00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 28 episode 34
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 19th of March
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 2025 coming up on space time could
00:00:09 --> 00:00:12 Supernova have triggered at least two of
00:00:12 --> 00:00:14 Earth's mass extinction events NASA
00:00:14 --> 00:00:16 launches its latest Stella mapping
00:00:16 --> 00:00:18 mission to study the Galaxy and
00:00:18 --> 00:00:21 astronomers discover 128 new moons
00:00:21 --> 00:00:24 orbiting the ringed world of Saturn all
00:00:24 --> 00:00:27 that and more coming up on
00:00:27 --> 00:00:30 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime time with
00:00:30 --> 00:00:33 Stuart
00:00:33 --> 00:00:40 [Music]
00:00:46 --> 00:00:49 Gary a new study suggests that nearby
00:00:49 --> 00:00:51 exploding Stars known as Supernova may
00:00:51 --> 00:00:53 have been violent enough and close
00:00:53 --> 00:00:55 enough to have triggered at least two of
00:00:55 --> 00:00:58 Earth's known mass extinction events
00:00:58 --> 00:01:01 Supernova occur when massive stars reach
00:01:01 --> 00:01:03 the end of their lives run out of fuel
00:01:03 --> 00:01:05 and then collapse under the pressure of
00:01:05 --> 00:01:07 their own immense gravity there have
00:01:07 --> 00:01:09 been five mass extinction events on
00:01:09 --> 00:01:11 planet Earth with a sixth currently
00:01:12 --> 00:01:14 underway the previous five include the
00:01:14 --> 00:01:17 end Dev visan 444 million years ago
00:01:17 --> 00:01:19 which wiped out between 60 and 86% of
00:01:19 --> 00:01:22 all life on Earth it was thought to have
00:01:22 --> 00:01:24 been caused by intense glacial and
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 interglacial periods creating large sea
00:01:26 --> 00:01:28 level swings which dramatically moved
00:01:28 --> 00:01:31 shorelines the tectonic uplift of the
00:01:31 --> 00:01:33 Appalachian Mountains during this period
00:01:33 --> 00:01:35 created extreme weathering sequestration
00:01:36 --> 00:01:38 of CO2 resulting in changes in climate
00:01:38 --> 00:01:39 nuran
00:01:39 --> 00:01:42 chemistry then there's the late dieran
00:01:42 --> 00:01:44 mass extinction event 360 million years
00:01:44 --> 00:01:47 ago it's thought to have cured about 70%
00:01:47 --> 00:01:49 of all life on Earth until now it was
00:01:49 --> 00:01:51 suspected to have been caused by the
00:01:51 --> 00:01:53 rapid growth and diversification of land
00:01:53 --> 00:01:56 plants which triggered severe global
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 warming the biggest was the N perian
00:01:58 --> 00:02:01 mass extinction event 250 million years
00:02:01 --> 00:02:03 ago it was the most devastating wiping
00:02:03 --> 00:02:07 out 96% of all life on Earth it's been
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 put down to intense volcanic activity in
00:02:09 --> 00:02:12 Siberia resulting in the Siberian traps
00:02:12 --> 00:02:15 they cause global warming and elevated
00:02:15 --> 00:02:16 carbon dioxide and sofa levels from
00:02:16 --> 00:02:18 these volcanoes then caused massive
00:02:18 --> 00:02:21 ocean acidification as well as acid rain
00:02:21 --> 00:02:24 and other changes to Ocean and land
00:02:24 --> 00:02:27 chemistry next came the N Triassic mass
00:02:27 --> 00:02:29 extinction event 200 million years ago
00:02:29 --> 00:02:32 it killed off about 80% of all life on
00:02:32 --> 00:02:33 Earth and is thought to have been caused
00:02:33 --> 00:02:35 by Massive underwater volcanic activity
00:02:35 --> 00:02:37 in the central Atlantic magmatic
00:02:37 --> 00:02:39 Province resulting in global warming and
00:02:39 --> 00:02:41 a dramatic change in the chemical
00:02:41 --> 00:02:42 composition of the
00:02:42 --> 00:02:44 oceans of course the one most people
00:02:44 --> 00:02:46 know about is the end Cretaceous mass
00:02:47 --> 00:02:49 extinction event 66 million years ago
00:02:49 --> 00:02:52 also known as the Katy boundary event it
00:02:52 --> 00:02:55 wiped out 76% of all life on Earth
00:02:55 --> 00:02:58 including all the non-avian dinosaurs it
00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 was caused by the impact of a 10 km wide
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 asteroid slamming into what is now
00:03:02 --> 00:03:05 Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula that
00:03:05 --> 00:03:06 triggered a global cataclysm with
00:03:06 --> 00:03:09 intense volcanic activity tectonic
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 uplift and Rapid impact winter cooling
00:03:11 --> 00:03:13 from ejected debris and from the global
00:03:13 --> 00:03:16 fires they started and finally we have
00:03:16 --> 00:03:18 the anthropos or Holocene mass
00:03:18 --> 00:03:20 extinction event which we're currently
00:03:20 --> 00:03:22 going through at the moment it's been
00:03:22 --> 00:03:25 caused by human activity studies show
00:03:25 --> 00:03:27 carrent Extinction rates are up to a
00:03:27 --> 00:03:29 thousand times higher than natural
00:03:29 --> 00:03:31 background rates and they're
00:03:31 --> 00:03:33 accelerating now scientists are
00:03:33 --> 00:03:35 suggesting that both the devonian and or
00:03:35 --> 00:03:37 viian mass extinction events May
00:03:37 --> 00:03:40 actually been caused by Supernova these
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 Stellar explosions are caused by the
00:03:42 --> 00:03:45 deaths of massive stars in this case
00:03:45 --> 00:03:47 Stars close enough and powerful enough
00:03:47 --> 00:03:49 to strip the Earth's atmosphere of its
00:03:49 --> 00:03:52 ozone triggering acid rain and exposing
00:03:52 --> 00:03:54 life to harmful Ultra volet radiation
00:03:54 --> 00:03:57 from the Sun the new study reported in
00:03:57 --> 00:03:58 the monthly notices of the Royal
00:03:58 --> 00:04:00 Astronomical Society found that the rate
00:04:00 --> 00:04:03 of supernova occurring near our planet
00:04:03 --> 00:04:05 is consistent with the timings of both
00:04:05 --> 00:04:07 mass extinctions the authors claim it's
00:04:07 --> 00:04:09 a great illustration of how massive
00:04:09 --> 00:04:11 stars can act both as creators and
00:04:11 --> 00:04:14 destructors of life that's because
00:04:14 --> 00:04:16 Supernova are also known to spread the
00:04:16 --> 00:04:17 heavy elements that help form and
00:04:17 --> 00:04:20 support life Across the Universe well at
00:04:20 --> 00:04:22 least here on Earth as that's the only
00:04:22 --> 00:04:24 life we know of for sure the study's
00:04:24 --> 00:04:26 lead author Alexis Quintana from Kill
00:04:26 --> 00:04:29 University says supern no bring heavy
00:04:29 --> 00:04:31 elements in into the interstellar medium
00:04:31 --> 00:04:33 which can then be used to form new stars
00:04:33 --> 00:04:35 and planets however if a planet
00:04:35 --> 00:04:37 including the Earth is located too close
00:04:37 --> 00:04:38 to one of these events it can have
00:04:38 --> 00:04:41 devastating effects quintan and
00:04:41 --> 00:04:43 colleagues reach their findings after
00:04:43 --> 00:04:45 carrying out a sensus of massive starts
00:04:45 --> 00:04:47 within a kilo paric of the sun that's
00:04:47 --> 00:04:50 around 3 Li years they were studying
00:04:50 --> 00:04:52 the distribution of these massive stars
00:04:52 --> 00:04:54 known as OB blue stars in order to learn
00:04:54 --> 00:04:56 more about how star clusters and
00:04:56 --> 00:04:58 galaxies form and the rates at which
00:04:58 --> 00:05:01 these stars form in our galaxy OB blue
00:05:01 --> 00:05:04 stars are sort of like the James Dean of
00:05:04 --> 00:05:06 the Stellar world they're very bright
00:05:06 --> 00:05:09 live fast and die young so it's a way of
00:05:09 --> 00:05:11 knowing just how often these OB blue
00:05:11 --> 00:05:13 stars are formed the census allowed the
00:05:13 --> 00:05:15 authors to calculate the rate at which
00:05:15 --> 00:05:17 Supernova occur within the Galaxy and
00:05:17 --> 00:05:19 that's important both for the
00:05:19 --> 00:05:20 observations of supernova and the
00:05:20 --> 00:05:22 production of supernova remnants as well
00:05:22 --> 00:05:24 as massive Stellar remnants such as
00:05:24 --> 00:05:27 black holes and neutron stars the data
00:05:27 --> 00:05:28 will also help develop the next
00:05:29 --> 00:05:30 generation of gravitational wave
00:05:30 --> 00:05:33 detectors Quintana and colleagues
00:05:33 --> 00:05:35 calculate the Supernova rate within 20
00:05:35 --> 00:05:38 parex of the sun approximately 65 light
00:05:38 --> 00:05:40 years and then compared this with the
00:05:40 --> 00:05:41 approximate rate of mass extinction
00:05:41 --> 00:05:44 events on Earth they then excluded
00:05:44 --> 00:05:46 Extinction events linked to other known
00:05:46 --> 00:05:48 factors such as the asteroid impact 66
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 million years ago as well as massive
00:05:50 --> 00:05:53 tectonic uphs and ice ages now comparing
00:05:53 --> 00:05:55 these data sets the authors found their
00:05:55 --> 00:05:57 research best fitted the idea that a
00:05:57 --> 00:05:59 supera explosion could have been
00:05:59 --> 00:06:01 responsible for both the late devonian
00:06:01 --> 00:06:04 and late orishan Extinction events they
00:06:04 --> 00:06:06 found that the calculated rate of nearby
00:06:06 --> 00:06:09 Supernova was consistent with the rate
00:06:09 --> 00:06:11 of mass extinction events astronomers
00:06:11 --> 00:06:14 believe around one or two Supernova
00:06:14 --> 00:06:15 explode within the Milky Way galaxy
00:06:15 --> 00:06:17 every Century at the moment there are
00:06:17 --> 00:06:20 just two nearby stars at least that we
00:06:20 --> 00:06:22 know of which are likely to go supernova
00:06:22 --> 00:06:25 in the near future now astronomically
00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 speaking that means it could be tomorrow
00:06:27 --> 00:06:29 or it could be in a million years time
00:06:29 --> 00:06:33 those two stars are antaris and blear
00:06:33 --> 00:06:35 but the good news is both are more than
00:06:35 --> 00:06:39 500 light years away this is spacetime
00:06:39 --> 00:06:41 still to come NASA launches its latest
00:06:41 --> 00:06:43 Stellar mapping mission to study the
00:06:43 --> 00:06:46 Galaxy and astronomers discover 128 new
00:06:46 --> 00:06:48 moons orbiting the ringed world of
00:06:48 --> 00:06:50 Saturn that brings Saturn's total
00:06:50 --> 00:06:52 counter moons to
00:06:52 --> 00:06:55 274 all that and more still to come on
00:06:55 --> 00:07:03 SpaceTime
00:07:03 --> 00:07:11 [Music]
00:07:11 --> 00:07:13 NASA has successfully launched its new
00:07:13 --> 00:07:16 spheric Stellar mapping Mission spheric
00:07:16 --> 00:07:18 stands for Spectra photometer for the
00:07:18 --> 00:07:19 history of the universe Epoch of
00:07:19 --> 00:07:22 reionization and Isis Explorer
00:07:22 --> 00:07:24 spacecraft now one of they call it
00:07:24 --> 00:07:26 spherex the orbiting Observatory will
00:07:26 --> 00:07:29 map the entire Celestial Sky four times
00:07:29 --> 00:07:31 over a 2-year period in the process
00:07:31 --> 00:07:33 creating a detailed three-dimensional
00:07:33 --> 00:07:38 map of over 450 million galaxies spheric
00:07:38 --> 00:07:40 works by detecting infrared light
00:07:40 --> 00:07:41 emitted from warm objects including
00:07:42 --> 00:07:44 stars and galaxies using a technique
00:07:44 --> 00:07:46 called spectroscopy spheric will
00:07:46 --> 00:07:48 separate the infrared light emitted by
00:07:48 --> 00:07:50 hundreds of millions of stars and
00:07:50 --> 00:07:53 galaxies into 102 individual color bands
00:07:53 --> 00:07:55 in the same way a prism will split
00:07:55 --> 00:07:57 sunlight into a rainbow observing these
00:07:57 --> 00:07:59 Spectra separately will allow sence
00:07:59 --> 00:08:01 scientist to reveal various properties
00:08:01 --> 00:08:03 of the objects emitting that light and
00:08:03 --> 00:08:04 the material the lights passing through
00:08:04 --> 00:08:06 to reach the spectrograph and this
00:08:07 --> 00:08:09 includes the composition and in the case
00:08:09 --> 00:08:11 of galaxies their distance from the
00:08:11 --> 00:08:14 earth no other all Sky survey will have
00:08:14 --> 00:08:15 performed spectroscopy in C many
00:08:15 --> 00:08:18 wavelengths or on so many sources the
00:08:18 --> 00:08:20 mission's all Sky spectroscopic map can
00:08:20 --> 00:08:22 then be used for a wide variety of
00:08:22 --> 00:08:24 scientific investigations including
00:08:24 --> 00:08:25 looking at the mystery of cosmic
00:08:25 --> 00:08:27 inflation that's the phenomenon which
00:08:27 --> 00:08:29 caused the universe to suddenly EXP had
00:08:29 --> 00:08:31 a trillion trillion fold in the first
00:08:31 --> 00:08:33 fraction of a second after the big bang
00:08:33 --> 00:08:36 13.8 billion years ago see it's only by
00:08:36 --> 00:08:38 such Cosmic expansion that we can
00:08:38 --> 00:08:40 explain why the universe looks the same
00:08:40 --> 00:08:43 in all directions so this nearly
00:08:43 --> 00:08:45 instantaneous event left an impression
00:08:45 --> 00:08:47 on the large scale distribution of
00:08:47 --> 00:08:49 matter right across the universe the
00:08:49 --> 00:08:50 mission will map the distribution of
00:08:50 --> 00:08:53 more than 450 million galaxies thereby
00:08:53 --> 00:08:55 improving astronomer's understanding of
00:08:55 --> 00:08:58 the physics behind Cosmic inflation
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 spher X will also measure the total glow
00:09:00 --> 00:09:01 of all galaxies including ones that
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 other telescopes can't easily detect
00:09:04 --> 00:09:06 when combined with studies of individual
00:09:06 --> 00:09:08 galaxies by other telescopes the
00:09:08 --> 00:09:10 measurements of this overall glow will
00:09:10 --> 00:09:12 allow a more complete picture of how the
00:09:12 --> 00:09:14 light output of galaxies has changed
00:09:14 --> 00:09:17 over the history of the universe at the
00:09:17 --> 00:09:19 same time the spectroscopy will allow
00:09:19 --> 00:09:21 spherics to seek out frozen water carbon
00:09:21 --> 00:09:23 dioxide and other key ingredients for
00:09:23 --> 00:09:25 Life the mission will provide an
00:09:25 --> 00:09:27 unprecedented survey of the location and
00:09:27 --> 00:09:29 abundance of these icy compounds across
00:09:29 --> 00:09:31 the Milky Way galaxy thereby giving
00:09:31 --> 00:09:33 astronomers a better insight into the
00:09:33 --> 00:09:35 interstellar chemistry which set the
00:09:35 --> 00:09:38 stage for life to develop this report
00:09:38 --> 00:09:42 from NASA TV spherix is NASA's latest
00:09:42 --> 00:09:44 Explorer mission in astrophysics it's a
00:09:45 --> 00:09:47 small telescope but it has this unique
00:09:47 --> 00:09:48 and Powerful capability of doing
00:09:48 --> 00:09:51 spectroscopy everywhere we are going to
00:09:51 --> 00:09:53 survey the entire celestial sphere and
00:09:53 --> 00:09:56 collect a data set that will help us
00:09:56 --> 00:09:58 answer three fundamental science
00:09:58 --> 00:10:00 questions it's going to tell us about
00:10:00 --> 00:10:03 the origin of the universe the birth and
00:10:03 --> 00:10:05 formation history of galaxies and the
00:10:05 --> 00:10:08 abundance of essential molecules such as
00:10:08 --> 00:10:11 water in the early stages of star and
00:10:11 --> 00:10:13 Planet formation the great thing about
00:10:13 --> 00:10:17 SPX is not only will we view the entire
00:10:17 --> 00:10:19 Sky four times but we will see it in
00:10:19 --> 00:10:22 nearly 100 near infrared colors and
00:10:22 --> 00:10:25 that's really never been done
00:10:25 --> 00:10:28 before according to our current
00:10:28 --> 00:10:29 understanding of the universe we we
00:10:29 --> 00:10:32 think that in the very earliest times
00:10:32 --> 00:10:34 and I'm talking here a fraction of a
00:10:34 --> 00:10:36 second uh much less than a nanc the
00:10:36 --> 00:10:38 universe appeared to have gone through
00:10:38 --> 00:10:41 an accelerating expansion called
00:10:41 --> 00:10:43 inflation and this is really a a
00:10:43 --> 00:10:46 profound idea and we're very interested
00:10:46 --> 00:10:49 to to test it and so one way to do this
00:10:49 --> 00:10:52 is to look at how matter is distributed
00:10:52 --> 00:10:54 over the universe we want to map
00:10:54 --> 00:10:56 hundreds of millions of galaxies in
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 three dimensions what spheric does in
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 addition to mapping out all these
00:11:00 --> 00:11:02 galaxies is we cover the whole sky so we
00:11:03 --> 00:11:05 can measure these galaxies over the
00:11:05 --> 00:11:06 largest part of you know range we can
00:11:06 --> 00:11:08 see which is the entire sky and we want
00:11:08 --> 00:11:10 to cover the full range of distances
00:11:10 --> 00:11:13 from today to as far back as we we can
00:11:13 --> 00:11:16 see we know there are about 100 billion
00:11:16 --> 00:11:19 galaxies in the universe maybe more but
00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 we still don't have a good understanding
00:11:21 --> 00:11:24 how these galaxies came to be did they
00:11:24 --> 00:11:26 all form at the same time did they
00:11:26 --> 00:11:28 change in size and Luminosity or
00:11:28 --> 00:11:31 brightness over time so the intent with
00:11:31 --> 00:11:34 sphex is for us to figure out the
00:11:34 --> 00:11:36 formation history of galaxies where do
00:11:36 --> 00:11:38 they exactly form and how do they grow
00:11:38 --> 00:11:41 over Cosmic time and that information is
00:11:41 --> 00:11:43 crucial for us because that will allow
00:11:43 --> 00:11:47 us to separate various theories we right
00:11:47 --> 00:11:49 have right now on the formation and
00:11:49 --> 00:11:51 growth of
00:11:51 --> 00:11:55 galaxies every day we all pick up a
00:11:55 --> 00:11:58 bottle of water and we drink it without
00:11:58 --> 00:11:59 thinking
00:11:59 --> 00:12:03 but to scientists we still don't
00:12:03 --> 00:12:07 understand how this water arrived at
00:12:07 --> 00:12:10 Earth where was it Formed how did it get
00:12:10 --> 00:12:12 here and this is an area uh in which
00:12:13 --> 00:12:16 sphx will make major strides water
00:12:16 --> 00:12:19 molecules Bounce Around in interstellar
00:12:19 --> 00:12:23 space and every once in a while they
00:12:23 --> 00:12:27 will impact a small dust grain when a
00:12:27 --> 00:12:29 water molecule collides with one of
00:12:29 --> 00:12:33 these dust grains it freezes on the
00:12:33 --> 00:12:35 surface it doesn't leave the surface and
00:12:35 --> 00:12:37 these ice covered dust grains
00:12:37 --> 00:12:41 participate in the collapse to form
00:12:41 --> 00:12:44 regions where new planets are formed
00:12:44 --> 00:12:47 sphx for the first time will allow us to
00:12:47 --> 00:12:50 directly measure not just the location
00:12:50 --> 00:12:52 of these key ingredients but the
00:12:52 --> 00:12:55 abundances of these key
00:12:55 --> 00:12:58 ingredients we expect to have um Spectra
00:12:58 --> 00:13:01 of of order half a billion galaxies
00:13:01 --> 00:13:04 hundreds of millions of stars we will
00:13:04 --> 00:13:07 really see anything that is observable
00:13:07 --> 00:13:09 in your infrared and that's a lot of
00:13:09 --> 00:13:12 things and so we can expect some
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 exciting and unusual discoveries that
00:13:14 --> 00:13:16 come from this and in that report from
00:13:16 --> 00:13:18 NASA TV we heard from spheric principal
00:13:18 --> 00:13:21 investigator Jamie bck from NASA's JPL
00:13:21 --> 00:13:23 CTIC spheric Deputy project manager Beth
00:13:23 --> 00:13:26 fabinski also from NASA JPL SPX Galaxy
00:13:26 --> 00:13:29 formation lead santha curri from the the
00:13:29 --> 00:13:31 University of California Irvine and
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 spheric Interstellar Isis lead Gary
00:13:33 --> 00:13:35 milck from the Harvard Smithsonian
00:13:35 --> 00:13:37 Center for
00:13:37 --> 00:13:39 astrophysics meanwhile sharing the
00:13:39 --> 00:13:41 spherix ride aboard the SpaceX Falcon 9
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 rocket from launch complex 4 East at the
00:13:43 --> 00:13:45 venberg space for spacing California was
00:13:45 --> 00:13:49 NASA's punch Mission punch the polar to
00:13:49 --> 00:13:51 unify the Corona and heliosphere is a
00:13:51 --> 00:13:53 constellation of four small suitcas size
00:13:53 --> 00:13:56 spacecraft designed to map the region
00:13:56 --> 00:13:57 where the sun's outer atmosphere the
00:13:57 --> 00:14:00 corona transition to the solar wind
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 that's the constant stream of charged
00:14:02 --> 00:14:04 particles flowing out from the Sun both
00:14:04 --> 00:14:07 spheric and punch are flying in Sun's
00:14:07 --> 00:14:08 synchronous low earth orbits where their
00:14:08 --> 00:14:10 positions relative to the sun Remains
00:14:10 --> 00:14:12 the Same throughout the year each
00:14:12 --> 00:14:15 98-minute orbit will allow spheric to
00:14:15 --> 00:14:19 view a 360° strip of the celestial Sky
00:14:19 --> 00:14:20 now as Earth orbits around the Sun that
00:14:21 --> 00:14:23 strip slowly advances enabling spherex
00:14:23 --> 00:14:26 to image almost the entire Sky every 6
00:14:26 --> 00:14:28 months now as for the punch Mission will
00:14:28 --> 00:14:30 its orbit provides a clear view in all
00:14:30 --> 00:14:32 directions around the Sun during its
00:14:32 --> 00:14:34 2-year primary Mission punch principal
00:14:34 --> 00:14:36 investigator Craig DeForest from the
00:14:36 --> 00:14:38 southwest Research Institute in San
00:14:38 --> 00:14:40 Antonio Texas says that to get the data
00:14:40 --> 00:14:42 he needs scientists really needed to
00:14:42 --> 00:14:44 create an instrument as large as the
00:14:44 --> 00:14:46 Earth itself but because that's
00:14:46 --> 00:14:48 impossible instead they developed four
00:14:48 --> 00:14:50 small suitcase siiz spacecraft
00:14:50 --> 00:14:52 synchronized to orbit around the entire
00:14:52 --> 00:14:54 planet creating a virtual instrument
00:14:54 --> 00:14:57 13 km across and that lets
00:14:57 --> 00:14:59 astronomers look up to 45 Dees from the
00:14:59 --> 00:15:02 Sun in all directions all the time one
00:15:02 --> 00:15:04 satellite carries a chronograph the
00:15:04 --> 00:15:05 narrow field imager that watches the
00:15:05 --> 00:15:08 sun's chrona continuously and the other
00:15:08 --> 00:15:10 three carry wide field images designed
00:15:10 --> 00:15:12 to view the very faint ous portion of
00:15:12 --> 00:15:14 the solar Corona as well as the solar
00:15:14 --> 00:15:17 winds punch will also track space
00:15:17 --> 00:15:19 weather events such as solar flares and
00:15:19 --> 00:15:21 konal mass ejections as they travel
00:15:21 --> 00:15:23 across the solar system it will be the
00:15:23 --> 00:15:24 first to be able to do it in three
00:15:24 --> 00:15:27 dimensions each spacecraft includes a
00:15:27 --> 00:15:28 camera capable of collecting three Raw
00:15:29 --> 00:15:30 images through three different
00:15:30 --> 00:15:32 polarizing filters every 4 minutes and
00:15:32 --> 00:15:34 these will then be combined to produce a
00:15:34 --> 00:15:36 clear unpolarized image every 8 minutes
00:15:36 --> 00:15:39 for calibration the images allow
00:15:39 --> 00:15:40 scientists to discern the exact
00:15:40 --> 00:15:42 trajectory and speed of coronal mass
00:15:42 --> 00:15:44 ejections as they move through the inner
00:15:44 --> 00:15:46 solar system thereby improving on
00:15:46 --> 00:15:47 current instruments that only measure
00:15:47 --> 00:15:50 the coroner itself and don't routinely
00:15:50 --> 00:15:53 exploit the polarization of light this
00:15:53 --> 00:15:57 report from NASA TV punch is an acronym
00:15:57 --> 00:16:00 it stands for polarimeter to unify the
00:16:00 --> 00:16:03 Corona and heliosphere the corona is the
00:16:03 --> 00:16:04 outer atmosphere of the sun it's the
00:16:05 --> 00:16:07 part that is no longer gravitationally
00:16:07 --> 00:16:09 bound to the sun and it has so much
00:16:09 --> 00:16:11 energy that it flows outwards filling
00:16:11 --> 00:16:14 our solar system and pushes against the
00:16:14 --> 00:16:16 interstellar medium making a bubble and
00:16:16 --> 00:16:19 that is the heliosphere and this system
00:16:19 --> 00:16:21 of how the corona turns into the
00:16:21 --> 00:16:23 heliosphere is what punch is trying to
00:16:23 --> 00:16:27 study so punch is fundamentally four
00:16:27 --> 00:16:29 cameras that work together to make
00:16:29 --> 00:16:33 composite movies we have a narrow field
00:16:33 --> 00:16:35 imager that views the space close to the
00:16:35 --> 00:16:37 Sun and then we have three separate
00:16:37 --> 00:16:39 Widefield imagers Each of which has a
00:16:39 --> 00:16:42 large squarish field of view that looks
00:16:42 --> 00:16:45 way off to the side out to 45° away from
00:16:45 --> 00:16:47 the Sun that allows us to do something
00:16:48 --> 00:16:49 that no other Mission has been able to
00:16:49 --> 00:16:52 do which is routinely track coronal mass
00:16:52 --> 00:16:54 ejections space storms all the way
00:16:55 --> 00:16:56 across the solar system as they approach
00:16:56 --> 00:16:59 the Earth by better understanding these
00:16:59 --> 00:17:02 storms and better understanding how they
00:17:02 --> 00:17:03 propagate on their way to the Earth
00:17:03 --> 00:17:06 will'll be able to inform our partners
00:17:06 --> 00:17:08 on how to better forecast these events
00:17:08 --> 00:17:10 in the future and that's really
00:17:10 --> 00:17:13 important for protecting our astronauts
00:17:13 --> 00:17:16 our satellites and our power grids once
00:17:16 --> 00:17:18 we start producing images you'll be able
00:17:18 --> 00:17:21 to look at punch data directly and see
00:17:21 --> 00:17:22 the kind of science we're engaged in
00:17:22 --> 00:17:24 you'll be able to see things that are
00:17:24 --> 00:17:27 present in the sky right now and you
00:17:27 --> 00:17:28 just you're not aware of them because
00:17:28 --> 00:17:30 they're washed out by the the brightness
00:17:30 --> 00:17:34 of the sky itself we are poised to do
00:17:34 --> 00:17:36 tremendous science with punch because it
00:17:36 --> 00:17:39 provides This Global context of what is
00:17:39 --> 00:17:40 happening in the Corona and what is
00:17:40 --> 00:17:43 happening throughout the inner solar
00:17:43 --> 00:17:45 system so that we can connect the
00:17:45 --> 00:17:47 details to the bigger picture you might
00:17:47 --> 00:17:49 say that punch is the next chapter in
00:17:49 --> 00:17:52 the study of heliophysics as we bring
00:17:52 --> 00:17:55 Imaging and cross scale understanding
00:17:55 --> 00:17:58 out so that we can develop a coherent
00:17:58 --> 00:18:00 understanding in of the entire system
00:18:00 --> 00:18:02 that starts at the Corona and extends
00:18:02 --> 00:18:06 out to envelop the planets
00:18:06 --> 00:18:08 themselves and in that report from NASA
00:18:08 --> 00:18:10 TV we heard from punch Mission scientist
00:18:10 --> 00:18:13 nicolene viol from NASA's Godard space
00:18:13 --> 00:18:15 flight center in Greenbelt Maryland and
00:18:15 --> 00:18:16 punch principal investigator Craig
00:18:16 --> 00:18:18 DeForest from the southwest Research
00:18:18 --> 00:18:22 Institute in San Antonio Texas this is
00:18:22 --> 00:18:26 spacetime still to come 128 new moons
00:18:26 --> 00:18:28 discovered orbiting Saturn and later in
00:18:28 --> 00:18:30 the sunm sence report a new study warns
00:18:30 --> 00:18:33 that by the year 2030 the average
00:18:33 --> 00:18:35 Australian diet will include far less
00:18:35 --> 00:18:37 fruit and a lot more junk food all that
00:18:37 --> 00:18:54 and more still to come on
00:18:54 --> 00:18:56 SpaceTime astronomers have just found an
00:18:56 --> 00:18:59 additional 128 moons orbiting the ringed
00:18:59 --> 00:19:01 world of Saturn the new discoveries
00:19:01 --> 00:19:03 bring the saturnian systems total
00:19:03 --> 00:19:05 confirmed count of moons to
00:19:05 --> 00:19:08 274 and that compares to Jupiter which
00:19:08 --> 00:19:10 is 95 at least that we know of
00:19:11 --> 00:19:12 astronomers from Taiwan Canada the
00:19:12 --> 00:19:14 United States and France made the
00:19:14 --> 00:19:16 discovery using the Canada France Hawaii
00:19:16 --> 00:19:18 telescope back in
00:19:18 --> 00:19:20 2023 however the new finds weren't
00:19:20 --> 00:19:21 officially recognized by the
00:19:21 --> 00:19:23 international astronomical Union the
00:19:23 --> 00:19:26 official governing body until now the
00:19:26 --> 00:19:27 discovery has been reported on the
00:19:27 --> 00:19:30 pre-press physics website archive.org
00:19:30 --> 00:19:32 and it's been submitted for publication
00:19:32 --> 00:19:34 in the planetary science journal
00:19:34 --> 00:19:36 Saturn's moons range ins size from the
00:19:36 --> 00:19:38 giant moon Titan which is larger than
00:19:38 --> 00:19:40 the planet Mercury right down to small
00:19:40 --> 00:19:42 Frozen space rocks the size of a
00:19:42 --> 00:19:44 football field these new discoveries are
00:19:44 --> 00:19:47 all tiny potato-shaped moonlets each
00:19:47 --> 00:19:49 just a few kilometers wide and they're
00:19:49 --> 00:19:50 within a range of orbits within the
00:19:51 --> 00:19:53 so-called Norse group now these are
00:19:53 --> 00:19:55 moons that orbit in a retrograde
00:19:55 --> 00:19:57 direction that is orbiting opposite to
00:19:57 --> 00:19:59 the direction of the planet spe and
00:19:59 --> 00:20:00 they're on inclined angles and highly
00:20:00 --> 00:20:03 elliptical paths all well beyond s's
00:20:03 --> 00:20:05 Rings the authors think they're all
00:20:05 --> 00:20:06 likely to be fragments of a number of
00:20:06 --> 00:20:08 smaller captured moons caught by
00:20:08 --> 00:20:10 Saturn's gravity early in the solar
00:20:10 --> 00:20:12 systems history these moons were later
00:20:12 --> 00:20:15 broken apart through violent collisions
00:20:15 --> 00:20:17 either with other saturnia moons or with
00:20:17 --> 00:20:20 passing comets this is spacetime
00:20:20 --> 00:20:36 [Music]
00:20:36 --> 00:20:37 and time now for another quick look at
00:20:37 --> 00:20:39 some of the other stories making news
00:20:39 --> 00:20:41 and science this week with a science
00:20:41 --> 00:20:43 report a new study suggests that both
00:20:43 --> 00:20:46 starting and quitting drinking booze has
00:20:46 --> 00:20:48 effects on cholesterol levels a report
00:20:48 --> 00:20:50 in the Journal of the American Medical
00:20:50 --> 00:20:53 Association looked at 58 people
00:20:53 --> 00:20:54 going for their annual Health checkups
00:20:55 --> 00:20:56 finding that those who had stopped
00:20:56 --> 00:20:58 drinking alcohol end up having higher
00:20:58 --> 00:21:00 level levels of low density lipoproteins
00:21:00 --> 00:21:02 that's the bad cholesterol and lower
00:21:02 --> 00:21:04 levels of high density lipoprotein the
00:21:04 --> 00:21:06 good cholesterol compared to people who
00:21:06 --> 00:21:08 continue to drink and the authors also
00:21:08 --> 00:21:10 found the opposite when people started
00:21:10 --> 00:21:12 drinking with these cholesterol level
00:21:12 --> 00:21:14 changes being more pronounced at higher
00:21:14 --> 00:21:16 levels of consumption while this kind of
00:21:16 --> 00:21:19 study can't directly prove that alcohol
00:21:19 --> 00:21:21 was key factor in these changes it does
00:21:21 --> 00:21:23 suggest that alcohol drinking habits
00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 should be investigated when managing
00:21:25 --> 00:21:28 someone's cholesterol levels
00:21:28 --> 00:21:30 a new study has found that crocodiles in
00:21:30 --> 00:21:32 Australia's top end are eating nine
00:21:32 --> 00:21:34 times more now than what they did back
00:21:34 --> 00:21:35 in the
00:21:35 --> 00:21:37 1970s a report in the journal the
00:21:37 --> 00:21:40 proceedings of the raw Society B suggest
00:21:40 --> 00:21:41 that Crocs are dining on increasing
00:21:42 --> 00:21:43 numbers of feral pigs and water buffalo
00:21:43 --> 00:21:45 roaming the region which spans the
00:21:45 --> 00:21:47 Northern parts of Western Australia
00:21:47 --> 00:21:50 Queensland and the Northern Territory
00:21:50 --> 00:21:51 this means that the Predators are
00:21:51 --> 00:21:53 helping to keep the pest population
00:21:53 --> 00:21:55 under control the authors looked at the
00:21:55 --> 00:21:57 food intake of crocodiles across
00:21:57 --> 00:21:59 Northern Australia over 50-year period
00:21:59 --> 00:22:01 during which time the population
00:22:01 --> 00:22:03 increased from just a few thousand to
00:22:03 --> 00:22:06 well over a 100 today they found
00:22:06 --> 00:22:08 that the crocodile population's annual
00:22:08 --> 00:22:10 prey consumption increased 9fold Between
00:22:10 --> 00:22:14 1979 and 2019 and they shifted from
00:22:14 --> 00:22:16 eating aquatic prey to eating more land
00:22:16 --> 00:22:18 animals the authors say this suggests
00:22:18 --> 00:22:20 that crocodiles could be hoping to put
00:22:20 --> 00:22:22 pressure on invasive feral animals such
00:22:22 --> 00:22:25 as pigs and Asian water
00:22:25 --> 00:22:27 buffalos a new study warns that by the
00:22:27 --> 00:22:29 year 23 30 and remember that's just 5
00:22:29 --> 00:22:31 years Away the Australian diet will
00:22:31 --> 00:22:34 include a lot less fruit and way more
00:22:34 --> 00:22:36 junk food a report in the Australian and
00:22:36 --> 00:22:38 New Zealand Journal of Public Health
00:22:38 --> 00:22:40 looked at the diets of more than
00:22:40 --> 00:22:43 275 Australian adults over a 9-year
00:22:43 --> 00:22:45 period tracking current diets and
00:22:45 --> 00:22:47 predicting future Trends the
00:22:47 --> 00:22:48 participants were asked to report their
00:22:48 --> 00:22:51 usual intake of core foods such as
00:22:51 --> 00:22:53 fruits vegetables grains meats and dairy
00:22:53 --> 00:22:54 as well as any meat and dairy
00:22:54 --> 00:22:56 Alternatives and junk foods such as
00:22:56 --> 00:22:58 cakes cookies candies conf
00:22:58 --> 00:23:01 takeaways savy p and pasties sugar
00:23:01 --> 00:23:04 sweetened Beverages and alcohol based on
00:23:04 --> 00:23:06 the surveys Trends the authors then
00:23:06 --> 00:23:08 predicted what the Australian diet may
00:23:08 --> 00:23:11 look like in 2030 they say that by then
00:23:11 --> 00:23:14 fruit Intex expected to decrease by
00:23:14 --> 00:23:16 99.7% and discretionary food intake in
00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 other words junk food will increase by
00:23:18 --> 00:23:20 an incredible
00:23:20 --> 00:23:22 18.3% the only good news is that
00:23:22 --> 00:23:24 vegetable intakes expected to remain
00:23:24 --> 00:23:26 fairly stable although that's already
00:23:26 --> 00:23:29 well short of national targets
00:23:29 --> 00:23:32 it's been a busy week in Technology News
00:23:32 --> 00:23:34 Palestinian terrorists working through
00:23:34 --> 00:23:36 servers in the Ukraine have launched a
00:23:36 --> 00:23:38 Cyber attack on the social media Network
00:23:38 --> 00:23:40 X formerly known as Twitter and warnings
00:23:40 --> 00:23:42 have been issued about an update to some
00:23:42 --> 00:23:44 Google pixel phones that can cause their
00:23:44 --> 00:23:47 batteries to explode with the details of
00:23:47 --> 00:23:48 these stories and more we're joined by
00:23:48 --> 00:23:51 technology editor Alex saharov Roy from
00:23:51 --> 00:23:53 Tech advice start life the X outage I
00:23:53 --> 00:23:55 noticed that Pages weren't loading X's
00:23:55 --> 00:23:57 slow to react when you push the like
00:23:57 --> 00:23:59 button it's claimed that these attacks
00:23:59 --> 00:24:02 came via the Ukraine Palestinians using
00:24:02 --> 00:24:05 vpns to appear as they're coming via the
00:24:05 --> 00:24:07 Ukraine now of course with Ukraine you
00:24:07 --> 00:24:09 know it wouldn't make sense for them to
00:24:09 --> 00:24:11 want to upset Elon or Trump saying as
00:24:11 --> 00:24:12 they're trying to get a good deal out of
00:24:12 --> 00:24:15 the US but the reality is that the
00:24:15 --> 00:24:17 network was taken down and I found that
00:24:17 --> 00:24:19 I had to use a VPN connected through to
00:24:19 --> 00:24:21 the US to be able to get service it
00:24:21 --> 00:24:24 lasted a couple of hours it sort of
00:24:24 --> 00:24:25 seemed to come and go and come and go
00:24:25 --> 00:24:27 the next day there seemed to be some
00:24:27 --> 00:24:30 sort of residual yeah I the other big
00:24:30 --> 00:24:31 issue was Google yeah look there was a
00:24:32 --> 00:24:35 problem with the the pixel 4 or 4 a
00:24:35 --> 00:24:37 battery and this is already an older
00:24:37 --> 00:24:39 phone I mean it was sold 3 or 4 years
00:24:39 --> 00:24:40 ago and there was an update that was
00:24:40 --> 00:24:42 meant to fix the battery life issue but
00:24:42 --> 00:24:43 people were noticing that the battery
00:24:43 --> 00:24:45 was dying very quickly and was
00:24:45 --> 00:24:47 overheating and it's now being recalled
00:24:47 --> 00:24:48 I mean it's very rare for that sort of
00:24:48 --> 00:24:49 thing to happen the last time we saw
00:24:49 --> 00:24:51 that was with the Galaxy Note 7
00:24:51 --> 00:24:53 batteries are also in the spotlight
00:24:53 --> 00:24:55 because of course Australia had the big
00:24:55 --> 00:24:57 now X Cyclone Alfred which was predicted
00:24:57 --> 00:24:59 to cause all sorts of chaos and uh
00:24:59 --> 00:25:02 Mayhem and 300 homes were blacked
00:25:02 --> 00:25:04 out as a result yeah they were and of
00:25:04 --> 00:25:06 course if you are without power for
00:25:06 --> 00:25:08 several days I mean what do you do well
00:25:08 --> 00:25:11 on your phone most of them have a
00:25:11 --> 00:25:13 battery saving mode now on a Samsung
00:25:13 --> 00:25:15 Galaxy s25 Ultra I would notice that
00:25:15 --> 00:25:18 with about 93% I would have 3 and a half
00:25:18 --> 00:25:19 or 4 days worth of power if I did
00:25:19 --> 00:25:21 nothing with the phone and if I put
00:25:21 --> 00:25:23 power saving mode on I would have closer
00:25:23 --> 00:25:25 to 6 days over 5 days and several hours
00:25:25 --> 00:25:27 worth of power again if I did nothing
00:25:27 --> 00:25:28 with the phone but it achiev that by
00:25:28 --> 00:25:31 putting the screen ref refresh rate down
00:25:31 --> 00:25:33 to 60 HZ it would cut the CPU speed down
00:25:33 --> 00:25:35 to 70% it would turn various things off
00:25:35 --> 00:25:37 and this could definitely extend your
00:25:37 --> 00:25:39 lifespan but also on Modern phones you
00:25:39 --> 00:25:42 are able to set your maximum charge to
00:25:42 --> 00:25:46 80% 80 85 90 95 100 and people say don't
00:25:46 --> 00:25:48 charge your phone more than 80% and once
00:25:49 --> 00:25:51 it hits 20% start to charge it and this
00:25:51 --> 00:25:53 is done to stop the battery from wearing
00:25:53 --> 00:25:56 out faster with the old nickel cadmium
00:25:56 --> 00:25:57 batteries there was a memory effect if
00:25:57 --> 00:25:59 you charged it before it was fully
00:26:00 --> 00:26:01 discharged and if you charged it to full
00:26:01 --> 00:26:03 but you were charging it to at 80%
00:26:03 --> 00:26:04 because you wanted to give it a charge
00:26:04 --> 00:26:06 eventually you would have a battery
00:26:06 --> 00:26:07 Effect memory effect where it would
00:26:07 --> 00:26:09 remember and would lose capacity modern
00:26:09 --> 00:26:11 smartphones don't work in the same way
00:26:11 --> 00:26:13 as such but they can lose their life and
00:26:13 --> 00:26:15 we all know that after a couple of years
00:26:15 --> 00:26:16 two or three years our phones are no
00:26:16 --> 00:26:18 longer holding as much charge as they
00:26:18 --> 00:26:20 once did and one other big issue was a
00:26:20 --> 00:26:22 new update for Apple so there's updates
00:26:22 --> 00:26:24 for the iPad the iPhone and the mac and
00:26:24 --> 00:26:27 these were designed to close down a very
00:26:27 --> 00:26:31 sophisticate ated attack on the sandbox
00:26:31 --> 00:26:33 for the Safari web browser so normally
00:26:33 --> 00:26:36 when code is run from the internet fire
00:26:36 --> 00:26:38 web page it stays within a protected
00:26:38 --> 00:26:39 space that cannot get out to the rest of
00:26:39 --> 00:26:41 the operating system and in this case
00:26:41 --> 00:26:42 hackers figured out how to do that and
00:26:42 --> 00:26:44 that was for very targeted attacks
00:26:44 --> 00:26:46 against effectively Freedom Fighters
00:26:46 --> 00:26:47 people who are against certain
00:26:47 --> 00:26:49 governments and communicating on phones
00:26:49 --> 00:26:51 I think are secure and yet the hackers
00:26:51 --> 00:26:53 find some sort of way in now this sort
00:26:53 --> 00:26:55 of attack has been done in the past and
00:26:55 --> 00:26:57 there is no effective antivirus that you
00:26:57 --> 00:27:00 can really get for Apple's iPhones and
00:27:00 --> 00:27:03 iPads you can buy antivirus for Macs but
00:27:03 --> 00:27:05 Apple itself is the security provider so
00:27:05 --> 00:27:07 they issue a security update and there
00:27:08 --> 00:27:10 are no major features this time but uh
00:27:10 --> 00:27:11 the one feature is that it closes the
00:27:11 --> 00:27:13 security hole but the other big thing
00:27:13 --> 00:27:14 with Apple news is that there should be
00:27:14 --> 00:27:17 an entire redesign for iOS 19 which
00:27:17 --> 00:27:18 we'll see at the worldwide developer
00:27:18 --> 00:27:20 conference this year Apple has delayed
00:27:20 --> 00:27:21 some of its Apple intelligence or
00:27:21 --> 00:27:23 artificial intelligence features till
00:27:23 --> 00:27:25 iOS 19 perhaps even iOS 20 they're going
00:27:25 --> 00:27:27 to have to redesign Siri from scratch
00:27:27 --> 00:27:29 because if you have a large language
00:27:29 --> 00:27:31 model that acts upon private information
00:27:31 --> 00:27:33 inside of apps and then does actions on
00:27:33 --> 00:27:34 your behalf these large language models
00:27:34 --> 00:27:36 can be attacked and they can be hacked
00:27:36 --> 00:27:38 and so Apple has to really redesign it
00:27:38 --> 00:27:41 to be able to fully say its systems are
00:27:41 --> 00:27:43 as private as Apple claims so expect big
00:27:43 --> 00:27:45 changes for the iPhone operating system
00:27:45 --> 00:27:47 the iPad operating system don't know if
00:27:47 --> 00:27:48 the Mac will change it as well but it'll
00:27:48 --> 00:27:51 be based upon the vision OS with round
00:27:51 --> 00:27:53 circular icons and other translucent
00:27:53 --> 00:27:55 menus and this whole look and feel that
00:27:55 --> 00:27:57 will be something that will be a sight
00:27:57 --> 00:27:59 to all expected to see it from the
00:27:59 --> 00:28:01 middle of this year that's Alex saharov
00:28:01 --> 00:28:05 Roy from take advice.
00:28:05 --> 00:28:18 [Music]
00:28:18 --> 00:28:21 life and that's the show for now
00:28:21 --> 00:28:23 SpaceTime is available every Monday
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00:29:15 --> 00:29:17 Gary this has been another quality
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