SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 34
The Astronomy, Space and Science News Podcast
Supernovae's Role in Mass Extinctions, NASA's Stellar Mapping Mission, and New Moons of Saturn
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore a fascinating new study suggesting that nearby supernovae could have triggered at least two of Earth's mass extinction events. These violent stellar explosions may have stripped away the ozone layer, exposing life to harmful ultraviolet radiation and leading to significant ecological upheaval. We delve into the implications of these findings and how they reshape our understanding of Earth's history.
Nasa's SPHEREx Mission
We also discuss NASA's successful launch of the SPHEREx mission, designed to map the entire celestial sky in unprecedented detail. This mission aims to create a three-dimensional map of over 450 million galaxies, utilizing advanced spectroscopy techniques to analyze infrared light and uncover the mysteries of cosmic inflation and the ingredients necessary for life.
Saturn's Expanding Moon Family
Additionally, astronomers have made an exciting discovery of 128 new moons orbiting Saturn, bringing its total to 274. These tiny moonlets, likely remnants of larger captured moons, offer insights into the history and evolution of the Saturnian system.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 34 for broadcast on 19 March 2025
00:49 Supernovae and mass extinction events
06:30 The role of supernovae in Earth's history
12:15 Overview of NASA's SPHEREx mission
18:00 Spectroscopy and cosmic inflation studies
22:45 Discovery of new moons around Saturn
27:00 Summary of recent astronomical findings
30:15 Discussion on dietary changes in Australia by 2030
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✍️ Episode References
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
https://academic.oup.com/mnras (https://academic.oup.com/mnras)
NASA
https://www.nasa.gov (https://www.nasa.gov/)
Planetary Science Journal
https://www.planetarysciencejournal.com/ (https://www.planetarysciencejournal.com/)
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Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/26170743?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 28 episode 34
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 19th of March
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 2025 coming up on space time could
00:00:09 --> 00:00:12 Supernova have triggered at least two of
00:00:12 --> 00:00:14 Earth's mass extinction events NASA
00:00:14 --> 00:00:16 launches its latest Stella mapping
00:00:16 --> 00:00:18 mission to study the Galaxy and
00:00:18 --> 00:00:21 astronomers discover 128 new moons
00:00:21 --> 00:00:24 orbiting the ringed world of Saturn all
00:00:24 --> 00:00:27 that and more coming up on
00:00:27 --> 00:00:30 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime time with
00:00:30 --> 00:00:33 Stuart
00:00:33 --> 00:00:40 [Music]
00:00:46 --> 00:00:49 Gary a new study suggests that nearby
00:00:49 --> 00:00:51 exploding Stars known as Supernova may
00:00:51 --> 00:00:53 have been violent enough and close
00:00:53 --> 00:00:55 enough to have triggered at least two of
00:00:55 --> 00:00:58 Earth's known mass extinction events
00:00:58 --> 00:01:01 Supernova occur when massive stars reach
00:01:01 --> 00:01:03 the end of their lives run out of fuel
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 and then collapse under the pressure of
00:01:05 --> 00:01:07 their own immense gravity there have
00:01:07 --> 00:01:09 been five mass extinction events on
00:01:09 --> 00:01:11 planet Earth with a sixth currently
00:01:12 --> 00:01:14 underway the previous five include the
00:01:14 --> 00:01:17 end Dev visan 444 million years ago
00:01:17 --> 00:01:19 which wiped out between 60 and 86% of
00:01:19 --> 00:01:22 all life on Earth it was thought to have
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 been caused by intense glacial and
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 interglacial periods creating large sea
00:01:26 --> 00:01:28 level swings which dramatically moved
00:01:28 --> 00:01:31 shorelines the tectonic uplift of the
00:01:31 --> 00:01:33 Appalachian Mountains during this period
00:01:33 --> 00:01:35 created extreme weathering sequestration
00:01:36 --> 00:01:38 of CO2 resulting in changes in climate
00:01:38 --> 00:01:39 nuran
00:01:39 --> 00:01:42 chemistry then there's the late dieran
00:01:42 --> 00:01:44 mass extinction event 360 million years
00:01:44 --> 00:01:47 ago it's thought to have cured about 70%
00:01:47 --> 00:01:49 of all life on Earth until now it was
00:01:49 --> 00:01:51 suspected to have been caused by the
00:01:51 --> 00:01:53 rapid growth and diversification of land
00:01:53 --> 00:01:56 plants which triggered severe global
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 warming the biggest was the N perian
00:01:58 --> 00:02:01 mass extinction event 250 million years
00:02:01 --> 00:02:03 ago it was the most devastating wiping
00:02:03 --> 00:02:07 out 96% of all life on Earth it's been
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 put down to intense volcanic activity in
00:02:09 --> 00:02:12 Siberia resulting in the Siberian traps
00:02:12 --> 00:02:15 they cause global warming and elevated
00:02:15 --> 00:02:16 carbon dioxide and sofa levels from
00:02:16 --> 00:02:18 these volcanoes then caused massive
00:02:18 --> 00:02:21 ocean acidification as well as acid rain
00:02:21 --> 00:02:24 and other changes to Ocean and land
00:02:24 --> 00:02:27 chemistry next came the N Triassic mass
00:02:27 --> 00:02:29 extinction event 200 million years ago
00:02:29 --> 00:02:32 it killed off about 80% of all life on
00:02:32 --> 00:02:33 Earth and is thought to have been caused
00:02:33 --> 00:02:35 by Massive underwater volcanic activity
00:02:35 --> 00:02:37 in the central Atlantic magmatic
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 Province resulting in global warming and
00:02:39 --> 00:02:41 a dramatic change in the chemical
00:02:41 --> 00:02:42 composition of the
00:02:42 --> 00:02:44 oceans of course the one most people
00:02:44 --> 00:02:46 know about is the end Cretaceous mass
00:02:47 --> 00:02:49 extinction event 66 million years ago
00:02:49 --> 00:02:52 also known as the Katy boundary event it
00:02:52 --> 00:02:55 wiped out 76% of all life on Earth
00:02:55 --> 00:02:58 including all the non-avian dinosaurs it
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 was caused by the impact of a 10 km wide
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 asteroid slamming into what is now
00:03:02 --> 00:03:05 Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula that
00:03:05 --> 00:03:06 triggered a global cataclysm with
00:03:06 --> 00:03:09 intense volcanic activity tectonic
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 uplift and Rapid impact winter cooling
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 from ejected debris and from the global
00:03:13 --> 00:03:16 fires they started and finally we have
00:03:16 --> 00:03:18 the anthropos or Holocene mass
00:03:18 --> 00:03:20 extinction event which we're currently
00:03:20 --> 00:03:22 going through at the moment it's been
00:03:22 --> 00:03:25 caused by human activity studies show
00:03:25 --> 00:03:27 carrent Extinction rates are up to a
00:03:27 --> 00:03:29 thousand times higher than natural
00:03:29 --> 00:03:31 background rates and they're
00:03:31 --> 00:03:33 accelerating now scientists are
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 suggesting that both the devonian and or
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 viian mass extinction events May
00:03:37 --> 00:03:40 actually been caused by Supernova these
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 Stellar explosions are caused by the
00:03:42 --> 00:03:45 deaths of massive stars in this case
00:03:45 --> 00:03:47 Stars close enough and powerful enough
00:03:47 --> 00:03:49 to strip the Earth's atmosphere of its
00:03:49 --> 00:03:52 ozone triggering acid rain and exposing
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 life to harmful Ultra volet radiation
00:03:54 --> 00:03:57 from the Sun the new study reported in
00:03:57 --> 00:03:58 the monthly notices of the Royal
00:03:58 --> 00:04:00 Astronomical Society found that the rate
00:04:00 --> 00:04:03 of supernova occurring near our planet
00:04:03 --> 00:04:05 is consistent with the timings of both
00:04:05 --> 00:04:07 mass extinctions the authors claim it's
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 a great illustration of how massive
00:04:09 --> 00:04:11 stars can act both as creators and
00:04:11 --> 00:04:14 destructors of life that's because
00:04:14 --> 00:04:16 Supernova are also known to spread the
00:04:16 --> 00:04:17 heavy elements that help form and
00:04:17 --> 00:04:20 support life Across the Universe well at
00:04:20 --> 00:04:22 least here on Earth as that's the only
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 life we know of for sure the study's
00:04:24 --> 00:04:26 lead author Alexis Quintana from Kill
00:04:26 --> 00:04:29 University says supern no bring heavy
00:04:29 --> 00:04:31 elements in into the interstellar medium
00:04:31 --> 00:04:33 which can then be used to form new stars
00:04:33 --> 00:04:35 and planets however if a planet
00:04:35 --> 00:04:37 including the Earth is located too close
00:04:37 --> 00:04:38 to one of these events it can have
00:04:38 --> 00:04:41 devastating effects quintan and
00:04:41 --> 00:04:43 colleagues reach their findings after
00:04:43 --> 00:04:45 carrying out a sensus of massive starts
00:04:45 --> 00:04:47 within a kilo paric of the sun that's
00:04:47 --> 00:04:50 around 3 Li years they were studying
00:04:50 --> 00:04:52 the distribution of these massive stars
00:04:52 --> 00:04:54 known as OB blue stars in order to learn
00:04:54 --> 00:04:56 more about how star clusters and
00:04:56 --> 00:04:58 galaxies form and the rates at which
00:04:58 --> 00:05:01 these stars form in our galaxy OB blue
00:05:01 --> 00:05:04 stars are sort of like the James Dean of
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 the Stellar world they're very bright
00:05:06 --> 00:05:09 live fast and die young so it's a way of
00:05:09 --> 00:05:11 knowing just how often these OB blue
00:05:11 --> 00:05:13 stars are formed the census allowed the
00:05:13 --> 00:05:15 authors to calculate the rate at which
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 Supernova occur within the Galaxy and
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 that's important both for the
00:05:19 --> 00:05:20 observations of supernova and the
00:05:20 --> 00:05:22 production of supernova remnants as well
00:05:22 --> 00:05:24 as massive Stellar remnants such as
00:05:24 --> 00:05:27 black holes and neutron stars the data
00:05:27 --> 00:05:28 will also help develop the next
00:05:29 --> 00:05:30 generation of gravitational wave
00:05:30 --> 00:05:33 detectors Quintana and colleagues
00:05:33 --> 00:05:35 calculate the Supernova rate within 20
00:05:35 --> 00:05:38 parex of the sun approximately 65 light
00:05:38 --> 00:05:40 years and then compared this with the
00:05:40 --> 00:05:41 approximate rate of mass extinction
00:05:41 --> 00:05:44 events on Earth they then excluded
00:05:44 --> 00:05:46 Extinction events linked to other known
00:05:46 --> 00:05:48 factors such as the asteroid impact 66
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 million years ago as well as massive
00:05:50 --> 00:05:53 tectonic uphs and ice ages now comparing
00:05:53 --> 00:05:55 these data sets the authors found their
00:05:55 --> 00:05:57 research best fitted the idea that a
00:05:57 --> 00:05:59 supera explosion could have been
00:05:59 --> 00:06:01 responsible for both the late devonian
00:06:01 --> 00:06:04 and late orishan Extinction events they
00:06:04 --> 00:06:06 found that the calculated rate of nearby
00:06:06 --> 00:06:09 Supernova was consistent with the rate
00:06:09 --> 00:06:11 of mass extinction events astronomers
00:06:11 --> 00:06:14 believe around one or two Supernova
00:06:14 --> 00:06:15 explode within the Milky Way galaxy
00:06:15 --> 00:06:17 every Century at the moment there are
00:06:17 --> 00:06:20 just two nearby stars at least that we
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 know of which are likely to go supernova
00:06:22 --> 00:06:25 in the near future now astronomically
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 speaking that means it could be tomorrow
00:06:27 --> 00:06:29 or it could be in a million years time
00:06:29 --> 00:06:33 those two stars are antaris and blear
00:06:33 --> 00:06:35 but the good news is both are more than
00:06:35 --> 00:06:39 500 light years away this is spacetime
00:06:39 --> 00:06:41 still to come NASA launches its latest
00:06:41 --> 00:06:43 Stellar mapping mission to study the
00:06:43 --> 00:06:46 Galaxy and astronomers discover 128 new
00:06:46 --> 00:06:48 moons orbiting the ringed world of
00:06:48 --> 00:06:50 Saturn that brings Saturn's total
00:06:50 --> 00:06:52 counter moons to
00:06:52 --> 00:06:55 274 all that and more still to come on
00:06:55 --> 00:07:03 SpaceTime
00:07:03 --> 00:07:11 [Music]
00:07:11 --> 00:07:13 NASA has successfully launched its new
00:07:13 --> 00:07:16 spheric Stellar mapping Mission spheric
00:07:16 --> 00:07:18 stands for Spectra photometer for the
00:07:18 --> 00:07:19 history of the universe Epoch of
00:07:19 --> 00:07:22 reionization and Isis Explorer
00:07:22 --> 00:07:24 spacecraft now one of they call it
00:07:24 --> 00:07:26 spherex the orbiting Observatory will
00:07:26 --> 00:07:29 map the entire Celestial Sky four times
00:07:29 --> 00:07:31 over a 2-year period in the process
00:07:31 --> 00:07:33 creating a detailed three-dimensional
00:07:33 --> 00:07:38 map of over 450 million galaxies spheric
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 works by detecting infrared light
00:07:40 --> 00:07:41 emitted from warm objects including
00:07:42 --> 00:07:44 stars and galaxies using a technique
00:07:44 --> 00:07:46 called spectroscopy spheric will
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 separate the infrared light emitted by
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 hundreds of millions of stars and
00:07:50 --> 00:07:53 galaxies into 102 individual color bands
00:07:53 --> 00:07:55 in the same way a prism will split
00:07:55 --> 00:07:57 sunlight into a rainbow observing these
00:07:57 --> 00:07:59 Spectra separately will allow sence
00:07:59 --> 00:08:01 scientist to reveal various properties
00:08:01 --> 00:08:03 of the objects emitting that light and
00:08:03 --> 00:08:04 the material the lights passing through
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 to reach the spectrograph and this
00:08:07 --> 00:08:09 includes the composition and in the case
00:08:09 --> 00:08:11 of galaxies their distance from the
00:08:11 --> 00:08:14 earth no other all Sky survey will have
00:08:14 --> 00:08:15 performed spectroscopy in C many
00:08:15 --> 00:08:18 wavelengths or on so many sources the
00:08:18 --> 00:08:20 mission's all Sky spectroscopic map can
00:08:20 --> 00:08:22 then be used for a wide variety of
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 scientific investigations including
00:08:24 --> 00:08:25 looking at the mystery of cosmic
00:08:25 --> 00:08:27 inflation that's the phenomenon which
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 caused the universe to suddenly EXP had
00:08:29 --> 00:08:31 a trillion trillion fold in the first
00:08:31 --> 00:08:33 fraction of a second after the big bang
00:08:33 --> 00:08:36 13.8 billion years ago see it's only by
00:08:36 --> 00:08:38 such Cosmic expansion that we can
00:08:38 --> 00:08:40 explain why the universe looks the same
00:08:40 --> 00:08:43 in all directions so this nearly
00:08:43 --> 00:08:45 instantaneous event left an impression
00:08:45 --> 00:08:47 on the large scale distribution of
00:08:47 --> 00:08:49 matter right across the universe the
00:08:49 --> 00:08:50 mission will map the distribution of
00:08:50 --> 00:08:53 more than 450 million galaxies thereby
00:08:53 --> 00:08:55 improving astronomer's understanding of
00:08:55 --> 00:08:58 the physics behind Cosmic inflation
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 spher X will also measure the total glow
00:09:00 --> 00:09:01 of all galaxies including ones that
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 other telescopes can't easily detect
00:09:04 --> 00:09:06 when combined with studies of individual
00:09:06 --> 00:09:08 galaxies by other telescopes the
00:09:08 --> 00:09:10 measurements of this overall glow will
00:09:10 --> 00:09:12 allow a more complete picture of how the
00:09:12 --> 00:09:14 light output of galaxies has changed
00:09:14 --> 00:09:17 over the history of the universe at the
00:09:17 --> 00:09:19 same time the spectroscopy will allow
00:09:19 --> 00:09:21 spherics to seek out frozen water carbon
00:09:21 --> 00:09:23 dioxide and other key ingredients for
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 Life the mission will provide an
00:09:25 --> 00:09:27 unprecedented survey of the location and
00:09:27 --> 00:09:29 abundance of these icy compounds across
00:09:29 --> 00:09:31 the Milky Way galaxy thereby giving
00:09:31 --> 00:09:33 astronomers a better insight into the
00:09:33 --> 00:09:35 interstellar chemistry which set the
00:09:35 --> 00:09:38 stage for life to develop this report
00:09:38 --> 00:09:42 from NASA TV spherix is NASA's latest
00:09:42 --> 00:09:44 Explorer mission in astrophysics it's a
00:09:45 --> 00:09:47 small telescope but it has this unique
00:09:47 --> 00:09:48 and Powerful capability of doing
00:09:48 --> 00:09:51 spectroscopy everywhere we are going to
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 survey the entire celestial sphere and
00:09:53 --> 00:09:56 collect a data set that will help us
00:09:56 --> 00:09:58 answer three fundamental science
00:09:58 --> 00:10:00 questions it's going to tell us about
00:10:00 --> 00:10:03 the origin of the universe the birth and
00:10:03 --> 00:10:05 formation history of galaxies and the
00:10:05 --> 00:10:08 abundance of essential molecules such as
00:10:08 --> 00:10:11 water in the early stages of star and
00:10:11 --> 00:10:13 Planet formation the great thing about
00:10:13 --> 00:10:17 SPX is not only will we view the entire
00:10:17 --> 00:10:19 Sky four times but we will see it in
00:10:19 --> 00:10:22 nearly 100 near infrared colors and
00:10:22 --> 00:10:25 that's really never been done
00:10:25 --> 00:10:28 before according to our current
00:10:28 --> 00:10:29 understanding of the universe we we
00:10:29 --> 00:10:32 think that in the very earliest times
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 and I'm talking here a fraction of a
00:10:34 --> 00:10:36 second uh much less than a nanc the
00:10:36 --> 00:10:38 universe appeared to have gone through
00:10:38 --> 00:10:41 an accelerating expansion called
00:10:41 --> 00:10:43 inflation and this is really a a
00:10:43 --> 00:10:46 profound idea and we're very interested
00:10:46 --> 00:10:49 to to test it and so one way to do this
00:10:49 --> 00:10:52 is to look at how matter is distributed
00:10:52 --> 00:10:54 over the universe we want to map
00:10:54 --> 00:10:56 hundreds of millions of galaxies in
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 three dimensions what spheric does in
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 addition to mapping out all these
00:11:00 --> 00:11:02 galaxies is we cover the whole sky so we
00:11:03 --> 00:11:05 can measure these galaxies over the
00:11:05 --> 00:11:06 largest part of you know range we can
00:11:06 --> 00:11:08 see which is the entire sky and we want
00:11:08 --> 00:11:10 to cover the full range of distances
00:11:10 --> 00:11:13 from today to as far back as we we can
00:11:13 --> 00:11:16 see we know there are about 100 billion
00:11:16 --> 00:11:19 galaxies in the universe maybe more but
00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 we still don't have a good understanding
00:11:21 --> 00:11:24 how these galaxies came to be did they
00:11:24 --> 00:11:26 all form at the same time did they
00:11:26 --> 00:11:28 change in size and Luminosity or
00:11:28 --> 00:11:31 brightness over time so the intent with
00:11:31 --> 00:11:34 sphex is for us to figure out the
00:11:34 --> 00:11:36 formation history of galaxies where do
00:11:36 --> 00:11:38 they exactly form and how do they grow
00:11:38 --> 00:11:41 over Cosmic time and that information is
00:11:41 --> 00:11:43 crucial for us because that will allow
00:11:43 --> 00:11:47 us to separate various theories we right
00:11:47 --> 00:11:49 have right now on the formation and
00:11:49 --> 00:11:51 growth of
00:11:51 --> 00:11:55 galaxies every day we all pick up a
00:11:55 --> 00:11:58 bottle of water and we drink it without
00:11:58 --> 00:11:59 thinking
00:11:59 --> 00:12:03 but to scientists we still don't
00:12:03 --> 00:12:07 understand how this water arrived at
00:12:07 --> 00:12:10 Earth where was it Formed how did it get
00:12:10 --> 00:12:12 here and this is an area uh in which
00:12:13 --> 00:12:16 sphx will make major strides water
00:12:16 --> 00:12:19 molecules Bounce Around in interstellar
00:12:19 --> 00:12:23 space and every once in a while they
00:12:23 --> 00:12:27 will impact a small dust grain when a
00:12:27 --> 00:12:29 water molecule collides with one of
00:12:29 --> 00:12:33 these dust grains it freezes on the
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 surface it doesn't leave the surface and
00:12:35 --> 00:12:37 these ice covered dust grains
00:12:37 --> 00:12:41 participate in the collapse to form
00:12:41 --> 00:12:44 regions where new planets are formed
00:12:44 --> 00:12:47 sphx for the first time will allow us to
00:12:47 --> 00:12:50 directly measure not just the location
00:12:50 --> 00:12:52 of these key ingredients but the
00:12:52 --> 00:12:55 abundances of these key
00:12:55 --> 00:12:58 ingredients we expect to have um Spectra
00:12:58 --> 00:13:01 of of order half a billion galaxies
00:13:01 --> 00:13:04 hundreds of millions of stars we will
00:13:04 --> 00:13:07 really see anything that is observable
00:13:07 --> 00:13:09 in your infrared and that's a lot of
00:13:09 --> 00:13:12 things and so we can expect some
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 exciting and unusual discoveries that
00:13:14 --> 00:13:16 come from this and in that report from
00:13:16 --> 00:13:18 NASA TV we heard from spheric principal
00:13:18 --> 00:13:21 investigator Jamie bck from NASA's JPL
00:13:21 --> 00:13:23 CTIC spheric Deputy project manager Beth
00:13:23 --> 00:13:26 fabinski also from NASA JPL SPX Galaxy
00:13:26 --> 00:13:29 formation lead santha curri from the the
00:13:29 --> 00:13:31 University of California Irvine and
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 spheric Interstellar Isis lead Gary
00:13:33 --> 00:13:35 milck from the Harvard Smithsonian
00:13:35 --> 00:13:37 Center for
00:13:37 --> 00:13:39 astrophysics meanwhile sharing the
00:13:39 --> 00:13:41 spherix ride aboard the SpaceX Falcon 9
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 rocket from launch complex 4 East at the
00:13:43 --> 00:13:45 venberg space for spacing California was
00:13:45 --> 00:13:49 NASA's punch Mission punch the polar to
00:13:49 --> 00:13:51 unify the Corona and heliosphere is a
00:13:51 --> 00:13:53 constellation of four small suitcas size
00:13:53 --> 00:13:56 spacecraft designed to map the region
00:13:56 --> 00:13:57 where the sun's outer atmosphere the
00:13:57 --> 00:14:00 corona transition to the solar wind
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 that's the constant stream of charged
00:14:02 --> 00:14:04 particles flowing out from the Sun both
00:14:04 --> 00:14:07 spheric and punch are flying in Sun's
00:14:07 --> 00:14:08 synchronous low earth orbits where their
00:14:08 --> 00:14:10 positions relative to the sun Remains
00:14:10 --> 00:14:12 the Same throughout the year each
00:14:12 --> 00:14:15 98-minute orbit will allow spheric to
00:14:15 --> 00:14:19 view a 360° strip of the celestial Sky
00:14:19 --> 00:14:20 now as Earth orbits around the Sun that
00:14:21 --> 00:14:23 strip slowly advances enabling spherex
00:14:23 --> 00:14:26 to image almost the entire Sky every 6
00:14:26 --> 00:14:28 months now as for the punch Mission will
00:14:28 --> 00:14:30 its orbit provides a clear view in all
00:14:30 --> 00:14:32 directions around the Sun during its
00:14:32 --> 00:14:34 2-year primary Mission punch principal
00:14:34 --> 00:14:36 investigator Craig DeForest from the
00:14:36 --> 00:14:38 southwest Research Institute in San
00:14:38 --> 00:14:40 Antonio Texas says that to get the data
00:14:40 --> 00:14:42 he needs scientists really needed to
00:14:42 --> 00:14:44 create an instrument as large as the
00:14:44 --> 00:14:46 Earth itself but because that's
00:14:46 --> 00:14:48 impossible instead they developed four
00:14:48 --> 00:14:50 small suitcase siiz spacecraft
00:14:50 --> 00:14:52 synchronized to orbit around the entire
00:14:52 --> 00:14:54 planet creating a virtual instrument
00:14:54 --> 00:14:57 13 km across and that lets
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 astronomers look up to 45 Dees from the
00:14:59 --> 00:15:02 Sun in all directions all the time one
00:15:02 --> 00:15:04 satellite carries a chronograph the
00:15:04 --> 00:15:05 narrow field imager that watches the
00:15:05 --> 00:15:08 sun's chrona continuously and the other
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 three carry wide field images designed
00:15:10 --> 00:15:12 to view the very faint ous portion of
00:15:12 --> 00:15:14 the solar Corona as well as the solar
00:15:14 --> 00:15:17 winds punch will also track space
00:15:17 --> 00:15:19 weather events such as solar flares and
00:15:19 --> 00:15:21 konal mass ejections as they travel
00:15:21 --> 00:15:23 across the solar system it will be the
00:15:23 --> 00:15:24 first to be able to do it in three
00:15:24 --> 00:15:27 dimensions each spacecraft includes a
00:15:27 --> 00:15:28 camera capable of collecting three Raw
00:15:29 --> 00:15:30 images through three different
00:15:30 --> 00:15:32 polarizing filters every 4 minutes and
00:15:32 --> 00:15:34 these will then be combined to produce a
00:15:34 --> 00:15:36 clear unpolarized image every 8 minutes
00:15:36 --> 00:15:39 for calibration the images allow
00:15:39 --> 00:15:40 scientists to discern the exact
00:15:40 --> 00:15:42 trajectory and speed of coronal mass
00:15:42 --> 00:15:44 ejections as they move through the inner
00:15:44 --> 00:15:46 solar system thereby improving on
00:15:46 --> 00:15:47 current instruments that only measure
00:15:47 --> 00:15:50 the coroner itself and don't routinely
00:15:50 --> 00:15:53 exploit the polarization of light this
00:15:53 --> 00:15:57 report from NASA TV punch is an acronym
00:15:57 --> 00:16:00 it stands for polarimeter to unify the
00:16:00 --> 00:16:03 Corona and heliosphere the corona is the
00:16:03 --> 00:16:04 outer atmosphere of the sun it's the
00:16:05 --> 00:16:07 part that is no longer gravitationally
00:16:07 --> 00:16:09 bound to the sun and it has so much
00:16:09 --> 00:16:11 energy that it flows outwards filling
00:16:11 --> 00:16:14 our solar system and pushes against the
00:16:14 --> 00:16:16 interstellar medium making a bubble and
00:16:16 --> 00:16:19 that is the heliosphere and this system
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 of how the corona turns into the
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 heliosphere is what punch is trying to
00:16:23 --> 00:16:27 study so punch is fundamentally four
00:16:27 --> 00:16:29 cameras that work together to make
00:16:29 --> 00:16:33 composite movies we have a narrow field
00:16:33 --> 00:16:35 imager that views the space close to the
00:16:35 --> 00:16:37 Sun and then we have three separate
00:16:37 --> 00:16:39 Widefield imagers Each of which has a
00:16:39 --> 00:16:42 large squarish field of view that looks
00:16:42 --> 00:16:45 way off to the side out to 45° away from
00:16:45 --> 00:16:47 the Sun that allows us to do something
00:16:48 --> 00:16:49 that no other Mission has been able to
00:16:49 --> 00:16:52 do which is routinely track coronal mass
00:16:52 --> 00:16:54 ejections space storms all the way
00:16:55 --> 00:16:56 across the solar system as they approach
00:16:56 --> 00:16:59 the Earth by better understanding these
00:16:59 --> 00:17:02 storms and better understanding how they
00:17:02 --> 00:17:03 propagate on their way to the Earth
00:17:03 --> 00:17:06 will'll be able to inform our partners
00:17:06 --> 00:17:08 on how to better forecast these events
00:17:08 --> 00:17:10 in the future and that's really
00:17:10 --> 00:17:13 important for protecting our astronauts
00:17:13 --> 00:17:16 our satellites and our power grids once
00:17:16 --> 00:17:18 we start producing images you'll be able
00:17:18 --> 00:17:21 to look at punch data directly and see
00:17:21 --> 00:17:22 the kind of science we're engaged in
00:17:22 --> 00:17:24 you'll be able to see things that are
00:17:24 --> 00:17:27 present in the sky right now and you
00:17:27 --> 00:17:28 just you're not aware of them because
00:17:28 --> 00:17:30 they're washed out by the the brightness
00:17:30 --> 00:17:34 of the sky itself we are poised to do
00:17:34 --> 00:17:36 tremendous science with punch because it
00:17:36 --> 00:17:39 provides This Global context of what is
00:17:39 --> 00:17:40 happening in the Corona and what is
00:17:40 --> 00:17:43 happening throughout the inner solar
00:17:43 --> 00:17:45 system so that we can connect the
00:17:45 --> 00:17:47 details to the bigger picture you might
00:17:47 --> 00:17:49 say that punch is the next chapter in
00:17:49 --> 00:17:52 the study of heliophysics as we bring
00:17:52 --> 00:17:55 Imaging and cross scale understanding
00:17:55 --> 00:17:58 out so that we can develop a coherent
00:17:58 --> 00:18:00 understanding in of the entire system
00:18:00 --> 00:18:02 that starts at the Corona and extends
00:18:02 --> 00:18:06 out to envelop the planets
00:18:06 --> 00:18:08 themselves and in that report from NASA
00:18:08 --> 00:18:10 TV we heard from punch Mission scientist
00:18:10 --> 00:18:13 nicolene viol from NASA's Godard space
00:18:13 --> 00:18:15 flight center in Greenbelt Maryland and
00:18:15 --> 00:18:16 punch principal investigator Craig
00:18:16 --> 00:18:18 DeForest from the southwest Research
00:18:18 --> 00:18:22 Institute in San Antonio Texas this is
00:18:22 --> 00:18:26 spacetime still to come 128 new moons
00:18:26 --> 00:18:28 discovered orbiting Saturn and later in
00:18:28 --> 00:18:30 the sunm sence report a new study warns
00:18:30 --> 00:18:33 that by the year 2030 the average
00:18:33 --> 00:18:35 Australian diet will include far less
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 fruit and a lot more junk food all that
00:18:37 --> 00:18:54 and more still to come on
00:18:54 --> 00:18:56 SpaceTime astronomers have just found an
00:18:56 --> 00:18:59 additional 128 moons orbiting the ringed
00:18:59 --> 00:19:01 world of Saturn the new discoveries
00:19:01 --> 00:19:03 bring the saturnian systems total
00:19:03 --> 00:19:05 confirmed count of moons to
00:19:05 --> 00:19:08 274 and that compares to Jupiter which
00:19:08 --> 00:19:10 is 95 at least that we know of
00:19:11 --> 00:19:12 astronomers from Taiwan Canada the
00:19:12 --> 00:19:14 United States and France made the
00:19:14 --> 00:19:16 discovery using the Canada France Hawaii
00:19:16 --> 00:19:18 telescope back in
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 2023 however the new finds weren't
00:19:20 --> 00:19:21 officially recognized by the
00:19:21 --> 00:19:23 international astronomical Union the
00:19:23 --> 00:19:26 official governing body until now the
00:19:26 --> 00:19:27 discovery has been reported on the
00:19:27 --> 00:19:30 pre-press physics website archive.org
00:19:30 --> 00:19:32 and it's been submitted for publication
00:19:32 --> 00:19:34 in the planetary science journal
00:19:34 --> 00:19:36 Saturn's moons range ins size from the
00:19:36 --> 00:19:38 giant moon Titan which is larger than
00:19:38 --> 00:19:40 the planet Mercury right down to small
00:19:40 --> 00:19:42 Frozen space rocks the size of a
00:19:42 --> 00:19:44 football field these new discoveries are
00:19:44 --> 00:19:47 all tiny potato-shaped moonlets each
00:19:47 --> 00:19:49 just a few kilometers wide and they're
00:19:49 --> 00:19:50 within a range of orbits within the
00:19:51 --> 00:19:53 so-called Norse group now these are
00:19:53 --> 00:19:55 moons that orbit in a retrograde
00:19:55 --> 00:19:57 direction that is orbiting opposite to
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 the direction of the planet spe and
00:19:59 --> 00:20:00 they're on inclined angles and highly
00:20:00 --> 00:20:03 elliptical paths all well beyond s's
00:20:03 --> 00:20:05 Rings the authors think they're all
00:20:05 --> 00:20:06 likely to be fragments of a number of
00:20:06 --> 00:20:08 smaller captured moons caught by
00:20:08 --> 00:20:10 Saturn's gravity early in the solar
00:20:10 --> 00:20:12 systems history these moons were later
00:20:12 --> 00:20:15 broken apart through violent collisions
00:20:15 --> 00:20:17 either with other saturnia moons or with
00:20:17 --> 00:20:20 passing comets this is spacetime
00:20:20 --> 00:20:36 [Music]
00:20:36 --> 00:20:37 and time now for another quick look at
00:20:37 --> 00:20:39 some of the other stories making news
00:20:39 --> 00:20:41 and science this week with a science
00:20:41 --> 00:20:43 report a new study suggests that both
00:20:43 --> 00:20:46 starting and quitting drinking booze has
00:20:46 --> 00:20:48 effects on cholesterol levels a report
00:20:48 --> 00:20:50 in the Journal of the American Medical
00:20:50 --> 00:20:53 Association looked at 58 people
00:20:53 --> 00:20:54 going for their annual Health checkups
00:20:55 --> 00:20:56 finding that those who had stopped
00:20:56 --> 00:20:58 drinking alcohol end up having higher
00:20:58 --> 00:21:00 level levels of low density lipoproteins
00:21:00 --> 00:21:02 that's the bad cholesterol and lower
00:21:02 --> 00:21:04 levels of high density lipoprotein the
00:21:04 --> 00:21:06 good cholesterol compared to people who
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 continue to drink and the authors also
00:21:08 --> 00:21:10 found the opposite when people started
00:21:10 --> 00:21:12 drinking with these cholesterol level
00:21:12 --> 00:21:14 changes being more pronounced at higher
00:21:14 --> 00:21:16 levels of consumption while this kind of
00:21:16 --> 00:21:19 study can't directly prove that alcohol
00:21:19 --> 00:21:21 was key factor in these changes it does
00:21:21 --> 00:21:23 suggest that alcohol drinking habits
00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 should be investigated when managing
00:21:25 --> 00:21:28 someone's cholesterol levels
00:21:28 --> 00:21:30 a new study has found that crocodiles in
00:21:30 --> 00:21:32 Australia's top end are eating nine
00:21:32 --> 00:21:34 times more now than what they did back
00:21:34 --> 00:21:35 in the
00:21:35 --> 00:21:37 1970s a report in the journal the
00:21:37 --> 00:21:40 proceedings of the raw Society B suggest
00:21:40 --> 00:21:41 that Crocs are dining on increasing
00:21:42 --> 00:21:43 numbers of feral pigs and water buffalo
00:21:43 --> 00:21:45 roaming the region which spans the
00:21:45 --> 00:21:47 Northern parts of Western Australia
00:21:47 --> 00:21:50 Queensland and the Northern Territory
00:21:50 --> 00:21:51 this means that the Predators are
00:21:51 --> 00:21:53 helping to keep the pest population
00:21:53 --> 00:21:55 under control the authors looked at the
00:21:55 --> 00:21:57 food intake of crocodiles across
00:21:57 --> 00:21:59 Northern Australia over 50-year period
00:21:59 --> 00:22:01 during which time the population
00:22:01 --> 00:22:03 increased from just a few thousand to
00:22:03 --> 00:22:06 well over a 100 today they found
00:22:06 --> 00:22:08 that the crocodile population's annual
00:22:08 --> 00:22:10 prey consumption increased 9fold Between
00:22:10 --> 00:22:14 1979 and 2019 and they shifted from
00:22:14 --> 00:22:16 eating aquatic prey to eating more land
00:22:16 --> 00:22:18 animals the authors say this suggests
00:22:18 --> 00:22:20 that crocodiles could be hoping to put
00:22:20 --> 00:22:22 pressure on invasive feral animals such
00:22:22 --> 00:22:25 as pigs and Asian water
00:22:25 --> 00:22:27 buffalos a new study warns that by the
00:22:27 --> 00:22:29 year 23 30 and remember that's just 5
00:22:29 --> 00:22:31 years Away the Australian diet will
00:22:31 --> 00:22:34 include a lot less fruit and way more
00:22:34 --> 00:22:36 junk food a report in the Australian and
00:22:36 --> 00:22:38 New Zealand Journal of Public Health
00:22:38 --> 00:22:40 looked at the diets of more than
00:22:40 --> 00:22:43 275 Australian adults over a 9-year
00:22:43 --> 00:22:45 period tracking current diets and
00:22:45 --> 00:22:47 predicting future Trends the
00:22:47 --> 00:22:48 participants were asked to report their
00:22:48 --> 00:22:51 usual intake of core foods such as
00:22:51 --> 00:22:53 fruits vegetables grains meats and dairy
00:22:53 --> 00:22:54 as well as any meat and dairy
00:22:54 --> 00:22:56 Alternatives and junk foods such as
00:22:56 --> 00:22:58 cakes cookies candies conf
00:22:58 --> 00:23:01 takeaways savy p and pasties sugar
00:23:01 --> 00:23:04 sweetened Beverages and alcohol based on
00:23:04 --> 00:23:06 the surveys Trends the authors then
00:23:06 --> 00:23:08 predicted what the Australian diet may
00:23:08 --> 00:23:11 look like in 2030 they say that by then
00:23:11 --> 00:23:14 fruit Intex expected to decrease by
00:23:14 --> 00:23:16 99.7% and discretionary food intake in
00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 other words junk food will increase by
00:23:18 --> 00:23:20 an incredible
00:23:20 --> 00:23:22 18.3% the only good news is that
00:23:22 --> 00:23:24 vegetable intakes expected to remain
00:23:24 --> 00:23:26 fairly stable although that's already
00:23:26 --> 00:23:29 well short of national targets
00:23:29 --> 00:23:32 it's been a busy week in Technology News
00:23:32 --> 00:23:34 Palestinian terrorists working through
00:23:34 --> 00:23:36 servers in the Ukraine have launched a
00:23:36 --> 00:23:38 Cyber attack on the social media Network
00:23:38 --> 00:23:40 X formerly known as Twitter and warnings
00:23:40 --> 00:23:42 have been issued about an update to some
00:23:42 --> 00:23:44 Google pixel phones that can cause their
00:23:44 --> 00:23:47 batteries to explode with the details of
00:23:47 --> 00:23:48 these stories and more we're joined by
00:23:48 --> 00:23:51 technology editor Alex saharov Roy from
00:23:51 --> 00:23:53 Tech advice start life the X outage I
00:23:53 --> 00:23:55 noticed that Pages weren't loading X's
00:23:55 --> 00:23:57 slow to react when you push the like
00:23:57 --> 00:23:59 button it's claimed that these attacks
00:23:59 --> 00:24:02 came via the Ukraine Palestinians using
00:24:02 --> 00:24:05 vpns to appear as they're coming via the
00:24:05 --> 00:24:07 Ukraine now of course with Ukraine you
00:24:07 --> 00:24:09 know it wouldn't make sense for them to
00:24:09 --> 00:24:11 want to upset Elon or Trump saying as
00:24:11 --> 00:24:12 they're trying to get a good deal out of
00:24:12 --> 00:24:15 the US but the reality is that the
00:24:15 --> 00:24:17 network was taken down and I found that
00:24:17 --> 00:24:19 I had to use a VPN connected through to
00:24:19 --> 00:24:21 the US to be able to get service it
00:24:21 --> 00:24:24 lasted a couple of hours it sort of
00:24:24 --> 00:24:25 seemed to come and go and come and go
00:24:25 --> 00:24:27 the next day there seemed to be some
00:24:27 --> 00:24:30 sort of residual yeah I the other big
00:24:30 --> 00:24:31 issue was Google yeah look there was a
00:24:32 --> 00:24:35 problem with the the pixel 4 or 4 a
00:24:35 --> 00:24:37 battery and this is already an older
00:24:37 --> 00:24:39 phone I mean it was sold 3 or 4 years
00:24:39 --> 00:24:40 ago and there was an update that was
00:24:40 --> 00:24:42 meant to fix the battery life issue but
00:24:42 --> 00:24:43 people were noticing that the battery
00:24:43 --> 00:24:45 was dying very quickly and was
00:24:45 --> 00:24:47 overheating and it's now being recalled
00:24:47 --> 00:24:48 I mean it's very rare for that sort of
00:24:48 --> 00:24:49 thing to happen the last time we saw
00:24:49 --> 00:24:51 that was with the Galaxy Note 7
00:24:51 --> 00:24:53 batteries are also in the spotlight
00:24:53 --> 00:24:55 because of course Australia had the big
00:24:55 --> 00:24:57 now X Cyclone Alfred which was predicted
00:24:57 --> 00:24:59 to cause all sorts of chaos and uh
00:24:59 --> 00:25:02 Mayhem and 300 homes were blacked
00:25:02 --> 00:25:04 out as a result yeah they were and of
00:25:04 --> 00:25:06 course if you are without power for
00:25:06 --> 00:25:08 several days I mean what do you do well
00:25:08 --> 00:25:11 on your phone most of them have a
00:25:11 --> 00:25:13 battery saving mode now on a Samsung
00:25:13 --> 00:25:15 Galaxy s25 Ultra I would notice that
00:25:15 --> 00:25:18 with about 93% I would have 3 and a half
00:25:18 --> 00:25:19 or 4 days worth of power if I did
00:25:19 --> 00:25:21 nothing with the phone and if I put
00:25:21 --> 00:25:23 power saving mode on I would have closer
00:25:23 --> 00:25:25 to 6 days over 5 days and several hours
00:25:25 --> 00:25:27 worth of power again if I did nothing
00:25:27 --> 00:25:28 with the phone but it achiev that by
00:25:28 --> 00:25:31 putting the screen ref refresh rate down
00:25:31 --> 00:25:33 to 60 HZ it would cut the CPU speed down
00:25:33 --> 00:25:35 to 70% it would turn various things off
00:25:35 --> 00:25:37 and this could definitely extend your
00:25:37 --> 00:25:39 lifespan but also on Modern phones you
00:25:39 --> 00:25:42 are able to set your maximum charge to
00:25:42 --> 00:25:46 80% 80 85 90 95 100 and people say don't
00:25:46 --> 00:25:48 charge your phone more than 80% and once
00:25:49 --> 00:25:51 it hits 20% start to charge it and this
00:25:51 --> 00:25:53 is done to stop the battery from wearing
00:25:53 --> 00:25:56 out faster with the old nickel cadmium
00:25:56 --> 00:25:57 batteries there was a memory effect if
00:25:57 --> 00:25:59 you charged it before it was fully
00:26:00 --> 00:26:01 discharged and if you charged it to full
00:26:01 --> 00:26:03 but you were charging it to at 80%
00:26:03 --> 00:26:04 because you wanted to give it a charge
00:26:04 --> 00:26:06 eventually you would have a battery
00:26:06 --> 00:26:07 Effect memory effect where it would
00:26:07 --> 00:26:09 remember and would lose capacity modern
00:26:09 --> 00:26:11 smartphones don't work in the same way
00:26:11 --> 00:26:13 as such but they can lose their life and
00:26:13 --> 00:26:15 we all know that after a couple of years
00:26:15 --> 00:26:16 two or three years our phones are no
00:26:16 --> 00:26:18 longer holding as much charge as they
00:26:18 --> 00:26:20 once did and one other big issue was a
00:26:20 --> 00:26:22 new update for Apple so there's updates
00:26:22 --> 00:26:24 for the iPad the iPhone and the mac and
00:26:24 --> 00:26:27 these were designed to close down a very
00:26:27 --> 00:26:31 sophisticate ated attack on the sandbox
00:26:31 --> 00:26:33 for the Safari web browser so normally
00:26:33 --> 00:26:36 when code is run from the internet fire
00:26:36 --> 00:26:38 web page it stays within a protected
00:26:38 --> 00:26:39 space that cannot get out to the rest of
00:26:39 --> 00:26:41 the operating system and in this case
00:26:41 --> 00:26:42 hackers figured out how to do that and
00:26:42 --> 00:26:44 that was for very targeted attacks
00:26:44 --> 00:26:46 against effectively Freedom Fighters
00:26:46 --> 00:26:47 people who are against certain
00:26:47 --> 00:26:49 governments and communicating on phones
00:26:49 --> 00:26:51 I think are secure and yet the hackers
00:26:51 --> 00:26:53 find some sort of way in now this sort
00:26:53 --> 00:26:55 of attack has been done in the past and
00:26:55 --> 00:26:57 there is no effective antivirus that you
00:26:57 --> 00:27:00 can really get for Apple's iPhones and
00:27:00 --> 00:27:03 iPads you can buy antivirus for Macs but
00:27:03 --> 00:27:05 Apple itself is the security provider so
00:27:05 --> 00:27:07 they issue a security update and there
00:27:08 --> 00:27:10 are no major features this time but uh
00:27:10 --> 00:27:11 the one feature is that it closes the
00:27:11 --> 00:27:13 security hole but the other big thing
00:27:13 --> 00:27:14 with Apple news is that there should be
00:27:14 --> 00:27:17 an entire redesign for iOS 19 which
00:27:17 --> 00:27:18 we'll see at the worldwide developer
00:27:18 --> 00:27:20 conference this year Apple has delayed
00:27:20 --> 00:27:21 some of its Apple intelligence or
00:27:21 --> 00:27:23 artificial intelligence features till
00:27:23 --> 00:27:25 iOS 19 perhaps even iOS 20 they're going
00:27:25 --> 00:27:27 to have to redesign Siri from scratch
00:27:27 --> 00:27:29 because if you have a large language
00:27:29 --> 00:27:31 model that acts upon private information
00:27:31 --> 00:27:33 inside of apps and then does actions on
00:27:33 --> 00:27:34 your behalf these large language models
00:27:34 --> 00:27:36 can be attacked and they can be hacked
00:27:36 --> 00:27:38 and so Apple has to really redesign it
00:27:38 --> 00:27:41 to be able to fully say its systems are
00:27:41 --> 00:27:43 as private as Apple claims so expect big
00:27:43 --> 00:27:45 changes for the iPhone operating system
00:27:45 --> 00:27:47 the iPad operating system don't know if
00:27:47 --> 00:27:48 the Mac will change it as well but it'll
00:27:48 --> 00:27:51 be based upon the vision OS with round
00:27:51 --> 00:27:53 circular icons and other translucent
00:27:53 --> 00:27:55 menus and this whole look and feel that
00:27:55 --> 00:27:57 will be something that will be a sight
00:27:57 --> 00:27:59 to all expected to see it from the
00:27:59 --> 00:28:01 middle of this year that's Alex saharov
00:28:01 --> 00:28:05 Roy from take advice.
00:28:05 --> 00:28:18 [Music]
00:28:18 --> 00:28:21 life and that's the show for now
00:28:21 --> 00:28:23 SpaceTime is available every Monday
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00:29:13 --> 00:29:15 been listening to SpaceTime with Stuart
00:29:15 --> 00:29:17 Gary this has been another quality
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