SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 36
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Space Tornadoes Discovered in the Milky Way's Core, SpaceX's Starship to Undertake a Mission to Mars Next Year, and Stranded Astronauts Finally Return Home After Nine Months in Space
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the astonishing discovery of enormous space tornadoes swirling in the Milky Way's central core. Astronomers have unveiled these spectacular formations, detected using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), which reveal the dynamic processes surrounding the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A*. We discuss the implications of this find for our understanding of the galaxy's central molecular zone and the mechanisms driving material circulation within it.
SpaceX's Ambitious Mars Mission
We also cover SpaceX's plans for its Starship rocket, which is set to undertake its first mission to Mars next year. Elon Musk outlines the ambitious timeline for human colonization of the red planet, with unmanned missions paving the way for human exploration as early as 2029. We delve into the current status of the Starship program and its significance for future lunar and Martian endeavors.
Return of Stranded Astronauts
Additionally, we celebrate the safe return of NASA astronauts who were stranded aboard the International Space Station for nine months due to delays with Boeing's Starliner spacecraft. The crew's return aboard a SpaceX Dragon capsule marks the end of a dramatic saga that began with Starliner's initial launch. We recount the challenges faced by the astronauts and the implications for future crewed missions.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 36 for broadcast on 24 March 2025
00:49 Discovery of space tornadoes in the Milky Way
06:30 Implications for the central molecular zone
12:15 Overview of SpaceX's Mars mission plans
18:00 Status of the Starship program and its future
22:45 Return of stranded astronauts from the ISS
27:00 Summary of recent space exploration developments
30:15 Discussion on the impact of sleep patterns on mental health
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✍️ Episode References
Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics
https://www.aanda.org/ (https://www.aanda.org/)
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov (https://www.nasa.gov/)
SpaceX
https://www.spacex.com (https://www.spacex.com/)
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Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/26243096?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 28 episode 36
00:00:03 --> 00:00:05 for broadcast on the 24th of March
00:00:05 --> 00:00:09 2025 coming up on SpaceTime space
00:00:09 --> 00:00:11 tornadoes discovered in the mooki ways
00:00:11 --> 00:00:14 core spacex's Starship to undertake a
00:00:14 --> 00:00:17 mission to Mars next year and Stranded
00:00:17 --> 00:00:20 astronauts finally return home after 9
00:00:20 --> 00:00:23 months in space all that and more coming
00:00:23 --> 00:00:25 up on
00:00:25 --> 00:00:28 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with
00:00:29 --> 00:00:30 Stuart Gary
00:00:30 --> 00:00:38 [Music]
00:00:45 --> 00:00:47 astronomers have discovered enormous
00:00:47 --> 00:00:49 space tornadoes swirling through the
00:00:49 --> 00:00:53 Milky Way Central core the spectacular
00:00:53 --> 00:00:55 find reported in the journal astronomy
00:00:55 --> 00:00:56 and astrophysics was made while
00:00:56 --> 00:00:58 observing the turbulent regions
00:00:58 --> 00:01:00 surrounding the Sagittarius a star super
00:01:00 --> 00:01:03 massive black hole at the center of our
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 galaxy the area is full of dust and
00:01:05 --> 00:01:08 gases constantly churning its energetic
00:01:08 --> 00:01:10 shock waves Ripple throughout
00:01:10 --> 00:01:13 astronomers using Alma the atakama large
00:01:13 --> 00:01:15 millimeter submillimeter array radio
00:01:15 --> 00:01:16 telescope in Chile discovered a
00:01:16 --> 00:01:19 surprising new filamentary structure in
00:01:19 --> 00:01:22 this mysterious region of space although
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 the Galaxy's Central molecular Zone has
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 long been known to be a region filled
00:01:26 --> 00:01:28 with swirling dust and gas molecules
00:01:28 --> 00:01:30 cycling through formation and
00:01:30 --> 00:01:32 destruction the mechanism that drives
00:01:32 --> 00:01:34 this process has remained elusive
00:01:34 --> 00:01:37 molecule service traces for various
00:01:37 --> 00:01:39 processes in molecular clouds with
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 silicon monoxide being especially useful
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 in detecting the presence of shock waves
00:01:43 --> 00:01:46 so using elma's high resolution and
00:01:46 --> 00:01:48 sensitivity to map distinct spectral
00:01:48 --> 00:01:50 Lines within molecular clouds of the
00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 galactic center astronomers detected a
00:01:52 --> 00:01:54 new type of long narrow filamentary
00:01:54 --> 00:01:57 structure at a significantly finer scale
00:01:57 --> 00:01:59 the dynamic interaction between this two
00:01:59 --> 00:02:01 ulent environments and the slim
00:02:01 --> 00:02:03 filaments produced as shocks Ripple
00:02:03 --> 00:02:05 through provide a more complete picture
00:02:05 --> 00:02:07 of cyclic processes in the central
00:02:07 --> 00:02:10 molecular zone region the study's lead
00:02:10 --> 00:02:13 author kaiy from the Shanghai xia Tong
00:02:13 --> 00:02:14 University says the long narrow
00:02:14 --> 00:02:17 filaments especially offset from any
00:02:17 --> 00:02:20 Star forming regions Yang says these
00:02:20 --> 00:02:21 slim filaments were an unexpected
00:02:21 --> 00:02:23 serendipitous find in the emission lines
00:02:23 --> 00:02:25 of silicon monoxide as well as eight
00:02:25 --> 00:02:28 other molecules their line of sight
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 velocities were in consistent with
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 outflows and they don't fit the profile
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 of other previously discovered types of
00:02:34 --> 00:02:37 dense gas filaments they also show no
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 association with dust emissions and they
00:02:39 --> 00:02:41 don't appear to be in hydrostatic
00:02:41 --> 00:02:44 equilibrium instead they appear as space
00:02:44 --> 00:02:47 tornadoes violent streams of gas forming
00:02:47 --> 00:02:49 and dissipating quickly Distributing
00:02:49 --> 00:02:50 materials into the surrounding
00:02:50 --> 00:02:52 environment now the authors still don't
00:02:52 --> 00:02:55 know how these slim filaments are formed
00:02:55 --> 00:02:57 but they think shock processes are a
00:02:57 --> 00:03:00 likely explanation now that's based on
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 several key observations including the
00:03:02 --> 00:03:03 rotational transition of silicon
00:03:03 --> 00:03:06 monoxide seen in the Almer observations
00:03:06 --> 00:03:08 as well as the presence of methanol Maes
00:03:08 --> 00:03:10 and the relative abundances of complex
00:03:10 --> 00:03:12 organic molecules Within These slim
00:03:12 --> 00:03:15 filaments this breakthrough offers a new
00:03:15 --> 00:03:17 more detailed view of the dynamic
00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 processes occurring in the central
00:03:19 --> 00:03:21 molecular zone of the Galaxy and it
00:03:21 --> 00:03:24 suggests a cyclic process of material
00:03:24 --> 00:03:27 circulation so what's going on well the
00:03:27 --> 00:03:30 best we can figure out first shocks act
00:03:30 --> 00:03:32 as a mechanism to create these slim
00:03:32 --> 00:03:33 filaments in the process releasing
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 silicon monoxide and several complex
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 organic molecules such as methanol
00:03:37 --> 00:03:41 acetone nitrate and C acetylene into the
00:03:41 --> 00:03:43 gas phase and into the interstellar
00:03:43 --> 00:03:45 medium then the slim filaments dissipate
00:03:45 --> 00:03:47 and refuel the widespread shock relased
00:03:48 --> 00:03:50 material in the central molecular Zone
00:03:50 --> 00:03:52 finally the molecules freeze back into
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 dust grains resulting in a balance
00:03:54 --> 00:03:56 between depletion replenishment now
00:03:56 --> 00:03:58 assuming that these slim filaments exist
00:03:58 --> 00:04:00 throughout the central Zone as
00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 abundantly as they do in this sample
00:04:02 --> 00:04:04 there'd be a cyclic balance between
00:04:04 --> 00:04:06 depletion and replenishment silicon
00:04:06 --> 00:04:08 monoxide is currently the only molecule
00:04:08 --> 00:04:11 that exclusively traces sharks and the
00:04:11 --> 00:04:13 Silicon monoxide rotational transitions
00:04:13 --> 00:04:15 only detectable in Shar regions that
00:04:15 --> 00:04:17 have both relatively High densities and
00:04:17 --> 00:04:20 high temperatures Yang says this makes
00:04:20 --> 00:04:22 it an especially valuable tool for
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 tracing shock induced processes in the
00:04:24 --> 00:04:26 dense regions of the Galaxy's Central
00:04:26 --> 00:04:30 molecular Zone this is spacetime still
00:04:30 --> 00:04:32 to come SpaceX is Starship to undertake
00:04:32 --> 00:04:35 a mission to Mars next year and Stranded
00:04:35 --> 00:04:37 NASA astronauts finally return home
00:04:37 --> 00:04:39 after being stuck on the International
00:04:39 --> 00:04:41 Space Station for 9 months all that and
00:04:41 --> 00:04:48 more still to come on SpaceTime
00:04:48 --> 00:05:00 [Music]
00:05:00 --> 00:05:03 SpaceX boss Elon Musk says his massive
00:05:03 --> 00:05:05 interplanetary transport rocket Starship
00:05:05 --> 00:05:07 should be ready to undertake its first
00:05:07 --> 00:05:09 mission to Mars next year and if
00:05:09 --> 00:05:11 successful humans could follow as soon
00:05:11 --> 00:05:11 as
00:05:11 --> 00:05:15 2029 the reusable 123 M tall stainless
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 still Starship is the largest and most
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 powerful rocket ever launched it's
00:05:19 --> 00:05:21 Surfer undertaken eight test flights
00:05:21 --> 00:05:24 with varying degrees of success while
00:05:24 --> 00:05:26 several have completed their missions
00:05:26 --> 00:05:28 launching from spacex's Star base in
00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 burka chica Texas and then Landing in
00:05:30 --> 00:05:31 the Indian Ocean off the Western
00:05:31 --> 00:05:34 Australian Coastline the last two tests
00:05:34 --> 00:05:36 seven and eight have both failed to
00:05:36 --> 00:05:38 reach orbit ending in fiery explosions
00:05:38 --> 00:05:41 in Earth's upper atmosphere and that's
00:05:41 --> 00:05:43 concerned NASA which plans on using a
00:05:43 --> 00:05:45 version of Starship called the hls in
00:05:45 --> 00:05:48 2027 and 28 to operate as the Luna
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 Lander for the M emus 3 and four
00:05:50 --> 00:05:52 missions rundoing with the Orion
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 capsules in luner orbit and then
00:05:54 --> 00:05:56 transporting Crews down to the moon's
00:05:56 --> 00:05:59 surface later on the hls will operate as
00:05:59 --> 00:06:02 a transfer vehicle shuttling people and
00:06:02 --> 00:06:04 supplies between the Luna Gateway space
00:06:04 --> 00:06:06 station once it's operational and the
00:06:06 --> 00:06:09 Luna surface musk says that next year's
00:06:09 --> 00:06:11 Mars mission will see an unmanned
00:06:11 --> 00:06:13 Starship carrying one of his Tesla
00:06:13 --> 00:06:15 Optimus humanoid robots to the red
00:06:15 --> 00:06:18 planet musk who's also Tesla CEO
00:06:18 --> 00:06:20 displayed the company's Optimus robots
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 at an event last year he says the
00:06:22 --> 00:06:24 humanoid robots could easily be ready
00:06:24 --> 00:06:26 for sale to the public in the next few
00:06:26 --> 00:06:28 years and the price between 20 and
00:06:28 --> 00:06:32 30 us each he says if next year's
00:06:32 --> 00:06:34 unmanned Mars mission successful he
00:06:34 --> 00:06:36 believes humans could follow as soon as
00:06:36 --> 00:06:40 2029 although 2031 is more likely NASA's
00:06:40 --> 00:06:41 existing plans are unlikely to see
00:06:42 --> 00:06:43 humans walking on the red planet for at
00:06:43 --> 00:06:45 least another 10 years using the moon
00:06:45 --> 00:06:48 and lunar Gateway staging posts Starship
00:06:49 --> 00:06:51 is key to mask's long-term vision of
00:06:51 --> 00:06:53 colonizing Mars and Beyond making the
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 human race a two Planet species a sort
00:06:55 --> 00:06:58 of Plan B just in case something goes
00:06:58 --> 00:07:01 wrong here on Earth the Starship rocket
00:07:01 --> 00:07:03 includes a huge first stage booster
00:07:03 --> 00:07:04 called the super heavy which is proving
00:07:04 --> 00:07:06 to be very reliable successfully
00:07:06 --> 00:07:08 returning to Earth and Landing back on
00:07:08 --> 00:07:10 the same launch pad it took off from but
00:07:10 --> 00:07:12 the upper stage Starship spacecraft has
00:07:12 --> 00:07:14 undergone continual modification and
00:07:15 --> 00:07:16 it's still being tweaked therefore needs
00:07:16 --> 00:07:19 more work before it starts operating
00:07:19 --> 00:07:22 reliably once it is it'll replace both
00:07:22 --> 00:07:24 musk's existing Falcon 9 and Falcon
00:07:24 --> 00:07:25 heavy Rockets as well as the dragon
00:07:25 --> 00:07:28 spacecraft operating both Mann and cargo
00:07:28 --> 00:07:31 flights a space tanker version of
00:07:31 --> 00:07:32 Starship will also be needed in order to
00:07:33 --> 00:07:35 fuel the Starship hls for its missions
00:07:35 --> 00:07:37 around the moon but of course the
00:07:37 --> 00:07:40 problem is space is hard and failures
00:07:40 --> 00:07:42 are bound to continue to occur before
00:07:42 --> 00:07:45 success is finally achieved whatever
00:07:45 --> 00:07:48 happens we'll keep you informed this is
00:07:48 --> 00:07:51 spacetime still to come stranded NASA
00:07:52 --> 00:07:54 astronauts finally return home after 9
00:07:54 --> 00:07:56 months stuck on the International Space
00:07:56 --> 00:07:58 Station and later in the science report
00:07:58 --> 00:08:00 a new study warns that those of us who
00:08:00 --> 00:08:03 are nouss could be at a higher risk of
00:08:03 --> 00:08:04 depression all that and more still to
00:08:05 --> 00:08:19 come on
00:08:19 --> 00:08:20 [Music]
00:08:21 --> 00:08:23 SpaceTime well after being stranded in
00:08:23 --> 00:08:25 space for 9 months the crew of Boeing's
00:08:25 --> 00:08:28 trouble plague styliner spacecraft have
00:08:28 --> 00:08:30 finally returned to Earth aboard SpaceX
00:08:30 --> 00:08:33 Dragon capsule the dragon spacecraft
00:08:33 --> 00:08:35 Freedom splashed down under Brilliant
00:08:35 --> 00:08:37 Blue Skies off the Florida gulf coasty
00:08:37 --> 00:08:40 Tallahassee greeted by a part of curious
00:08:40 --> 00:08:41 Dolphins who decided to hang around to
00:08:42 --> 00:08:44 see what's going on on board crew nine
00:08:44 --> 00:08:46 are NASA astronauts Nick ha Sunny
00:08:46 --> 00:08:49 Williams Butch Wilmore and Russ cosmos's
00:08:49 --> 00:08:52 cosmina Alexander gorinov and they are
00:08:52 --> 00:08:54 now on their way to the targeted splash
00:08:54 --> 00:08:56 down site off the coast of Tallahassee
00:08:56 --> 00:08:58 Florida my name is Kate Ty senior
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 quality system engineering manager here
00:09:00 --> 00:09:03 at SpaceX and joining me today from NASA
00:09:03 --> 00:09:05 Communications is Sandra Jones upon
00:09:05 --> 00:09:07 departing the International Space
00:09:07 --> 00:09:09 Station Dragon underwent a sequence of
00:09:09 --> 00:09:12 departure burns the crew then had a rest
00:09:12 --> 00:09:13 period and has since kicked off
00:09:14 --> 00:09:16 preparations for re-entry including
00:09:16 --> 00:09:18 getting into their space suits and
00:09:18 --> 00:09:20 successfully performing a leak check the
00:09:20 --> 00:09:22 next phase of the mission is when things
00:09:22 --> 00:09:24 will really start to amp up dragon has a
00:09:24 --> 00:09:26 series of steps to complete before
00:09:26 --> 00:09:28 returning crew9 home first dragon will
00:09:28 --> 00:09:31 maneuver to the correct attitude and
00:09:31 --> 00:09:33 jettison its trunk which is the
00:09:33 --> 00:09:35 cylindrical unpressurized lower part of
00:09:36 --> 00:09:38 the spacecraft the trunk is currently
00:09:38 --> 00:09:40 connected to the AFT or bottom section
00:09:40 --> 00:09:42 of dragon where the heat shield is
00:09:42 --> 00:09:44 located but in order to expose that heat
00:09:44 --> 00:09:46 shield and get the vehicle ready for
00:09:47 --> 00:09:48 atmospheric re-entry we're going to
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 jettison that trunk from there the
00:09:50 --> 00:09:52 spacecraft will use its forward
00:09:52 --> 00:09:55 thrusters to perform a deorbit burn
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 which will put dragon on a trajectory to
00:09:57 --> 00:09:59 return to Earth this burn will last
00:09:59 --> 00:10:02 about 7 and 1/2 minutes once it starts
00:10:02 --> 00:10:04 the deorbit burn uses Draco thrusters on
00:10:05 --> 00:10:07 Dragon primarily the four located on the
00:10:07 --> 00:10:10 forward bulkhead and is executed at the
00:10:10 --> 00:10:12 apogee or the highest point of orbit
00:10:12 --> 00:10:14 around the Earth this deorbit burn will
00:10:15 --> 00:10:17 alter dragon's path to ultimately line
00:10:17 --> 00:10:19 it up to re-enter Earth's atmosphere and
00:10:19 --> 00:10:22 splash down off the coast of Florida the
00:10:22 --> 00:10:25 heat shield itself it is the Workhorse
00:10:25 --> 00:10:27 of the re-entry phase it will work to
00:10:28 --> 00:10:29 protect the dragon cap capsule and the
00:10:29 --> 00:10:32 crew members on board during the
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 re-entry phase as the temperatures
00:10:34 --> 00:10:37 outside of the capsule build up to I
00:10:37 --> 00:10:39 believe about 3 de fahren in excess
00:10:40 --> 00:10:42 of and meanwhile the interior of dragon
00:10:42 --> 00:10:44 stays a very comfortable temperature
00:10:44 --> 00:10:45 that heat shield does a lot of the work
00:10:45 --> 00:10:47 and we'll see that plasma build up on
00:10:47 --> 00:10:49 the exterior of the capsule as a result
00:10:49 --> 00:10:51 of the plasma that builds up we will
00:10:51 --> 00:10:53 lose Communications with the crew this
00:10:53 --> 00:10:56 is known as loss of signal or Los this
00:10:56 --> 00:11:00 is roughly a 10minute period on average
00:11:00 --> 00:11:02 even less than I believe today probably
00:11:02 --> 00:11:04 about six or 7 minutes long it kind of
00:11:04 --> 00:11:06 depends on the mission nominal trunk
00:11:06 --> 00:11:10 jettison all right that trunk has been
00:11:10 --> 00:11:13 jettisoned from the Dragon capsule
00:11:13 --> 00:11:15 basically means that Telemetry is
00:11:15 --> 00:11:18 looking good and that the Nitro system
00:11:18 --> 00:11:20 is primed for cabin and soup Cooling and
00:11:20 --> 00:11:22 the heat shield like I said is now
00:11:22 --> 00:11:24 exposed and ready for atmospheric
00:11:24 --> 00:11:26 re-entry the trunk served its purpose by
00:11:27 --> 00:11:28 gathering energy from the Sun through
00:11:28 --> 00:11:31 its solar cells and converting that to
00:11:31 --> 00:11:33 battery power since we separated the
00:11:33 --> 00:11:35 trunk we can't generate any more new
00:11:35 --> 00:11:38 power but we really don't need to since
00:11:38 --> 00:11:41 we're coming home and dragon has enough
00:11:41 --> 00:11:43 battery power already stored now up next
00:11:43 --> 00:11:45 the final steps that Dragon will perform
00:11:45 --> 00:11:47 prior to re-entry the slew or the
00:11:47 --> 00:11:50 maneuver to deorbit burn attitude and
00:11:50 --> 00:11:52 then the deorbit burn itself this
00:11:52 --> 00:11:54 deorbit burn is the last time that the
00:11:54 --> 00:11:56 forward Draco which are the four
00:11:56 --> 00:11:58 thrusters located on top of the
00:11:58 --> 00:12:00 spacecraft under under the nose cone
00:12:00 --> 00:12:01 it's the last time that they will ignite
00:12:02 --> 00:12:04 the deorbit burn will place dragon on a
00:12:04 --> 00:12:06 precise trajectory to return to the
00:12:06 --> 00:12:07 splash down Zone off the coast of
00:12:08 --> 00:12:09 Florida and I did hear confirmation that
00:12:09 --> 00:12:12 that deorbit burn is underway the time
00:12:12 --> 00:12:14 from undock to landing at the primary
00:12:15 --> 00:12:17 site can vary from less than 6 hours to
00:12:17 --> 00:12:20 more than 39 getting home the quickest
00:12:20 --> 00:12:22 comes with some obvious benefits but we
00:12:22 --> 00:12:23 always have to make sure the crew is
00:12:24 --> 00:12:26 properly rested for dynamic operations
00:12:26 --> 00:12:28 the orbit burn complete performance
00:12:28 --> 00:12:30 nominal nose cone Clos
00:12:30 --> 00:12:32 initiated we heard the words we were
00:12:32 --> 00:12:35 looking for nominal burn so that means
00:12:35 --> 00:12:38 that deorbit burn was successful and
00:12:38 --> 00:12:40 nominal meaning as expected and we're
00:12:40 --> 00:12:43 now beginning to close the nose cone uh
00:12:43 --> 00:12:46 in preparation for atmospheric re-entry
00:12:46 --> 00:12:49 also the vehicle has initiated the Nitro
00:12:49 --> 00:12:51 suit Purge which will help keep Nick
00:12:51 --> 00:12:54 Sunny Butch and Alexander cool and
00:12:54 --> 00:12:56 comfortable during re-entry things are
00:12:56 --> 00:12:58 going to start moving quite quickly in
00:12:58 --> 00:13:00 fact if anything this will have seemed
00:13:00 --> 00:13:03 like the slower part of the re-entry
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 phase um we're going to go through like
00:13:05 --> 00:13:08 I said that period of uh loss of signal
00:13:08 --> 00:13:10 or losos we'll go through that period
00:13:10 --> 00:13:13 approximately at about 18 ft when
00:13:13 --> 00:13:17 the capsule is traveling at 350 mph we
00:13:17 --> 00:13:19 will see our first uh views of
00:13:19 --> 00:13:21 parachutes for the day we'll see the
00:13:21 --> 00:13:23 drugs come out those drugs will help
00:13:23 --> 00:13:27 slow the vehicle down to about 119 mph
00:13:27 --> 00:13:29 and then that is when the main parachute
00:13:29 --> 00:13:31 shoots will will come out from the from
00:13:31 --> 00:13:32 the dragon spacecraft and then
00:13:32 --> 00:13:35 ultimately end in splash down Freedom
00:13:35 --> 00:13:38 SpaceX nose cone is secure for entry
00:13:38 --> 00:13:40 Freedom copies Freedom SpaceX for entry
00:13:40 --> 00:13:43 sequence report when ready to copy ready
00:13:43 --> 00:13:46 to copy all right I've got some updated
00:13:46 --> 00:13:49 times for you our Comm blackout start
00:13:49 --> 00:13:50 time is
00:13:50 --> 00:13:54 2144 our Comm blackout end time is
00:13:54 --> 00:13:57 2151 and our Splashdown time is the same
00:13:57 --> 00:14:00 per your displays
00:14:00 --> 00:14:04 2157 okay understand com blackout start
00:14:05 --> 00:14:09 2144 stop 2151 splash down per display
00:14:09 --> 00:14:12 that's a good readback and copy the
00:14:12 --> 00:14:15 capsule is making its way through the
00:14:15 --> 00:14:17 Earth's atmosphere using the atmosphere
00:14:17 --> 00:14:19 to slow the capsule down from its
00:14:19 --> 00:14:22 orbital speeds of
00:14:22 --> 00:14:26 17 our tablets are secure restraints
00:14:26 --> 00:14:28 are tighten visor down we are configured
00:14:28 --> 00:14:29 for
00:14:29 --> 00:14:32 freedom I copied tablets are secured
00:14:32 --> 00:14:34 restraints are tight and visor down
00:14:34 --> 00:14:36 predicted calm blackout we'll see you on
00:14:36 --> 00:14:38 the other side at
00:14:38 --> 00:14:42 2151 2151 talk to we right there have
00:14:42 --> 00:14:44 our first view of dragon Freedom coming
00:14:44 --> 00:14:46 home to Earth and that view is from the
00:14:46 --> 00:14:49 WB 57 which is one of NASA's high
00:14:49 --> 00:14:51 altitude planes that is tracking
00:14:51 --> 00:14:53 beginning to see that plasma Trail as
00:14:53 --> 00:14:55 Dragon re-enters the Earth's atmosphere
00:14:55 --> 00:14:59 Freedom SpaceX com check SpaceX freedom
00:14:59 --> 00:15:04 is with you 4.6 G enjoying the ride copy
00:15:04 --> 00:15:07 that freedom great news there from
00:15:07 --> 00:15:09 Commander Nick ha reporting back we see
00:15:09 --> 00:15:11 a healthy flight computer expect
00:15:11 --> 00:15:13 automated shoot deployment freeding
00:15:13 --> 00:15:18 copies Dragon Freedom makes its way home
00:15:18 --> 00:15:20 GPS has converged expect nominal
00:15:20 --> 00:15:22 altitude for drug shoot deployment now
00:15:22 --> 00:15:25 the heat shield is continuing to work to
00:15:25 --> 00:15:28 slow the vehicle down that entry period
00:15:28 --> 00:15:30 the dragon space craft went from orbital
00:15:30 --> 00:15:33 velocity about 17 mph down to about
00:15:33 --> 00:15:36 350 mph so it really gives you a sense
00:15:36 --> 00:15:38 of why that plasma builds up on the
00:15:38 --> 00:15:40 exterior of the capsule thanks to the
00:15:40 --> 00:15:42 heat shield and the work that it does
00:15:42 --> 00:15:44 those drug parachutes will slow it down
00:15:44 --> 00:15:49 from 350 to about 119 mph we can see 15
00:15:49 --> 00:15:52 km bra for drog window Dr deployment Dr
00:15:52 --> 00:15:56 descent rate the crowd here on
00:15:56 --> 00:15:59 two the crowd here very excit
00:15:59 --> 00:16:01 as Dragon Freedom continues to make its
00:16:01 --> 00:16:04 way back to planet Earth next step we
00:16:04 --> 00:16:07 stand by for the main deployment of the
00:16:07 --> 00:16:09 parachutes Freedom will be traveling 16
00:16:09 --> 00:16:12 mph when it splashes down we have visual
00:16:12 --> 00:16:15 on four healthy Ms copy we'll start to
00:16:15 --> 00:16:19 hear Commander Nick ha copy 1000 as we
00:16:19 --> 00:16:20 heard right there Commander Nick ha will
00:16:20 --> 00:16:23 be calling out the altitude of the
00:16:23 --> 00:16:25 Dragon capsule from here on out uh those
00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 parachutes continuing to slow the Dragon
00:16:27 --> 00:16:30 capsule down 00 M we do have four
00:16:30 --> 00:16:33 healthy Mains really doing the job there
00:16:33 --> 00:16:35 calm glasslike ocean off the coast of
00:16:36 --> 00:16:38 Tallahasse Florida crew nine just
00:16:38 --> 00:16:39 minutes away from splashing down that
00:16:39 --> 00:16:43 was 600 our recovery vessel Megan which
00:16:43 --> 00:16:46 is stationed a couple miles away from
00:16:46 --> 00:16:50 the splash down site 400 m this is a
00:16:50 --> 00:16:52 gorgeous Bluebird day here that we have
00:16:52 --> 00:16:57 for the splash down of crew 9 200 copy
00:16:57 --> 00:17:01 200 M brace for splash down standby for
00:17:01 --> 00:17:03 Splashdown located in the Gulf of
00:17:03 --> 00:17:06 America off the coast of Tallahassee
00:17:06 --> 00:17:09 Florida and splash down crew n back on
00:17:09 --> 00:17:10 Earth the splash down marked the end of
00:17:10 --> 00:17:13 a drama which began back on June the 5th
00:17:13 --> 00:17:15 last year when Starliner launched on its
00:17:15 --> 00:17:17 first man test flight aboard an atlas 5
00:17:17 --> 00:17:19 rocket from the cape canaval space force
00:17:19 --> 00:17:22 bace in Florida it followed two earlier
00:17:22 --> 00:17:24 unmanned Starliner test flights the
00:17:25 --> 00:17:27 first in December 2019 was plagued by
00:17:27 --> 00:17:29 computer programming issu
00:17:29 --> 00:17:32 that s Starliner Mission clock set 11
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 hours early causing the spacecraft to
00:17:34 --> 00:17:36 enter orbit too early at too low an
00:17:36 --> 00:17:38 altitude therefore minia was unable to
00:17:38 --> 00:17:39 reach its intended target the
00:17:39 --> 00:17:42 International Space Station to make
00:17:42 --> 00:17:44 matters worse just prior to its de orbit
00:17:44 --> 00:17:46 and return to Earth Mission managers
00:17:46 --> 00:17:48 discovered additional computer issues
00:17:48 --> 00:17:50 aboard the Starliner and these were far
00:17:50 --> 00:17:53 more serious in fact they would have
00:17:53 --> 00:17:54 caused the capsule and its service
00:17:54 --> 00:17:56 module to collide during their plan
00:17:56 --> 00:17:59 separation prior to atmospheric re-entry
00:17:59 --> 00:18:01 and that would have been catastrophic
00:18:01 --> 00:18:03 destroying both vehicles later it was
00:18:03 --> 00:18:04 also discovered there were other
00:18:04 --> 00:18:06 problems which would have prevented
00:18:06 --> 00:18:07 styliner from docking with the space
00:18:07 --> 00:18:11 station anyway once back on the ground a
00:18:11 --> 00:18:13 complete re-evaluation of the Stylin of
00:18:13 --> 00:18:15 spacecraft and its systems were
00:18:15 --> 00:18:17 undertaken by a joint investigation team
00:18:17 --> 00:18:20 headed by Boe and NASA that resulted in
00:18:20 --> 00:18:24 more than 155 changes being ordered a
00:18:24 --> 00:18:26 second test flight sled for November
00:18:26 --> 00:18:28 2020 was cancelled due to more soft
00:18:28 --> 00:18:30 Square issues and the discovery of
00:18:30 --> 00:18:32 corrosion damage to 13 propulsion system
00:18:32 --> 00:18:34 valves resulting in the need to
00:18:34 --> 00:18:36 undertake a complete rebuild of the
00:18:36 --> 00:18:38 spacecraft with a new service module see
00:18:38 --> 00:18:39 the valves had been corroded by the
00:18:39 --> 00:18:41 intrusion of moisture which interacted
00:18:41 --> 00:18:43 with the propellant but the source of
00:18:43 --> 00:18:45 the moisture was not apparent a second
00:18:45 --> 00:18:47 orbital test flight finally launched in
00:18:47 --> 00:18:48 May
00:18:48 --> 00:18:51 2022 but it too had its problems two
00:18:51 --> 00:18:53 orbital maneuvering and attitude control
00:18:53 --> 00:18:55 system thrusters failed during the
00:18:55 --> 00:18:57 orbital insertion burn nevertheless the
00:18:57 --> 00:18:59 spacecraft was able to set using the
00:18:59 --> 00:19:01 remaining thrusters as well as the
00:19:01 --> 00:19:02 addition of the reaction control system
00:19:03 --> 00:19:05 thrusters and a couple of RCs thrusters
00:19:05 --> 00:19:07 used for maneuvering Starliner also
00:19:07 --> 00:19:09 failed due to low chamber pressure
00:19:09 --> 00:19:10 during the docking phase to the
00:19:10 --> 00:19:13 International Space Station some thermal
00:19:13 --> 00:19:15 systems used to cool the spacecraft also
00:19:15 --> 00:19:17 showed extra cold temperatures requiring
00:19:17 --> 00:19:19 Engineers to manage it during the
00:19:19 --> 00:19:21 darking the spacecraft eventually
00:19:21 --> 00:19:23 returned safely to worth landing at the
00:19:23 --> 00:19:25 Whit Sands Missile Range in New Mexico 6
00:19:25 --> 00:19:28 days after its launch without incident
00:19:28 --> 00:19:30 but once back on the ground other
00:19:30 --> 00:19:32 problems were detected these included
00:19:32 --> 00:19:34 issues with the harness straps on the
00:19:34 --> 00:19:35 parachute system they required
00:19:35 --> 00:19:38 additional strengthening but then a more
00:19:38 --> 00:19:40 serious problem was detected when it was
00:19:40 --> 00:19:41 realized that the glue used on the
00:19:41 --> 00:19:43 insulation of the spacecraft's
00:19:43 --> 00:19:45 electrical wiring system was flammable
00:19:45 --> 00:19:48 those issues pushed a potential man Test
00:19:48 --> 00:19:50 Flight launch back to June
00:19:50 --> 00:19:52 2024 but what was meant to be an ad day
00:19:53 --> 00:19:54 test flight for starina crew members
00:19:55 --> 00:19:57 Sunny Williams and Butch Wilmore turned
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 into a 9mon stay
00:19:59 --> 00:20:00 as Starliner arrived at the
00:20:01 --> 00:20:03 International Space Station five of its
00:20:03 --> 00:20:05 eight reaction control system thrusters
00:20:05 --> 00:20:07 malfunctioned there were also persistent
00:20:07 --> 00:20:09 helium leaks which weren't a problem as
00:20:09 --> 00:20:11 the inerd gas is only used to keep the
00:20:11 --> 00:20:12 fuel systems pressurized and there was
00:20:12 --> 00:20:14 still plenty in reserve but it was
00:20:14 --> 00:20:17 evidence of underlying issues Mission
00:20:17 --> 00:20:19 managers eventually got four of the five
00:20:19 --> 00:20:21 problematic thrusters operational before
00:20:21 --> 00:20:23 clearing Starliner to approach and dock
00:20:23 --> 00:20:25 with the orbiting outpost on its second
00:20:25 --> 00:20:28 attempt once on board the space station
00:20:28 --> 00:20:29 Wilmore and Williams joined the
00:20:29 --> 00:20:32 Expedition 71 crew seven member team for
00:20:32 --> 00:20:34 what should have been a weekl long stay
00:20:34 --> 00:20:36 However after extensive troubleshooting
00:20:36 --> 00:20:38 and the discovery of additional issues
00:20:38 --> 00:20:41 NASA despite protests by Boeing decided
00:20:41 --> 00:20:43 starina was simply too unreliable to
00:20:43 --> 00:20:45 undertake the return Journey with a
00:20:45 --> 00:20:47 human crew on board the orbital
00:20:47 --> 00:20:49 maneuvering propulsion systems simply
00:20:49 --> 00:20:51 weren't safe enough for human space
00:20:51 --> 00:20:54 flight and so starer returned to Earth
00:20:54 --> 00:20:57 unmanned on September the 7th Landing
00:20:57 --> 00:21:00 safely as planned at White Sands NASA
00:21:00 --> 00:21:02 decided the starina crew would instead
00:21:02 --> 00:21:04 remain on station and return as part of
00:21:04 --> 00:21:07 spacex's crew 9 Mission which launched
00:21:07 --> 00:21:09 aboard their dragon capsu freedom on
00:21:09 --> 00:21:12 September the 28th for a 6-month stay
00:21:12 --> 00:21:13 the change in plan meant the original
00:21:13 --> 00:21:16 crew 9 was reduced from four to just two
00:21:16 --> 00:21:18 for the flight to orbit the mission
00:21:18 --> 00:21:20 proceeded nominally with Wilmore and
00:21:20 --> 00:21:22 Williams acting as replacement crew
00:21:22 --> 00:21:23 members taking part in normal space
00:21:24 --> 00:21:26 station research and activities and they
00:21:26 --> 00:21:28 remained on station until the arrival
00:21:28 --> 00:21:30 last week of NASA's next crew rotation
00:21:30 --> 00:21:34 SpaceX crew 10 that arrival paved the
00:21:34 --> 00:21:36 way for crew 9 including Wilmore and
00:21:36 --> 00:21:39 Williams to finally return to Earth this
00:21:39 --> 00:21:41 is
00:21:41 --> 00:21:55 [Music]
00:21:55 --> 00:21:57 spacetime and time now to take a brief
00:21:57 --> 00:21:59 look at some of the other stories making
00:21:59 --> 00:22:00 news and science this week with a
00:22:00 --> 00:22:03 science report the World Meteorological
00:22:03 --> 00:22:05 organization has released its state of
00:22:05 --> 00:22:07 the global climate report for
00:22:07 --> 00:22:10 2024 the report confirms that last year
00:22:10 --> 00:22:12 was indeed the first calendar year to be
00:22:13 --> 00:22:15 more than 1.5° Celsius above
00:22:15 --> 00:22:17 pre-industrial levels making it the
00:22:17 --> 00:22:20 warmest year in the 175e observational
00:22:21 --> 00:22:23 records the report also shows that the
00:22:23 --> 00:22:25 atmospheric concentrations of carbon
00:22:25 --> 00:22:27 dioxide are now at their highest levels
00:22:27 --> 00:22:30 for at least 800 th000 years and each of
00:22:30 --> 00:22:32 the past eight years has set new records
00:22:32 --> 00:22:34 for ocean heat content and the rate of
00:22:34 --> 00:22:36 sea level rise has doubled since
00:22:36 --> 00:22:38 satellite measurements began the World
00:22:39 --> 00:22:41 Meteorological organization says China
00:22:41 --> 00:22:42 Remains the world's biggest carbon
00:22:42 --> 00:22:45 dioxide polluter producing over a third
00:22:45 --> 00:22:47 of the world's total greenhouse gas
00:22:47 --> 00:22:49 output that amounts to more than 14
00:22:49 --> 00:22:52 million tons annually that's more than
00:22:52 --> 00:22:54 double that of the United States which
00:22:54 --> 00:22:56 is in second place and five times more
00:22:56 --> 00:22:59 than India which is in third place
00:22:59 --> 00:23:02 a new study warns that night ows could
00:23:02 --> 00:23:04 be at a higher risk of depression the
00:23:04 --> 00:23:06 findings reported in the journal plus
00:23:06 --> 00:23:09 one looked at data from a survey of 546
00:23:09 --> 00:23:11 University students which examined sleep
00:23:11 --> 00:23:13 patterns mindfulness tendency to
00:23:14 --> 00:23:16 overthink and dwell on things alcohol
00:23:16 --> 00:23:19 use and depression and anxiety levels on
00:23:19 --> 00:23:21 average night hours had poor Sleep
00:23:21 --> 00:23:23 Quality higher alcohol consumption and
00:23:23 --> 00:23:25 they acted with less mindfulness than
00:23:25 --> 00:23:28 early birds while this kind of study can
00:23:28 --> 00:23:30 show cause and effect the author say
00:23:30 --> 00:23:32 targeting mindfulness sleep and alcohol
00:23:33 --> 00:23:34 use could reduce depression risk in
00:23:34 --> 00:23:37 night hours especially young
00:23:37 --> 00:23:39 people scientists have discovered the
00:23:39 --> 00:23:41 fossilized remains of a new species of
00:23:41 --> 00:23:43 fish that lived in Australian freshwater
00:23:43 --> 00:23:47 lakes and rivers 15 million years ago a
00:23:47 --> 00:23:48 report in the journal verbate
00:23:48 --> 00:23:50 paleontology says several examples of
00:23:50 --> 00:23:53 the ancient fish fero apsis broxy were
00:23:53 --> 00:23:55 uncovered at the mcgr flat fossil site
00:23:55 --> 00:23:57 near ggong in the Central West of New
00:23:57 --> 00:23:58 South Wales
00:23:59 --> 00:24:00 the fossil is part of a diverse group of
00:24:00 --> 00:24:02 fish species within Australia that
00:24:02 --> 00:24:04 includes fish like the Australian gring
00:24:04 --> 00:24:07 and the Australian smelt the discovery
00:24:07 --> 00:24:09 offers scientists an unprecedented
00:24:09 --> 00:24:11 opportunity to understand Australia's
00:24:11 --> 00:24:13 ancient ecosystems and the evolution of
00:24:13 --> 00:24:16 its fish species the authors found the
00:24:16 --> 00:24:17 stomach contents of the fossilized fish
00:24:17 --> 00:24:19 was so well preserved they could tell
00:24:19 --> 00:24:21 its last meal included a range of
00:24:21 --> 00:24:24 invertebrates such as small Phantom m l
00:24:24 --> 00:24:26 in fact they could also tell the shading
00:24:26 --> 00:24:28 of the fish which was darker on its St
00:24:28 --> 00:24:30 surface lighter in color on its belly
00:24:30 --> 00:24:33 and had two lateral Stripes running
00:24:33 --> 00:24:34 along its
00:24:34 --> 00:24:37 side a bit of bad news now and it seems
00:24:37 --> 00:24:39 the pseudo scientific practice of
00:24:39 --> 00:24:41 physiognomy is making an unwelcome
00:24:41 --> 00:24:42 comeback thanks to artificial
00:24:42 --> 00:24:45 intelligence physiognomy is the junk
00:24:45 --> 00:24:47 science idea they can work at a person's
00:24:47 --> 00:24:50 true character simply by studying their
00:24:50 --> 00:24:52 face it was proven to lack any
00:24:52 --> 00:24:54 scientific legitimacy centuries ago but
00:24:54 --> 00:24:57 it's now seeing a Revival thanks to AI
00:24:57 --> 00:24:59 programs which claim can identify latent
00:24:59 --> 00:25:02 traits in people that human judgment can
00:25:02 --> 00:25:04 miss Tim mum from a strand skeptic says
00:25:05 --> 00:25:07 like all computer programming it's only
00:25:07 --> 00:25:09 as good as the data fed into it so
00:25:09 --> 00:25:12 another case of garbage in garbage out
00:25:12 --> 00:25:14 you wonder at times if the artificial
00:25:14 --> 00:25:16 intelligence follows the three rules of
00:25:16 --> 00:25:19 Robotics it doesn't it doesn't unfort no
00:25:19 --> 00:25:21 okay this thing about technology being
00:25:21 --> 00:25:24 used for a pseudo science is the science
00:25:24 --> 00:25:26 in quotes very much in quotes of
00:25:26 --> 00:25:28 physiognomy which is basically reading
00:25:28 --> 00:25:31 someone's face phology you probably know
00:25:31 --> 00:25:32 is reading the bumps on someone's head
00:25:32 --> 00:25:33 to know what sort of person they are
00:25:33 --> 00:25:35 their character Etc but this is reading
00:25:35 --> 00:25:38 someone's face and you can actually use
00:25:38 --> 00:25:39 that to decide very very detailed
00:25:40 --> 00:25:42 assessments of not just their character
00:25:42 --> 00:25:44 but the sort of activities they do
00:25:44 --> 00:25:47 criminality sexual orientation political
00:25:47 --> 00:25:49 leanings all these sort of things it's a
00:25:49 --> 00:25:51 pseudo science most of us will see
00:25:51 --> 00:25:52 someone they look angry you think they
00:25:52 --> 00:25:54 an angry person or they look happy they
00:25:54 --> 00:25:55 that's a pretty happy person and you
00:25:55 --> 00:25:56 don't go much deeper than that you
00:25:56 --> 00:25:57 certainly don't go I can look at you and
00:25:58 --> 00:26:00 I can say you're a brain surgeon just by
00:26:00 --> 00:26:02 looking at your your face so it is a
00:26:02 --> 00:26:03 Pudo side it's been around a long time
00:26:03 --> 00:26:05 people have tried it occasionally now
00:26:05 --> 00:26:07 thanks to AI they're using it to
00:26:07 --> 00:26:09 basically look at a lot of faces and to
00:26:09 --> 00:26:11 find common traits so far so good but
00:26:11 --> 00:26:12 the trouble is what those traits
00:26:12 --> 00:26:15 indicate have been put into the system
00:26:15 --> 00:26:16 obviously by people and they decided
00:26:16 --> 00:26:19 that that particular trait indicates
00:26:19 --> 00:26:21 that outcome so what it means is that as
00:26:21 --> 00:26:22 the stories went that especially
00:26:22 --> 00:26:24 European faces were always regarded as
00:26:24 --> 00:26:27 Superior faces or indicating Superior
00:26:27 --> 00:26:29 intelligence then other races and it is
00:26:29 --> 00:26:32 that it becomes a racist methodology
00:26:32 --> 00:26:33 because it's the input of data is saying
00:26:34 --> 00:26:36 this face is a good face this face is a
00:26:36 --> 00:26:38 conniving face you could say if someone
00:26:38 --> 00:26:40 has a monor brow single breath does that
00:26:40 --> 00:26:42 mean they tend to vote for a green party
00:26:42 --> 00:26:44 no someone has a crooked nose does that
00:26:44 --> 00:26:45 mean they're going to end up being
00:26:45 --> 00:26:47 criminal no someone's eyes are certain
00:26:47 --> 00:26:49 distance apart does that mean they're
00:26:49 --> 00:26:51 going to be have a certain sexuality no
00:26:51 --> 00:26:52 and that's what this relies on
00:26:52 --> 00:26:54 stereotyping based on total
00:26:54 --> 00:26:57 pseudoscience so even if the technique
00:26:57 --> 00:26:58 of saying this face is similar to that
00:26:58 --> 00:27:00 face is similar to that face has the
00:27:00 --> 00:27:01 characteristics and no two faces are
00:27:01 --> 00:27:03 exactly the same anyway the input the
00:27:03 --> 00:27:05 data what that means is false and it's
00:27:05 --> 00:27:07 what that means is often biased and
00:27:07 --> 00:27:09 therefore you're using a new technology
00:27:09 --> 00:27:11 based on very inaccurate data inputs
00:27:11 --> 00:27:14 underpinnings are wrong so despite you
00:27:14 --> 00:27:15 can use any technology you like but if
00:27:15 --> 00:27:17 your basis is wrong the answer is wrong
00:27:17 --> 00:27:18 and that's what you're finding with this
00:27:18 --> 00:27:20 thing it's the Pudo side the trouble is
00:27:20 --> 00:27:22 it's then used by a lot of people in
00:27:22 --> 00:27:24 assessments is now being used by
00:27:24 --> 00:27:25 recruitment people and could be used by
00:27:25 --> 00:27:27 a whole range of different people to
00:27:27 --> 00:27:29 judge someone that's Tim mum from
00:27:29 --> 00:27:32 Australian
00:27:33 --> 00:27:45 [Music]
00:27:45 --> 00:27:48 Skeptics and that's the show for now
00:27:49 --> 00:27:50 SpaceTime is available every Monday
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00:28:37 --> 00:28:41 Stewart gary.com for full details you've
00:28:41 --> 00:28:42 been listening to SpaceTime with Stewart
00:28:43 --> 00:28:45 Gary this has been another quality
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