SpaceTime Series 28 Episode 13
Mysteries of Water on Mars and the Origins of Earth's Moon
In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore groundbreaking discoveries about the history of water on Mars. New research reveals thousands of mounds on the Martian northern plains, rich in clay minerals, indicating that this area was once submerged under a vast ocean. These findings, reported in Nature Geoscience, suggest that the mounds preserve a complete geological history of water on Mars, making them prime targets for future exploration missions searching for signs of past life.
Could the Moon be a Piece of Earth?
We also delve into a fascinating study proposing that the Moon could have formed from material ejected from the Earth's mantle rather than from the impact of a Mars-sized body, as previously thought. This new hypothesis, based on isotopic similarities between Earth and Moon samples, offers fresh insights into the origins of our lunar companion and the potential pathways for water to have reached Earth.
Establishing a Permanent Presence on the Moon
Additionally, we discuss the challenges and innovations required to establish a permanent human presence on the Moon as part of NASA's Artemis program. From 3D printing to robotics and artificial intelligence, experts outline the critical technologies needed to build infrastructure on the lunar surface and the hurdles that must be overcome to make this ambitious goal a reality.
00:00 Space Time Series 28 Episode 13 for broadcast on 29 January 2025
00:49 New evidence of ancient water on Mars
06:15 Could the Moon be a chunk of Earth?
12:30 Challenges of establishing a permanent lunar base
18:00 ADHD diagnosis linked to shorter lifespans
22:45 Catastrophic coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef
27:00 Blue rings in trees linked to volcanic eruptions
30:15 Samsung's new AI smartphones
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✍️ Episode References
NASA
Nature Geoscience
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
University of Sydney
British Journal of Psychiatry
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry
Frontiers in Plant Science
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science
TechAdvice
Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support (https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-with-stuart-gary--2458531/support?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rss) .
Episode link: https://play.headliner.app/episode/25309410?utm_source=youtube
00:00:00 --> 00:00:03 this is spacetime series 28 episode 13
00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 for broadcast on the 29th of January
00:00:06 --> 00:00:09 2025 coming up on space Time Mystery
00:00:09 --> 00:00:11 Mounds revealing the history of water on
00:00:11 --> 00:00:13 the red planet Mars could the Earth's
00:00:14 --> 00:00:16 moon really be a chunk of the earth
00:00:16 --> 00:00:19 ejected into space and establishing a
00:00:19 --> 00:00:21 permanent presence on the lunar surface
00:00:21 --> 00:00:24 how hard could it be all that and more
00:00:24 --> 00:00:26 coming up on
00:00:26 --> 00:00:30 SpaceTime welcome to SpaceTime with st
00:00:30 --> 00:00:39 good
00:00:39 --> 00:00:45 [Music]
00:00:45 --> 00:00:48 Gary a new study has shown that
00:00:48 --> 00:00:49 thousands of mounds and hills on the
00:00:49 --> 00:00:51 baron Marsh and Northern Plains are full
00:00:51 --> 00:00:53 of clay minerals providing clear
00:00:53 --> 00:00:55 evidence that these rocks were once
00:00:55 --> 00:00:58 soaked with water the findings reported
00:00:58 --> 00:01:00 in the journal Nature geoscience
00:01:00 --> 00:01:01 supports the hypothesis that the
00:01:01 --> 00:01:04 expansive red planet Northern lowlands
00:01:04 --> 00:01:06 was once the floor of a vast Martian
00:01:06 --> 00:01:09 ocean one of the stud's authors Joe
00:01:09 --> 00:01:11 mcneel from the open University says
00:01:11 --> 00:01:13 these Mounds are all that's left of a
00:01:13 --> 00:01:15 landscape roughly the size of the UK
00:01:15 --> 00:01:18 that's been almost entirely eroded away
00:01:18 --> 00:01:19 McNeil and colleagues used
00:01:19 --> 00:01:21 highresolution images and compositional
00:01:21 --> 00:01:24 data captured by orbiters around Mars to
00:01:24 --> 00:01:26 better understand the geology of these
00:01:26 --> 00:01:28 Mounds they found that the Mounds which
00:01:28 --> 00:01:30 are up to half a kilometer High Are All
00:01:30 --> 00:01:32 That Remains of an ancient Highlands
00:01:32 --> 00:01:34 region which retreated by hundreds of
00:01:34 --> 00:01:36 kilometers after erosion wore away the
00:01:36 --> 00:01:39 terrain billions of years ago these
00:01:39 --> 00:01:41 actions played a key role in shaping the
00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 Martian landscape which divides the
00:01:43 --> 00:01:45 planet's low-lying Northern Hemisphere
00:01:45 --> 00:01:48 from its much higher southern hemisphere
00:01:48 --> 00:01:49 the Mounds are made up of layered
00:01:49 --> 00:01:51 deposits containing clay minerals formed
00:01:51 --> 00:01:53 through water interacting with rock over
00:01:53 --> 00:01:56 millions maybe billions of years these
00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 clay layers are sandwiched between older
00:01:58 --> 00:02:00 non-clay layers below and younger
00:02:00 --> 00:02:03 nonclay layers above marking distinct
00:02:03 --> 00:02:05 geological events in Martian history
00:02:05 --> 00:02:07 McNeil says the mounts are incredibly
00:02:07 --> 00:02:09 exciting because they preserve a
00:02:09 --> 00:02:11 complete history of water in this region
00:02:11 --> 00:02:12 with inaccessible continuous Rocky
00:02:12 --> 00:02:15 outcrops and that makes them a prime
00:02:15 --> 00:02:17 location for future missions aimed at
00:02:17 --> 00:02:19 uncovering whether Mars ever had an
00:02:19 --> 00:02:20 ocean and whether life could have
00:02:20 --> 00:02:23 existed there remember here on Earth
00:02:23 --> 00:02:26 wherever we find water we find life the
00:02:26 --> 00:02:28 study also reveals that these Mounds are
00:02:28 --> 00:02:30 geologically linked to the nearby by
00:02:30 --> 00:02:32 Plains of Aria Plum which the European
00:02:32 --> 00:02:34 Space Agency Rosland Franklin R is set
00:02:34 --> 00:02:37 to explore in 2028 looking for science
00:02:37 --> 00:02:40 of past and present Life by piecing
00:02:40 --> 00:02:41 together the red planet's ancient past
00:02:41 --> 00:02:43 scientists are uncovering the story of a
00:02:44 --> 00:02:45 planet that may once have been capable
00:02:45 --> 00:02:48 of supporting life in fact many
00:02:48 --> 00:02:50 scientists see Mars as a model for what
00:02:50 --> 00:02:52 the early Earth might have looked like
00:02:52 --> 00:02:54 and the lack of plate tectonics on Mars
00:02:54 --> 00:02:56 means that much of attention geology is
00:02:57 --> 00:03:00 still in place so by studying Mars we
00:03:00 --> 00:03:02 learn more about our own home planet as
00:03:02 --> 00:03:05 well this is spacetime still to come
00:03:05 --> 00:03:07 could the moon have been created by an
00:03:07 --> 00:03:09 ejected chunk of the earth and
00:03:09 --> 00:03:11 establishing a permanent man base on the
00:03:11 --> 00:03:14 moon how hard could it really be all
00:03:14 --> 00:03:19 that and more still to come on SpaceTime
00:03:19 --> 00:03:32 [Music]
00:03:32 --> 00:03:34 a new study claims that the moon was
00:03:34 --> 00:03:37 created out of the Earth's mantle the
00:03:37 --> 00:03:38 findings reported in the journal the
00:03:38 --> 00:03:40 proceedings of the National Academy of
00:03:40 --> 00:03:42 Sciences also supports the idea that
00:03:42 --> 00:03:43 water could have reached the Earth early
00:03:43 --> 00:03:45 in its development and may not have been
00:03:45 --> 00:03:48 added later by asteroid or Comet impacts
00:03:48 --> 00:03:50 evidence from Rock samples brought back
00:03:50 --> 00:03:52 by the American Apollo man moon missions
00:03:52 --> 00:03:55 and studies of early Earth geology both
00:03:55 --> 00:03:57 suggest the best hypothesis to explain
00:03:57 --> 00:03:59 the birth of Earth's moon 4.5 billion
00:03:59 --> 00:04:03 years ago was a giant impact now this
00:04:03 --> 00:04:05 Theory suggests that a mars-sized planet
00:04:05 --> 00:04:08 named Thea possibly even an earth Trojan
00:04:08 --> 00:04:10 slammed into the early Proto Earth about
00:04:10 --> 00:04:12 62 million years after the birth of the
00:04:12 --> 00:04:15 solar system 4.6 billion years ago the
00:04:16 --> 00:04:17 timing is based on measurements of
00:04:17 --> 00:04:20 tungsten Isotopes in lunar Metals this
00:04:20 --> 00:04:23 Cosmic Collision melted both bodies
00:04:23 --> 00:04:25 turning the lot into a giant magma ocean
00:04:25 --> 00:04:28 floating in space Thea's dense iron and
00:04:28 --> 00:04:30 nickel core coal with without of the
00:04:30 --> 00:04:33 earth now at the same time vaporized
00:04:33 --> 00:04:34 debris from the's lighter silicate
00:04:34 --> 00:04:36 mantle and crust together with material
00:04:36 --> 00:04:38 from the Earth was ejected into space
00:04:38 --> 00:04:40 eventually orbiting the Earth as a ring
00:04:40 --> 00:04:43 before slowly coalescing into the moon
00:04:43 --> 00:04:45 we see today being composed mostly of
00:04:45 --> 00:04:47 silicates neatly explains why the moon's
00:04:48 --> 00:04:51 not as dense as the Earth but now
00:04:51 --> 00:04:52 researchers have discovered another
00:04:52 --> 00:04:54 piece of the puzzle of formation of the
00:04:54 --> 00:04:56 Moon and also how water reached the
00:04:56 --> 00:04:58 Earth the new measurements indicate that
00:04:58 --> 00:05:00 the moon formed from Material ejected
00:05:00 --> 00:05:02 from the Earth's mantle with little
00:05:02 --> 00:05:04 contribution from Thea the authors
00:05:04 --> 00:05:07 analyzed oxygen Isotopes from 14 samples
00:05:07 --> 00:05:09 from the Moon and carried out 191
00:05:09 --> 00:05:11 measurements on minerals from Earth they
00:05:12 --> 00:05:14 used an improved version of laser flu
00:05:14 --> 00:05:16 oration a method in which Oxygen's
00:05:16 --> 00:05:18 released from Rock using a laser the new
00:05:18 --> 00:05:20 measurements show a very high similarity
00:05:21 --> 00:05:22 between samples taken from both the
00:05:22 --> 00:05:24 Earth and the moon of an isotope called
00:05:24 --> 00:05:27 oxygen 17 now the isotopic similarity
00:05:28 --> 00:05:29 between the Earth and Moon is along
00:05:29 --> 00:05:31 standing problem in cosmochemistry for
00:05:31 --> 00:05:34 which the term isotope crisis has been
00:05:34 --> 00:05:36 coined one of the study's authors
00:05:36 --> 00:05:39 Andreas pack from Gran University says
00:05:39 --> 00:05:41 one explanation is that Theo lost its
00:05:41 --> 00:05:43 Rocky mantle in earlier collisions and
00:05:43 --> 00:05:45 then slammed into the Earth more like a
00:05:45 --> 00:05:48 giant metallic Cannonball now if this
00:05:48 --> 00:05:50 were the case Thea would be part of the
00:05:50 --> 00:05:52 Earth's iron core today and the moon
00:05:52 --> 00:05:54 would have formed from ejected material
00:05:54 --> 00:05:57 from the Proto Earth's mantle Pac says
00:05:57 --> 00:05:58 this would explain the similarity in the
00:05:58 --> 00:06:00 composition of the Earth and the moon
00:06:01 --> 00:06:03 and the data obtained also provided an
00:06:03 --> 00:06:05 Insight in the history of water on Earth
00:06:05 --> 00:06:07 the widespread assumption is that it
00:06:07 --> 00:06:09 only arrived on Earth after the
00:06:09 --> 00:06:10 formation of the Moon most likely
00:06:10 --> 00:06:12 through a series of asteroid and Comet
00:06:12 --> 00:06:15 impacts known as the late veneer event
00:06:15 --> 00:06:16 as the Earth was hit much more
00:06:16 --> 00:06:18 frequently by these impacts in the moon
00:06:18 --> 00:06:19 there should also be a measurable
00:06:19 --> 00:06:21 difference between the oxygen Isotopes
00:06:21 --> 00:06:23 depending on the origins of the material
00:06:23 --> 00:06:26 that impacted however since the new data
00:06:26 --> 00:06:28 shows that this isn't the case many
00:06:28 --> 00:06:29 types of meteorites can have be ruled
00:06:30 --> 00:06:31 out as a possible cause for the late
00:06:31 --> 00:06:34 veneer instead the data can be explained
00:06:34 --> 00:06:36 by a class of meteorites called inati
00:06:36 --> 00:06:38 condres which are isotopically similar
00:06:38 --> 00:06:40 to the Earth and contain enough water to
00:06:40 --> 00:06:42 be solely responsible for the Earth's
00:06:42 --> 00:06:46 water formation this is spacetime still
00:06:46 --> 00:06:48 to come establishing a permanent
00:06:48 --> 00:06:50 presence on the moon how hard could it
00:06:50 --> 00:06:53 be and later in the science report a new
00:06:53 --> 00:06:55 study warns that Coral bleaching on the
00:06:55 --> 00:06:56 Great Barrier Reef has now reached
00:06:56 --> 00:06:59 catastrophic levels all that and more
00:06:59 --> 00:07:15 still to come come on
00:07:15 --> 00:07:18 SpaceTime nessa's emis program is aimed
00:07:18 --> 00:07:20 at returning humans to the lunar Surface
00:07:20 --> 00:07:21 after a break of more than half a
00:07:21 --> 00:07:24 century and this time maintaining a
00:07:24 --> 00:07:26 permanent presence there the idea is
00:07:26 --> 00:07:28 that eventually the moon will provide a
00:07:28 --> 00:07:31 jumping off point for man missions to
00:07:31 --> 00:07:33 Mars but building a permanent man base
00:07:33 --> 00:07:35 on the moon will involve lots of
00:07:35 --> 00:07:37 planning and lots of innovation
00:07:37 --> 00:07:39 establishing a Human Habitat on the
00:07:39 --> 00:07:41 lunar South Pole on an airless Dusty
00:07:41 --> 00:07:43 radiation soaked Rock thousands of
00:07:43 --> 00:07:45 kilometers from Earth is doable with
00:07:45 --> 00:07:47 today's technology but that doesn't mean
00:07:47 --> 00:07:49 it's going to be easy now a review of
00:07:49 --> 00:07:51 the plan by Concordia researchers
00:07:51 --> 00:07:53 reported in the journal progress in
00:07:53 --> 00:07:55 Aerospace science breaks down the many
00:07:55 --> 00:07:57 challenges of lunar based manufacturing
00:07:57 --> 00:07:59 construction which will be essential for
00:07:59 --> 00:08:01 a establishing a sustainable long-term
00:08:01 --> 00:08:03 lunar presence to establish the
00:08:03 --> 00:08:05 infrastructure needed to produce the
00:08:05 --> 00:08:07 essential tools structures and systems
00:08:07 --> 00:08:09 habitation on the moon will require
00:08:09 --> 00:08:12 three critical Technologies firstly
00:08:12 --> 00:08:14 there's 3D printing then there's
00:08:14 --> 00:08:16 extensive use of Robotics and finally
00:08:16 --> 00:08:18 lots of artificial intelligence to solve
00:08:18 --> 00:08:21 problems in new ways one of the
00:08:21 --> 00:08:23 studies's authors Kristoph skinski says
00:08:23 --> 00:08:25 these three Technologies working
00:08:25 --> 00:08:26 together offer the versatility
00:08:26 --> 00:08:28 adaptability and flexibility needed to
00:08:28 --> 00:08:31 respond to the challenges as they arise
00:08:31 --> 00:08:33 a 3D printer will be able to produce
00:08:33 --> 00:08:35 specialized parts and structures
00:08:35 --> 00:08:37 essential to building maintaining and
00:08:37 --> 00:08:39 repairing lunar infrastructure given the
00:08:39 --> 00:08:41 unique environment in which they'll be
00:08:41 --> 00:08:42 used many of the instruments will be
00:08:42 --> 00:08:44 equally unique in fact for everything
00:08:44 --> 00:08:46 that needs to be built on the moon it'll
00:08:46 --> 00:08:48 probably be the first time and it will
00:08:48 --> 00:08:50 need to be done based either on inputs
00:08:50 --> 00:08:51 from the crew on site or from
00:08:51 --> 00:08:53 Specialists on the earth who can beam up
00:08:53 --> 00:08:55 designs have the machines produce them
00:08:55 --> 00:08:57 while the astronauts are asleep the moon
00:08:58 --> 00:09:00 also has a critical natural source that
00:09:00 --> 00:09:02 can help cut down the total payload from
00:09:02 --> 00:09:04 Earth launch Supply missions namely the
00:09:04 --> 00:09:06 lunar regul the layer of fine but highly
00:09:07 --> 00:09:09 abrasive dust which covers the moon's
00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 surface and so there'll need to be a
00:09:11 --> 00:09:13 mobile 3D printing robot that uses a
00:09:13 --> 00:09:15 composite of space grade polymers known
00:09:15 --> 00:09:18 as polyether Ketone and a Luna dust
00:09:18 --> 00:09:20 simulant for on demand fabrication of
00:09:20 --> 00:09:23 complex geometries and of course regali
00:09:23 --> 00:09:24 has the additional benefit of being an
00:09:24 --> 00:09:26 effective barrier against solar
00:09:26 --> 00:09:28 radiation so using it in construction as
00:09:28 --> 00:09:31 a radi insulator layer would reduce the
00:09:31 --> 00:09:33 need to bring similar materials up from
00:09:33 --> 00:09:35 Earth the longer term challenge will be
00:09:36 --> 00:09:37 transitioning towards using local
00:09:37 --> 00:09:39 materials on the moon primarily not just
00:09:39 --> 00:09:42 as a filler but as the main ingredient
00:09:42 --> 00:09:44 however current solutions for this are
00:09:44 --> 00:09:46 all very energy intensive both the
00:09:46 --> 00:09:48 United States and China have stated
00:09:48 --> 00:09:50 their Ambitions to establish long-term
00:09:50 --> 00:09:52 presence on the Moon by the middle of
00:09:52 --> 00:09:55 the next decade gisi says the goals are
00:09:55 --> 00:09:57 feasible for similar and shorter
00:09:57 --> 00:09:58 duration missions along the lines of
00:09:58 --> 00:10:00 trips to the International Space Station
00:10:00 --> 00:10:03 or Antarctic research centers he says a
00:10:03 --> 00:10:05 longer term presence will present even
00:10:05 --> 00:10:07 more challenges especially regarding the
00:10:07 --> 00:10:09 effects extended duration has on human
00:10:09 --> 00:10:11 biology as well as legal issues around
00:10:11 --> 00:10:14 Luna territorial
00:10:14 --> 00:10:15 [Music]
00:10:15 --> 00:10:18 rights one of the challenging things
00:10:18 --> 00:10:20 about building on the moon is that you
00:10:20 --> 00:10:22 don't want to bring large infrastructure
00:10:22 --> 00:10:25 with you and it's also challenging to
00:10:25 --> 00:10:28 bring humans so ideally what you'd like
00:10:28 --> 00:10:31 to do is use small robots that can move
00:10:31 --> 00:10:34 around and do the building successful
00:10:34 --> 00:10:36 integration of Robotics additive
00:10:36 --> 00:10:38 manufacturing or 3D printing and AI is
00:10:38 --> 00:10:41 essential for lunar fabrication robotics
00:10:41 --> 00:10:43 help us to fabricate large scale Parts
00:10:43 --> 00:10:47 in harsh environments AI helps us to
00:10:47 --> 00:10:49 enhance decision making optimize the
00:10:49 --> 00:10:53 design and monitor the processes working
00:10:53 --> 00:10:56 on the moon is nasty business because
00:10:56 --> 00:10:58 you have to deal with the regolith that
00:10:58 --> 00:11:00 is there you have to deal with the
00:11:01 --> 00:11:02 temperature fluctuations the harsh
00:11:02 --> 00:11:05 vacuum environment and the reduced
00:11:05 --> 00:11:07 gravity and you have to get the
00:11:07 --> 00:11:09 materials there both your building
00:11:09 --> 00:11:11 materials and the Machinery to build it
00:11:11 --> 00:11:13 which is one of the most difficult and
00:11:13 --> 00:11:17 most expensive challenges lunar regolith
00:11:17 --> 00:11:21 is a nasty Jagged abrasive material
00:11:21 --> 00:11:22 which makes it difficult to work with
00:11:23 --> 00:11:26 and introduces engineering challenges to
00:11:26 --> 00:11:29 integrate into any process on the other
00:11:29 --> 00:11:32 hand and using the material is a great
00:11:32 --> 00:11:35 way to reduce the costs of exploration
00:11:35 --> 00:11:37 additive manufacturing whether it's on
00:11:37 --> 00:11:40 the moon or here on Earth is advancing
00:11:40 --> 00:11:43 rapidly and is enabling us to combine
00:11:43 --> 00:11:50 high-tech materials in very novel
00:11:50 --> 00:11:53 ways that's kristofh skiski and Muhammad
00:11:53 --> 00:11:55 aami from the Concord Institute for
00:11:55 --> 00:11:58 Aerospace design and Innovation and this
00:11:58 --> 00:11:59 is spacetime
00:11:59 --> 00:12:14 [Music]
00:12:14 --> 00:12:17 time and time now to take another brief
00:12:17 --> 00:12:18 look at some of the other stories making
00:12:18 --> 00:12:20 news in science this week with a science
00:12:20 --> 00:12:23 report a new study has warned that outs
00:12:23 --> 00:12:24 diagnosed with attention deficit
00:12:24 --> 00:12:27 hyperactivity disorder or ADHD may have
00:12:27 --> 00:12:30 shorter lifespans the findings reported
00:12:30 --> 00:12:32 in the British Journal of Psychiatry and
00:12:32 --> 00:12:35 Based on data from 3,29 adults across
00:12:35 --> 00:12:38 the UK who have all been diagnosed with
00:12:38 --> 00:12:41 ADHD they then compared this group with
00:12:41 --> 00:12:44 3 participants without ADHD who were
00:12:44 --> 00:12:47 matched by age sex and primary care
00:12:47 --> 00:12:49 practice the authors has found an
00:12:49 --> 00:12:51 apparent reduction in life expectancy
00:12:51 --> 00:12:53 for men with diagnosed ADHD of between 4
00:12:54 --> 00:12:56 and 1/2 and 9 years and between 6 and
00:12:56 --> 00:12:59 1/2 and 11 years for women more
00:12:59 --> 00:13:01 disturbingly the study also found that
00:13:01 --> 00:13:03 fewer than one in N adults with ADHD had
00:13:03 --> 00:13:05 actually been diagnosed meaning that
00:13:05 --> 00:13:07 only a fraction of the total population
00:13:07 --> 00:13:10 of adults with ADHD could be studied
00:13:10 --> 00:13:12 people with ADHD experience differences
00:13:12 --> 00:13:14 in the way they focus their attention
00:13:14 --> 00:13:16 they often have high energy and an
00:13:16 --> 00:13:17 ability to focus intensely on what
00:13:17 --> 00:13:20 interests them however they may find it
00:13:20 --> 00:13:22 difficult to focus on mundane tasks that
00:13:22 --> 00:13:24 can lead to more impulsiveness
00:13:24 --> 00:13:26 restlessness and differences in planning
00:13:26 --> 00:13:28 and time management and that makes it
00:13:28 --> 00:13:31 harder to succeed at school or at work
00:13:31 --> 00:13:33 leading to longer term
00:13:33 --> 00:13:35 challenges new research warns that the
00:13:35 --> 00:13:37 cycle of coral bleaching on the Great
00:13:37 --> 00:13:39 Barrier Reef has now reached
00:13:39 --> 00:13:41 catastrophic levels the study by
00:13:41 --> 00:13:43 scientists with the University of Sydney
00:13:43 --> 00:13:45 highlights the complex interplay between
00:13:45 --> 00:13:48 heat stress disease onset and coral
00:13:48 --> 00:13:51 mortality the authors found that 66% of
00:13:51 --> 00:13:53 the colonies were bleached by February
00:13:53 --> 00:13:57 2024 and 80% by April last year and by
00:13:57 --> 00:14:00 July they found that 40 4% of all bleach
00:14:00 --> 00:14:02 Coral colonies had
00:14:02 --> 00:14:05 died a new study has found that blue
00:14:05 --> 00:14:07 rings in the stems of trees and bushes
00:14:07 --> 00:14:09 in Norway could have been the result of
00:14:09 --> 00:14:11 volcanic eruptions in Central and South
00:14:11 --> 00:14:13 America a report in the journal
00:14:13 --> 00:14:15 Frontiers in plant science studied
00:14:15 --> 00:14:18 Norwegian pine trees and Juniper shrubs
00:14:18 --> 00:14:20 dying wood samples to reveal blue Rings
00:14:20 --> 00:14:22 which represent years when the plant
00:14:22 --> 00:14:24 didn't grow properly likely due to
00:14:24 --> 00:14:26 especially cold summer weather the
00:14:26 --> 00:14:28 authors found that across the plants
00:14:28 --> 00:14:30 they sampled Rings were most common from
00:14:30 --> 00:14:34 the years 1902 and 1877 with 96% of
00:14:34 --> 00:14:37 pines and 68% of juniper shrubs
00:14:37 --> 00:14:40 revealing blue Rings In 1902 and 84% of
00:14:40 --> 00:14:43 trees and 36% of shrubs in
00:14:43 --> 00:14:45 1877 they say previous research had
00:14:45 --> 00:14:47 already linked the cold 1902
00:14:47 --> 00:14:49 temperatures in Scandinavia to the
00:14:49 --> 00:14:51 volcanic eruption of Mount Pelle in the
00:14:51 --> 00:14:54 Caribbean and the cold summer of 1877
00:14:54 --> 00:14:57 aligns with the eruption of Cotopaxi in
00:14:57 --> 00:15:00 Ecuador well it's been a huge week in
00:15:00 --> 00:15:02 technology with Samsung releasing its
00:15:02 --> 00:15:04 new AI smartphones with the details
00:15:04 --> 00:15:06 we're joined by technology editor Alex
00:15:06 --> 00:15:09 saharov Roy from Tech advice. life yes
00:15:09 --> 00:15:11 well there's three models the s25 the
00:15:11 --> 00:15:15 s25 plus and the s25 ultra obviously the
00:15:15 --> 00:15:17 ultra is the most advanced model with
00:15:17 --> 00:15:19 the biggest screen and the best cameras
00:15:19 --> 00:15:20 and The Stylist but all of them have the
00:15:20 --> 00:15:24 Snapdragon 8 Elite for Galaxy so this is
00:15:24 --> 00:15:27 a specially fine-tuned processor they're
00:15:27 --> 00:15:29 talking about a boost of 40 % in the
00:15:29 --> 00:15:33 neural Processing Unit 37% in the CPU
00:15:34 --> 00:15:37 and 30% in the GPU compared to the s24
00:15:37 --> 00:15:40 generation and what Samsung is doing is
00:15:40 --> 00:15:42 they're promoting this as your AI
00:15:42 --> 00:15:44 companion so I've seen this phone of
00:15:44 --> 00:15:46 played with it at a special event for
00:15:46 --> 00:15:48 the media and you can talk to the phone
00:15:49 --> 00:15:50 like it was a human it's using Google
00:15:50 --> 00:15:53 Gemini so Bixby which was Samsung's
00:15:53 --> 00:15:55 previous AI system it's still there but
00:15:55 --> 00:15:57 it's no longer the prime AI companion
00:15:57 --> 00:15:59 it's now Gemini and you can talk to
00:15:59 --> 00:16:01 Gemini in the same way you can talk to
00:16:01 --> 00:16:04 chat GPT and discuss ideas and issues
00:16:04 --> 00:16:06 and reason with it so that puts it ahead
00:16:06 --> 00:16:09 of what apple is doing it brings it to
00:16:09 --> 00:16:10 par with what Google is doing because
00:16:10 --> 00:16:12 Google has had Gemini and look existing
00:16:12 --> 00:16:13 users can download Gemini and use it too
00:16:13 --> 00:16:15 but this is now sort of a standard part
00:16:16 --> 00:16:18 of the phone you can ask your phone to
00:16:18 --> 00:16:20 look at a YouTube video uh extract
00:16:20 --> 00:16:22 whatever are the main points and put it
00:16:22 --> 00:16:24 into a note in your notes app for you so
00:16:24 --> 00:16:26 the whole idea is it's becoming this
00:16:26 --> 00:16:29 agentic AI device where you can interact
00:16:29 --> 00:16:31 with your phone and get it to do things
00:16:31 --> 00:16:33 across different apps now at the moment
00:16:33 --> 00:16:35 it's the apps that are built in the
00:16:35 --> 00:16:38 calendar the Gmail Spotify and WhatsApp
00:16:38 --> 00:16:39 or a couple of app I mean there'll be
00:16:39 --> 00:16:41 more of them to come but there's a I
00:16:41 --> 00:16:43 think called now brief that shows you
00:16:43 --> 00:16:44 information on you know when you have to
00:16:44 --> 00:16:46 leave for your next appointment or
00:16:46 --> 00:16:47 things that you have scheduled for the
00:16:47 --> 00:16:49 rest of the day other interesting
00:16:49 --> 00:16:51 information that is like a briefing for
00:16:51 --> 00:16:52 you and you have this when you look at
00:16:52 --> 00:16:54 the phone it's on the lock screen as
00:16:54 --> 00:16:55 well uh you've got call recording and
00:16:55 --> 00:16:57 transcripts you've got the ability to
00:16:57 --> 00:16:59 translate 20 different languages on
00:16:59 --> 00:17:02 device Samsung has been very strong in
00:17:02 --> 00:17:04 in pointing out how much it's taking
00:17:04 --> 00:17:06 privacy very seriously being able to
00:17:06 --> 00:17:08 interact with the phone to ask it to dim
00:17:08 --> 00:17:10 the screen because your eyes are tired
00:17:10 --> 00:17:11 it's something you can now do just by
00:17:11 --> 00:17:13 asking there's a feature called best
00:17:13 --> 00:17:15 face a little bit similar to one we saw
00:17:15 --> 00:17:17 from Google last year where you can take
00:17:17 --> 00:17:20 a series of photos of you know people at
00:17:20 --> 00:17:22 a party or at an event and inevitably
00:17:22 --> 00:17:24 somebody is going to be blinking or
00:17:24 --> 00:17:26 looking away or not smiling and you can
00:17:26 --> 00:17:28 now choose from all the the right faces
00:17:28 --> 00:17:29 and choose the best one so everyone
00:17:29 --> 00:17:31 looks their best and I asked Samsung is
00:17:31 --> 00:17:32 this just Google's feature or is this
00:17:32 --> 00:17:34 your own and they said it's their own
00:17:34 --> 00:17:35 feature which is interesting because
00:17:35 --> 00:17:37 good for competition there's an audio
00:17:37 --> 00:17:39 eraser so let's say you're recording a
00:17:39 --> 00:17:40 video and there's wind noise or there's
00:17:40 --> 00:17:42 just too much background noise or you're
00:17:42 --> 00:17:44 at the beach and there's noise from the
00:17:44 --> 00:17:46 you know the ocean you can actually turn
00:17:46 --> 00:17:48 various elements of the background noise
00:17:48 --> 00:17:50 up or down so you can focus on The Voice
00:17:50 --> 00:17:53 or you can focus on the uh the noises of
00:17:53 --> 00:17:55 nature so that's giving you some video
00:17:55 --> 00:17:57 editing capabilities if you have a bunch
00:17:57 --> 00:17:59 of Samsung appliances like one of their
00:17:59 --> 00:18:01 watches and a TV maybe air filters the
00:18:01 --> 00:18:03 watch can figure out when it is you
00:18:03 --> 00:18:05 falling asleep because your breathing
00:18:05 --> 00:18:06 patterns change and other things change
00:18:06 --> 00:18:08 and it can turn the TV off for you or it
00:18:08 --> 00:18:12 can put on the uh air purifier if it
00:18:12 --> 00:18:13 needs to do that based on what it's
00:18:13 --> 00:18:15 figuring out about your personal health
00:18:15 --> 00:18:16 metrics the other big question of course
00:18:16 --> 00:18:18 is price I understand they've gone down
00:18:18 --> 00:18:20 in price compared to previous models
00:18:20 --> 00:18:21 yeah well a few things have gone down so
00:18:21 --> 00:18:23 it's thinner it's lighter it's stronger
00:18:23 --> 00:18:26 uh with this uh Corning Gorilla Glass to
00:18:26 --> 00:18:28 now last time you could drop it from
00:18:28 --> 00:18:30 waste he to a meter this time you could
00:18:30 --> 00:18:33 drop it from head height 2.2 m without a
00:18:33 --> 00:18:35 case and according to the test the
00:18:35 --> 00:18:38 screen hasn't broken now the s25 ultra
00:18:38 --> 00:18:40 starts for the 256 gig model in
00:18:40 --> 00:18:42 Australian dollars at
00:18:42 --> 00:18:45 $2 so that's 50 bucks less than last
00:18:45 --> 00:18:47 year and they've also got a 512 gig and
00:18:47 --> 00:18:50 a 1 TB model it's 2349 for the 512 and
00:18:51 --> 00:18:54 2749 for the 1 terab obviously the s25
00:18:54 --> 00:18:56 and the s25 plus are cheaper with
00:18:56 --> 00:18:59 smaller screens but usually the ult is
00:18:59 --> 00:19:00 the particular one that they want to
00:19:00 --> 00:19:02 sell they teased something else it was
00:19:02 --> 00:19:05 called the Samsung s25 Edge so this is a
00:19:05 --> 00:19:07 very thin phone meant to compete with
00:19:07 --> 00:19:10 the rumored iPhone 17 air that's meant
00:19:10 --> 00:19:12 to come in September or October this
00:19:12 --> 00:19:13 year from Apple they've just gone all
00:19:13 --> 00:19:15 out to make this the best Android phone
00:19:15 --> 00:19:16 you can get even better than the ones
00:19:17 --> 00:19:19 from Google and they're hoping that this
00:19:19 --> 00:19:21 is going to propel them into winning the
00:19:21 --> 00:19:23 AI race for 2025 that's Alex Sahara Roy
00:19:23 --> 00:19:27 from Tech advice start live
00:19:27 --> 00:19:41 [Music]
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