we're going to be
00:14:48 --> 00:14:50 doing that's that's most interesting and
00:14:50 --> 00:14:52 one of the reasons we wanted daylight is
00:14:52 --> 00:14:54 we're going to be flying pretty
00:14:54 --> 00:14:55 aggressively as ship comes in we're
00:14:55 --> 00:14:57 going to be kind of nosed down we've
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 done it in Wind tunnels we've done in
00:14:59 --> 00:15:01 simulations you might see the flaps
00:15:01 --> 00:15:03 really flapping around trying to control
00:15:03 --> 00:15:05 the vehicle we're betting we might have
00:15:05 --> 00:15:08 a little bit more capability than think
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 in just the analysis but always a chance
00:15:10 --> 00:15:11 that bet doesn't pay off but that just
00:15:11 --> 00:15:13 helps us know like what are what are our
00:15:13 --> 00:15:15 is now halfway through the peak heating
00:15:15 --> 00:15:17 phase of Entry halfway there halfway
00:15:17 --> 00:15:19 home guys just like the booster it
00:15:19 --> 00:15:21 re-entered the earth atmosphere
00:15:21 --> 00:15:23 horizontally bleeding off speed with its
00:15:23 --> 00:15:25 underbelly heat shield and as we've seen
00:15:25 --> 00:15:28 on previous flights displaying stunning
00:15:28 --> 00:15:30 plasma wave patterns as it descended
00:15:30 --> 00:15:32 through the atmosphere interestingly
00:15:32 --> 00:15:34 however sharp eyed viewers would have
00:15:34 --> 00:15:36 noticed wrinkles or creases developing
00:15:36 --> 00:15:38 on the exposed surface of the hull
00:15:38 --> 00:15:41 midsection during The Descent it wasn't
00:15:41 --> 00:15:43 a major issue as the underlying
00:15:43 --> 00:15:45 structure kept the whole thing together
00:15:45 --> 00:15:46 but it was an interesting point of
00:15:46 --> 00:15:49 observation we are also testing out new
00:15:49 --> 00:15:52 secondary thermal protection materials
00:15:52 --> 00:15:54 so basically like if the heat shield
00:15:54 --> 00:15:55 isn't in this one spot can this other
00:15:55 --> 00:15:58 material protect the metal is the
00:15:58 --> 00:16:00 thinking there also checking of the
00:16:00 --> 00:16:02 ship's structural strength in those
00:16:02 --> 00:16:04 areas where we're looking to add that
00:16:04 --> 00:16:07 ship catch Hardware just to see if it
00:16:07 --> 00:16:09 survives entry as we've been saying
00:16:09 --> 00:16:11 we've we've done um a lot of
00:16:11 --> 00:16:14 calculations and simulations similar to
00:16:14 --> 00:16:16 flight five we are targeting the same
00:16:16 --> 00:16:19 splash down location in the Indian Ocean
00:16:19 --> 00:16:22 but we are not expecting to recover the
00:16:22 --> 00:16:25 vehicle the flaps so far are looking
00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 pretty good we're not seeing any burn
00:16:27 --> 00:16:29 through once for subside sonc
00:16:29 --> 00:16:31 essentially so I think that's about 1200
00:16:31 --> 00:16:34 km an hour once we're down below that
00:16:34 --> 00:16:36 that's when we're going to kind of dip
00:16:36 --> 00:16:37 our nose down and get that more
00:16:37 --> 00:16:39 aggressive angle of attack normally
00:16:39 --> 00:16:41 we're just belly flop right into the
00:16:41 --> 00:16:43 water pretty much that position but if
00:16:44 --> 00:16:45 we're going to be able to do return to
00:16:45 --> 00:16:47 launch SES we're going to want to be
00:16:47 --> 00:16:49 able to fly with a little bit more of an
00:16:49 --> 00:16:51 angle of attack get you a little bit
00:16:51 --> 00:16:53 more range as you're coming through and
00:16:53 --> 00:16:56 so this will be just a test to see quite
00:16:56 --> 00:16:58 how far can we push it and obviously
00:16:58 --> 00:17:00 we're going to do these kind of tests
00:17:00 --> 00:17:02 way out here in super remote areas
00:17:02 --> 00:17:04 before you ever try to bring a ship back
00:17:04 --> 00:17:06 to a place like Starbase Starship
00:17:06 --> 00:17:08 remains on a good entry trajectory
00:17:08 --> 00:17:09 external temperatures are coming down
00:17:09 --> 00:17:12 that tells us that we are through the
00:17:12 --> 00:17:15 phase of peak heating so we are
00:17:15 --> 00:17:17 expecting these temperatures to continue
00:17:17 --> 00:17:21 to come down once again we are targeting
00:17:21 --> 00:17:24 a soft splash down in the Indian Ocean
00:17:24 --> 00:17:27 off the northwest coast of Australia and
00:17:27 --> 00:17:30 as we get down a little bit lower the
00:17:30 --> 00:17:32 Raptor engines are in their chill phase
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 right now so just essentially getting
00:17:34 --> 00:17:36 them primed to turn on we're we're going
00:17:36 --> 00:17:39 to use those three Center engines to do
00:17:39 --> 00:17:41 a landing flip and then a landing burn
00:17:41 --> 00:17:43 so we'll come down kind of in that
00:17:43 --> 00:17:45 slightly pointed down belly flop and
00:17:45 --> 00:17:47 then fire off those engines to flip us
00:17:47 --> 00:17:49 around and then do that final Landing
00:17:49 --> 00:17:51 burn ship has passed maximum entry
00:17:52 --> 00:17:53 Dynamic pressure do have some heating
00:17:53 --> 00:17:55 there on that looks like one of the
00:17:55 --> 00:17:58 forward flaps on Starship this is to be
00:17:58 --> 00:18:01 expected we knew that the vehicle would
00:18:01 --> 00:18:03 perform differently than what we had
00:18:03 --> 00:18:06 seen on flight 5 looks like that heating
00:18:06 --> 00:18:08 is starting to cool off there yeah it's
00:18:08 --> 00:18:11 a little burn through um again it is
00:18:11 --> 00:18:14 important to note when we start seeing
00:18:14 --> 00:18:16 that through the ship's descent as well
00:18:16 --> 00:18:18 so like Kate was saying we're getting
00:18:18 --> 00:18:20 some really good data here looks like
00:18:20 --> 00:18:22 the other flaps are doing a little
00:18:22 --> 00:18:23 better than the one that has a little
00:18:23 --> 00:18:26 burn through which is some good news
00:18:26 --> 00:18:28 Starship is slowing down past Mar one
00:18:28 --> 00:18:30 and started the subsonic body remains on
00:18:30 --> 00:18:33 a good trajectory this is when things
00:18:33 --> 00:18:34 will start to get a little interesting
00:18:34 --> 00:18:36 so this is when we're moving slower than
00:18:36 --> 00:18:38 the speed of sound you can know slowly
00:18:38 --> 00:18:40 start to tip down and we're going to try
00:18:40 --> 00:18:42 and maintain flap control the whole way
00:18:42 --> 00:18:44 but we are just just a couple minutes
00:18:44 --> 00:18:46 away from hopefully doing a landing flip
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 Landing flip and Landing burn if if uh
00:18:48 --> 00:18:50 the flaps can hold together this higher
00:18:50 --> 00:18:51 angle of attack we're intentionally
00:18:51 --> 00:18:54 doing it to stress those aft flaps and
00:18:54 --> 00:18:57 that will help inform the limits of flap
00:18:57 --> 00:18:59 control in order to collect data for
00:18:59 --> 00:19:01 future Landing profiles we're looking
00:19:01 --> 00:19:04 good so far we've just got about 5 km in
00:19:04 --> 00:19:06 altitude to go we'll ignite the engines
00:19:06 --> 00:19:07 when we're still just a couple hundred
00:19:07 --> 00:19:10 meters over the ground do that flip
00:19:10 --> 00:19:13 through 5 km altitude remains on a good
00:19:13 --> 00:19:15 trajectory as with previous test flights
00:19:15 --> 00:19:17 Starship flip back to Vertical just
00:19:17 --> 00:19:20 before splashing Down On Target an hour
00:19:20 --> 00:19:22 and 5 minutes after launch the whole
00:19:22 --> 00:19:24 thing being monitored by a prepositioned
00:19:24 --> 00:19:27 space 6 buoy anchor nearby wow ship is
00:19:27 --> 00:19:30 doing great so so
00:19:30 --> 00:19:33 far there those engines
00:19:34 --> 00:19:36 relighting what a great
00:19:36 --> 00:19:39 reorientation by
00:19:39 --> 00:19:44 Starship wow all three down to two into
00:19:44 --> 00:19:45 the
00:19:45 --> 00:19:49 [Applause]
00:19:49 --> 00:19:54 water wow and we have shift spash down
00:19:54 --> 00:19:57 in the Indian Ocean and this flight also
00:19:57 --> 00:20:00 carried Starships first ever biological
00:20:00 --> 00:20:02 payload it was a banana hanging all by
00:20:02 --> 00:20:05 itself in the cavernous payload Bay
00:20:05 --> 00:20:07 exactly why it was put there has been
00:20:07 --> 00:20:10 the subject of some speculation a camera
00:20:10 --> 00:20:12 did monitor it throughout the flight and
00:20:12 --> 00:20:15 importantly it didn't explode once in
00:20:15 --> 00:20:17 space so it's fair to say the payload
00:20:17 --> 00:20:19 Bay must have remained pressure tight
00:20:19 --> 00:20:21 throughout the mission this launch also
00:20:21 --> 00:20:23 marked the quickest turnaround so far
00:20:23 --> 00:20:25 between test flights for what is the
00:20:25 --> 00:20:28 world's largest and most powerful rocket
00:20:28 --> 00:20:30 and it was the last test flight for this
00:20:30 --> 00:20:33 specific version of Starship the next
00:20:33 --> 00:20:35 test will involve an upgraded version to
00:20:36 --> 00:20:37 Starship which will have a slightly
00:20:37 --> 00:20:40 altered design with larger fuel tanks
00:20:40 --> 00:20:42 now theoretically that could fly next
00:20:42 --> 00:20:44 month although an actual launch date has
00:20:44 --> 00:20:46 yet to be set meanwhile Works already
00:20:46 --> 00:20:48 underway on a future third variant of
00:20:48 --> 00:20:50 Starship which will include engines
00:20:50 --> 00:20:52 three times more powerful than those
00:20:52 --> 00:20:54 currently used that should be ready to
00:20:54 --> 00:20:57 fly in about a year the massive gleaming
00:20:57 --> 00:21:00 120 1 met tall stainless steel rocket is
00:21:00 --> 00:21:03 at the heart of musk's plans to develop
00:21:03 --> 00:21:05 an interplanetary Colonial transport
00:21:05 --> 00:21:08 vehicle one capable of carrying a 100
00:21:08 --> 00:21:10 people at a time on missions to the Moon
00:21:10 --> 00:21:13 to Mars and Beyond in fact using
00:21:13 --> 00:21:16 Starship musk hopes to eventually turn
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 Humanity into the first multiplanetary
00:21:18 --> 00:21:21 species current plans will see NASA use
00:21:21 --> 00:21:23 a version of Starship called the hls the
00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 fery astronaut and Equipment between the
00:21:25 --> 00:21:28 irion spacecraft and the Luna South Pole
00:21:28 --> 00:21:30 is part of the emus 3 mission in
00:21:30 --> 00:21:31 September
00:21:31 --> 00:21:33 2026 now after that it'll be used to
00:21:33 --> 00:21:35 shuttle people supplies and equipment
00:21:35 --> 00:21:37 between the Luna Gateway space station
00:21:37 --> 00:21:39 once it's positioned in trans lunar
00:21:39 --> 00:21:41 orbit and the lunar surface helping
00:21:41 --> 00:21:43 maintain a permanent human presence on
00:21:43 --> 00:21:47 the moon and Starship doesn't end there
00:21:47 --> 00:21:49 musk is also planning to fly an unmanned
00:21:49 --> 00:21:51 version of Starship to Mars on a test
00:21:51 --> 00:21:52 run also in
00:21:52 --> 00:21:55 20126 that'll coincide with the next
00:21:55 --> 00:21:57 Mars transfer window that's the time
00:21:57 --> 00:21:59 when the orbits of the Earth and Mars
00:21:59 --> 00:22:01 allow for Journeys between the two
00:22:01 --> 00:22:03 planets be kept out at just 6 or 7
00:22:03 --> 00:22:07 months each way SpaceX sees Starship as
00:22:07 --> 00:22:09 the future of the company eventually
00:22:09 --> 00:22:11 it'll replace the current Falcon 9 and
00:22:11 --> 00:22:14 Falcon heavy Vehicles as well as the
00:22:14 --> 00:22:17 dragon capsu and one day it may even
00:22:17 --> 00:22:19 replace some airline services on
00:22:19 --> 00:22:21 point-to-point Journeys between major
00:22:21 --> 00:22:23 cities on Earth meaning any point on
00:22:23 --> 00:22:25 planet Earth will be no more than 90
00:22:25 --> 00:22:28 minutes from any other point a true
00:22:28 --> 00:22:32 glimp into the future this is spacetime
00:22:32 --> 00:22:34 still to come a new study has found that
00:22:34 --> 00:22:36 Earth's largest iron or deposits found
00:22:36 --> 00:22:38 in Western Australia's pbra are about a
00:22:39 --> 00:22:40 billion years younger than previously
00:22:40 --> 00:22:43 thought and later in the science report
00:22:43 --> 00:22:45 a new study warns that Global plastic
00:22:45 --> 00:22:47 waste is likely to double by the middle
00:22:47 --> 00:22:50 of the century all that and more still
00:22:50 --> 00:22:57 to come on SpaceTime
00:22:57 --> 00:23:07 [Music]
00:23:07 --> 00:23:09 a new study has found that planet
00:23:09 --> 00:23:11 Earth's largest iron or deposits which
00:23:11 --> 00:23:12 are found in the Western Australian
00:23:12 --> 00:23:15 pillur region are about a billion years
00:23:15 --> 00:23:17 younger than what was previously thought
00:23:17 --> 00:23:19 the latest data places the massive
00:23:19 --> 00:23:22 deposits at between 1.1 and 1.4 billion
00:23:22 --> 00:23:25 years of age far less than the 2.2
00:23:25 --> 00:23:27 billion years previously estimated the
00:23:27 --> 00:23:29 fightings are important because they
00:23:29 --> 00:23:31 hope establish a new picture of planet
00:23:31 --> 00:23:33 Earth's geological history at a time
00:23:33 --> 00:23:35 when plate tectonic upheavals saw
00:23:35 --> 00:23:37 ancient supercontinents begin to break
00:23:37 --> 00:23:39 up and subduct while new ones began
00:23:39 --> 00:23:42 forming the discovery reported in the
00:23:42 --> 00:23:43 Journal of the proceedings of the
00:23:43 --> 00:23:45 National Academy of Sciences are based
00:23:45 --> 00:23:47 on new geochronology techniques which
00:23:47 --> 00:23:49 are far more accurate at measuring the
00:23:49 --> 00:23:52 age of ion oxide minerals the new
00:23:52 --> 00:23:54 research is able to precisely date
00:23:54 --> 00:23:56 minerals from banded iron formations
00:23:56 --> 00:23:58 which are ancient underwater layers of
00:23:58 --> 00:24:00 iron rich Rock and which provide a
00:24:00 --> 00:24:02 significant insight into Earth's deep
00:24:02 --> 00:24:05 geological past the study's lead author
00:24:05 --> 00:24:06 Liam Courtney Davis from curtain
00:24:06 --> 00:24:08 University and the University of
00:24:08 --> 00:24:10 Colorado Boulder says the energy from
00:24:10 --> 00:24:12 this epic geological activity likely
00:24:12 --> 00:24:14 triggered the production of billions of
00:24:14 --> 00:24:17 tons of iron rich rock across the pbra
00:24:17 --> 00:24:20 Western Australia is the world's leading
00:24:20 --> 00:24:22 producer of iron or which is Australia's
00:24:22 --> 00:24:25 largest export earner at $131 billion a
00:24:25 --> 00:24:28 year until now the exact time line of
00:24:28 --> 00:24:31 these formations changing from 30% ion
00:24:31 --> 00:24:33 as they originally were to more than 60%
00:24:33 --> 00:24:36 ion as they are today was unclear and
00:24:36 --> 00:24:38 that hindered science's understanding of
00:24:38 --> 00:24:40 the processes that led to the formation
00:24:40 --> 00:24:42 of these huge reserves but the discovery
00:24:42 --> 00:24:44 of a link between these giant ion or
00:24:44 --> 00:24:46 deposits and changes in supercontinent
00:24:46 --> 00:24:48 Cycles enhances the science's
00:24:49 --> 00:24:50 understanding of ancient geological
00:24:50 --> 00:24:52 processes and improves geologist's
00:24:52 --> 00:24:54 ability to predict exactly where they
00:24:54 --> 00:24:56 should be exploring in the future by
00:24:56 --> 00:24:59 using an emerging technique to date iron
00:24:59 --> 00:25:01 oxide minerals through uranium and Lead
00:25:01 --> 00:25:02 isotope analysis within the mineral
00:25:02 --> 00:25:04 grains the authors were able to directly
00:25:04 --> 00:25:07 date all the major banded iron formation
00:25:07 --> 00:25:09 deposits in the hamersley province
00:25:09 --> 00:25:11 Courtney Davis says the finding show
00:25:11 --> 00:25:13 that these deposits formed in
00:25:13 --> 00:25:16 conjunction with major tectonic events
00:25:16 --> 00:25:18 events which change planet Earth
00:25:18 --> 00:25:20 completely highlighting the dynamic
00:25:20 --> 00:25:22 nature of the planet's history and the
00:25:22 --> 00:25:24 complexity of iron or mineralization so
00:25:24 --> 00:25:27 we've been looking into redefining what
00:25:27 --> 00:25:30 is the age of the mineralization within
00:25:30 --> 00:25:33 the banded iron formations in the pilra
00:25:33 --> 00:25:35 the original banded iron formations that
00:25:35 --> 00:25:38 were laid down across the Hammers Le are
00:25:38 --> 00:25:41 very old these are about 2.45 billion
00:25:41 --> 00:25:43 years old but for them to actually be a
00:25:43 --> 00:25:46 mineral deposit or an ion or deposit
00:25:46 --> 00:25:48 something has to happen which transforms
00:25:48 --> 00:25:50 these banded ion formations from about
00:25:50 --> 00:25:55 40% ion 30% iron to about 60 65% iron
00:25:55 --> 00:25:58 and this process was originally believed
00:25:58 --> 00:26:00 to have happened around 2 billion years
00:26:00 --> 00:26:03 ago based on evidence from other
00:26:03 --> 00:26:05 minerals in the ore which were not
00:26:06 --> 00:26:08 direct indicators of the age but now at
00:26:08 --> 00:26:11 curtain University we've been developing
00:26:11 --> 00:26:12 instruments and methods that have
00:26:12 --> 00:26:14 allowed us to actually date iron
00:26:14 --> 00:26:17 minerals so this is Ion oxide minerals
00:26:17 --> 00:26:19 like hematites which are the minerals
00:26:19 --> 00:26:21 that make up the or deposits and through
00:26:21 --> 00:26:24 dating of these minerals in most of the
00:26:24 --> 00:26:26 major deposits within the region we
00:26:26 --> 00:26:28 found that they're about a billion years
00:26:28 --> 00:26:30 younger than we previously understood
00:26:30 --> 00:26:31 why does that matter why is that
00:26:32 --> 00:26:34 important so it's important because if
00:26:34 --> 00:26:36 we want to be able to actually
00:26:36 --> 00:26:38 understand where mineral deposits are
00:26:38 --> 00:26:40 sitting within the crust and this isn't
00:26:40 --> 00:26:41 just for iron or this is for all
00:26:41 --> 00:26:44 Commodities like gold or lithium we need
00:26:44 --> 00:26:47 to have a really good grasp on how these
00:26:47 --> 00:26:49 or deposits form so what was the
00:26:49 --> 00:26:51 tectonic setting what were the drivers
00:26:51 --> 00:26:53 for mineralization what were the
00:26:53 --> 00:26:56 processes so once we can actually Define
00:26:56 --> 00:26:59 how your deposit forms that gives Miners
00:26:59 --> 00:27:01 and explorers a blueprint of how they
00:27:01 --> 00:27:02 might be able to better adapt
00:27:02 --> 00:27:05 exploration to search for more of these
00:27:05 --> 00:27:07 deposits because a lot of these deposits
00:27:07 --> 00:27:09 are dwindling in grade especially in the
00:27:09 --> 00:27:11 pilra and we need to really be looking
00:27:11 --> 00:27:13 for bigger better deposits when I think
00:27:13 --> 00:27:16 of iron I think of something condensing
00:27:16 --> 00:27:18 out of a protoplanetary nebula and then
00:27:18 --> 00:27:21 forming you know the core of a planet
00:27:21 --> 00:27:24 around an nent star I I then think of
00:27:24 --> 00:27:27 something that's upw from deep within
00:27:27 --> 00:27:29 the Earth in the form of bassal in a
00:27:30 --> 00:27:32 Craton or something and basically
00:27:32 --> 00:27:34 sitting in the lithosphere there's a
00:27:34 --> 00:27:36 Third Way iron or can form and that is
00:27:36 --> 00:27:38 it's excreted by some microorganisms in
00:27:38 --> 00:27:41 the sea yeah so in simplest terms back
00:27:41 --> 00:27:43 in the day before there was a lot of
00:27:43 --> 00:27:45 oxygen in the atmosphere the oceans were
00:27:45 --> 00:27:47 very iron rich and a lot of that iron
00:27:47 --> 00:27:49 would have come from hydrothermal vents
00:27:50 --> 00:27:52 in the ocean so we had a really iron
00:27:52 --> 00:27:55 rich ocean then we had a period called
00:27:55 --> 00:27:56 the Great oxidation of vents which is
00:27:56 --> 00:28:00 where bacteria started reacting creating
00:28:00 --> 00:28:02 oxygen which reacted with iron and that
00:28:02 --> 00:28:05 iron then settled on sea floors to
00:28:05 --> 00:28:07 create bands of iron these would have
00:28:07 --> 00:28:11 been layers of chy silica Rich rocks and
00:28:11 --> 00:28:13 then layers of more iron rich rocks that
00:28:14 --> 00:28:16 were forming and this is what we see in
00:28:16 --> 00:28:18 Kini national park today these nice
00:28:18 --> 00:28:20 layered interlayered rocks of silica to
00:28:20 --> 00:28:23 iron rich material so those rocks are
00:28:23 --> 00:28:26 the host of what is being mined but
00:28:26 --> 00:28:29 those rocks aren't Iron Rich enough to
00:28:29 --> 00:28:31 actually be mined so there's a later
00:28:31 --> 00:28:34 process which happens which upgrades the
00:28:34 --> 00:28:37 banded ion formations to be a lot more
00:28:37 --> 00:28:39 iron rich and this is a hydrothermal
00:28:39 --> 00:28:41 process which will basically leech out
00:28:41 --> 00:28:43 all that silica and introduce more iron
00:28:43 --> 00:28:46 and basically concentrate iron within
00:28:46 --> 00:28:48 certain areas of the pilra this is
00:28:48 --> 00:28:51 different from the vast oceans of iron
00:28:51 --> 00:28:53 coming through great magma flows yeah
00:28:53 --> 00:28:55 yeah completely different because they
00:28:55 --> 00:28:58 would be ous uh deposit
00:28:58 --> 00:29:01 you do get in places like karuna in
00:29:01 --> 00:29:03 Sweden you do get magmatic rocks which
00:29:03 --> 00:29:06 are very iron rich which are mines those
00:29:06 --> 00:29:08 are called iron oxide appetite deposit
00:29:08 --> 00:29:11 but these are sedimentary deposit which
00:29:11 --> 00:29:14 are then solidified and then transform
00:29:15 --> 00:29:16 to be more iron rich so yeah nothing to
00:29:16 --> 00:29:20 do with mantle upwelling or ous magmatic
00:29:20 --> 00:29:22 activity you used a new geoc chronology
00:29:22 --> 00:29:24 process in order to determine the age of
00:29:24 --> 00:29:27 these rocks so there's a instrument
00:29:27 --> 00:29:29 called a Las ablation inductively
00:29:29 --> 00:29:32 coupled plasma Mass spectrometer and
00:29:32 --> 00:29:34 with this instrument you can put in
00:29:34 --> 00:29:37 small polished pieces of rock into the
00:29:37 --> 00:29:39 sample's chamber this will then shoot a
00:29:39 --> 00:29:42 laser beam down onto the sample material
00:29:42 --> 00:29:44 and in our case that laser beam is about
00:29:45 --> 00:29:48 50 microns in diameter that will ablate
00:29:48 --> 00:29:51 the a little top section of that mineral
00:29:51 --> 00:29:53 so in our case hematite it will
00:29:53 --> 00:29:55 transport the ablated material to the
00:29:55 --> 00:29:57 mass spectrometer and that mass spec
00:29:57 --> 00:29:59 will then separate out different
00:29:59 --> 00:30:01 elements and Isotopes so what we're
00:30:01 --> 00:30:03 looking for is to be able to measure the
00:30:03 --> 00:30:06 ratio between the uranium and the lead
00:30:06 --> 00:30:07 within that tiny little bit of the
00:30:07 --> 00:30:10 mineral grain because uranium decays to
00:30:10 --> 00:30:12 lead so if we know the ratio of that we
00:30:12 --> 00:30:15 can work out what was the exact time
00:30:15 --> 00:30:17 that that mineral grain crystallized so
00:30:17 --> 00:30:19 this is a uranium Le dating technique
00:30:19 --> 00:30:22 which we've now been able to develop and
00:30:22 --> 00:30:25 adapt to use with ion oxide minerals
00:30:25 --> 00:30:26 because previously a lot of the time
00:30:27 --> 00:30:29 people date zer bonds and other minerals
00:30:29 --> 00:30:32 which are more amable to uranium lead so
00:30:32 --> 00:30:33 this is a new technique which we're
00:30:33 --> 00:30:35 applying here but then we're hoping to
00:30:35 --> 00:30:36 use in all different types of
00:30:36 --> 00:30:38 environments there was a lot of
00:30:38 --> 00:30:40 Continental shifting going on tectonic
00:30:40 --> 00:30:42 plates were moving and that aided in
00:30:42 --> 00:30:44 this process yeah so we've been able to
00:30:44 --> 00:30:47 correlate the periods of their inor
00:30:47 --> 00:30:50 formation or their economic
00:30:50 --> 00:30:52 mineralization with different episodes
00:30:53 --> 00:30:55 of Continental breakup and coming
00:30:55 --> 00:30:57 together and we've noticed and it's not
00:30:57 --> 00:30:59 just with ir or with a lot of different
00:30:59 --> 00:31:01 Commodities in Western Australia there
00:31:01 --> 00:31:04 seems to be a time period around 1.3
00:31:04 --> 00:31:06 billion years ago when different parts
00:31:06 --> 00:31:09 of Australia were amalgamating into more
00:31:09 --> 00:31:11 like the continent that we see today and
00:31:11 --> 00:31:14 it's this tectonic force or drivers that
00:31:14 --> 00:31:16 provides the energy and hydrothermal
00:31:16 --> 00:31:19 fluid that we need to actually transform
00:31:19 --> 00:31:21 the banded iron formations from just
00:31:21 --> 00:31:24 rock into or we talk about banded iron
00:31:24 --> 00:31:26 formations what are they so these are
00:31:26 --> 00:31:28 sedimentary deposits and they have a
00:31:28 --> 00:31:32 distinctive rhythmic bounding of reddish
00:31:32 --> 00:31:35 iron and paler silica and these elements
00:31:35 --> 00:31:37 were alternately laid down on the seaf
00:31:37 --> 00:31:39 Flor seasonally during the Great
00:31:39 --> 00:31:42 oxidation event when oxygen was reacting
00:31:42 --> 00:31:44 with iron in the ocean then allowing it
00:31:44 --> 00:31:46 to settle out as iron oxide minerals on
00:31:47 --> 00:31:49 the ocean floor these rocks are in the
00:31:49 --> 00:31:53 pillur about 2.45 billion years old and
00:31:53 --> 00:31:56 they're an archive between Earth's
00:31:56 --> 00:31:58 continents oceans atmosphere through
00:31:58 --> 00:32:00 time and they're the Rocks which we now
00:32:00 --> 00:32:03 mine for iron once they've been upgraded
00:32:03 --> 00:32:05 if they're younger what does that mean
00:32:05 --> 00:32:07 other than the fact they were laid down
00:32:07 --> 00:32:09 more recently well if the iron in the
00:32:09 --> 00:32:12 rock is younger than the actual timing
00:32:12 --> 00:32:14 that it was laid down it means that
00:32:14 --> 00:32:16 there was some kind of event which
00:32:16 --> 00:32:18 concentrated iron within these rocks to
00:32:18 --> 00:32:22 an economic level which made it viable
00:32:22 --> 00:32:24 for the big exploration companies to go
00:32:24 --> 00:32:25 out there and mine and that's where the
00:32:25 --> 00:32:28 pl tectonic movements come in yes where
00:32:28 --> 00:32:30 does this take us uh for us something
00:32:30 --> 00:32:32 interesting is to would be to be able to
00:32:33 --> 00:32:35 further correlate this with banded iron
00:32:35 --> 00:32:36 formations across the world because
00:32:36 --> 00:32:38 they're not just in Western Australia
00:32:38 --> 00:32:40 there's huge deposits of these
00:32:40 --> 00:32:43 formations in South Africa Brazil Lake
00:32:43 --> 00:32:46 Superior region in North America Ukraine
00:32:46 --> 00:32:48 and China so we really want to be able
00:32:48 --> 00:32:50 to understand when all these deposits
00:32:50 --> 00:32:53 were turning into the I or that we see
00:32:53 --> 00:32:54 today and there's lots of different
00:32:54 --> 00:32:56 connections like the the banded ion
00:32:56 --> 00:32:58 formations in the pilb South Africa at
00:32:58 --> 00:33:00 the same age they were laid down at the
00:33:00 --> 00:33:02 same time when these two countries were
00:33:02 --> 00:33:04 joined together as continents so we want
00:33:04 --> 00:33:06 to be able to work out when IR always
00:33:06 --> 00:33:08 forming across the world not just within
00:33:08 --> 00:33:10 the pilra that's Liam Courtney Davis
00:33:10 --> 00:33:11 from curtain University and the
00:33:11 --> 00:33:15 University of Colorado Boulder this is
00:33:15 --> 00:33:18 spacetime
00:33:18 --> 00:33:31 [Music]
00:33:31 --> 00:33:33 and time now to take a brief look at
00:33:33 --> 00:33:34 some of the other stories making use in
00:33:34 --> 00:33:37 science this week with a science report
00:33:37 --> 00:33:39 a new study shows that if you're over
00:33:39 --> 00:33:41 the age of 40 taking an hourlong walk
00:33:41 --> 00:33:45 every day could add years to your life
00:33:45 --> 00:33:46 the findings reported in the British
00:33:46 --> 00:33:48 Journal of sports medicine looked at
00:33:48 --> 00:33:50 physical activity and life expectancy
00:33:50 --> 00:33:52 showing that if people over the age of
00:33:52 --> 00:33:54 40 were as physically active as the top
00:33:54 --> 00:33:56 25% of the population they could expect
00:33:57 --> 00:34:00 to live in extra 5 years on average or
00:34:00 --> 00:34:02 to put it more simply for every 1 hour
00:34:02 --> 00:34:04 long walk you take it adds an extra 3
00:34:04 --> 00:34:07 hours to your life the study also found
00:34:07 --> 00:34:09 that the impact of exercise was greatest
00:34:09 --> 00:34:11 for the least active people who could
00:34:11 --> 00:34:13 add an extra 6 hours to their lives
00:34:13 --> 00:34:15 simply by taking that 1hour walk the
00:34:16 --> 00:34:17 authors say the study proves that the
00:34:17 --> 00:34:20 costs of physical inactivity are far
00:34:20 --> 00:34:22 greater than previously
00:34:22 --> 00:34:24 thought a new study has shown that
00:34:24 --> 00:34:26 Global plastic waste will double by the
00:34:26 --> 00:34:29 middle of the Cent if humans stick to
00:34:29 --> 00:34:32 business as usual however researchers
00:34:32 --> 00:34:34 also found that a mix of policies could
00:34:34 --> 00:34:37 slash plastic waste by up to 90% the
00:34:38 --> 00:34:39 study reported in the journal science
00:34:39 --> 00:34:42 also found that greenhouse gas emissions
00:34:42 --> 00:34:43 from plastic production and waste
00:34:43 --> 00:34:45 management are set to grow by at least
00:34:45 --> 00:34:49 37% over the same period however an
00:34:49 --> 00:34:52 intelligent mix of policies could SL
00:34:52 --> 00:34:55 plastic waste by up to 90% to reach
00:34:55 --> 00:34:57 their conclusions the authors simulated
00:34:57 --> 00:34:58 eight interv ventions currently being
00:34:58 --> 00:35:00 considered by the United Nations plastic
00:35:00 --> 00:35:02 pollutions treaty finding that
00:35:02 --> 00:35:04 implementing just four could reduce
00:35:04 --> 00:35:07 mismanaged plastic waste by roughly 91%
00:35:07 --> 00:35:10 and plastic related emissions by a
00:35:10 --> 00:35:12 third a new study has found that
00:35:12 --> 00:35:15 switching to a vegan diet could lower
00:35:15 --> 00:35:16 your food cost by
00:35:16 --> 00:35:19 19% on the other hand switching to a
00:35:19 --> 00:35:21 Mediterranean diet is unlikely to have
00:35:21 --> 00:35:24 any impact on the cost of your groceries
00:35:24 --> 00:35:25 the study reported in the Journal of the
00:35:25 --> 00:35:28 American Medical Association compared 30
00:35:28 --> 00:35:30 people who started a vegan diet and 30
00:35:30 --> 00:35:33 people who started a Mediterranean diet
00:35:33 --> 00:35:35 and they estimated their food costs
00:35:35 --> 00:35:37 based on several 3-day records of what
00:35:37 --> 00:35:40 the participants ate during the study
00:35:40 --> 00:35:41 researchers found the lowered cost of
00:35:41 --> 00:35:43 the vegan diet were mainly associated
00:35:43 --> 00:35:46 with savings on meat and added fats and
00:35:46 --> 00:35:48 these savings clearly outweighed The
00:35:48 --> 00:35:50 increased spending on vegetables grains
00:35:50 --> 00:35:53 fruits and meat
00:35:53 --> 00:35:56 Alternatives the 2024 Ben spoon award
00:35:56 --> 00:35:57 the glittering highlight of the
00:35:57 --> 00:35:59 Australian skeptical calendar has been
00:35:59 --> 00:36:01 awarded to the cancer Council of Western
00:36:01 --> 00:36:03 Australia for its endorsement of the
00:36:03 --> 00:36:05 pseudo medical and unscientific
00:36:05 --> 00:36:07 practices of raiki and
00:36:07 --> 00:36:09 reflexology the awards presented
00:36:09 --> 00:36:11 annually at the strali skeptic skepticon
00:36:11 --> 00:36:13 conference which this year was held in
00:36:13 --> 00:36:15 Sydney it's presented to the perpetrator
00:36:15 --> 00:36:17 of the most Preposterous piece of
00:36:17 --> 00:36:20 paranormal or pseudoscientific piple the
00:36:20 --> 00:36:21 Western Australian cancer council is a
00:36:21 --> 00:36:24 registered charity it has the stated
00:36:24 --> 00:36:26 purpose of working with the community to
00:36:26 --> 00:36:28 reduce the incidents and the impact of
00:36:28 --> 00:36:30 cancer based on the most solid
00:36:30 --> 00:36:33 foundations of evidence available
00:36:33 --> 00:36:35 however the Western Australian cancer
00:36:35 --> 00:36:36 Council says that complimentary
00:36:36 --> 00:36:38 therapies such as massage beauty
00:36:38 --> 00:36:41 treatments and raiki used in conjunction
00:36:41 --> 00:36:43 with conventional Medical Treatments are
00:36:43 --> 00:36:45 increasingly considered an important
00:36:45 --> 00:36:47 part of supportive care which helps
00:36:47 --> 00:36:48 people address a wide range of
00:36:48 --> 00:36:50 challenges Beyond medical treatment or
00:36:51 --> 00:36:53 cancer the inclusion of raiki which is a
00:36:53 --> 00:36:55 system in which the practitioner passes
00:36:55 --> 00:36:57 their hands through the air over a
00:36:57 --> 00:36:59 patient often without touching them
00:36:59 --> 00:37:01 supposedly helps balance their energy
00:37:01 --> 00:37:03 flows and that's especially concerning
00:37:03 --> 00:37:05 for an organization like the cancer
00:37:05 --> 00:37:07 Council which is designed to help people
00:37:07 --> 00:37:09 during and after their diagnosis for
00:37:09 --> 00:37:11 cancer and subsequent evidence-based
00:37:11 --> 00:37:14 treatments Tim mum executive officer for
00:37:14 --> 00:37:16 Australian Skeptics says for an
00:37:16 --> 00:37:18 organization like the Western Australian
00:37:18 --> 00:37:20 cancer Council to endorse and add itss
00:37:20 --> 00:37:22 in promat to sud scientific practices in
00:37:22 --> 00:37:25 the name of wellbeing is disappointing
00:37:25 --> 00:37:26 especially when some elements of the
00:37:26 --> 00:37:28 industry such as the International
00:37:28 --> 00:37:30 Center for raiki training wrongly claim
00:37:30 --> 00:37:33 that raiki can actually cure cancer
00:37:33 --> 00:37:35 mendum says opening the door to pseudo
00:37:35 --> 00:37:37 and unscientific Medical Treatments in
00:37:37 --> 00:37:39 the name of world beinging is simply not
00:37:39 --> 00:37:42 acceptable raiki and reflexology were
00:37:42 --> 00:37:44 both recently included in the list of
00:37:44 --> 00:37:48 therapies no longer covered by the ndis
00:37:48 --> 00:37:50 runners up for this year's Ben spoon
00:37:50 --> 00:37:52 included Ellie mcferson for her own
00:37:52 --> 00:37:53 treatment for cancer and especially her
00:37:53 --> 00:37:56 medical consultant Simone lubire the
00:37:56 --> 00:37:57 latter claiming a string of experien
00:37:58 --> 00:38:00 medical qualifications a dishonorable
00:38:00 --> 00:38:02 mention went to channel 7 news for
00:38:02 --> 00:38:05 endorsing astrology weather control and
00:38:05 --> 00:38:08 unsubstantiated autism treatments the
00:38:08 --> 00:38:10 Western Australian cancer Council now
00:38:10 --> 00:38:13 joins an illustrious Rogues gallery of
00:38:13 --> 00:38:15 past SP spoon winners including Walkley
00:38:15 --> 00:38:17 award-winning journalist and UFO
00:38:17 --> 00:38:19 proponent Ross card former celebrity
00:38:19 --> 00:38:21 chef ped Evans who's actually won the
00:38:21 --> 00:38:23 award twice the Australian vaccination
00:38:23 --> 00:38:25 Network which opposes vaccinations a
00:38:25 --> 00:38:27 psychic dentist and both the
00:38:27 --> 00:38:32 broadcasting networks ABC and SPS my how
00:38:32 --> 00:38:37 the once great have fallen this is
00:38:37 --> 00:38:46 [Music]
00:38:50 --> 00:38:53 spacetime and that's the show for now
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