Source:
https://www.spreaker.com/episode/s27e99-earth-s-murky-origins-neutrino-breakthrough-and-cosmic-dawn-quest--61047574
In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the latest findings that are reshaping our understanding of how Earth's continents formed, a major breakthrough in subatomic particle measurements, and a new SpaceTime telescope set to study the cosmic dawn and the ultimate fate of our universe.
Join us for these fascinating updates and more!
00:00:00 - This is spacetime series 27, episode 99 for broadcast on the 16 August 2024
00:00:45 - New study pokes holes in leading theories of continental formation
00:03:49 - Neutrinos are fundamental to the standard model of particle physics
00:05:53 - Scientists have detected high energy neutrinos from the Large Hadron Collider
00:16:37 - The World Health Organisation has issued a warning about a new superbug
00:18:39 - Reports growing that UK is running out of ghosts
For more SpaceTime, visit our website at https://www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com
https://www.bitesz.com
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 27 episode 99
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 16th of August
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 2024 coming up on space time current
00:00:09 --> 00:00:11 ideas on how Earth's continents form
00:00:11 --> 00:00:14 just got a whole lot muddier a major
00:00:14 --> 00:00:16 breakthrough in subatomic particle
00:00:16 --> 00:00:18 measurements and studying the cosmic
00:00:18 --> 00:00:20 Dawn and the ultimate fate of our
00:00:20 --> 00:00:25 universe all that and more coming up on
00:00:25 --> 00:00:28 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:28 --> 00:00:30 Stuart Gary
00:00:30 --> 00:00:37 [Music]
00:00:45 --> 00:00:47 the formation of Earth's continents
00:00:47 --> 00:00:49 billions of years ago helped set the
00:00:49 --> 00:00:51 stage for the formation and eventual
00:00:51 --> 00:00:54 evolution of Life on this planet but
00:00:54 --> 00:00:56 scientists have long disagreed on
00:00:56 --> 00:00:59 exactly how those land masses formed and
00:00:59 --> 00:01:00 whether it's through the the same sort
00:01:00 --> 00:01:03 of geological processes we see today now
00:01:03 --> 00:01:06 a new study by David Hernandez arba from
00:01:06 --> 00:01:08 the University of Illinois adds new
00:01:08 --> 00:01:10 information to the debate poking holes
00:01:10 --> 00:01:12 in the leading theories of Continental
00:01:12 --> 00:01:15 formation herandez arba use computer
00:01:15 --> 00:01:17 models to study the formation of magmas
00:01:17 --> 00:01:19 thought to hold clues about the origins
00:01:19 --> 00:01:22 of the continents his work reported in
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 the journal Nature geoscience looked for
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 magmas that match the compositional
00:01:26 --> 00:01:28 signature of rare mineral deposits
00:01:28 --> 00:01:30 called zircons that date back to to the
00:01:30 --> 00:01:32 Aran period between 2 and A2 and 4
00:01:32 --> 00:01:35 billion years ago that's the time most
00:01:35 --> 00:01:37 scientists think the first continents
00:01:37 --> 00:01:39 formed last year scientists from
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 Australia and China published a paper
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 arguing that aayan zircons could only be
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 formed by subduction that's when two
00:01:45 --> 00:01:48 tectonic plates collide one subducting
00:01:48 --> 00:01:50 under the other and pushing the lighter
00:01:50 --> 00:01:53 material the land mass up to the surface
00:01:53 --> 00:01:55 now that process still happens today
00:01:55 --> 00:01:56 causing earthquakes and volcanic
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 eruptions and reshaping the coastlines
00:01:59 --> 00:02:00 of continents
00:02:00 --> 00:02:02 but Hernandez Reba claims subduction
00:02:02 --> 00:02:05 wasn't necessary to create the Aran
00:02:05 --> 00:02:07 zircons instead he found that the
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 minerals could also form through the
00:02:09 --> 00:02:11 high pressures and temperatures
00:02:11 --> 00:02:12 associated with the melting of Earth's
00:02:12 --> 00:02:15 thick primordial crust he says that his
00:02:15 --> 00:02:17 calculations and models are producing
00:02:17 --> 00:02:19 the same signatures for zerons and even
00:02:19 --> 00:02:21 provide a better match through the
00:02:21 --> 00:02:22 partial melting of the bottom of the
00:02:23 --> 00:02:25 crust now if correct it means that based
00:02:25 --> 00:02:27 on these results scientists still don't
00:02:27 --> 00:02:29 have enough evidence to say exactly
00:02:29 --> 00:02:32 which process first began forming
00:02:32 --> 00:02:35 continents now these results also raise
00:02:35 --> 00:02:37 uncertainty about when PL tectonics
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 would have started on Earth if Earth's
00:02:39 --> 00:02:40 first continents were formed by
00:02:40 --> 00:02:42 subduction that meant that the continent
00:02:42 --> 00:02:45 started moving between 3.6 and 4 billion
00:02:45 --> 00:02:47 years ago which is as little as 500
00:02:47 --> 00:02:49 million years after the planet first
00:02:49 --> 00:02:52 formed but the alternative theory of
00:02:52 --> 00:02:53 melting crust forming the first
00:02:53 --> 00:02:55 continents means that subduction and
00:02:55 --> 00:02:58 tectonics could have started much later
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 the thing is as as far as we know
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 Earth's the only planet in our solar
00:03:02 --> 00:03:05 system to have active plate tectonics
00:03:05 --> 00:03:07 and that's important because how the
00:03:07 --> 00:03:09 first continents moved controlled the
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 planet's weather it also controlled the
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 chemistry of the oceans and all that was
00:03:13 --> 00:03:15 important for the formation and
00:03:15 --> 00:03:19 evolution of Life as We Know It This is
00:03:19 --> 00:03:22 spacetime still to come a major
00:03:22 --> 00:03:24 breakthrough in subatomic particle
00:03:24 --> 00:03:26 measurements and a new Space Telescope
00:03:26 --> 00:03:28 to study the cosmic Dawn and the
00:03:28 --> 00:03:30 ultimate fate of our un Universe all
00:03:30 --> 00:03:33 that and more coming up on
00:03:33 --> 00:03:48 [Music]
00:03:48 --> 00:03:50 SpaceTime physicist at CERN have
00:03:50 --> 00:03:52 achieved the first ever direct
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 observations of high energy electron and
00:03:54 --> 00:03:57 muon neutrino interactions in a particle
00:03:57 --> 00:04:00 accelerator neutrinos are Elementary
00:04:00 --> 00:04:03 subatomic particles they're fundamental
00:04:03 --> 00:04:04 to the standard model of particle
00:04:04 --> 00:04:06 physics the foundation stone of
00:04:06 --> 00:04:09 science's understanding of the universe
00:04:09 --> 00:04:11 utros are generated through radioactive
00:04:11 --> 00:04:14 decay in stars in Supernova in nuclear
00:04:14 --> 00:04:17 explosions in particle accelerators and
00:04:17 --> 00:04:20 atomic reactors they're so named because
00:04:20 --> 00:04:22 they're electrically neutral and because
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 their rest mass is so small it was long
00:04:24 --> 00:04:27 thought to be zero neutrinos are the
00:04:27 --> 00:04:29 most common form of matter in our
00:04:29 --> 00:04:31 universe verse and because they have
00:04:31 --> 00:04:33 almost no Mass they're capable of being
00:04:33 --> 00:04:36 accelerated to almost the speed of light
00:04:36 --> 00:04:38 neutrinos come in three known types or
00:04:38 --> 00:04:41 flavors electron neutrinos muon
00:04:41 --> 00:04:44 neutrinos and town neutrinos each of
00:04:44 --> 00:04:47 these have their own specific properties
00:04:47 --> 00:04:49 confusingly however the three flavors of
00:04:49 --> 00:04:52 neutrinos don't line up with their three
00:04:52 --> 00:04:54 rest masses it seems that each of the
00:04:55 --> 00:04:57 three flavors is made up of a Quantum
00:04:57 --> 00:04:59 mixture of the three Mass species so
00:04:59 --> 00:05:02 particular toal neutrino for example has
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 bits of both electron and muon neutrinos
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 in it and because of these different
00:05:06 --> 00:05:08 Mass species it allows neutrinos to
00:05:08 --> 00:05:11 oscillate between the three flavors for
00:05:11 --> 00:05:13 example an electron neutrino produced in
00:05:13 --> 00:05:15 a bit Decay reaction could well end up
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 interacting in a distant detector as a
00:05:17 --> 00:05:20 muon or town neutrino the other amazing
00:05:20 --> 00:05:22 thing about neutrinos is that they
00:05:22 --> 00:05:24 interact with matter only through
00:05:24 --> 00:05:26 gravity and the weak nuclear force in
00:05:26 --> 00:05:28 fact they're so weakly interactive right
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 now there are several trillion nutrious
00:05:30 --> 00:05:32 passing through you and you don't even
00:05:32 --> 00:05:34 notice them they're important for
00:05:34 --> 00:05:36 answering fundamental questions about
00:05:36 --> 00:05:38 the universe including why particles
00:05:38 --> 00:05:40 have mass and why there's more matter
00:05:40 --> 00:05:43 than antimatter in our universe so
00:05:44 --> 00:05:45 understanding their rare interactions
00:05:45 --> 00:05:47 with matter is crucial for obtaining a
00:05:47 --> 00:05:49 more complete picture of particle
00:05:49 --> 00:05:51 physics and consequently a better
00:05:51 --> 00:05:54 understanding of the universe now so far
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 most neutrinos studied by researchers
00:05:56 --> 00:05:59 have all been relatively low energy ones
00:05:59 --> 00:06:00 today neutrino interaction
00:06:00 --> 00:06:02 cross-sections which is the probability
00:06:02 --> 00:06:04 of a neutrino interacting with a Target
00:06:04 --> 00:06:06 particle have not been measured at
00:06:06 --> 00:06:08 energies above 300 gig electron volts
00:06:08 --> 00:06:11 for an electron neutrino and between 400
00:06:11 --> 00:06:13 gig electron volts and six ter electron
00:06:13 --> 00:06:16 volts for a muon neutrino but all that
00:06:16 --> 00:06:19 has now changed in a groundbreaking
00:06:19 --> 00:06:21 study reported in the journal physical
00:06:21 --> 00:06:24 review letters physicists led by akitaka
00:06:24 --> 00:06:26 araga from Chiba University in Japan
00:06:26 --> 00:06:29 have utilized the FASA forward search
00:06:29 --> 00:06:31 experiment at cern's large hron collider
00:06:31 --> 00:06:33 to achieve the first ever direct
00:06:33 --> 00:06:35 observation of high energy electron and
00:06:35 --> 00:06:38 muon neutrino interactions in a particle
00:06:38 --> 00:06:40 collider one of the primary objectives
00:06:40 --> 00:06:42 of FASA is to study the high energy
00:06:42 --> 00:06:44 neutrinos produced by the large hron
00:06:44 --> 00:06:46 colliders proton proton collisions using
00:06:46 --> 00:06:50 the dedicated FASA V detector akitaka R
00:06:50 --> 00:06:52 says charged particle tracks produced by
00:06:52 --> 00:06:54 neutral interactions in the detector can
00:06:54 --> 00:06:56 be reconstructed with submicron
00:06:56 --> 00:06:58 Precision allowing scientists to
00:06:58 --> 00:07:00 identify and muon charged current
00:07:01 --> 00:07:02 neutrino interactions and the
00:07:02 --> 00:07:04 measurement of neutrino interaction
00:07:04 --> 00:07:05 cross-sections in the currently
00:07:05 --> 00:07:08 unexplored Terra electron Vault energy
00:07:08 --> 00:07:11 range the f v Emulsion detector is made
00:07:11 --> 00:07:14 up of 730 layers of interleaf tungsten
00:07:14 --> 00:07:16 plates and Emulsion films with a total
00:07:16 --> 00:07:19 mass of just over a ton the team
00:07:19 --> 00:07:21 analyzed just a subset from the exposed
00:07:21 --> 00:07:22 detector volume corresponding to a mass
00:07:22 --> 00:07:26 of just 128. 6 kg looking for high
00:07:26 --> 00:07:28 energy neutrinos from the large hron
00:07:28 --> 00:07:30 colider collisions
00:07:30 --> 00:07:32 and after applying strict criteria
00:07:32 --> 00:07:34 selecting events with electrons and
00:07:34 --> 00:07:36 muons with energies above 200 gig
00:07:36 --> 00:07:38 electron volts four electron neutrino
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 interaction candidate events and eight
00:07:40 --> 00:07:42 muon neutrino interaction candidate
00:07:42 --> 00:07:45 events were observed these interactions
00:07:45 --> 00:07:48 had a high statistical significance 5.2
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 Sigma for the electron neutrinos and 5.7
00:07:50 --> 00:07:53 Sigma for muon neutrinos now in physics
00:07:53 --> 00:07:56 anything above five Sigma is considered
00:07:56 --> 00:07:58 a real Discovery in other words it's
00:07:58 --> 00:08:00 extremely unlikely to be just random
00:08:00 --> 00:08:02 background fluctuations and therefore
00:08:02 --> 00:08:05 they represent actual neutrinos the
00:08:05 --> 00:08:06 neutrinos detected in the study had
00:08:07 --> 00:08:08 energies in the teror electron Vault
00:08:08 --> 00:08:10 range the highest ever detected from an
00:08:10 --> 00:08:13 artificial Source this marks the first
00:08:13 --> 00:08:15 ever measurement of neutrino interaction
00:08:15 --> 00:08:18 cross-sections in the unexplored energy
00:08:18 --> 00:08:20 range of 560 to
00:08:20 --> 00:08:23 1 Gig electron volts for an electron
00:08:23 --> 00:08:26 neutrino and 520 to
00:08:26 --> 00:08:29 1 gig electron volts for a muon neut
00:08:29 --> 00:08:32 tro importantly the measured interaction
00:08:32 --> 00:08:34 cross-sections are consistent with
00:08:34 --> 00:08:37 predictions in the standard model so
00:08:37 --> 00:08:38 these results are marking the first ever
00:08:38 --> 00:08:40 physics results on neutrinos from a
00:08:40 --> 00:08:43 particle collider that's a breakthrough
00:08:43 --> 00:08:44 in particle physics that could
00:08:44 --> 00:08:46 revolutionize the strategy of large
00:08:46 --> 00:08:49 scale experimental research in this
00:08:49 --> 00:08:51 field this
00:08:51 --> 00:08:54 SpaceTime still to come studying the
00:08:54 --> 00:08:56 cosmic Dawn and the ultimate fate of our
00:08:56 --> 00:08:58 universe using a new spacecraft and
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 later in the Sun science report the
00:09:00 --> 00:09:02 World Health Organization issues a new
00:09:02 --> 00:09:05 warning about a new type of super buug
00:09:05 --> 00:09:07 Threat all that and more still to come
00:09:07 --> 00:09:09 on
00:09:09 --> 00:09:16 [Music]
00:09:22 --> 00:09:24 SpaceTime as America's intelligence
00:09:25 --> 00:09:26 agencies continue to improve their
00:09:26 --> 00:09:28 designs for every newer generations of
00:09:28 --> 00:09:30 spy satellite older reconnaissance and
00:09:31 --> 00:09:32 surveillance spacecraft designs are
00:09:32 --> 00:09:36 becoming superseded and so it was in
00:09:36 --> 00:09:38 2012 when the national reconnaissance
00:09:38 --> 00:09:41 office gave NASA two space by satellites
00:09:41 --> 00:09:43 for repurposing into space telescopes
00:09:43 --> 00:09:45 each potentially more powerful than the
00:09:45 --> 00:09:48 agency's famous Hubble Space Telescope
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 for years it had been an Open Secret in
00:09:50 --> 00:09:52 the astronomy community that the school
00:09:52 --> 00:09:55 bus-sized Hubble was simply a modified
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 Keyhole spy satellite redesigned and
00:09:57 --> 00:09:59 fitted out to point upwards into space
00:09:59 --> 00:10:02 rather than downwards onto the planet's
00:10:02 --> 00:10:05 surface Hubble even shares the same 2.4
00:10:05 --> 00:10:08 M primary mirror and 30.5 CM wide
00:10:08 --> 00:10:10 secondary mirror Dimensions is used by
00:10:10 --> 00:10:12 Keyhole but with a longer focal length
00:10:12 --> 00:10:15 and hence a narrow field of view and
00:10:15 --> 00:10:17 much of its Communications navigation
00:10:17 --> 00:10:19 and maneuvering systems were also
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 exactly the same as that used by Keyhole
00:10:22 --> 00:10:25 the two gifted kho spy satellites gave
00:10:25 --> 00:10:27 NASA the opportunity to develop a new
00:10:27 --> 00:10:30 Earth orbiting Widefield telescope
00:10:30 --> 00:10:31 specifically designed to search for
00:10:31 --> 00:10:33 signs of a mysterious Force called dark
00:10:33 --> 00:10:36 energy which is responsible for the
00:10:36 --> 00:10:38 accelerating expansion of our
00:10:38 --> 00:10:40 universe understanding Dark Energy will
00:10:40 --> 00:10:42 allow scientists to determine nothing
00:10:42 --> 00:10:45 less than the ultimate fate of the
00:10:45 --> 00:10:47 cosmos will the expansion of the
00:10:47 --> 00:10:49 universe eventually slow down with
00:10:49 --> 00:10:51 gravity taking over and causing
00:10:51 --> 00:10:52 everything to start to come together
00:10:52 --> 00:10:55 again sort of a big crunch a will Dark
00:10:55 --> 00:10:57 Energy eventually pet her out allowing
00:10:57 --> 00:10:59 the universe's expansion to stop and
00:10:59 --> 00:11:02 turning the cosmos into a steady state
00:11:02 --> 00:11:05 or will that accelerating expansion
00:11:05 --> 00:11:07 continue forever eventually resulting in
00:11:07 --> 00:11:09 stars and galaxies being so far away
00:11:09 --> 00:11:12 from each other the sky is just a cold
00:11:12 --> 00:11:16 dark empty Place work on the new probe
00:11:16 --> 00:11:17 which has been named the Nancy Grace
00:11:17 --> 00:11:19 Roman Space Telescope has now been
00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 underway for about a decade with
00:11:21 --> 00:11:23 Scientists looking at a launch date of
00:11:23 --> 00:11:26 May 2027 a SpaceX Falcon heavy
00:11:26 --> 00:11:29 rocket originally named the Widefield
00:11:29 --> 00:11:32 infrared survey telescope or W first it
00:11:32 --> 00:11:34 was renamed in honor of Nancy Grace
00:11:34 --> 00:11:36 Roman a Jewish American astronomer who
00:11:36 --> 00:11:38 made important contributions to Stella a
00:11:38 --> 00:11:41 classification of motions she was the
00:11:41 --> 00:11:43 first female executive at Nasa serving
00:11:43 --> 00:11:45 as the agency's first Chief of astronomy
00:11:46 --> 00:11:48 throughout the 1960s and
00:11:48 --> 00:11:50 1970s the telescope's development has
00:11:50 --> 00:11:52 been primarily handled by NASA's Godard
00:11:52 --> 00:11:54 space flight center in green Bel
00:11:54 --> 00:11:56 Maryland with participation by the jet
00:11:56 --> 00:12:00 propulsion laboratory in pan California
00:12:00 --> 00:12:02 like the web Space Telescope Roman will
00:12:02 --> 00:12:03 be looking at the universe using
00:12:03 --> 00:12:06 infrared eyes and again like web it'll
00:12:06 --> 00:12:09 be placed in orbit around the Lan l2.
00:12:09 --> 00:12:12 1.2 million kilm away on the nighttime
00:12:12 --> 00:12:15 side of the earth however while web's
00:12:15 --> 00:12:17 designed to operate in a very narrow and
00:12:17 --> 00:12:19 detailed field of view the Nancy Grace
00:12:19 --> 00:12:21 Roman will cover a very broad patch of
00:12:21 --> 00:12:24 the sky Roman's mirror gives the
00:12:24 --> 00:12:28 telescope a 0 dee field of view the
00:12:28 --> 00:12:29 light from the telescope will enter two
00:12:29 --> 00:12:31 main instruments the wide field
00:12:31 --> 00:12:33 instrument and the telescope's
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 chronograph instrument Roman will
00:12:35 --> 00:12:37 measure the light from over a billion
00:12:37 --> 00:12:40 galaxies over 5 and a half years giving
00:12:40 --> 00:12:42 astronomers an unprecedented number of
00:12:42 --> 00:12:44 galaxies in its field of view as well as
00:12:44 --> 00:12:45 the distribution of those galaxies
00:12:45 --> 00:12:48 Across the Universe these will include
00:12:48 --> 00:12:50 galaxies that current groundbased
00:12:50 --> 00:12:52 telescopes are missing and that will
00:12:52 --> 00:12:54 allow astronomers to better understand
00:12:54 --> 00:12:56 the effects of dark energy on large
00:12:56 --> 00:12:58 cosmological scales looking at the
00:12:58 --> 00:13:01 clustering and evolution of galaxies now
00:13:01 --> 00:13:03 because of these characteristics it'll
00:13:03 --> 00:13:06 also observe a large number of type 1 a
00:13:06 --> 00:13:08 supernova these Mark the explosive
00:13:08 --> 00:13:10 depths of a specific type of star that
00:13:10 --> 00:13:12 led to the concept of dark energy in the
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 accelerated expansion of the universe in
00:13:14 --> 00:13:17 the first place type 1 a supernova are
00:13:17 --> 00:13:19 caused by the death of stars in a
00:13:19 --> 00:13:22 specific mass range and because they're
00:13:22 --> 00:13:24 roughly all the same they explode with
00:13:24 --> 00:13:26 roughly the same level of luminosity and
00:13:26 --> 00:13:29 that allows astronomers to determine how
00:13:29 --> 00:13:31 far away they are by judging their
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 apparent brightness using what's known
00:13:33 --> 00:13:35 as the inverse Square law it's like
00:13:35 --> 00:13:37 looking down the road at a row of street
00:13:37 --> 00:13:39 lights the further away the street
00:13:39 --> 00:13:42 lights are the dimmer they appear even
00:13:42 --> 00:13:43 though you know they all have exactly
00:13:43 --> 00:13:45 the same level of Luminosity the
00:13:45 --> 00:13:47 telescope's unique design will allow it
00:13:47 --> 00:13:50 to probe the chronology of the universe
00:13:50 --> 00:13:52 and the growth of cosmic structure with
00:13:52 --> 00:13:54 the end goal of measuring the effects of
00:13:54 --> 00:13:56 dark energy the consistency of general
00:13:56 --> 00:13:59 relativity and the curvature of the very
00:13:59 --> 00:14:00 fabric of
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 SpaceTime these characteristics mean
00:14:02 --> 00:14:04 it'll also be a to search for extra
00:14:04 --> 00:14:06 solar planets using gravitational micr
00:14:06 --> 00:14:08 lensing the bending of light by the
00:14:08 --> 00:14:11 effect Mass has on the curvature of
00:14:11 --> 00:14:15 SpaceTime this report by NASA TV is
00:14:15 --> 00:14:18 there life out there are we alone one
00:14:18 --> 00:14:20 NASA instrument will get us closer to
00:14:20 --> 00:14:22 finding answers to some of Humanity's
00:14:22 --> 00:14:23 biggest
00:14:23 --> 00:14:26 questions NASA's Nancy Grace Roman Space
00:14:26 --> 00:14:28 Telescope will fly with an instrument on
00:14:28 --> 00:14:30 board called the coronagraph that will
00:14:30 --> 00:14:32 allow scientists to see exoplanets or
00:14:32 --> 00:14:34 worlds beyond our solar system like
00:14:34 --> 00:14:37 never before so a coronagraph is a
00:14:37 --> 00:14:40 camera or an instrument that we use to
00:14:40 --> 00:14:43 look at planets around other stars and
00:14:43 --> 00:14:44 the reason we need a special instrument
00:14:44 --> 00:14:47 to do this is because stars are so much
00:14:47 --> 00:14:50 brighter than planets and what we need
00:14:50 --> 00:14:52 to do is we need to put something in
00:14:52 --> 00:14:55 front of the star to block the light
00:14:55 --> 00:14:57 from the Star so that we can instead see
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 the very faint light coming coming from
00:14:59 --> 00:15:01 the planet the Roman coronograph built
00:15:01 --> 00:15:04 at NASA's jet propulsion lab will take a
00:15:04 --> 00:15:06 giant leap forward in our ability to see
00:15:06 --> 00:15:08 worlds beyond our solar system and we'll
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 observe larger exoplanets roughly the
00:15:10 --> 00:15:13 size of Jupiter testing the technology
00:15:13 --> 00:15:14 to see these planets is the stepping
00:15:14 --> 00:15:16 stone toward one day capturing direct
00:15:16 --> 00:15:18 images of earthlike planets around
00:15:18 --> 00:15:21 sunlike Stars these Technologies include
00:15:21 --> 00:15:23 different specially designed masks and
00:15:23 --> 00:15:25 celf flexing mirrors that will work
00:15:25 --> 00:15:27 together to block Starlight making
00:15:27 --> 00:15:29 planets orbiting these Stars observable
00:15:29 --> 00:15:31 testing technologies that could enable
00:15:31 --> 00:15:33 future missions like NASA's habitable
00:15:33 --> 00:15:35 worlds Observatory Mission concept and
00:15:35 --> 00:15:37 one of the primary goals for the
00:15:37 --> 00:15:40 habitable world's Observatory will be to
00:15:40 --> 00:15:42 use a coronograph using the technology
00:15:42 --> 00:15:44 that we demonstrate in the Roman
00:15:44 --> 00:15:48 coronograph to look for signs of life
00:15:48 --> 00:15:50 around earthlike planets orbiting
00:15:50 --> 00:15:53 sunlike Stars if we show that these
00:15:53 --> 00:15:56 Technologies work together well we will
00:15:56 --> 00:15:58 have demonstrated about a thousand times
00:15:58 --> 00:16:01 better performance of a coronograph in
00:16:01 --> 00:16:03 blocking Starlight and allowing Planet
00:16:03 --> 00:16:04 light to come through than any
00:16:04 --> 00:16:07 coronograph ever built as it embarks on
00:16:07 --> 00:16:09 its Journey to the Stars aboard NASA's
00:16:09 --> 00:16:11 Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope the
00:16:12 --> 00:16:13 Roman coronograph instrument will pave
00:16:13 --> 00:16:15 the way for future searches for
00:16:15 --> 00:16:17 habitable worlds and ultimately the
00:16:17 --> 00:16:20 search for life beyond
00:16:20 --> 00:16:21 [Music]
00:16:21 --> 00:16:26 [Laughter]
00:16:26 --> 00:16:29 Earth and in that report from n TV we
00:16:29 --> 00:16:31 heard from Roman chronograph instrument
00:16:31 --> 00:16:33 technologist Vanessa Bailey and Roman
00:16:33 --> 00:16:35 chronograph Deputy project scientist
00:16:35 --> 00:16:39 Jason rhs this is
00:16:39 --> 00:16:49 [Music]
00:16:54 --> 00:16:56 spacetime and time that to take another
00:16:56 --> 00:16:57 brief look at some of the other stories
00:16:57 --> 00:16:59 making news inside this week with the
00:16:59 --> 00:17:02 science report the World Health
00:17:02 --> 00:17:03 Organization has issued a warning about
00:17:04 --> 00:17:06 a new superbug called hyper villin csia
00:17:06 --> 00:17:09 pneumonia sequence type 23 which has
00:17:09 --> 00:17:11 been reported in all six World Health
00:17:11 --> 00:17:14 Organization regions including Australia
00:17:14 --> 00:17:16 the super buug is resistant to all
00:17:16 --> 00:17:19 lastline antibiotics and can cause
00:17:19 --> 00:17:21 severe infections even in healthy people
00:17:21 --> 00:17:23 now the wh has assist the risk is
00:17:23 --> 00:17:25 moderate given the challenges with
00:17:25 --> 00:17:27 surveillance a lack of information and
00:17:27 --> 00:17:29 Laboratory Testing rates track and scale
00:17:29 --> 00:17:31 of community transmission the Gap in the
00:17:31 --> 00:17:33 available data on infections
00:17:33 --> 00:17:36 hospitalization and the overall burden
00:17:36 --> 00:17:39 of the disease who is recommending that
00:17:39 --> 00:17:41 all countries increase the laboratory
00:17:41 --> 00:17:43 diagnostic capabilities to allow for the
00:17:43 --> 00:17:46 early and reliable identification of
00:17:46 --> 00:17:48 this new threat well in case you haven't
00:17:48 --> 00:17:50 noticed it planet Earth is currently
00:17:50 --> 00:17:52 going through its sixth mass extinction
00:17:53 --> 00:17:55 event and this one is caused by human
00:17:55 --> 00:17:58 activity a report in the Journal of the
00:17:58 --> 00:18:00 frontiers of science says researchers
00:18:00 --> 00:18:02 have now identified
00:18:02 --> 00:18:04 16 sites around the world which
00:18:04 --> 00:18:06 should be targeted to help prevent the
00:18:06 --> 00:18:09 worst effects of the anthropos mass
00:18:09 --> 00:18:11 extinction which is already wiping out
00:18:11 --> 00:18:14 species at an Ever accelerating rate a
00:18:14 --> 00:18:15 look at the areas of the world
00:18:15 --> 00:18:17 scientists should be targeting the
00:18:17 --> 00:18:18 authors map the entire world using
00:18:18 --> 00:18:21 biodiversity data to find areas
00:18:21 --> 00:18:23 currently unprotected by conservation
00:18:23 --> 00:18:25 efforts that house large amounts of rare
00:18:25 --> 00:18:27 and threatened species they say the
00:18:27 --> 00:18:29 sites they' have identified covered
00:18:29 --> 00:18:32 1.22% of the world's land mass and
00:18:32 --> 00:18:34 proper protection of these sites would
00:18:34 --> 00:18:35 help preserve some of the world's
00:18:35 --> 00:18:38 remaining rare and endangered
00:18:38 --> 00:18:41 species a new study has concluded that
00:18:41 --> 00:18:43 the so-called screaming woman mummy May
00:18:43 --> 00:18:46 well have died in agony a report in the
00:18:46 --> 00:18:48 journal frontiers of medicine used
00:18:48 --> 00:18:50 state-of-the-art techniques to virtually
00:18:50 --> 00:18:52 dissect the 3 and a half thousand year
00:18:52 --> 00:18:54 old New Kingdom female corpse known as
00:18:54 --> 00:18:55 the screaming mummy because of her
00:18:55 --> 00:18:58 remarkable open-mouth expression that
00:18:58 --> 00:19:00 combined with the presence of organs
00:19:00 --> 00:19:01 which are normally removed during the
00:19:01 --> 00:19:03 mummification process initially LED
00:19:03 --> 00:19:05 researchers to believe that her mouth
00:19:05 --> 00:19:07 was open due to careless imers
00:19:07 --> 00:19:09 neglecting to close it however the team
00:19:09 --> 00:19:11 found that she had been embed correctly
00:19:11 --> 00:19:14 using costly imported frankincense and
00:19:14 --> 00:19:16 Juniper and her hair had been dyed and a
00:19:16 --> 00:19:18 week had been made and placed on her
00:19:18 --> 00:19:21 head potentially ruling out carelessness
00:19:21 --> 00:19:24 there was no obvious cause of death but
00:19:24 --> 00:19:26 researchers say the mummy's open-mouthed
00:19:26 --> 00:19:29 expression may be due to kavic spasm
00:19:29 --> 00:19:31 which is typically associated with dying
00:19:31 --> 00:19:34 in considerable pain and under strong
00:19:34 --> 00:19:37 emotions in what could be the biggest
00:19:37 --> 00:19:38 crisis facing the world of the
00:19:38 --> 00:19:40 Paranormal today there are now growing
00:19:41 --> 00:19:43 reports that the United Kingdom is
00:19:43 --> 00:19:46 running out of ghosts authorities in
00:19:46 --> 00:19:48 such things fear Spirits have either
00:19:48 --> 00:19:50 become dormant or have moved on to the
00:19:50 --> 00:19:53 other side timendum from strange skeptic
00:19:53 --> 00:19:55 says at least one scientist believes he
00:19:55 --> 00:19:58 has the answer this is shock horror
00:19:58 --> 00:20:00 panic information right this is really
00:20:00 --> 00:20:02 sad that it looks like the UK ghost
00:20:03 --> 00:20:05 population is decreasing which is a
00:20:05 --> 00:20:07 major concern for all other ghosts I
00:20:07 --> 00:20:09 dare say but certainly ghost Watchers
00:20:09 --> 00:20:11 various suggestions they're either dying
00:20:11 --> 00:20:13 off which I thought ghosts already were
00:20:13 --> 00:20:14 or they're running out of energy and
00:20:14 --> 00:20:16 they need a boost they need to be
00:20:16 --> 00:20:18 plugged into a PowerPoint in the wall to
00:20:18 --> 00:20:20 get a boost to their energy level so
00:20:20 --> 00:20:22 it's like the Paranormal version of an
00:20:22 --> 00:20:24 electric vehicle so you know they need
00:20:24 --> 00:20:25 that energy boost well they've just
00:20:25 --> 00:20:27 passed over to the other side they've
00:20:27 --> 00:20:28 had enough of hanging around sort of
00:20:28 --> 00:20:29 pubs and old buildings and things and
00:20:29 --> 00:20:31 have finally moved on and have settled
00:20:31 --> 00:20:34 down for a nice deck chair in heaven but
00:20:34 --> 00:20:36 it's a suggestion by a fellow who's a
00:20:36 --> 00:20:39 you has a PHD in nuclear physics
00:20:39 --> 00:20:42 what after the University of Woolen gong
00:20:42 --> 00:20:44 I I don't think
00:20:44 --> 00:20:47 PhD this is it's it's a sad thing that
00:20:47 --> 00:20:49 he is suggesting that ghosts are running
00:20:49 --> 00:20:51 out and he's asked people about their
00:20:51 --> 00:20:54 ghost hauntings Etc and even some
00:20:54 --> 00:20:56 supposedly highly haunted places haven't
00:20:56 --> 00:20:58 experienced anything as much or anything
00:20:59 --> 00:21:00 at all in the last few years this crops
00:21:00 --> 00:21:01 up
00:21:01 --> 00:21:03 occas theory was that they need an
00:21:03 --> 00:21:05 energy boost and uh because you seen
00:21:05 --> 00:21:07 Nuclear Physics something is plugging a
00:21:07 --> 00:21:09 ghost into a nuclear power plant is
00:21:09 --> 00:21:10 going to help that much is he being
00:21:10 --> 00:21:13 serious or is he just how can you tell
00:21:13 --> 00:21:14 he goes on about it a bit actually so
00:21:14 --> 00:21:16 you tend to think maybe there is
00:21:16 --> 00:21:17 something that he's sincere about it
00:21:17 --> 00:21:20 there you can find a PhD to be sincere
00:21:20 --> 00:21:22 about any sort of nonsense who was that
00:21:22 --> 00:21:25 famous UFO Enthusiast who had a PhD
00:21:25 --> 00:21:28 Staton Freeman Stanton Freeman yeah St
00:21:28 --> 00:21:30 Freeman there's a we I mean it's it's
00:21:30 --> 00:21:32 also called the um the Nobel syndrome or
00:21:32 --> 00:21:34 what we call the Nobel rot that a lot of
00:21:34 --> 00:21:36 Nobel Prize winners move off into other
00:21:36 --> 00:21:38 areas beyond their actual award-winning
00:21:38 --> 00:21:40 discipline and they go sideways into
00:21:40 --> 00:21:41 something else that they have no
00:21:41 --> 00:21:42 qualifications for but because they've
00:21:42 --> 00:21:44 won a Nobel Prize everyone thinks well
00:21:44 --> 00:21:45 they must know what they're talking
00:21:45 --> 00:21:47 about well they don't it's a common
00:21:47 --> 00:21:48 phenomenon of academics and things that
00:21:48 --> 00:21:50 going into other areas it happens a lot
00:21:50 --> 00:21:52 unfortunately we've had physicists who
00:21:52 --> 00:21:53 talk about ghost actually that's
00:21:53 --> 00:21:55 probably closer than a nuclear physics
00:21:55 --> 00:21:57 person talking about ghost disappearing
00:21:57 --> 00:21:59 but it's not that uncom it's depressing
00:21:59 --> 00:22:01 it's interesting that a lot of the
00:22:01 --> 00:22:03 alternative belief industry says well
00:22:03 --> 00:22:05 science doesn't know what it's talking
00:22:05 --> 00:22:07 about so here's my scientist explaining
00:22:07 --> 00:22:08 what it really is you can't have a both
00:22:08 --> 00:22:10 way that happens a lot too so whether
00:22:10 --> 00:22:12 this guy is serious or not it's hard to
00:22:12 --> 00:22:14 say whether Spirits are really
00:22:14 --> 00:22:16 disappearing I don't know maybe people
00:22:16 --> 00:22:17 are getting sick of them these things
00:22:17 --> 00:22:19 come in waves it wasn't that long ago
00:22:19 --> 00:22:21 that someone was saying lockness monster
00:22:21 --> 00:22:22 was definitely finished because in the
00:22:22 --> 00:22:24 last 12 months we hadn't had any recent
00:22:24 --> 00:22:26 sightings go they're back they got more
00:22:26 --> 00:22:27 sightings you got more sightings to go
00:22:27 --> 00:22:29 same things happen with UFOs it goes in
00:22:29 --> 00:22:31 spirits everyone thinks oh my God it's
00:22:31 --> 00:22:32 all over and then a few years later it
00:22:32 --> 00:22:34 comes back so these are the things you
00:22:34 --> 00:22:36 take with a a grain of salt and throw
00:22:36 --> 00:22:37 the salt over your shoulder to make sure
00:22:37 --> 00:22:38 there's no ghost behind you that's Tim
00:22:39 --> 00:22:42 mendum from Australian
00:22:42 --> 00:22:55 [Music]
00:22:55 --> 00:22:58 Skeptics and that's the show for now
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